I CONTENTS I

19-1 Using because of and due to 19-5 Expressing purpose: using so that
19-2 Using transitions to show cause 19-6 Showing contrast (unexpected result)
and effect: therefore and 19-7 Showing direct contrast
consequently 19-8 Expressing conditions: using
1 9 Summary of patterns and punctuation otherwise and or (else)
19-4 Other ways of expressing cause and 19-9 Summary of connectives: cause and
effect: such . . . that and so . . . that effect, contrast, condition

because I was sick, I couldn't attend the class

EXERCISE 1. Preview. (Charts 19-1 -t 19-3)
Directions: Correct the errors.
Rosa's poor computer skills,
....., and ... 1. Because of Rosa's computer skills were poor she was not considered for the job.
...., but ...
2. Rosa's computer skills were poor therefore she was not considered for the job.
or
so 3. Because Rosa's computer skills were poor, therefore she was not considered for the job.
4. Because Rosa's computer skills were poor, so she was not considered for the job.
5. Due to her poor computer skills, Rosa was not considered for the job therefore.
Consequently,
6. Consequently Rosa's computer skills were poor, she was not considered for the job.
because S V
due to the fact that S V Due to the flood
because of the flood

(a) Because the weather was cold, we stayed home. Because introduces an adverb clause; it is followed by a
subject and verb, as in (a).
(b) Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. Because of and due to are phrasal prepositions; they are
(c) Due to the cold weacher, we stayed home. followed by a noun object, as in (b) and (c).

(d) Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we Sometimes, usually in more formal writing, due to is
stayed home. followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that.
(e) We stayed home because of the cold weather. Like adverb clauses, these phrases can also follow the main
We stayed home due to the cold weather. clause, as in (e).
We stayed home due to the facz that the weather
was cold.
 EXERCISE 2. Using BECAUSE and BECAUSE OF. (Charts 17-2 and 19-1) her sprained ankle
Directions: Complete the sentences with either because or because of.
1. We postponed our nip 0C
be~o\lh~e the bad driving conditions.
ving
v3 2. Sue's eyes were red beco\hse she,had'been swimming in a chlorinated pool.
because
swimming pool
(yang me-/active) because of
printed book
(yang di-/passive) because of
adj
because
baked potato
because of

because of

EXERCISE 3. Using BECAUSE OF and DUE TO. (Chart 19-1)

Directions: Using the ideas given in parentheses, complete the sentences.
1 . (Our parents are generous.) Because of Olhv powehtSI 3ehevosity ,all of the
children in our family have received the best of everything.
the heavy traffic
2. (7'he t r a f i was heavy.) We were late to the meeting due to

Noun phrase
386 CHAPTER 19
 3 . (Bill's wife is ill.) Bill has to do all of the cooking and cleaning because of
Bill's wife's/ his wife's illness

4 . (Dr. Robinson has done excellent research on wolves.) Due to

Dr. Robinson's excellent research on wolves, ,we know much more
today about that endangered species than we did even five years ago.

5 . (It was noisy in the next apartment.) I couldn't get to sleep last night because of
the noise in the next apartment

circumstances beyond my control,

6 . (Circumstances are beyond my control.) Due to
,I regret to say that I cannot be present at your daughter's
wedding.
uncontrolled circumstances

...,so...

(a) Al failed the test because he didn't study. (a), (b), and (c) have the same meaning. Therefore and
(b) Al didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test. consequently mean "as a result." In grammar, they are
(c) Al didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test. called transitions (or conjunctive adverbs). Transitions
connect the ideas between two sentences.

1 (d) Al didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test. A transition occurs in the second of two related
(e) Al didn't study. He, therefore, failed the test. sentences. Notice the patterns and punctuation in the
(f) Al didn't study. He failed the test, therefore. examples. A period (NOTa comma) is used at the end
of the first sentence.* The transition has several
POSITIONS OF A TRANSITION positions in the second sentence. The transition is
transition + S + v (+ rest of sentence) separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
s + transition + v (+ rest of sentence)
s + v (+ rest of sentence) + transition
(g) Al didn't study, so he failed the test. COMPARE: A transition (e.g., therefore) has several
possible positions within the second sentence of the pair,
Therefore, as in (d), (e), and (f). A conjunction (e.g., so) has only
Thus,
Hence,
one possible position: between the two sentences. (See
Chart 16-3, p. 355.) So cannot move around in the
In conclusion, second sentence as therefore can.
*A semicolon is also possible in this situation. See rhe foomote to Chart 19-3, p. 389.

EXERCISE 4. Using THEREFORE and CONSEQUENTLY. (Chart 19-2)

Directions: Restate the sentences, using the given transitions. Use three alternative
positions for the transitions, as shown in Chart 19-2. Punctuate carefully.
1. The children stayed home because a storm was approaching. (therefore)

A. Therefore, B

A storm was approaching. Therefore, the children stayed home.

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 387
 2. I didn't have my umbrella, so I got wet. (consequently)

I didn't have my umbrella. Consequently, I got wet.

EXERCISE 5. Showing cause and effect. (Charts 16-3, 17-2, 19-1, and 19-2)
Directions: Punctuate the sentences. Add capital letters if necessary.
1 . adverb clause: Because it was cold she wore a coat.

2. adverb clause: She wore a coat because it was cold.

3. prepositional phrase: Because of the cold weather she wore a coat.

4 . prepositional phrase: She wore a coat because of the cold weather.

. She, therefore, wore a
5 . transition: The weather was cold therefore she wore a coat. coat.

6 . transition: The weather was cold she therefore wore a coat.

7 . transition: The weather was cold she wore a coat therefore. She wore a coat, therefore.

8 . conjunction: The weather was cold so she wore a coat.

EXERCISE 6. Showing cause and effect. (Charts 17-2, 19-1, and 19-2)
Directions: Punctuate the sentences. Add capital letters if necessary.

1. Pat always enjoyed studying sciences in high school therefore she decided to major in
Therefore,
biology in college.

2. Due to recent improvements in the economy fewer people are unemployed.

3. Last night's storm damaged the power lines consequently the town was without

electricity for several hours.

4. Because of the snowstorm only five students came to class the teacher therefore

canceled the class.

5. Anna always makes numerous spelling mistakes in her compositions because she does
not use a dictionary when she writes.

388 CHAPTER 19
 ADVERB CLAUSE (a) Because ic was hot, we went swimming. An adverb clause may precede or follow an
(b) We went swimming because it was hot. independent clause.
PUNCTUATION: A comma is used if the
adverb clause comes first.
PREPOSITION (c) B e c a u s e of the hot weather, we went A preposizwn is followed by a noun object,
swimming. not by a subject and verb.
( 4 We went swimming b e c a m e of the hot PUNCTUATION: A comma is usually used if
weather. the prepositional phrase precedes the
subject and verb of the independent
clause.

TRANSITION (e) It was hot. Therefore, we went swimming. A transicwn is used with the second
(f) It was hot. We, therefore, went swimming. sentence of a pair. It shows the
(g) It was hot. We went swimming, therefore. relationship of the second idea to the first
idea. A transition is movable within the
second sentence.
PUNCTUATION: A period is used between
the two independent clauses.* A comma
may NOT be used to separate the clauses.
Commas are usually used to set the
transition off from the rest of the sentence.

CON~CTION (h) It was hot, so we went swimming. A conjunction comes between two
independent clauses.
PUNCTUATION:
Usually a comma is used
immediately in front of a conjunction.
*A semicolon (;) may be used instead of a period between the two independent clauses.
It was hot; therefore, we went swimming.
It was hot; we, therefore, went swimming.
It was hot; we went swimming, therefme.
In general, a semicolon can be used instead of a period between any two sentences that are closely related in meaning.
Example: Peanurr are not nus; hey are beans. Notice that a small letter, not a capital letter, immediately follows a semicolon.

EXERCISE 7. Showing cause and effect. (Chart 19-3)

Directions: Using the given words, combine the two ideas.
PART I. We postponed our trip. The weather was bad.
1. because -t We postponed our trip because the weather was bad.
-, Because the weather was bad, we postponed our trip. due to the bad weather,....
2. therefore 5. because of due to N due to the fact that the
3. since 6. consequently due to the fact that S V weather was bad,....

4. so 7. due to (the fact that)

because of the bad weather
PART II.She missed class. She was ill. because the weather was bad,....

1. because of 4. so
2. because 5. due to (the fact that) She was ill. Therefore, she missed the class.
3. consequently 6. therefore
Due to the fact that she was ill, she missed class.
because Therefore,
because of Thus,
due to Hence,
due to the fact that Consequently,
Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 389
 U EXERCISE 8. Showing cause and effect. (Charts 19-2 and 19-3)
Directions: Combine ideas, using the words in parentheses.
1. We stayed home. The weather was bad. (because)
+ We stayed home because the weather was bad. O R
+ Because the weather was bad, we stayed home.
2. Emily has never wanted to return to theYukon to live. The winters are too severe.
(because of) because of the severe weather. (because of + the ADJ + N)

3. It is important to wear a hat on cold days. We lose sixty percent of our body heat
through our head. (since)
because
since 4. When I was in my teens and twenties, it was easy for me to get into an argument with
for
as
my father. Both of us can be stubborn and opinionated. Uor)
5. A camel can go completely without water for eight to ten days. It is an ideal animal
for desert areas. (due to the fact that)
. Therefore, Bill....

6. Bill couldn't pick us up after the concert. His car wouldn't start. (therefore)

7. Robert had to ask many of the same questions again the next time he talked to the
travel agent. He did not pay close attention to what she said when he went to see her
at her office last week. (so)
Due to the consumer
demand for ivory, 8. A tomato is classified as a fruit, but most people consider it a vegetable. It is often
many elephant.... eaten in salads along with lettuce, onions, cucumbers, and other vegetables. (since)
Consequently, many people ...
9. There is consumer demand for ivory. Many African elephants are being slaughtered
ruthlessly. Many people who care about saving these animals from extinction refuse to
buy any item made from ivory. (due to, consequently)

10. Most 15th-century Europeans believed

the world was flat and that a s.---
-hi~~ could
conceivably sail off the elnd of t i e La
Many saildrs of the time refused to
venture forth with explorers into
unknown waters. (because)

because

390 CHAPTER 19
 ( a ) Because the weather was nice, we went to the zoo. Examples (a), (b), and (c) have the same
( b ) It was such nice weather that we went to the zoo. meaning.
( c ) The weather was so nice that we went to the zoo.

( d ) It was such good coffee that I had another cup.

( e ) It was such a foggy day that we couldn't see the road.

( f ) The coffee is so hot that I can't drink it.

Such . . . that encloses a modified noun:
such + Qdjective + noun + that

So . . . that encloses an adjective or adverb:

1
( g ) I'm so hungry that I could eat a horse.
so + {adjective
or
adverb
}
+ that
( i ) He walked so quickly that I couldn't keep up with him.

( j ) She made so many mistakes that she failed the exam. So . . . that is used with many, few,
( k ) He has so fewfriend. that he is always lonely. much, and little.
( 1 ) She has so much money that she can buy whatever she wants.
(m) He had so little trouble with the test that he left twenty
minutes early.
( n ) It was such a good book (that) I couldn't put it down. Sometimes, primarily in speaking, that is
( 0 ) I was so hungry (that) I didn't wait for dinner to eat omitted.
something.

EXERCISE 9. Using SUCH . . . THAT and SO . . .THAT. (Chart 19-4)

Directions: Combine the sentences by using so . . . that or such . . . that.
1. This tea is good. I think I'll have another cup.
4 This tea is so good that I think I'll have another cup.

2. This is good tea. I think I'll have another cup.

+ This is such good tea that I think I'll have another cup.

3. It was an expensive car. We couldn't afford to buy it. It was such an expensive car that....

4. The car was expensive. We couldn't afford to buy it. the car was expensive, so

5. The weather was hot. You could fry an egg on the sidewalk. so hot that....
we had such hot and humid weather that it was...
6 . During the summer, we had hot and humid weather. It was uncomfortable just sitting in
a chair doing nothing.
such beautiful weather that
7. I don't feel like going to work. We're having beautiful weather.
that
8. Ivan takes everything in life too seriously. He is unable to experience the small joys and
pleasures of daily living. that
so
9. I've met too many people in the last few days. I can't possibly remember all of their names.
so that
10. Tommy ate too much candy. He got a stomachache.
so that
11. It took us only ten minutes to get there. There was little traffic.
12. In some countries, few students are accepted by the universities. As a result, admission
is virtually a guarantee of a good job upon graduation.
so few students are accepted that admission is a guarantee

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 391
 EXERCISE 10. Using SUCH . . . THAT and SO . . . THAT. (Chart 19-4)
Directions: Make sentences using such or so by combining the ideas in Column A and
Column B.
Example: The wind was strong. -, The wind was so strong that it blew my hat off my head.

Column A Column B
1. The wind was strong. A. It burned my tongue.
such
2. Karen is a good pianist. B. She was fired fiom her job.
so 3. The radio was too loud. G C. It blew my hat off my head.
so quickly 4. Small animals in the forest move D. The teacher postponed the test.
about quickly. J
E. It is impossible to count them.
such a poor work
5. Olga did poor work. B F. It lifted automobiles off the ground.
6. The food was too hot. A G. I couldn't hear what Michael was
so 7 . There are many leaves on a single tree. E saying.
with such a great force
that 8. The tornado struck with great force. F H. I'm surprised she didn't go into music
so tightly that 9. Grandpa held me tightly when he professionally.
hugged me. K I. The wastepaper basket overflowed.
so few students 10. Few students showed up for class. D J. One can barely catch a glimpse of
1 1. Sally used too much paper
when she was writing her K. I couldn't breathe for a moment.
report. I
so much paper that

EXERCISE 1 1. Using SO . . . THAT. (Chart 19-4)

Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class.
Speaker A: Your book is open. Give the cue and engage Speaker B in conversation.
Speaker B: Your book is closed. Answer the how-question using so . . . that.
Example: Think of a time you were tired. How tired were you?
SPEAKER A: Think of a time you were very tired. Can you remember one particular time?
SPEAKER B: There was one time when I'd stayed up all night writing a paper.
SPEAKER A: And you were very tired the next morning, right? How tired were you?
SPEAKER B: I was so tired that I almost fell asleep in my morning classes.
Think of a time you were
1. . . . nervous. How nervous were you? 5. . . . exhausted.
How exhausted were
2. . . . angry. How angry were you? you?
3. . . . happy. How happy were you? 6. . . . unhappy/embarrassed/glad/sicWsadl
4. . . . surprised. How surprised were you? frightened/excited/disappointed/etc.

To achieve a goal, I spend a lot of time experimenting. dejected

392 CHAP'IER 19
 am able to run courage large sharp
can run encourage enlarge sharpen

v1
(a) I turned off the TV in order to enable my In order to expresses purpose. (See Chart 15-1, p. 326.)
roommate to study in peace and quiet. In (a): I turned off the TV for a purpose. The purpose
I listen to calming music to be able to sleep. was .to make it possible for my roommate to study in
V peace and quiet.
S
(b) I turned off the T V so (that) my roonzmate could So that also expresses purpose.* It expresses the same
study in peace and quiet. meaning as in order to. The word "that" is often
I listen to calming music in order that I can sleep.
omitted, especially in speaking.

1 SO THAT 4- CAN Or COULD So that is often used instead of in order to when the
idea of ability is being expressed. Can is used in the
(c) I'm going to cash a check so that I can buy my
textbooks. adverb clause for a presentlfuture meaning. In (c): so
that I can buy = in order to be able to buy.
I (d) I cashed a check so that I could buy my uxtbooks. I Could is used after so that in past sentences.** I
SO THAT + WILL /SIMPLE PRESENT Or WOULD In (e): so that I won't get wet = in order w make sure that I
will not (e) I'll take my umbrella so that I won't get wet. won't get wet.
(f) 1'11 take my umbrella so that I don't gel wet. In (f): It is sometimes possible to use the simple present
( g ) Yesterday I took my umbrella so that I wouldn't after so that in place of will; the simple present
get wet. expresses a future meaning.
Would is used in past sentences; as in (g).
*NOTE:
In order that has the same meaning as so that but is less commonly used.
Example: I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could s& in peace and quiet.
Both so that and in mder that introduce adverb clauses. It is unusual, but possible, to put these adverb clauses at the
beginning of a sentence: S o that my roommate could study in peace and quiet, I turned off rhe TK
**Also possible but less common: the use of may or might in place of can or could: e.g., I cashed a check so that I might buy
my textbooks.

SV
EXERCISE 13. Using S O THAT. ( C h a r t 19-5) Fishing and farming are crusial for Indonesia
Directions: Combine the ideas by using so (that).

For And Nor But Or Yet So1. Please turn down the radio. I want to be able to get to sleep.
4 Please turn down the radio so (that) I can get w sleep.

2. My wife turned down the radio. I wanted to be able to get to sleep.

4 My wife turned down the radio so (that) I could get to sleep.

3. Put the milk in the refrigerator. We want to make sure it won't (OR doesn't) spoil.
+ Put the milk in the refrigerator so (that) it won't (OR doesn't) spoil.

4. I put the milk in the refrigerator. I wanted to make sure it didn't spoil.
-r I put the milk in the refigerator so (that) it wouldn't spoil.

5. Please be. quiet. I want to be able to hear what Sharon is saying. so that I can hear what Sharon is
saying
so that I could 6. I asked the children to be quiet. I wanted to be able to hear what Sharon was saying.
so that I will 7. I'm going to cash a check. I want to make sure that I have enough money to go to the
have enough money market.
so that I would have 8. I cashed a check yesterday. I wanted to make sure that I had enough money to go to
the market.
so that they can go out 9. Ann and Larry have a six-year-old child. Tonight they're going to hire a babysitter.
They want to be able to go out with some friends.
so that 10. Last week Ann and Larry hired a babysitter. They wanted to be able to go to a dinner
they could go to the party party at the home of Larry's boss.
in order to be able to go

Connectives That Express Cause a n d Effect, Contrast, a n d Condition 393

 I ate salad. Therefore, I am
so that it will be ready full.

11. Be sure to put the meat in the oven at 5:OO. You want to be sure that it will be (OR is)
ready to eat by 6:30. so that it would be ready
12. Yesterday I put the meat in the oven at 5:OO. I wanted it to be ready to eat by 6:30.
so that I am able to 13. I'm going to leave the party early. I want to be able to get a good night's sleep tonight.
get a good night sleep
14. When it started to rain, Harry opened his umbrella. He wanted to be sure he didn't
get wet. so that he wouldn't get wet
so that he would stay
15. The little boy pretended to be sick. He wanted to stay home from school.
16. A lot of people were standing in fiont of me. I stood on tiptoes. I wanted to see the
parade better. so that I would

EXERCISE 14. Using SO THAT. (Chart 19-5)

Directions: Complete the sentences in Column A with the ideas in Column B. Pay special
attention to the verb forms following so that.
Example: Ali borrowed an eraser so that . . . .
+ Ali borrowed an eraser so that he could erase a mistake in his composition.

Column A Column B
1. Ali borrowed an eraser so that . . . . A. wash my clothes
2. I turned on the radio so that . . . . B. read the fine print at the
3. 1need to buy some detergent so that . . . . bottom of the contract
4. Roberto fixed the leak in the boat so that. . . . C. not sink
5. Mr. Kwan is studying the history and v D. erase a mistake in his
government of Canada so that . . . . composition
6. Ms. Gow put on her reading glasses so that . . . . E. travel in Europe next summer
7. Jane is taking a course in auto mechanics so F. listen to the news
that. . . . G. see the dancers in the street
8. Omar is working hard to impress his supervisor H. fix her own car
so that . . . . I. become a Canadian citizen
9. Po is saving his money so that . . . . J. be considered for a promotion
10. During the parade, Toshi lifted his daughter to at his company
his shoulder so that . . . .

EXERCISE 15. Using SO THAT. (Chart 19-5)

Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words.
Examples: Sam took lots of pictures on his vacation so (that) . . . .
-, Sam took lots of pictures on his vacation so (that) he could show us where he'd been.

. . . so (that) I could see better.

-> I moved to the fiont of the room so (that) I could see better.
1. I need a pen so (that) . . . .
2. . . . so (that) he can improve his English.
3. I turned on t h e m so (that) . . . .
4. Mary hurried to get the child out of the road so (that) . . . .
5. . . . so (that) he wouldn't miss his important appointment.
6. I'm taking a bus instead of flying so (that) . . . .
7. . . . so (that) I could tell him the news in person.

394 CHAPTER 19
 8. . . . so (that) his children will have a better life.
9. Martina is trying to improve her English so (that) . . . .
10. . . . so (that) the celebration would be a great success.
11. Tarek borrowed some money from his friend so (that) . . . .
12. . . . so (that) you can be ready to leave on time.

EXERCISE 16. Summary: cause and effect. (Charts 19-2 + 19-5)

Directions: Using the given words, make sentences about yourself, your friends, your family,
your classes, today's weather, current events in the world, etc.
in order to V1
C+SV
because
1. now that 6 . since (meaning 10. such . . . that in order that S V
due to the fact that 2. therefore because) 11. because
now that 7. in order to
as, for, since 3. for (meaning because) 12. because of
so, so that 4. consequently 8. so that 13. due to
Prep + N 5. so (meaning therefore) 9. s o . . .that 14. due to the fact that
Therefore, ....
due to the flood Consequently, .....
because of Thus,
As a result,....
Hence,...

All these sentences have the same meaning. The idea of cold weather is contrasted with the idea of going
swimming. Usually if the weather is cold, one does not go swimming, so going swimming in cold weather is
an "unexpected result." It is surprising that the speaker went swimming in cold weather.
( a ) Even though it was cold, I went swimming.
( b ) Although it was cold, I went swimming.
though ( c ) Though it was cold, I went swimming.

( d ) It was cold, but I went swimming anyway.

but . . . still ( e ) It was cold, but I still went swimming. There is no place for me to stay,
yet . . . still ( f ) It was cold, yet I still went swimming. but I stay anyway

TRANSITIONS nevertheless ( g ) It was cold. Nevertheless, I went swimming.

nonetheless ( h ) It was cold; nonetheless, I went swimming.
however. . . still ( i ) It was cold. However, I still went swimming.

PREPOSITIONS &spite ( j ) I went swimming despite the cold weather.

in spite of ( k ) I went swimming in spite of the cold weather.
&spite the fact that ( 1 ) I went swimming despite the fact that the weather was cold.
in spite of the fact that (m) I went swimming in spite of the fact that the weather was cold.

EXERCISE 17. Showing contrast (unexpected result). (Chart 19-6)

Directions: Complete the sentences with the given words. Pay close attention to the given
punctuation and capitalization.

PART I. Complete the sentences with but, even though, or nevertheless.

1. Bob ate a large dinner. Nevevtheless ,he is still hungry.
2. Bob ate a large dinner, bht he is still hungry.

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 395
 3. Bob is still hungry eveh f.hok_sh he ate a large dinner.

4. I had a lot of studying to do, but

I went to a movie anyway.
5. I had a lot of studying to do. Nevertheless
,I went to a movie.
Even though
6. I had a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie.
7. I finished all of my work even though I was very sleepy.
but
8. I was very sleepy, I finished all of my work anyway.
Nevertheless
9. I was very sleepy. ,I finished all of my work.
PART !I. Complete the sentences with yet, although, or however. .... . However, ....
S, however, V
10. I washed my hands. However
,they still looked dirty.
yet
11. I washed my hands, they still looked dirty.
Although
12. I washed my hands, they still looked dirty.
yet
13. Diana didn't know how to swim, she jumped into the
swimming pool.
Although
14. Diana didn't know how to swim, she jumped into the
swimming pool.
However
15. Diana didn't know how to swim. ,she jumped into the
swimming pool.

EXERCISE 18. Showing contrast (unexpected result). (Chart 19-6)

Directions: Add commas, periods, and capital letters as necessary. Do not add, omit, or
change any words.
1. Anna's father gave her some good advice nevertheless she did not follow it.
+ Anna's father gave her some good advice. Nevertheless, she did not follow it.

2. Anna's father gave her some good advice but she didn't follow it.

3. Even though Anna's father gave her some good advice she didn't follow it.

4. Anna's father gave her some good advice she did not follow it however.

5. Thomas was thirsty I offered him some water he refused it.

6. Thomas refused the water although he was thirsty.

7. Thomas was thirsty nevertheless he refused the glass of water I brought him.

8. Thomas was thirsty yet he refused to drink the water that I offered him.

396 CHAPTER 19
EXERCISE 19. Showing contrast (unexpected result). (Chart 19-6)
Directions: Combine the ideas in the two sentences, using the given words. Discuss correct
punctuation. Use the negative if necessary to make a logical statement.
1. We went fm a walk. It was raining.
even though B, A..
b u t . . . anyway B, but A anyway.
nevertheless B. Nevertheless, A.
in spite of the rain, A.
because it was raining, we went for a walk

2. His grades were low. He was admitted to the university.

although Although A, B.
yet . . . still A, yet, B anyway.
nonetheless A. Nonetheless, B
despite Despite his low grades, B.
because of Because of his low grades,

EXERCISE 20. Showing opposition (unexpected result). (Chart 19-6)

Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words. Add commas where appropriate.
went to school
1. I had a cold but I anyway.
drank the iced tea.
2. Even though I had a cold I
I got a good grade.
3. Although I didn't study

4. I didn't study but I ranked the first in class anyway.

I didn't study earlier.
5. I got an "A" on the test even though
he got into an accident yesterday.
6 . Even though Howard is a careful driver
I finished them all.
7 . Even though the food they served for dinner tasted terrible

8. My shirt still has coffee stains on it even though I washed it over and over again.

he lied a million little time

9. I still trust him even though
helped him.
10. Even though he was drowning no one

11. Although I tried to be very careful , I still got injured on the way.

12. Even though Ruth is one of my best friends , she betrayed me.

I turned on the air conditioner.

13. It's still hot in here even though

14. Even though I had a big breakfast , I am still hungry.

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 397
 EXERCISE 21. Showing contrast (unexpected result). (Chart 19-6)
Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning by using in spite of or despite.
1. Even though her grades were low, she was admitted to the university.
4 In spite of her low grades,
+ Despite her low grades,
>
she was admitted to the university.
+ In spite of the fact that her grades were low,
4 Despite the fact that her grades were low,

2. I like living in the dorm even though it is noisy. In spite of the noise, I still like living in the dorm.
3. Even though the work was hard, they enjoyed themselves.
4. They wanted to climb the mountain even though it was dangerous.
5. Although the weather was extremely hot, they went jogging in the park.
6. He is unhappy even though he has a vast fortune.

EXERCISE 22. Showing contrast (unexpected result). (Chart 19-6)

Directions: Complete the sentences, punctuating carefully. (Correct punctuation is not
indicated in the given cues.) Capitalize as necessary.
1. I didn't . . . but . . . anyway.
2. H e is very old yet he still . . . .
3. . . . nevertheless we arrived on schedule.
4. Even though she wanted . . . .
5. I wanted . . . however I . . . because . . . .
6 . The teacher . . . even though . . . .
7. Although . . . only . . . years old . . . .
8. She never went to school however she . . . despite her lack of education.
9. Despite the fact that my . . . .
10. I have decided to . . . even though . . . . a....

I All of the sentences have the same meaning. I

ADVERB CLAUSES while (a) Mary is rich, while John is poor.
(b) John is poor, while M a r y is rich.
whereas (c) Mary is rich, whereas John is poor.
( d ) Whereas M a r y is rich, John is poor.
-

CONJUNCTION

TRANSITIONS
1 however
( e ) Mary is rich, but John is poor.
( f ) John is poor, but Mary is rich.
(g) Mary is rich; however, John is poor.
(h) John is poor; Mary is rich, however.
on the ocher hand ( i ) Mary is rich. John, on the other hand, is poor.
( j ) John is poor. Mary, on the other hand, is rich.

398 CHAPTER 19
EXERCISE 23. Showing direct contrast. (Chart 19-7)
Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning by using however or on the other
hand. Punctuate carefully.
1. Florida has a warm climate, whereas Alaska has a cold climate.
2. While Fred is a good student, his brother is lazy.
3. In the United States, gambling casinos are not legal in *
most places, while in my country it is possible to gamble
in any city or town.
4. Sue and Ron are expecting a child. Sue is
hoping for a boy, whereas Ron is hoping
for a girl.
5. Old people in my country usually live with
their children, whereas the old in the
United States often live by themselves.

EXERCISE 24. Showing direct contrast. (Chart 19-7)

Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words.
1. Some people really enjoy swimming, while others . . . are afiaid of water.
2. In the United States, people drive on the right-hand side of the road. However, people
in . . . .

3. While my apartment always seems to be a mess, my . . . .

4. Marge keeps to herself and has few friends. Carol, on the other hand, ....
5. People who grew up on farms are accustomed to dealing with various kinds of
animals. However, city people like myself. . . .

6. Teak is a hard wood that is difficult to cut. Balsa, on the other hand, ....
7. My oldest son is shy, while my youngest son . . . .

8. I'm right-handed. That means that I can accomplish difficult manipulations with my
right hand. However, . .. .

EXERCISE 25. Activity: expressing direct contrast. (Chart 19-7)

Directions: What aspects of your country and the United States or Canada are in contrast?
Use while, whereas, however, o n the other hand.
1. Size? 8. Educational system? 15. Medical care?
2. Population? 9. Religion? 16. Family relationships?
3. Food? 10. Student life? 17. Public transportation?
4. Time of meals? 11. Coffeeltea? 18. Length of history?
5. Climate? 12. Role of women? 19. Dating customs?
6. Political system? 13. Language? 20. Predictability of the
7. Economic system? 14. Educational costs? weather?

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 399
I7 EXERCISE 26. Showing cause and effect and contrast.
(Charts 19-1, 19-2, 19-7, and 19-8)

1 1
Directions: Complete the sentences, using the words and phrases below. There may be
more than one possible completion. Add any necessary punctuation and capitalization.

although despite the fact that &erthehss ,

because even though now that
because of however therefore

1. It was cold and wet . ~evev).keless, Bob put on his swimming suit and
went to the beach.

2. I can't ride my bicycle there isn't any air in one of the tires.

3. I got to class on time I had missed my bus.

4. Brian used to be an active person, but now he has to limit his activities
problems with his health.

5. It should be easy for Bob to find more time to spend with his children
he no longer has to work in the e~eningsand on weekends.

6. Jake is a very good student of languages. His brother Michael

has never been able to master another language.

7. The ancient Aztecs of Mexico had no technology for making tools from metal
they had sharp knives and spears. They made them from a
stone called obsidian.

8. Garlic was believed in ancient Rome to make people courageous

Roman soldiers ate large quantities of it before a battle.

9. I usually enjoy attending amateur productions in small community theaters. The play
we attended last night was so bad that I wanted to leave after
the first act.

10. Some snakes are poisonous others are harmless.

11. Roberta missed the meeting without a good reason she had
been told that it was critical that she be there. I wouldn't want to be in her shoes at
work tomorrow.

400 CHAPTER 19
 (a) If I don'c eac break&sc, I get hungry. If and unless state conditions that
(b) You'll be late i f y o u don? hurry. produce certain results. (See Charts
(c) You'll get wet unless you take your umbrella. 17-5 and 17-8, pp. 367 and 370.)

TRANSITION (d) I always eat breakfast. Otherwise, I get hungry Otherzuise expresses the idea "if
during class. the opposite is true, then there will
(e) You'd better hurry. Otherwise, you'll be late. be a certain result."
(f) Take your umbrella. Otherwise, you'll get wet. 1, (d): otherrvhe = $1 don't eat
breakfast.
CONJUNC-JTON (g) I always eat breakfast, or (eke) I get hungry Or else and otherwise have the same
during class. meaning.
(h) You'd better hurry, or (else) you'll be late.
( i ) Take your umbrella, or (eke) you'll get wet.

EXERCISE 27. Using OTHERWISE and O R (ELSE). (Chart 19-8)

Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning by using otherwise or or eke.
1. If I don't call my mother, she'll start worrying about me.
-)I a m going to lshould lhad better lhave to lmust call my mother. Othenuise, she'll start
worrying about me.
2. If you don't leave now, you'll be late for class.
3. If you don't go to bed, your cold will get worse.
4. Unless you have a ticket, you can't get into the theater.
5. You can't enter that country unless you have a passport.
6 . If Tom doesn't get a job soon, his family won't have enough money for food.
7. Only if you speak both Japanese and Chinese fluently will you be considered for that job.*
8. Mary can go to school only if she gets a scholarship.
9. If I don't wash my clothes tonight, I won't have
any clean clothes to wear tomorrow.

*Notice that the subject and verb in the main clause are inverted because the sentence begins with only if.
See Chart 17-9, pp. 37 1.

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 401
 EXERCISE 28. Expressing conditions. (Charts 17- 5 17- 9 and 19-8)
Directions: Complete the sentences, punctuating correctly. Use capital letters where
appropriate.
1. I am going to . . . even if. . . . 5. I can't . . . unless . . . .
2. We have no choice we have to . . . 6. Tomorrow I'd better . . . otherwise . . . .
whether. . .. 7. You should '. . . in case . . . .
.
3. I will go to . . only i f . . . . 8. I will . . . only i f . . . .
4. . . . is very inconsiderate he plays his 9. I will . . . unless . . . .
record player even i f . . . . 10. . . . must . . . otherwise . . . .

1 1 ADVERB CLAUSE WORDS I TRANSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS I PREPOSITIONS 1

1 zD because
since
now that
so (that) therefore
consequently 1 because of
'lull

CONTRAST even though whereas however but (. . . anyway) despite

although while nevertheless yet (. . .scill) in spite of
though nonetheless
on the other hand

CONDITION in case otherwise or (else)

unless in the event that
only if
even
whether or not

17 EXERCISE 29. Summary of connectives. (Chart 19-9)

Directions: Using the two ideas of to study and to pass or fail the exam, complete the
sentences. Punctuate and capitalize correctly.
1. Because I did not study 1 Fo\iled +he em%

2. I failed the exam because

3. Although I studied

4. I did not study therefore

5. I did not study however

6. I studied nevertheless

7. Even though I did not study

8. I did not study so

9. Since I did not study

402 CHAPTER 19
 10. If I study for the test

11. Unless I study for the test

12. I must study otherwise

13. Even if I study

14. I did not study consequently

15. I did not study nonetheless

16. I will probably fail the test whether

17. I failed the exam for

18. I have to study so that

19. Only if I study

20. I studied hard yet

2 1. You'd better study or else

EXERCISE 30. Summary of connectives. (Chart 19-9)

Directions: Using the ideas of to be hungry (or not to be hungry) and w eat breakfast (or not to
eat breakfast), complete the following. Punctuate and capitalize correctly.
1. Because I was not hungry this morning

2. Because I ate breakfast this morning ,, now.

3. Because I was hungry this morning

4. I did not eat breakfast this morning even though

5. Although I was hungry this morning

6. I was hungry this morning therefore

7. I was hungry this morning nevertheless

8. I was so hungry this morning

9. I was not hungry this morning but

10. I ate breakfast this morning even though

11. Since I did not eat breakfast this morning

12. I ate breakfast this morning nonetheless

13. I was not hungry so

14. Even though I did not eat breakfast this morning

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect. Contrast, and Condition 403
 15. I never eat breakfast unless

16. I always eat breakfast whether or not

17. Ieat breakfast even if

18. Now that I have eaten breakfast

19. I eat breakfast only if

20. Iate breakfast this morning yet

2 1. Even if I am hungry

22. Iwas not hungry however

EXERCISE 31. Summary of connectives. (Chart 19-9)

Directions: Using the given words, combine the following two ideas. The time is now, so
use present and future tenses.
(a) to go (or not to go) to the beach (b) hot, cold, nice weather
1. because -, Because the weather is cold, we aren't going to go to the beach.
3 We're going to go to the beach because the weather is hot.

2. so . . . that 9. because of 16. therefore

3. so 10. consequently 17. only if
4. nevertheless 11. as soon as 18. nonetheless
5. despite 12. such . . . that 19. in spite of
6. now that 13. since 20. even if
7. once 14. but . . . anyway 21. yet . . . still
8. although 15. unless 22. whether . . . or not

EXERCISE 32. Summary of connectives. (Chart 19-9)

Directions: Complete the sentences, adding punctuation and capitalization.

1. While some people are optimists . . . .

2. Even though he drank a glass of water . . . still ....

3. Even if she invites me to her party . . .

4. I have never been to Hawaii my parents however . ...

5. I couldn't . . . for my arms were full of packages.

6. I need to borrow some money so that ... .

7. The airport was closed due to fog therefore . . ..
8. . . . therefore the airport was closed.
9. As soon as the violinist played the last note at the concert .. ..
404 CHAPTER 19
 10. Since neither my roommate nor I know how to cook . . . .

11. Iam not a superstitious person nevertheless . . . .

12. The crops will fail unless ....

13. Just as Iwas getting ready to eat dinner last night . . . .

14. We must work quickly otherwise . . . .

15. Some children are noisy and wild my brother's children on the other hand

16. According to the newspaper, now that . . . .

17. Ever since I can remember . . . .

18. Although my ....

19. The United States . . . whereas . . . .
20. Iwas tired however I . . . because ....
21. You must . . . whether ....
22. . . . nevertheless I could not understand what the person who . . . because . . . .

EXERCISE 33. Error analysis: general review. (Chapters 16 -> 19)

Directions: Correct the errors.

1. Unless I study very hard, I will pass all'of my exams.

2. My shoes and pants got muddy. Even though I walked carefully through the wet streets.

3. My neighborhood is quiet and safe however I always lock my doors.

4. Although I usually don't like Mexican food, but I liked the food I had at the Mexican

restaurant last night.

5. Although my room in the dormitory is very small, but I like it. Because it is a place

where I can be by myself and studying in peace and quiet.

6. Despite Iprefer to be a history teacher, I am studying in the Business School in order

for I can get a job in industry.

7. A little girl approached the cage however when the tiger shows its teeth and growls she

run to her mother. Because she was frightened.

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 405
 8. Many of the people working to save our environment think that they are fighting a

losing battle. Because big business, and the government have not joined together to

eliminate pollution.

9. The weather was so cold that I don't like to leave my apartment.

10. I have to study four hour every day because of my courses are difficult.

11. On the third day of our voyage, we sailed across a rough sea before to reach the shore.

12. I can't understand the lectures in my psychology class therefore my roommate lets me

borrow her notes.

13. According to this legend, a man went in search of a hidden village, he finally found it

after walk two hundred mile.

14. Because my country it is located in a subtropical area, so the weather is hot.

15. I will stay at the united state for two more year. Because I want finish my degree

before go home.

El EXERCISE 34. Activity: connectives. (Chart 19-9)

Directions: Form a group of four people. One of you will begin a "chain sentence" by
speaking the given words plus one, two, or three additional words. Each of the others
should add one, two, or three words until the sentence is completed. T h e maximum
number of words a person can add is three. When you complete your sentence, one person
in the group should write it down (with correct punctuation, spelling, and capitalization).
Example: Although education is . . . .
SPEAKER A: Although education is important, . . . .
SPEAKER B: Although education is important, s o m e students . . . .
SPEAKER C: Although education is important, some students would r a t h e r . . . .
SPEAKER D: Although education is important, some students would rather fly a kite . . . .
SPEAKER A: Although education is important, some students would rather fly a kite than . . . .
SPEAKER B: Although education is important, some students would rather fly a kite than go
t o class.
FINAL SENTENCE: -F Although education is important, some students would ratherjly a kite than
go to class.
1. Because we are . . . . 7. An educated populace is important to
2. Unless you . . . . a nation's future. Therefore, . . . .
3. Students have to study. Otherwise, . . . . 8. I was so confused when the teacher . . . .
4. In spite of the fact that students . . . . 9. Now that we . . . .
5. Evenifwe.. . . 10. Even though students who . . . .
6. Only i f . . . .

406 CHAPTER 19
EXERCISE 35. Review: punctuation and capitalization. (Chapters 13 and 16 -, 19)
Directions: Add appropriate punctuation and capitalization. Notice how these clarify
meaning in written English.
1. I did not expect to get a pay raise nevertheless I accepted when my boss offered it.
-) I did not expect to get a pay raise. Nevertheless, I accepted when my boss offered it.
2. Although a computer has tremendous power and speed it cannot think for itself a
human operator is needed to give a computer instructions for it cannot initially tell
itself what to do.
3. Being a lawyer in private practice I work hard but I do not go into my office on either
Saturday or Sunday if clients insist upon seeing me on those days they have to come
to my home.

4. Whenever the weather is nice I walk to school but when it is cold or wet I either take
the bus or get a ride with one of my friends even though my brother has a car I never
ask him to take me to school because he is very busy he has a new job and has recently
gotten married so he doesn't have time to drive me to and from school anymore I know
he would give me a ride if I asked him to but I don't want to bother him.

5. The common cold which is the most widespread of all diseases continues to plague
humanity despite the efforts of scientists to find its prevention and cure even though
colds are minor illnesses they are one of the principal causes of absence from school
and work people of all ages get colds but children and adults who live with children
get them the most colds can be dangerous for elderly people because they can lead to
other infections I have had three colds so far this year I eat the right kinds of food get
enough rest and exercise regularly nevertheless I still get at least one cold a year.

Whenever my father goes fishing we

know we will have fish to eat for
dinner for even if he doesn't catch
any he stops at the fish market on
his way home and buys some.

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 407
 EXERCISE 36. Review: showing relationships. (Chapters 5 a n d 16 -, 19)
Directions: Using the words in parentheses, combine the sentences to show relationships
between the ideas. Punctuate and capitalize correctly.
1. a. Jack hates going to the dentist.
b. He should see his dentist soon.
c. He has a very bad toothache.
(even though, because)
+ Even though Jack hates going to the dentist, he should see his dentist soon because he
has a very bad toothache.
2. a. You may really mean what you say.
b. I'll give you one more chance.
c. You have to give me your best effort.
d. You'll lose your job.
(if, but, otherwise)

3. a. The weather is bad.

b. I'm going to stay home.
c. The weather may change.
d. I don't want to go to the picnic.
(due to, even zy)

4. a. The children had eaten lunch.

b. They got hungry in the middle of the afternoon.
c. I took them to the market.
d. They wanted to get some fruit for a snack.
e. We went home for dinner.
(even though, therefore, s o that, before)

5. a. Robert is totally exhausted after playing tennis.

b. Marge isn't even tired.
c. She ran around a lot more during the game.
(whereas, i n spite of the fact that)

Many animals are most vulnerable

to predators when they are grazing.
Giraffes are most vulnerable when
they are drinking.
They must spread their legs
awkwardly in order to lower
their long necks to the water
in front of them.
It is difficult and time-consuming
for them to stand up straight
again to escape a predator.
Once they are up and running, they
are faster than most of their predators.
(while, consequently, however)

408 CHAPTER 19
 7. a. My boss promised me that I could have two full weeks.
b. It seems that I can't take my vacation after all.
c. I have to train the new personnel this summer.
d. I may not get a vacation in the fall either.
e. I will be angry.
(even though, because, ifl

8. a. Education, business, and government are all dependent on computers.

b. It is advisable for all students to have basic computer skills.
c. They graduate from high school and enter the work force or college.
d. A course called "Computer Literacy" has recently become a requirement for
graduation from Westside High School.
e. Maybe you will want more information about this course.
f. You can call the academic counselor at the high school.
(&ce, before, therefore, if)

EXERCISE 37. Review: showing relationships. (Chapters 5 and 13 -t 19)

Directions: Write out the sentences on another piece of paper, completing them with your
own words. Some punctuation is given; add other punctuation as necessary. (NOTE: Some
of your sentences will have to get a little complicated.)
Examples: I have trouble ,so I when I
-t I have trouble r-bering people's names, so I concentrate when Ifirst
meet someone.
I wanted to . Nevertheless, I because
-t I wanted to g o to Chicago. Nevertheless, I stayed h o m e because I h a d to
study for final exams.
1. sore throat. Nevertheless,

2. I - MY z ,on the other hand,

3. When a small, black insect 9 I because

4. I because . However,
5. Even though I told that

6. According to the newspaper, now that . Therefore,

7. Since neither the man who nor J I

8. When people who because

9. Since I didn't know whose J I

10. Even though the book which J I
11. What did the woman who when you ?

12. If what he said

13. Because the man who

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 409
 14. Even though she didn't understand what the man who

15. Now that all of the students who

16. Since the restaurant where we

EXERCISE 38. Error analysis: general review. (Chapters 1 -> 19)

Directions: These passages are taken from student writing. You are the editor for these
students. Rewrite the passages, correcting errors and making whatever revisions in
phrasing or vocabulary you feel will help the writers say what they intended to say.
Example: My idea of the most important thing in life. It is to be healthy. Because a person
can't enjoy life without health.
In my opinion, the most important thing in life is good health, for a person cannot
-)

enjoy life filly without it.

1. We went shopping after ate dinner. But the stores were closed. We had to go back

home even we hadn't found what were we looking for.

2. I want explain that I know alot of grammers but is my problem I haven't enough

vocabularies.

3. When I got lost in the bus station a kind man helped me, he explained how to read the

huge bus schedule on the wall. Took me to the window to buy a ticket and showed me

where was my bus, I will always appreciate his kindness.

4. I had never understand the important of know English language. Until I worked at a

large international company.

5. Since I was young my father found an American woman to teach me and my brothers
English, but when we move to other town my father wasn't able to find other teacher

for other five years.

6. I was surprised to see the room that I was given at the dormitory. Because there aren't

any furniture, and dirty.

7. When I meet Mr. Lee for the first time, we played ping pong at the student center

even though we can't communicate very well, but we had a good time.

8. Because the United States is a large and also big country. It means that they're

various kinds of people live there and it has a diverse population.

410 CHAPTER 19
 9. My grammar class was start at 10:35. When the teacher was coming to class, she

returned the last quiz to my classmates and I. After we have had another quiz.

10. If a wife has a work, her husband should share the houseworks with her. If both of

them help, the houseworks can be finish much faster.

11. The first time I went skiing. I was afraid to go down the hill. But somewhere from a

little corner of my head kept shouting, "Why not! Give it a try. You'll make it!" After

stand around for ten minutes without moving. Finally, I decided go down that hill.

12. This is a story about a man. He had a big garden. One day he was sleeping in his

garden. Then he woke up. He ate some fruit. Then he picked some apples and he

walked to a small river and he saw a beautiful woman was on the other side. And he

gave her some apples and then she gave him a loaf of bread. The two of them walked

back to the garden. Then some children came and were playing games with him.

Everyone was laughing and smiling. Then one child destroyed a flower and the man

became angry and he said to them, "Get out of here." Then the children left and the

beautiful woman left. Then the man built a wall around his garden and would not let

anyone in. He stayed in his garden all alone for the rest of his life.

EXERCISE 39. Activity: general review. (Chapters 1 -> 19)

Directions: Read and discuss.
In prehistoric times, humans probably spoke between 10,000 and 15,000 languages.
Today about 6,000 languages are spoken around the world. Experts predict that up to
50 percent of these languages will probably become extinct during the 21st century.
Question for discussion andlor writing:
What do you think accounts for the decrease in the number of languages in the world?

Connectives That Express Cause and Effect, Contrast, and Condition 41 1