Research Article

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www.imedpub.com Environmental and Toxicology Studies Journal
Vol.5 No.4:8144

Extraction of Biofuels from Water Hyacinth: A Review

Gunjan, Radhika Singh
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, India *Corresponding author: Gunjan, Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, India, Tel: 7454886617; Email: [email protected]
Received date: April 12, 2020; Accepted date: September 03, 2021; Published date: September 13, 2021
Citation: Gunjan (2021) Extraction of Biofuels from Water Hyacinth: A Review. Environ Toxicol Stud J Vol: 5 No: 4.
biomasses can grow in different type of conditions and its low
reliance on site. Country territories in under developed nations
Abstract are reliant upon biomass for fundamental activities like heating
and cooking. For instance, India has impressive coal stores of
At present time sustainable biofuels are attracted much around 223 billion tons, however they are situated in explicit
attention because of shortage of fossil fuels. The zones like north-east India, in contrast to biomass, which is
transformation of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels, for
equitably and extensively spread over the entire nation [5].
example, ethanol and other worth added products has
attracted much attention. The advancement of a Moreover, simple accessibility of waste biomass as an ease fuel
productive, eco-friendly, and cost-effective pretreatment make it a promising worldwide fuel source. Developed nations
measure is a significant test for the conversion of are additionally focusing on biomass as a reasonable energy
lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel. Water Hyacinth (WH) is alternative in view of these advantages [6]. In this situation,
one of the lignocellulosic substances utilized for the sustainable sources may fill in as another option. The renewable
production of ethanol because of its fast growing, and resources such as wind, sun, biomass, water and geothermal
unfastened -floating aquatic plant. Hemicellulose is the
heat can be hotspots for the energy industry though production
predominant inside the WH. Biofuel extraction from water
hyacinth is a practical interaction as a result of the lesser of fuel and chemical industry may rely upon biomass as an
expense of crude material and its simple accessibility in elective source in near future. Biofuels offer a critical answer for
India. the current challenge since these are delivered through
inexhaustible biomass. Nowadays, biofuels are considered as the
Keywords: Biofuel Production; Lignocellulosic materials; most positive decision which contrasted with syngas, hydrogen
Water Hyacinth; Pretreatment methods or solar-energy because of their inexhaustibility,
biodegradability and cost-adequacy. Recently, a broadly
investigated research area is the improvement of economical
Introduction and clean innovations to use biomass feedstocks to generate
biofuels [7].
During the last few decades, government's, and researchers
have thoughtfulness regarding identifying new fuel sources Biofuels are gaseous or liquid fuels which are generated from
because of worldwide environmental issues, temperature biomasses and transcendently utilized in the transportation
alteration and also depletion of conventional fuels such as coal, area. They can be utilized as the feedstock to incorporate
oil, and flammable gas [1]. Biofuels could be considered as a significant synthetics and also used to produce power and heat.
choice to decrease high reliance on diesel fuels [2]. Other than Liquid biofuels are utilized in the transportation area while
this, the over-usage of conventional fuels and their results on gaseous biofuels are ordinarily utilized for power production and
the Earth has expanded the interest for fluid fuels generated heat. Biofuels, includes bioethanol (EtOH), bio-methanol
from biomass all through the world. As indicated by (MeOH), bio-dimethyl ether (DME), Fischer Tropsch (FT)
assessments, the bioenergy creation would be expanded 4.7 energizes, synthetic gaseous petrol (bio-methane), and H2.
occasions (from 9.7 × 106 to 4.6 × 107 GJ/d) somewhere in the Biofuels can be arranged into four primary classes: [8]
range. • First generation biofuels
of 2016 and 2040. However, it is critical to specify that the • Second generation biofuels
biofuel creation measure impacts their ecological effect [3]. • Third generation biofuels
Regular fuels represented 80% of the essential energy utilization • fourth-generation biofuels
all through the world in 2019, out of which about 60% were First generation biofuels are basically derived from
devoured by the vehicle [4]. Biomass is an environmentally agricultural crops such as sugarcane, wheat, sugar beet, rice,
friendly energy source which contains oxygen, carbon, traces of sunflower oil, palm oil, soya bean oil, etc. There is an
nitrogen hydrogen and few minerals. Biomass can be readily exceptionally mature innovation to changing the agricultural
shipped and stored (but with a lower energy thickness than crops over to biofuels [9].
petroleum derivatives). Its usage has a benefit over other
inexhaustible sources like sunlight-based energy, hydroelectric Second generation biofuels generally produced from
force, wind energy because of environment as different renewable resources, which could assist with limiting the CO2

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emission and petroleum derivative combustion in worry to various sugars as well as different polymers such as gelatin,and
prevent our “Earth” from an unnatural weather change. covered by lignin. The microfibrils are frequently related as
Biofuels, for example, bioethanol, biomethane, bio-methanol, groups or microfibrils. This exceptional and convoluted structure
biodiesel, biogas, biohydrogen known as “Second generation makes cellulose impervious to both organic and synthetic
biofuels” which can be produced from industrial wastes, medicines. [15].
agricultural wastes, utilized cooking oil, municipal solid wastes,
and sewage sludge [9-10]. Hemicellulose
Third generation biofuels are predominantly generated from
The hemicellulose is the second most important component
algae feedstock. Algae feedstock is known as one of main
of lignocellulosic biomass. It is a heterogeneous polymer of
sustainable renewable energy source, which can be used to
hexoses (principally mannose, less galactose and glucose),
generate bioethanol [11].
pentoses (including arabinose and xylose) and sugar acids. The
Fourth generation biofuels are predominantly photo concentration of hemicellulose in lignocellulosic biomass is
biological natural sun- based fuels & electro fuels and are relied about 25 to 35%. It is effectively hydrolysable to fermentable
upon to bring fundamentals discoveries in the field of biofuels. sugars [16] as well as less complex. The dominant sugars in
Creation of these sunlight-based biofuels is an arising field hemicelluloses are xylose in agriculture and hardwoods residues
technology, which depends on the immediate transformation of and mannose in softwoods [17].
sun-oriented energy into fuel by utilization of raw materials
which are cheap, limitless and generally available. Recently Lignin
creation of second and third generation biofuels are beneficial
over first-generation biofuels as they are obtained from In lignocellulosic residues, is the third principle heterogeneous
agricultural residues and algal biomass individually. Algal polymer, which generally contains three fragrant alcohols
biomass is more bountiful in nature, principally filled in different including coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl and p- coumaryl. Lignin
types of wastewater sources [12-14]. serves such ‘glue’ giving the biomass strands its basic strength.
Lignin goes about as a barrier for any arrangements or chemicals
by connecting to both cellulose and hemicelluloses and also
prevents penetration of lignocellulolytic compounds to the
inside lignocellulosic structure. Lignin is the most recalcitrant
component of lignocellulosic material to debase [15].

Figure 1: Classification of biofuels. Figure 2: Components of lignocellulose biomass.

Water Hyacinth (WH) is one of the lignocellulosic substances
Lignocellulosic Biomass utilized for the assembling of ethanol because of its fast
growing, aquatic plant and unfastened - floating. Hemicellulose
Lignocellulosic biomass [14] is the major auxiliary part of all is the predominant inside the WH.
pants and it is a sustainable natural material which comprises of
three significant components:
Water hyacinth (WH)
• Cellulose
• Hemicellulose Water is the main resource on earth which providing various
• Lignin ecological and financial advantages at worldwide scale like
industrial, horticultural, domestic, farm and household use.
Resources of world's freshwater are, in any case, on a consistent
Cellulose decay, because of expanded pressing factor coming about from
Cellulose is the most abundant natural molecule on earth, poor homegrown garbage removal as well as industrial
which is a straight biopolymer of anhydroglucopyranose intensification and rural, which causes eutrophication in lakes,
particles, associated by β-1, 4 glycosidic bonds. β-1, 4-glucan or yet in addition reservoirs (initiates by dams), streams, waterways
cellulose is a straight polysaccharide polymer of glucose which and consequently gigantic spread of aquatic weeds [18]. For
made of cellobiose units. It is significant constituent of all plant example, expanding population pressing factor and land
material. Cellulose chains are pressed by hydrogen bonds in advancement present on-going challenges towards the
supposed 'elementary microfibrils'. These fibrils are connected organization of the climate and the related waterway
to one another by hemicelluloses, amorphous polymers of environments [19-20]. This issue is further exacerbated by

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extreme climate events and anthropogenic activities, which

favors obtrusive species spread. Worldwide, water hyacinth is
one of the best ten most noticeably harmful weeds [21-22]. At
present, the presence of aquatic weed species in freshwater
systems is incredible concern to water resource and
environmentalists as well as hydrologists. Free- floating plant
weed is found to be a genuine danger to freshwater biological
systems biodiversity because they affect ecosystems functioning
and profitability, human livelihoods, aquatic life as well as
biological and hydrological processes [23,24].

Figure 4: Different applications of water hyacinth [29].

The destinations of this paper are twofold. A brief review of
publications during last decade that examine the about water
hyacinth and its morphology. We talk about the capability of
water hyacinth in energy creation and environmental results has
been described as specific illustrations. Second, we distinguish
gaps in present scientific understanding, and present thoughts
for future exploration.

WH Morphology
WH fulfills the requirement for biofuel generation in view of
the accompanying characteristics: non-crop, abundantly,
Figure 3: WH. available high sugar content, biodegradable, and perennial
bounteously. The dry biomass of water hyacinth chiefly includes
Water hyacinth (WH) is also known as Eichhornia crassipes
cellulose (18%-31%), hemicellulose (18%-43%), and lignin
(fig.3). it is one of the world’s most invasive free-floating aquatic
(7%-26%) [30].
plants which could be to a great extent changed in tall from few
inches to more than three feet. and is known to cause significant Organic components Percentage (%)
ecological and socio-economic effects. This plant has thick stalks
Lignin 3.5
and blue-green leaves with a garish purple flower. Gathering of
WH in Nile river and its branches addresses difficult issues which Cellulose 18.2
makes obstructing of waterways [25-26]. Also, it extraordinarily
Hemicellulose 48.7
the reducing the accessibility of dissolved oxygen levels and
seriously corrupts water quality by impeding the air-water Crude protein 13.3
interface. Fortunately, it contains biodegradable organics and
supplements (phosphorous and nitrogen) which addresses Table 1: The percentage composition of WH.
significant feedstock for hydrogen generation through anaerobic
digestion method [27]. WH absorb the water content about 70% Given its high substance of carbohydrate, which can be
because these plant achieved the hydrophilic properties. These effectively hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars, WH is an
Eichhornia crassipes separate parts like petioles, stem, and roots appropriate and sustainable feedstock to deliver biofuels (e.g.,
were utilized to create different applications and some biodiesel, bioethanol and biohydrogen) [31-32]. The develop
decorative things. It has the long stalks. These plant essentially water hyacinth involves stolon's, leaves, long pendant roots,
called as the high hazardous plant. One water hyacinth plant organic product groups, and leaves. The normal stature of water
generated a couple of daughter plants. These daughter sows’ hyacinth is 40 cm. Nonetheless, sometimes it can grow up to 1 m
seeds withstand the many years. The height of some water tallness. WH has 6 to 10 lily-like blossoms, which having 4-7cm
hyacinth plants about 2 to 5 m in particular area while these breadth. Various pieces of water hyacinth, for example, leaves
plants grow about 5 to 7 m in some regions because and stems are produced using air-filled tissues which permits
development of these plant consistency wards upon some range the plant to float on water hyacinth can endure dry season
of temperature [28]. The high growth level temperature of these condition due to which it can survive in moist for quite a long
plants about 33 to 35 0C, Medium and ideal degree of time [33]. Four our types of water hyacinth including E. azurea,
temperature was 25 to 30 0C, the lower development E. crassipes, E. diversifolia and E. paniculata have been found up
percentage temperature was 18 0C. until now [34]. Among these it is discovered that E. crassipes has
generally attacked to Africa, North America, Europe, and Asia.
Lake Victoria, situated in Africa is probably the biggest lake in
the word that is being covered with thick layer of water hyacinth
[35]. Different nations to be undermined by this weed
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incorporate Portuga and Spain, alongside the Sundarbans and energy cost per ton of new biomass harvested and distance
mangrove woods of Bangladesh [36-37]. In China, attack of shipped are taken into consideration [48]. Later, new
water hyacinth has become a genuine natural issue Over technologies are found out which improving the productivity
development of this plant in India has caused extreme siltation during and after harvesting and also focused on cost decrease of
in the wetlands of the Kaziranga National Park and Deepor Beel collecting processes. (for example, transportation and drying out
lake. Almost 40,000 ha of water bodies are undermined by this of new biomass could hypothetically cost around US$40 per ton
famous weed in Mexico. A few environmental effects in of dry mass). [49] Traditionally, destroying boat and shaper and
SacramentoeSan Joaquin River expulsion gather system were used. [50] Both machines were
fueled by a motor and outfitted with a blade shaper at the
Delta situated in California has been accounted. One of the
outside of the water and could cut floating weeds like WH.
issues to annihilate WH is a direct result of its seed, which is
However, utilizing a destroying boat could make a huge tangle of
known to make due as long as 20 years. Although, sufficient
plant sections which are hard to eliminate. A cut and eliminate
examination and endeavors have been made to destroy water
collect system, which has been famously utilized in US since
hyacinth, this famous weed keeps on engendering overall
1950s, comprises of a gatherer (a boat) with a shaper header
effectively [38-41]. A portion of the researchers’ work was
mounted at the front end, a carrier, shore transport and a truck.
reported for these plants make the deficiency such as
A calculation to eliminate 1,000,000 ton of new biomass shows
triterpenoid and itching [42].
the requirement for 75 full size (40 m3) trucks each day to move
the biomass throughout the year around. Additionally, it would
require multi-million cubic meters of room at the waste dump
site. The calculation also shows that 1,000,000 ton of new
biomass need around 20 standard full-size football fields (about
7400 m2) with biomass heaped at a height of two meters if the
dry and spoiling turnover rate is 100 days. Besides, the
consequence of new biomass saved at waste dump site could
include high ecological and socioeconomic expenses because of
conceivable high discharges of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and
methane. This model features that decreases in dehydration
cost and harvest cost should be accomplished before the
administration issues of water hyacinth are addressed. [51-53]

Figure 5: WH morphology. Capability of water hyacinth in energy

These WH plants at first appeared in Africa, Europe, North creation
America, and new land. This water hyacinth plants covered the
all over ponds, rivers and lakes, if it was not controlled and these Generally, biofuel addresses all of liquid and gaseous fuels
plants expanded very quickly due to which it influenced the primarily removed from biomass. For instance, biodiesel,
water stream of the system. Physical and chemical properties of biomethanol, bioethanol and biohydrogen are separated from
water hyacinth are changed because these plants change the biofuel [54]. The advantages of biodiesel not just have convinced
saltiness and pH level of the water governments to consider as an energy resource yet additionally
have pursued after them to take new methodologies to extend
Simultaneously and creates the irregularity. In certain years biodiesel generation Use of water hyacinth as a fuel source in
prior, WH plants introduced in Bengal because of its wonderful type of biogas, production of ethanol, cremation and
leaves and blossoms. But these wide spreading attributes made briquetting. Additionally, biodiesel, bio methanol, bioethanol
the annihilation of other water plants of water bodies, fishes and biohydrogen as principle biomass products have been
and different creatures and [43-45]. In this way, these plant was applied inconceivably in energy production and huge amount of
called as Bengal dread. On 1930s china planted these water biofuel assets, change in petroleum derivative costs and
hyacinth plants as a feed, because of sewage water control and harmless to the ecosystem. The qualities of biofuel combustion
furthermore ornamental purpose however because of this method have convinced the governments of tropical nations to
unique qualities of fast developing these plants hampered and put resources into the advancement of biofuel industry [55].
hindered blockage of stream water [46]. This WH plant stopped Transformation of WH to ethanol or biogas are performed by
the river water flows in all over China and genuinely influenced several pretreatment methods such as biological, alkali, acid
the health and life of the nearby water body peoples as well as treatment. But biological pretreatment has been led for
the eco system of the water. [47]. pretreatment of water hyacinth to biogas conversion. The
literature about biogas transformation from water hyacinth has
Control Process been distributed by Barua et al. They applied Bordetella muralis,
Paenibacillus and Citrobacter werkmanii to speed up the water
In water bodies, water hyacinth is controlled by a process hyacinth hydrolysis [56]. Besides, Chanathaworn also studied
known as mechanical harvesting (MH) which recovered its about activity condition enhancement of biogas creation from
biomass. However, this method is not exceptionally proficient water hyacinth within the presence of nitrogen-rich earthworm.
and also costly when the paces of gathering per vessel each day

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The WH conversion into completed by briquettes machine in chopped and dried WH joined with cow waste had the most
which WH aquatic plant was collected, dried and ground into elevated combined biogas yield followed by chopped and dried
powder prior to being blended with starch binder in physically WH alone, while chemically treated water hyacinth had the
operated machine. The briquettes derived from sundried and briefest beginning of gas combustibility. The general outcomes
similar cooking tests were done by consuming the briquette in a showed that treating WH with chemical didn't have a critical
form [57]. Production of biomethane potential in batch system is enhancement for the biogas yield. WH doesn't need chemical
expanded by utilizing this earthworm and mesophilic condition pretreatment and also shows that chopping and drying to more
(28-32) o C for 15 days. The ideal condition for bio-methane modest sizes is a more powerful pretreatment technique and
creation (35.50 %) was 8 % of TS substrate, introductory pH 7.0 blending with animals’ wastes. It also showed that WH is an
and molecule size of WH 0.3 cm [58]. Patil et al. applied awesome biogas producer and the yield can be improved by
anaerobic co-absorption condition during 60 days for WH and drying and consolidating it with Cow compost. Harun et al.
sheep waste. Alkali method was directed for pretreatment of (2011), showed that capacity of physical pretreatment on WH
water hyacinth. Ideal state of fermentation was found by for improving the yield of sugar. The best pretreatment method
blending proportion of 4:12.01:83.90 of WH: sheep waste: water concludes that combination of gridding and drying produce yield
and yielded most elevated biogas of 0.36/gunstable solids about of
comprises of 60.84 % of CH4, 21.53 % of CO2 and 17.63 % of
155.13 mg sugar/g dry matter, around 6-fold higher than
others (H2, N2, H2O and H2S) [6]. ForhadIbne et al. [59] have
crude feedstock (24.69 mg sugar/g dry matter). Morphology
shown the capability of biogas production utilizing WH, cow
reviews and thermal investigation had revealed disturbances on
excrement, poultry waste and through anaerobic assimilation.
the WH structure which clarified the improvement of hydrolysis
These wastes are consistently accessible in our current
measure.
circumstance and can be utilized as a source of fuel whenever
managed appropriately. Biogas innovation can be a suitable Guragain et al. (2011), If there should arise an occurrence of
improvement choice for agricultural nations for energy creation water hyacinth, pretreatment is ordinarily completed utilizing
and replacement if appropriately oversaw and promoted. alkali/acid pretreatment. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields of glucose
and total reducing sugars, just as fermentation yields of ethanol
Technique for Extraction of Bio-Fuel are considered as proportions of adequacy of these
pretreatment processes. Guragain et al. (2011), demonstrated
The Biofuel should be extracted by possible following that, crude glycerol pretreatment was the best method as
sequential technique as: compared to ordinary pretreatment for WH. This method was
more effective than ionic fluid pretreatment. Additionally, rough
glycerol pretreatment was found as successful as pure glycerol
pretreatment and this opens up an alluring elective route for the
use of unrefined glycerol which prompting more monetary
routes for synchronous production of bioethanol and biodiesel.

Type of Advantages Disadvantages References

pretreatment

Combined Effective Generation of Sun et al. 2016

methods expulsion of harmful material
(microwave- hemicellulose which can
assisted) and lignin, restrict further
Maximum usage downstream
of lignocellulosic preparing,
segments,
High energy
Pretreatment Methods
Improved
requests,
enzymatic
Special
hydrolysis.
equipment is
During the pretreatment step, lignocellulosic biomass
required
released some types of decreasing sugars like fructose,
galactose, arabinose, mannose. Fermentation depends on the Ionic liquid (IL) Lignin reuse and Recovery of Elgharbawy et
recover after solubilized al. 2016;
action of microorganisms, which utilizes the sugars as a food removal, Less cellulose/ Baeyens et al.
source to create bioenergy. crystallinity of hemicellulose, 2015
recovered Significant
Anca- Couche et al. (2016) showed that a pretreatment step is cellulose and expense
open outer and of synthetic
important for the separation of lignin and carbohydrates. The inner surfaces of compounds,
biochemical change of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol is as cellulose, Sugar division
yet restricted because of difficulty as well as high cost. After the disturbance of from ILS and
lignin and reusing and
separation, the starch portion can be fermented into alcohols. harmfulness of
hemicellulose
Sun et al. (2016), proof that determination of reasonable segments. some ionic
pretreatment technique can upgrade the absorbability and liquids,
reduce the constraints of enzymatic hydrolysis in a possible and
affordable manner.A.U. Ofoefule et al. (2009) investigated that,

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Acid(H2SO4) High Arrangement of Sarkar et al. (2013)

hemicellulose inhibitors at low 2012
solvency, High pH, Specific
sugar non- metallic Table 3: Synthetic composition of pretreated water hyacinth.
recuperation developments is
productivity (> required,
90%) for both
xylose and
Concentrated-
acid cycle is
Conclusion
glucose, destructive and
Recovery of dangerous, Energy creation by utilizing an infesting plant, for example,
hemicellulose Losses of sugar WH, ought to be a significant chance to solve related expansion
and lignin, substance,
Broadly balance and salt
issues. It should be changed over into biomass syngas or
utilization of removal bioethanol and briquette which exploited as a biofuel. WH is a
dilute acid
pretreatment
special biomass, and its parts have been utilized to consider and
because of its build up multitude of products. Sustainable nature makes water
adequacy, hyacinth very attractive as a crude material for different sources
Cellulose
availability for as well as their quick growth and potentially low cost. Despite
enzymatic the fact that possibility of utilizing hyacinth for different
scarification. applications has been illustrated, most investigations have been
Alkali (NaOH) Decrease in Huge measure Bradth et al.
done as an academic’s interests, and no hyacinth-based items or
polymerization of water is 2013; Mood technologies are presently available on market. This literature
degree and required for
et al. 2013 survey revealed that the utilization of WH as an appropriate
crystallinity, washing, Low
Significant absorbability in biofuel because of
removal of lignin softwoods, High
and a part of substance • Biomass yields,
hemicellulose, recovery cost. • Less cropping and preparing time
Long
pretreatment • Solution of wastewater treatment,
inhabitant time, • Biogas production,
• High reproduction rate,
Table 2: Advantages and Disadvantages of selected • Nutrient uptake
pretreatment methods. There are not many significant characteristics of WH which
can be used to derived biofuel for example biogas to produce
Type Initial Lignin% Cellulos Hemicell Referenc
of biomass e% ulose% es power, bioethanol which control vehicles and engine. The ideal
pretreat concentr advantage could be accomplished from water hyacinth by-
ment ation
product with least processing. It can be considered as the best
(g)
option to adapt up to progression of territorial and worldwide
Microwav 5 38% 44% 7% Rezania ecological change as the consumption of fossil fuel exhaustion.
e- alkali et al. Recently, water hyacinth has been basically concentrated as a
(2019)
source of fuel, composites, sorbent for metals and colors and
Ionic 5 57% 33% 24% Gao et al. others. It is important to have another viewpoint toward WH as
Liquid
(2013b) a resource than a weed. Among the different biomasses
currently accessible, water hyacinth is seeming to be the most
5 9% 14% 14% Rezania
et al. encouraging source for sustainable, inexhaustible, and cheap
(2019) bioproducts.
Alkali 4 17% 43% 36% Abdel-
Fattah et References
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