What is Nationalism?

Nationalism is an ideological construct that emphasizes the interests, culture, and values of a
particular nation, often in opposition to foreign influence or control. It is based on the belief
that a group of people who share a common identity—defined by factors such as language,
culture, ethnicity, or history—should have political self-determination. Nationalism can
manifest as a sentiment, a political movement, or a policy aimed at achieving and
maintaining national sovereignty and unity.
Evolution of Nationalism
Early Roots
The roots of nationalism can be traced back to ancient and medieval times, but it began to
take its modern form in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Early forms of nationalism
were often tied to the unification of disparate tribes or regions under a single ruler or state,
exemplified by the formation of empires and kingdoms.
Enlightenment and the French Revolution
The Enlightenment period in Europe (17th-18th centuries) introduced ideas of democracy,
liberty, and the rights of individuals, which laid the groundwork for modern nationalism. The
French Revolution (1789-1799) is often cited as a pivotal moment in the history of
nationalism. It promoted the concept of the nation-state, where the political entity is defined
by its citizens, not by a monarchy or empire.
19th Century
Nationalism gained momentum in the 19th century with the unification movements in
Germany and Italy. Figures like Otto von Bismarck in Germany and Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy
played crucial roles in unifying various independent states and territories into cohesive
nation-states. This period also saw the rise of nationalist movements in response to colonial
rule, where colonies sought independence based on national identity.
20th Century
The 20th century saw both the positive and negative impacts of nationalism. It fueled anti-
colonial movements across Asia and Africa, leading to the independence of many countries.
However, it also contributed to the rise of fascism and the outbreak of World Wars, where
extreme nationalist ideologies led to devastating conflicts.
Contemporary Nationalism
In the 21st century, nationalism continues to evolve. It often intersects with issues of
globalization, immigration, and regionalism. Nationalist rhetoric and policies can be seen in
various countries, where there is a resurgence of interest in protecting national identity and
sovereignty.
Characteristics of Nationalism
Common Identity
Nationalism is grounded in the idea that a group of people shares a common identity, which
can be based on language, culture, ethnicity, religion, or historical experience. This shared
identity fosters a sense of unity and belonging among members of the nation.
Self-Determination
A core tenet of nationalism is the belief in self-determination—the right of a nation to govern
itself without external interference. This principle has been a driving force behind
independence movements and the establishment of nation-states.
Sovereignty
Nationalism emphasizes the sovereignty of the nation, advocating for the nation's
independence and control over its own affairs. Nationalists often resist foreign domination or
influence, seeking to protect and preserve national sovereignty.
Patriotism
Patriotism, or love for one's country, is a key characteristic of nationalism. It involves pride in
the nation's achievements, culture, and heritage, and a willingness to defend the nation
against threats.
Cultural Revival
Nationalism often involves a cultural revival, promoting the preservation and celebration of
national traditions, languages, and customs. This cultural aspect helps reinforce national
identity and unity.
Political Mobilization
Nationalism can be a powerful force for political mobilization. It can unify people across
different regions and social classes, galvanizing them towards a common goal, such as
independence, unification, or political reform.
Exclusivity and Inclusion
While nationalism fosters a sense of unity within the nation, it can also lead to exclusivity.
Nationalists may define the nation in ways that exclude certain groups based on ethnicity,
religion, or other criteria, leading to potential social divisions and conflicts.
Symbols and Narratives
Nationalism relies heavily on symbols (such as flags, anthems, and monuments) and
historical narratives that create a shared sense of heritage and destiny. These symbols and
stories help to cultivate and sustain national identity.
Conclusion
Nationalism is a multifaceted and evolving ideology that has significantly shaped modern
history and continues to influence contemporary politics and society. It can unite people and
inspire movements for independence and self-determination, but it can also lead to exclusion
and conflict. Understanding the characteristics and historical evolution of nationalism helps in
grasping its complex role in shaping national and international dynamics. Whether in the
form of ethnic nationalism or civic nationalism, the ideology remains a potent force in the
world today.
Nationalism, as a political and social ideology, often takes different forms, influenced by
historical, cultural, and social contexts. Two prominent types of nationalism are ethnic
nationalism and civic nationalism. While both seek to forge a sense of collective identity and
unity, they do so based on different principles and criteria for membership in the national
community. Understanding the distinctions between these two forms of nationalism provides
insight into the dynamics of national identity and the challenges of inclusivity and cohesion in
diverse societies.
Ethnic Nationalism
Ethnic nationalism, also known as ethnonationalism, is based on the idea that the nation is
defined by a shared heritage, which usually includes a common language, culture, religion,
and ancestry. This form of nationalism emphasizes the importance of ethnic homogeneity
and often views the nation as a natural and enduring community rooted in a common
bloodline and cultural heritage.
Key Features of Ethnic Nationalism
1. Cultural Homogeneity: Ethnic nationalists emphasize the importance of a shared
culture, language, and traditions. They believe that these elements create a strong
sense of unity and continuity among the members of the nation.
2. Ancestry and Bloodline: Ethnic nationalism often ties national identity to lineage and
ancestry. Membership in the nation is frequently seen as an inheritance passed down
through generations.
3. Exclusivity: Given its focus on common ancestry and cultural homogeneity, ethnic
nationalism tends to be exclusive. It can lead to the marginalization or exclusion of
those who do not fit the ethnic criteria, including immigrants and minority groups.
4. Historical Continuity: Ethnic nationalists often emphasize a historical narrative that
highlights the long-standing presence and achievements of the ethnic group. This
narrative can foster a strong sense of pride and solidarity but can also be used to
justify exclusionary practices.
5. Emphasis on Tradition: There is a strong emphasis on preserving traditional cultural
practices, languages, and customs. Ethnic nationalists often resist cultural changes that
might dilute their perceived purity of the national culture.
Examples of Ethnic Nationalism
1. Germany: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, German nationalism was heavily
influenced by ethnic ideas. The concept of Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community)
emphasized a racially defined national community, which later became a central tenet
of Nazi ideology.
2. Japan: Japanese nationalism has traditionally emphasized the idea of a homogeneous
society with a shared cultural and racial heritage. This has historically led to the
exclusion and discrimination of ethnic minorities such as the Ainu and Koreans.
 3. Eastern Europe: Countries like Hungary and Poland have experienced resurgences of
ethnic nationalism in recent years, with political movements emphasizing the
protection of national identity and heritage against perceived external threats,
including immigration and multiculturalism.
Civic Nationalism
Civic nationalism, also known as liberal nationalism, defines the nation based on shared
citizenship, political values, and allegiance to democratic principles, rather than ethnic
identity. This form of nationalism is inclusive, focusing on the political unity of all citizens
regardless of their ethnic or cultural backgrounds.
Key Features of Civic Nationalism
1. Inclusive Citizenship: Civic nationalism is based on the idea that membership in the
nation is open to anyone who subscribes to the nation’s political values and
institutions. It emphasizes legal and political membership over ethnic or cultural
identity.
2. Political Unity: The sense of national identity is built around shared political values,
such as democracy, human rights, and the rule of law. The nation is seen as a
community of equal citizens united by a common civic culture.
3. Diversity and Multiculturalism: Civic nationalists often embrace diversity and
multiculturalism, viewing them as strengths that enrich the national community. They
support the integration of immigrants and the protection of minority rights.
4. Commitment to Institutions: Loyalty to national institutions, such as the
constitution, legal system, and democratic governance, is a core aspect of civic
nationalism. These institutions embody the values and principles that define the nation.
5. Historical and Cultural Pluralism: Civic nationalists recognize the multiple historical
and cultural narratives within a nation. They promote an inclusive national history that
acknowledges the contributions of various groups.
Examples of Civic Nationalism
1. United States: The U.S. is often cited as a model of civic nationalism. The American
national identity is based on adherence to the Constitution and the principles of liberty,
equality, and democracy. While ethnic and cultural diversity is acknowledged, it is the
shared political values that unify the nation.
2. France: French nationalism has elements of civic nationalism, particularly the
emphasis on republican values such as liberty, equality, and fraternity. French national
identity is tied to citizenship and allegiance to the Republic, rather than ethnic or
religious affiliation.
3. Canada: Canada’s national identity emphasizes multiculturalism and inclusive
citizenship. Canadian nationalism celebrates the country’s diversity and promotes the
integration of various cultural groups within a framework of shared political values and
respect for human rights.
Comparing Ethnic and Civic Nationalism
Inclusivity vs. Exclusivity
Civic nationalism tends to be more inclusive, offering membership to anyone willing to adopt
the nation’s political values and institutions. In contrast, ethnic nationalism is more exclusive,
often limiting membership to those who share a common ancestry and cultural heritage.
Basis of Identity
The basis of identity in ethnic nationalism is cultural and genealogical, focusing on shared
language, traditions, and ancestry. In civic nationalism, identity is based on shared political
values, citizenship, and allegiance to national institutions.
Approach to Diversity
Ethnic nationalism can be hostile to diversity, viewing it as a threat to cultural homogeneity
and national unity. Civic nationalism, on the other hand, often embraces diversity as a source
of strength and promotes policies of integration and multiculturalism.
Political Implications
Ethnic nationalism can lead to exclusionary and sometimes xenophobic policies, prioritizing
the interests of the dominant ethnic group. This can result in discrimination against
minorities and immigrants. Civic nationalism generally promotes equal rights and
opportunities for all citizens, regardless of their ethnic background, fostering a more inclusive
political environment.
Challenges and Criticisms
Ethnic Nationalism
1. Exclusivity and Discrimination: The exclusivity of ethnic nationalism can lead to the
marginalization and discrimination of minority groups, fostering social divisions and
conflict.
2. Xenophobia and Racism: Ethnic nationalism can sometimes fuel xenophobia and
racism, as it emphasizes the superiority of the dominant ethnic group and views
outsiders with suspicion.
3. Historical Revisionism: Ethnic nationalists may engage in historical revisionism,
creating a selective and sometimes distorted narrative that glorifies the past and
justifies exclusionary practices.
Civic Nationalism
1. Integration Challenges: While civic nationalism promotes inclusivity, integrating
diverse groups into a cohesive national community can be challenging, especially in
the face of deep-seated social and cultural differences.
2. Erosion of Traditional Cultures: Critics argue that civic nationalism’s emphasis on
integration and common political values can lead to the erosion of traditional cultures
and identities, potentially marginalizing those who wish to preserve their distinct
heritage.
3. Idealism vs. Reality: The ideal of a unified civic nation based on shared values can be
difficult to achieve in practice, especially in societies with entrenched inequalities and
historical grievances.
Conclusion
Ethnic and civic nationalism represent two distinct approaches to defining and building a
nation. Ethnic nationalism emphasizes cultural homogeneity, common ancestry, and
historical continuity, often resulting in exclusivity and potential marginalization of minorities.
Civic nationalism, in contrast, is based on shared political values and inclusive citizenship,
promoting diversity and equal rights for all members of the national community.
While both forms of nationalism have their strengths and challenges, the choice between
them often depends on historical, cultural, and social contexts. In an increasingly globalized
world, the inclusive and pluralistic approach of civic nationalism may offer a more sustainable
path to unity and cohesion, fostering societies that value diversity and uphold democratic
principles. However, achieving the ideals of civic nationalism requires ongoing efforts to
address social inequalities, integrate diverse populations, and build inclusive institutions that
reflect the shared values of the national community.