The treaty demonstrated the steadfastness and Abdullah Bin Huzaifa was sent to the ruler of Persia

determination of the Muslims who were determined to [Chosroes/Khusro Pervaiz] but not only did he reject the
fulfil their dreams of performing Umrah the following message of Islam but he tore the letter up as he was angered by
year. AQt the last, they had a guarantee and permission the prophet PBUH addressing him using equal terms. He ordered
to perform Umrah the next year. the governor of Yemen to arrest the prophet PBUH. In response,
the prophet PBUH remarked, ''May Allah tear his empire into
pieces'' and prophesied that Islam will prevail in the Persian
Under the clause of no war for ten years, there was a empire. Soon the prophesy turned out to be true as Khusro's son
guarantee of peace in Arabia. The Holy Prophet was able assassinated him and led to the Persian empire falling apart. In
to send invites to emperors and kings in different parts of light of the events, the governor of Yemen accepted Islam.
the world to invite them to Islam. Similarly, this peace Ruler of Abyssinia:
allowed for the mixing and exchange of people and ideas The ruler of Abyssinia [Negus] also known as Ashamah received
between the Quraysh and the Muslims to take place the letter of the prophet PBUH through the messenger Amr bin
allowing many former enemies of Islam and personalities Umaiyyah (R.A). He embraced Islam.
like Khalid bin Waleed and Amr Ibn Aas to accept Islam

The Makkans had realized they could not stop the Ruler of Byzantine:
expansion of Islam and were now looking for their own
existence. Thus, by agreeing on a treaty after many years The king of Byzantine [Heracleus] sent for some Arabs who
of warfare, it showed that they had acknowledged Islam were there on a trade mission in Syria to inquire about the letter
as an equal presence and sphere of influence in Arabia. that had been received. Abu Sufyan who happened to be there
(and was a non-Muslim at the time) confirmed the prophet's
This treaty paved the way and later led to the Khyber PBUH truthfulness. The king was very impressed with the
expedition and conquest of Makkah upon it being religion and accepted it as the truth but did not convert to Islam.
annulled.
Ruler of Damascus:

The king of Damascus [Harith Al Ghassani] got angry after

reading his letter and ordered his army to attack Medina and to
kill the holy prophet. The Muslims waited every day for an attack
but his army never came.

Ruler of Yamamah:
Ruler of Yamamah [Haudah Bin Ali[] wanted to embrace Islam
on the condition of getting a share in the kingdom. However, he
was denied this share by the prophet PBUH.

Ruler of Oman
Seventh Year of Hijrat : Letter to Jaifer and his brother,Abd bin Al-Jolanda, both the rulers
Emperors embraced Islam.

Ruler of Bahrain:
Letter to Emperors: The ruler of Bahrain [Munzir Ibn Sawa] received the message of
During the 7th year of Hijrat and in light of the ten year peace Islam. Some of the people in Bahrain accepted Islam and others
established between Quraish and Muslims due to the treaty of did not. The message didn’t appeal to the Zoroastrians and Jews
Hudaibya, the Muslims took advantage of spreading Islam but the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) forgave them.
outside Arabia by sending various ambassadors to the rulers
such as those of Egypt, Byzantine and Persian empire, asking
them to enter the fold of Islam. Some accepted Islam but some
did not.
Ruler of Egypt:
The King of Egypt [Muqawqis] was sent a letter from the Holy
Prophet PBUH informing him of the religion of Islam at the
hands of Hatib Al Baltah. Muqawaqis did not accept Islam but
behaved respectfully towards the religion.

He sent presents for the holy prophet; two maids were among
the presents. One was named Maria Qibtia AS who was married
to the prophet and bore his son, Ibrahim.

Ruler of Persia:
 Arabs, they refused to accept him and continued to plot
against him.

The Jews of Medina opposed the change in the Qiblqa

direction from Masjid E Aqsa to Kaaba. These outlying
differences with the Muslims added to their hostility ad
they continued to plot with the hypocrites.

The opposition of the Jews also grew when the Quranic

verses were revealed that denounced the Jew for altering
their holy text in the Torah. These allegations caused the
Jews to have misgivings about Islam and they tried to
stop the spread of Islam.

Seventh Year of Hijrat : Battle of The Jews of Medina had enjoyed their monopoly over

Khayber trade and politics before the arrival of the Muslims.

However, this not only came to an end when the prophet
PBUH arrived in Madinah but the prohibition for
Muslims when it comes to usury and interest, led to a
decline in the Jews business prosperity which led to the
opposition. Similarly, the end to the infighting of Banu
Aus and Banu Khazraj which was resolved by the prophet
PBUH wisdom meant that the Jews could no longer
exploit their tribal rivalry for their own political gains.
Islam was becoming an emerging superpower in the
Arabian peninsula due to the supporters of the Prophet
Muhammad PBUH increasing rapidly. The rise of Islam
was viewed as a threat by the Jews, thus they were
constantly conspiring to weaken Islam's spread

The ultimate reason for the battle was that after the Jews
of Banu Nadir had been expelled from Medina and had
settled in Khyber, they received news of the
reconciliation of the Quraysh and Muslims under the
treaty of Hudaibya and decided to plot against the
Muslims. Upon finding out about this development, the
Battle of Khyber: [ Causes, Events,
prophet PBUH planned to attack Khyber.
Outcomes, Significance] EVENTS
Khaybar means 'fortified' and was a place 70 miles on the
outskirts of Medina that consisted of the fortresses that After the Jews were expelled from Madinah, they were
belonged to the Jews. Renowned fortresses of Al Qamus that constantly plotting to destroy Islam. When Hazrat
were known to be indestructible were situated at the heart of Muhammad PBUH came across this development, he
Khyber. considered it vital to move towards Khyber, the fortress
and residence of the Jews in order to punish them for
-It mostly consisted of the Banu Nadir who had been expelled by their activities.
the Muslims. In his absence, the prophet PBUH chose his companion,
Hazrat Siba Bin Arfath to run the affairs of Medina while
Background and Causes he left with the army of 1600 companions towards
In light of the men of Banu Quraiza being exterminated based on Khyber in secrecy. According to the sources, the Jews
the verdict given by Saad Bin Muaz and Banu Nadir being were around 10,000 in number. The Jews had shut
expelled due to their violation of the Charter of Medina , the themselves in their forts but the arrival of the Muslims
rising Jews hostility gave way for the Battle of Khaybar to take was a shock to them as they were not expecting any
place. sudden move like this. The tribe of Banu Ghatfan who
were allied to the Jews of Khyber refused to support the
Reasons for the Jews Hostility to the Muslims Jews after being outnumbered by the Muslim army.
The Jews of Medina were aware of the arrival of the
prophet PBUH in accordance with their scriptures but The Jews were taken by surprise once the Muslim army
believed him to be from among their descendants. descended upon them after Fajr time while they were
However, upon finding out that he was from among the working in their fields. The prophet PBUH made dua
''Allah is great. Khyber is ruined...''.
 Soon the Jews rushed to their forts in order to fortify Muslims patience and perseverance in the face of ten
themselves. Some of their large forts included Naim, thousand Jews paid off. Moreover, the faith of the
Sulaiim and Qamus. The Muslims first captured the fort Muslims was enhanced with this victory against the Jews.
of Naim in which Mahmood Biin Muslima from the The constant planning of the Jews against the Muslims
Muslims was martyred. While the Muslims were came to an end and their support to the tribes against
successful in capturing and laying siege to the many, Islam ended.
forts, the exception arose with the 'Al-Qamus' fort which The people of Fidak who lived near Khyber hastened to
was heavily fortified and thus the Muslims could not make peace with the Muslims after their victory. They
capture it even after 15 to 19 days. agreed to give Jizya and voluntarily made peace with the
Muslims.
After not much success in capturing Qamus, one night The prophet PBUH wished to create political ties with the
the Prophet Muhammad PBUH said that ''Tomorrow I will Jews and on his return to Medina, he married the widow
give the flag to somebody who will be given victory (by of the Jewish chief named Hazrat Safiya. She accepted
Allah) and who loves Allah and His Apostle and is loved by Islam on the prophet PBUH invitation.
Allah and His Apostle''

Everyone in the Muslim camp was keen to find out who

this personality was. In the morning, Prophet Muhammad
PBUH called upon Hazrat Ali (R.A) and gave him the
banner. This was the time when the Prophet Muhammad
PBUH cured the eye infection of Hazrat Ali (R.A) with his
saliva. Hazrat Ali (R.A) marched towards al-Qamus where
he killed the famous general Marhab with ease. Thus, this
fort was also captured by the Muslims under the
command of Hazrat Ali (R.A).
Eighth Year of Hijrat: Battle of
With this, the Jews surrendered and were defeated. The Mutah
Muslims were victorious at the battle of Khyber.

Outcomes Battle of Mutah [Causes. Events and

Outcomes and Significance]
The Muslims were victorious and were successful in
capturing the eleven major forts of the Jews at Khyber
including Qamus.
The Jews surrendered but requested peace and asked the
prophet PBUH to deal with them with leniency and in
exchange, they would give them half their produce from
their land. This included a booty of dates. The prophet
PBUH agreed to their request and the lives, women,
children and property was left untouched.
The number of Muslims martyred were 16 to 18.
The number of Jews killed were 93.

SIGNIFICANCE

The immediate significance was that with the Muslims Battle of Mutah: [Causes]
victory, they emerged as the most powerful force in all of The death of the messenger sent by the prophet PBUH to
Arabia. The Jews supremacy was broken and subdued. Basra's ruler triggered the Battle of Mutah. The Holy
Now the Quraysh were even more hesitant to launch an Prophet PBUH had sent an invitation letter to the Ruler of
attack on the Muslims. Basra. Harith bin Umair Al Azdi was the messenger
appointed to take the message to the ruler but while he
The importance of this battle is that it provided financial was on his way, he was intercepted by Shurahbeel bin
and military stability to the Muslims. Now the Muslims Amr al Ghassani who was the governor of Balqa. He tied
had a sustainable source of food from the supply of dates and killed the messenger sent by Holy Prophet PBUH.
received from Khyber so much so that Hazrat Umar The killing of envoy [messenger] was a crime and this
stated, ''We never ate our fill till we conquered Khyber.'' triggered the prophet PBUH to give a powerful retaliatory
The significance of this event in terms of military stability response.
can be recognised from the fact that 18 months later, the The governor was close allies with the ruler of Basra and
Muslims conquered Mecca. seeing the non-apologetic stance of both of them, the
Prophet was aggrieved and he ordered for an army of
 3000 men to be mobilised in order to avenge the death of pursue the Muslims. Both armies departed and it was not
the messenger. a clear victory or loss for any one army.

Events Outcomes and Significance:

Before the 3000 men set off, the army was appointed
three commanders who would take over if one martyred. The Muslims and Byzantines did not have an apparent
Hazrat Zaid bin Haris (R.A) was made the first victory but the fact that Muslims were able to defend
commander and flag bearer. It was said that if he were to against an army of 200,000 with great courage
be martyred, then prophet PBUH paternal cousin Hazrat established their reputation in the battle. This was the
Jafar (R.A) would take over and if he were to be martyred, first battle against the Byzantines and the Muslims stood
then Hazrat Abdullah bin Rawwaha (R.A) would take strong. The Christains were surprised to see the courage
over. In the case that he too was martyred, then the and initiative of Muslims.
Muslims should consult among themselves for a
commander. Appointing three commanders at once was The importance and outcome included the martyrdom
unusual but indicated the martyrdom of them all. of three Muslim generals. Not only were the three
generals such as Hazrat Zaid Bin Harith, Hazrat Jaffar and
The Prophet PBUH proposed to reach the scene of Harith Hazrat Abdullah Bin Rawah some of the closest
bin Umair’s murder and to invite people to accept Islam. companions who fought bravely in the battle but two of
If a positive reply was received, then no war would take them were even close relatives and the adopted son of
place but if otherwise, the last alternative was war. the prophet PBUH. Their martyrdom was a source of
The Muslim army marched towards a small town called sorrow for the prophet PBUH and a loss for the Muslim
Maan on the border of Syria. The companions thought Ummah.
that they were going to fight Shurahabeel but when they
reached Maan, Heraclius who was the ruler of Basra was Another outcome and importance were that the battle
there with an army of 100,000 soldiers. This is because proved that the Muslims were determined and
Shurabeel found out about the Muslims through courageous men of faith. Not only were they able to fight
intelligence. Soon, Heraclius's army received further with the Christian army that was made of two hundred
reinforcements resulting in a total army of 200,000. thousand men but they fought with great determination.
The Muslims were not expecting such a large army and This was shown by how Hazrat Jaffar lost two of his arms
considered retreating, but due to the eloquent speech of while fighting and Khalid Bin Walid broke eight swords in
Abdullah bin rawaha, they were motivated and decided the fight.
to meet the enemy. He stated, '' Remember whenever The Muslims were not pleased with the return of their
we fought wars, it was never on the basis of superiority fellows without an apparent victory. For the Muslims,
of number, arms or horses. We fought only for our there were either two outcomes in battle which was
religion which is an honour bestowed on us by the either victory or martyrdom in the name of Allah.
Almighty...''

Hazrat Zaid was given the standard and a fierce battle

took place. Shurabeel’s brother was killed fighting the
Muslims despite the odds not being in their favour.
However, soon Hazrat Zaid was killed and Hazrat Jaffar
took over. He disabled his horse to dispel any idea of
Eighth Year of Hijrat: Conquest
returning home from the battlefield jumped into the of Mecca
enemies lines and fought to his death. He continued to
fight until both his arms were cut off.
Abdullah bin Rawaha took over but was killed after a Causes and Background [Dissolving of the
desperate fight. Muslims then selected Khalid bin Treaty of Hudaibya]
Waleed as the commander. Khalid took over as the flag
bearer and he realised the extreme peril of the Muslim CAUSES
forces. He ordered the realignment of the Muslim forces The dissolving and violation of the Treaty of Hudaibya
took place after two years due to a dispute that arose
The Muslims fought with the enemies. Eight swords between Banu Bakr and Banu Khuza which resulted in the
were broken in Khalid’s hands and the fight was conquest of Mecca. Due to the Muslims growing in
postponed until the next day. Realignment was done to power, this became a matter of vexation for the Quraysh
cast fear into the hearts of the Byzantine army. especially after the signing of the treaty of Hudaibya.
Banu Bakr were old enemies with a tribe known as Banu
The next day Khalid spread out his men in a long line as Khuza. A chief of Banu Bakr killed the men of Banu Khuza
though they would envelop the enemy. The Romans did in the Kaaba where bloodshed was forbidden. Given that
not advance to fight as they felt overwhelmed. Then the Quraysh were allies with Banu Bakr and Banu Bakr
Khalid withdrew the army from Mutah to Madinah The decided to attack Banu Khuza, the terms of the treaty of
Romans were glad that fight was over and refused to Hudaibya were breached. In response, the chiefs of Banu