Unit II

Smart Grid Architecture

Prof. Shital M. Mule
 Introduction
• Under the increasing pressure from global resources, the continuous proceeding of power-marketing and higher
quality and reliability from power users, people hope that the future state grid should be more renewable, more
robust, more efficient, more distributed, reconfigurable, more interactive, with faster protection and control, and
higher power quality. Meeting these demands, smart grid integrates modern advanced sensor technology,
measurement technology, communication technology, information technology, computing technology, and control
technology into it, where information and electricity flow bi-directionally and the smart grid can:
• (1) Enable active participation by customers;
• (2) Accommodate all generation and storage options;
• (3) Enable new products, services, and markets;
• (4) Provide power quality for the digital economy;
• (5) Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently;
• (6) Anticipate and respond to system disturbances;
• (7) Operate resiliently against attacks and natural disasters
 SMART GRID ARCHIRTECTURE
• Smart Grid is an advanced electrical power system that uses digital
technology, communication networks, and intelligent control to improve the
efficiency, reliability, sustainability, and security of electricity production,
distribution, and consumption. The architecture of Smart Grid design
consists of several layers that work together to achieve these goals. Here is a
brief overview of each layer:
1. Physical Layer /Component Layer : This layer includes all the physical
components of the Smart Grid, such as power generators, transformers,
substations, distribution lines, meters, and smart appliances. These devices are
equipped with sensors, controllers, and communication interfaces to monitor
and control the flow of electricity in real-time.
• 2.Communications Layer: This layer provides the network infrastructure for the
Smart Grid, including wired and wireless communication technologies, such as
fiber-optic cables, cellular networks, Wi-Fi, and ZigBee. The communication layer
enables the exchange of data and commands between different components of
the Smart Grid.
• 3.Data Layer (Information Layer) : This layer collects and stores data from the
physical layer and the communication layer. The data can include real-time
measurements of power consumption, generation, and distribution, as well as
information about weather conditions, market prices, and customer preferences.
The data layer uses advanced analytics tools to process the data and extract
insights that can be used to optimize the performance of the Smart Grid.
• 4.Control Layer /(Function Layer): This layer uses the data and insights from
the data layer to make real-time decisions about how to manage the flow of
electricity in the Smart Grid. The control layer includes advanced algorithms and
control systems that can dynamically adjust the power generation and
distribution to match the demand.
• 5.Application Layer (Business Layer): This layer includes the user-facing
applications that enable customers and utilities to interact with the Smart Grid.
These applications can include web and mobile interfaces for customers to
monitor and control their power consumption, as well as control centers for
utilities to manage the Smart Grid.
 Review of the proposed architectures for
Smart Grid.
• There have been various proposed architectures for Smart Grid, each with its
own strengths and weaknesses. Here is a review of some of the commonly
proposed architectures:
1. Hierarchical Architecture: This architecture divides the Smart Grid into five
levels: physical, information, control, communication, and application. The
physical layer consists of the electrical infrastructure, while the control layer
handles the monitoring and management of the system. The communication
layer provides the necessary network infrastructure, and the application layer
includes the user-facing applications.
2. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): This architecture is based on the
concept of service-oriented computing, which enables the components of the
Smart Grid to communicate with each other using web services. This
architecture enables the Smart Grid to be modular and flexible, making it easier
to integrate new technologies and services.
3. Agent-Based Architecture: This architecture uses software agents to
manage the Smart Grid components, making it more responsive and
efficient. The agents can communicate with each other to make real-time
decisions about how to manage the flow of electricity.
4.Peer-to-Peer Architecture: This architecture enables direct
communication between Smart Grid components without relying on a
centralized server. This architecture can be more resilient and secure, but it
may require more resources to manage the distributed network.
5.Cloud Computing Architecture: This architecture uses cloud computing to
manage the Smart Grid infrastructure, enabling scalability and flexibility. The
cloud infrastructure can handle the processing and storage of large amounts
of data, making it easier to analyze and optimize the performance of the
Smart Grid.
• Overall, each proposed architecture has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and the choice of architecture will depend on the specific
needs and requirements of the Smart Grid deployment.
 Components of Smart Grid Design
• 1. SMART HOME
▪ Smart home uses emerging smart grid technologies to save energy, seek out the lowest rates, and
contribute to the smooth and efficient functioning of our electric grid.

▪ The interactive relationship between the grid operators, utilities, and consumers helps in proper
functioning of smart grid technologies.

▪ Computerized controls in smart homes helps to minimize energy use at times when the power grid is
under stress from high demand ,or even to shift some of their power use to times when power is
available at a lower cost, ie. from on peak hours to off-peak hours.

• Smart home depends on -

• • Smart meters and home energy management systems
• • Home power generation
▪ Smart Meters Provide the Smart Grid interface between
consumer and the energy service provider
▪ Operate digitally
▪ Allow for automated and complex transfers of information
between consumer -end and the energy service provider
▪ Help to reduce the energy costs of the consumer
▪ Provides information about usage of electricity in different
service areas to the energy service providers
•
 2. Renewable Energy
• According to the International Energy Agency -
• "Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are
replenished constantly in its various forms, it derives directly from the
sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth included in the
definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean,
hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and
hydrogen derived from renewable resources."
• Reduced environmental pollution Consumers capable of generating
energy from renewable energy resources are less dependent on the
micro-grid or main grid.
• In addition to that they can supply surplus amount of energy from the
renewable resources and can make profit out of it
 3. Consumer Engagement
• Consumers can - Save energy with proper scheduling of smart home appliances Pay less for
consuming energy in off-peak hours
• Energy service provider gives incentives based on the energy consumption of the consumer and
they can save money
• Consumers' involvement in following ways:
▪ Time-of-Use pricing
▪ Net metering
▪ The consumers are encouraged to consume energy in off-peak hours when the energy load is less
▪ Throughout the day, the energy load on the grids are dynamic in on-peak hours, if the requested
amount of energy is higher, it leads to Less-efficient energy distribution
▪ Home energy management system tries to schedule the smart appliances in off• peak hours
• 4. Operation Centers
• Drawbacks of traditional operation centers tries to make sure the amount of
generated energy Is getting used
• The grid is unstable,
▪ if the grid voltage drops due to excess energy generation
▪ Limited control capabilities
▪ No means to detect oscillation which leads to blackout
▪ Limited information about the energy flow through the grid
• Smart grid
• ✓ Provides information and control on the transmission system
• ✓ Makes the energy grid more reliable
• ✓ Minimize the possibility of widespread blackouts
• ✓ For monitoring and controlling the transmission System in smart grid,
phasor
• measurement unit (PMU) is used
• ✓ PMU samples voltage and current with a fixed sample rate at the
installed
• location
• ✓ It provides a snapshot of the active power system at that location
• ✓ By increasing the sampling rate, PMU provides the dynamic
scenario of the
• energy distribution system
• ✓ PMU helps to identify the possibility of blackout in advance
• ✓ Multiple PMUs form a phasor network
• ✓ Collected information by the phasor network is analyzed at
centralized
• system, i.e.,Superviso ry Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)
system
• 5. Distribution Intelligence
• Distribution intelligence means the energy distribution systems equipped
with smart lo
• devices along with smart meters, distribution intelligence can -
• ✓ Identify the source of a power outage
• ✓ Ensure power flow automatically by combining automated switching
• ✓ Optimize the balance between real and reactive power
• ✓ Devices that store and release energy
• ✓ Cause increased electrical currents without consuming real power
• Intelligent distribution System
• ✓ Maintains the proper level of reactive power in the System
• ✓ Protect and control the feeder lines
• 6.Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)

• Plug-In Hybrid Electric vehicles (PHEVs) are being introduced in the markets.

• an option for transportation. The introduction of HEVs into the transportation sector

• can be viewed as a good start, but the range (the distance that can be travelled with

• one charging cycle) is not adequate. So PHEVs have started penetrating the market,

• in which the batteries can be charged at any point where a charging outlet is

• available. For HEVs, the impact on the grid is not a matter of concern, since HEVs

• are charged from their internal combustion engine by regenerative braking,

• whenever the driver applies a brake.

 Distribution Automation
• Distribution Automation technologies and systems can achieve substantial grid
impacts and benefits:
1) Improvement in location of fault, isolation, and service restoration
capabilities that result in less number of outages, less operational and
maintenance costs, less chances of equipment failure or damage, and lesser
inconvenience at the consumer end.

2) Improved distribution system resilience to extreme weather events by

automatically limiting the extent of major outages and improving operator ability
to diagnose and repair damaged equipment.

3) More effective equipment monitoring and preventative maintenance that

reduces operating costs, enables more efficient use of capital assets, reduces the
likelihood of equipment failures.

4) More efficient use of repair crews and truck rolls that reduces operating costs,
enables faster service restoration, and lowers environmental emissions.

5) Improved grid integration of selected distributed energy resources (DER)

such as thermal storage for commercial and municipal buildings.
Distribution Automation
• Remote Fault Indicators

These are sensors that detect when current and voltage levels on feeders are outside the threshold
boundaries. Operators can use this data to rapidly determine the location of the fault (such as an
equipment failure)

Smart Relay

Smart relays apply sophisticated software to accurately detect, isolate, and diagnose the cause of faults.
They may be installed at substations for feeder protection or on devices in automated switching schemes.
Device controls are activated according to equipment settings and algorithms. The relays also store and
process data to send back to grid operators for further analysis.
• Automated Feeder Switches and Reclosers

Automated feeder switches open and close to isolate the faults and repair the feeder
with the fault to restore power back to customers on line segments without a fault.

They are typically configured to work with smart relays to operate in response to
commands from an autonomous control system, distribution management systems,
and signals from grid operators.

Switches can be configured to close and open at pre-determined intervals when fault
currents are detected. This action is called as reclosing of the switches, and are
deployed to sectionalize faulty sections of the feeders and to divert power around the
faulty section of the feeder and re- energize only after the obstruction has been
cleared by itself from the feeder line.
• Automated Capacitors

Utilities use capacitive bank (made up of capacitors) to compensate for reactive power requirements
caused by inductive loads from customer equipment’s, transformers, or overhead lines impedances.
Compensating for reactive power reduces the total amount of power that need to be provided by
power plants, resulting in a flat voltage along the feeder, and less energy being loosed as electrical
losses in the feeder line.

• Automated Voltage Regulators and Load Tap Changers

Voltage regulators are types of transformers that make small adjustments to voltage levels in response
to changes in load. They are installed in substations. At the sub-stations these transformers are called
as load tap changers and along distribution feeders to regulate downstream voltage.
• Automated Feeder Monitors

Feeder monitors measure the load on distribution lines and equipment and can
trigger alarms when equipment or line loadings start to approach potentially
damaging levels.

Monitors deliver data in real time back to the system so that utilities can
efficiently assess the change in load trends and take corresponding actions, such
as taking equipment off service, transferring of load on substitute feeder, or
repairing equipment whenever necessary without causing any power outage.
 Transmission Automation
• Transmission automation techniques can play an important role in the development of a smart grid,
which is a modern electricity grid that uses advanced technologies to better manage the supply and
demand of electricity. Some of the techniques used in transmission automation in smart grids
include:

1. Wide-Area Monitoring and Control: Smart grids use advanced monitoring systems that collect
data from across the grid, allowing grid operators to identify potential problems and adjust the
system accordingly. This can help to improve grid reliability and prevent outages.

2. Automatic Fault Detection and Restoration: Smart grids use automated systems that can detect
faults in the grid and automatically isolate the affected area, restoring power to the rest of the
system. This can help to minimize the impact of outages and improve grid resilience.

3. Distributed Energy Resources Management: Smart grids can integrate distributed energy
resources (DERs), such as solar panels and wind turbines, into the grid. Advanced control systems
can be used to manage the variability of these resources and ensure that they are used efficiently.
4. Energy Storage: Energy storage systems can be used to help balance the grid by storing
excess energy when it is available and releasing it when it is needed. Smart grids use advanced
algorithms to optimize the use of energy storage systems and ensure that they are used
efficiently.

5. Demand Response: Demand response programs can be used to encourage customers to

adjust their electricity usage based on grid conditions. Smart grids use advanced
communication technologies to send signals to customers, alerting them to changes in grid
conditions and encouraging them to reduce or shift their energy usage accordingly.
Need of Renewable energy Integration in Smart Grid

• Nowadays, there is a high demand for renewable energy and this demand is increasing due
to rising energy cost and global environmental changes.

• The existing power grid relies heavily on conventional fossil fuel-based electricity
generation units. Moving electrical energy from these generation units over the
distribution lines to the customers in the present- day electricity grid incurs significant
power losses.

• In addition, many conventional fossil fuel-based electricity generation units pose hazards, e.
g., hazards from nuclear power plants. Thus, there is a global push to reform the electricity
generation by moving away from fossil-fuel based plants and moving towards RERs.
 Techniques used in Renewable energy Integration
in Smart Grid
• Some of the renewable integration techniques that are commonly used include:
1. Energy Storage: Energy storage technologies, such as batteries, can help to smooth out the variability
of renewable energy sources by storing excess energy when it is available and releasing it when it is
needed.
2. Demand Response: Demand response programs encourage consumers to shift their electricity usage
to times when renewable energy sources are generating more power. For example, customers may be
incentivized to run their appliances or charge their electric vehicles during times when solar panels
are generating excess energy.
3. Curtailment: Curtailment involves limiting the output of renewable energy sources when they are
generating more power than the grid can handle. This can help to prevent overloading the grid and
causing blackouts.
4. Grid Upgrades: Upgrades to the electricity grid, such as the installation of smart grid technologies,
can help to better manage the integration of renewable energy sources by improving grid flexibility
and increasing the capacity to handle intermittent energy sources.
5. Power-to-Gas: Power-to-gas technologies convert excess renewable energy into hydrogen, which can
be stored and used as a fuel or injected into the natural gas grid. This can help to reduce curtailment
and provide a flexible energy source.
Benefits of integration:-
• Normally Renewable resources are connected at the distribution level and as larger resources
(wind farms, solar farms) are connected at the transmission level.
1. Future energy sustainability: Renewable energies are making a significant contribution to
climate protection, diversify resources, ease dependence on fossil resources, not produce any
type of contamination, domestic energy carriers and therefore contribute to regional value
creation and help to secure employment. Hence renewables as future energy provides
sustainability.
2. Empowering grid in peak hours :Integration of more renewables and storage support the
smart grid with real time information and substituting renewable energy sources whenever
possible. Increasing proportion of Renewables in generation mix not only improves
operational efficiency but reduces peak demands
3. Energy management: Smart metering helps to adopt energy management techniques such
as Demand side management at consumer level, demand response usage leads to optimum
utilization and results into saving of energy.

4. Independent systems: RE systems works as isolated system during grid failure and reduces
impact on customer. Industrial and commercial consumers adopt grid connected RE systems
which helps to reduce power demand. Sometimes isolated system in residential areas
conserves the energy.

5. Upgrading Electrical market: Power exchange provides an electronic platform to facilitate

trading of electricity at national level. Initiated Renewable energy trade since 2011. India ranks
fourth for its market potential in renewable energy
 Advanced Control Strategies
• Solar and wind power plants exhibit changing dynamics, nonlinearities, and uncertainties

• Hence smart grid require advanced control strategies to solve effectively. The use of more efficient control
techniques would not only increase the performance of these systems, but would increase the number of
operational hours of solar and wind plants and thus reduce the cost per kilowatt-hour (KWh) produced.

• 2. Wind and solar energy are both intermittent resources. Wind behavior changes daily and seasonally, and
sunlight is only available during daylight hours. Both wind and solar energy can be viewed as aggregate resources
from the point of view of a power grid, with levels that vary within a 10 minute to 1 hour time frame, so they do
not represent the same form of intermittency as an unplanned interruption in a large base-load generator.

• 3. Research in technology is still in progress. Hence existing generation and delivery infrastructure (i.e. legacy)
of RE systems must be adaptive to work with new technologies.
4. Being flexible to changing technologies require identifying the
vital interface between technology components.
5. Achieving association across service providers, end-users and
technology suppliers is difficult in particularly in growing
international market place. Exchange of knowledge and
information can allow multiple parties to connect their devices and
system for proper interaction, but attaining interoperability is
difficult.
• B-Business and financial:-

1.Understanding and communicating the value proposition of a smart grid

deployment for each stakeholder

2. The financial environment risk and reward can challenge business plan for smart
grid investments as well as in Renewable energy system.
3. Regulatory understanding and sensitivity to providing an appropriate environment
for smart grid investment takes place. Regulatory decisions (or lack of decisions) can
create new challenges.
4. Developing an appropriate incentive structure that aligns economic and regulatory
policies with energy-efficiency and environmental goal needs to be tailored to each
member economy. he electricity supply chain is scary
• C-Societal:-
1. Strategies need to account for a variety of policy objectives (affordability,
sustainability, growth and cultural values).
2. Assigning value to externalities, such as environmental impacts, is difficult, but
necessary, in balanced decision- making.
3. Understanding and accounting for the beneficial aspects of smart grid
investments as a mechanism for job creation and advancing a technically skilled
workforce needs development.
4. Greater awareness about capabilities of smart grid and there benefits for
improving energy-efficiency and renewable resource integration policies.
5. Research and development activities: the speed with which new ideas and
deployment tactics are being generated.
 Computational intelligence methods
• Computational intelligence methods are increasingly being
applied to optimize the operation and management of smart grids.

• These methods utilize advanced algorithms and machine learning

techniques to analyze and process large amounts of data
generated by smart grid systems, and to make decisions that
optimize system performance and efficiency.
• Some examples of computational intelligence methods that are
commonly used in smart grids include:
 Computational intelligence methods
1. Artificial neural networks (ANNs): ANNs are used to model complex
relationships between input and output variables in a smart grid system.
• They can be trained to predict future energy demand, identify potential
failures in the system, and optimize energy generation and distribution.

2. Genetic algorithms (GAs): GAs are optimization techniques that

mimic the process of natural selection to find the optimal solution to a
given problem.
• They can be used to optimize the scheduling of energy generation and
distribution, and to minimize energy costs and environmental impact.
 Computational intelligence methods
3. Fuzzy logic (FL): FL is a form of logic that allows for uncertainty
and ambiguity in decision-making. It is used to model complex
systems in which precise mathematical models are difficult to
construct. FL can be used to optimize energy consumption and
minimize waste in smart grid systems.

4. Swarm intelligence (SI): SI is a collective behavior of

decentralized, self-organized systems. It is used to optimize energy
consumption and distribution in smart grid systems. SI algorithms
include ant colony optimization, particle swarm optimization, and
bee colony optimization.
 Static optimization techniques
• Static optimization techniques are used to optimize the power system
without considering the time-varying nature of the system. The objective is
to optimize the system performance based on a fixed set of inputs and
parameters. Here are some of the detailed static optimization techniques
used in the smart grid:
• Optimal Power Flow (OPF):
• Optimal Power Flow is a mathematical optimization technique used to
optimize the power flow in the grid by minimizing the total generation cost
while satisfying system constraints such as line flow limits, voltage limits,
and generator output limits. The objective of OPF is to determine the optimal
operating point of the power system that minimizes the generation cost
while satisfying the system constraints. The OPF problem can be solved using
various optimization techniques such as linear programming, quadratic
programming, and interior point methods.
 Static Optimization Techniques
2. Economic Dispatch: Economic Dispatch is another static optimization technique that
determines the optimal generation dispatch among available generators to meet the power
demand while minimizing the total generation cost. Economic Dispatch is a linear
programming problem that minimizes the total cost of generating power subject to the
constraints of available generation capacity, transmission system limitations, and demand
requirements. Economic Dispatch is used to determine the optimal power output of each
generator and the total cost of generating power.

3. Unit Commitment: Unit Commitment is a static optimization technique used to determine

the optimal commitment of power generating units over a given period to meet the demand
while minimizing the total cost of generating power. Unit Commitment takes into account the
constraints on the start-up and shut-down times of generators, transmission constraints, and
minimum and maximum generation limits. Unit Commitment is an integer programming
problem that determines the optimal commitment schedule of generators over a given period.
 Static optimization techniques
4. Network Reconfiguration: Network Reconfiguration is a static optimization technique used
to optimize the topology of the distribution network by opening and closing switches to
minimize the power losses and improve the voltage profile. Network Reconfiguration takes
into account the power flow constraints, voltage constraints, and switch operating constraints.
Network Reconfiguration is a combinatorial optimization problem that determines the optimal
topology of the distribution network.

• Static optimization techniques are used for long-term planning and design of the power
system. These techniques provide a basis for designing the power system that meets the
power demand while minimizing the cost and maximizing the efficiency.
 Dynamic optimization techniques
• Dynamic optimization techniques are used to optimize the performance of the power
system in real-time by considering the time-varying nature of the system.

• The objective is to optimize the system performance based on real-time data and system
parameters. Here are some of the dynamic optimization techniques used in the smart grid:

1. Model Predictive Control (MPC): Model Predictive Control is a control technique that
uses a mathematical model of the system to predict its behavior over a future time horizon
and determines the optimal control actions to be taken to meet system objectives. MPC
takes into account the real-time system measurements and constraints such as power
demand, generator output limits, and transmission system limitations. MPC is a
computationally intensive optimization problem that solves for the optimal control actions
by minimizing a cost function that incorporates the system objectives and constraints.
 Dynamic optimization techniques
2. Real-Time Optimization (RTO): Real-Time Optimization is a control technique that continuously
monitors the system performance and adjusts the control variables in real-time to achieve optimal
system operation.

RTO takes into account the real-time system measurements and constraints such as power demand,
generator output limits, and transmission system limitations. RTO is an iterative optimization
problem that solves for the optimal control actions by minimizing a cost function that incorporates
the system objectives and constraints.

3. Frequency Regulation: Frequency Regulation is a control technique that adjusts the power output
of generators in real-time to maintain the power system frequency within acceptable limits.
Frequency Regulation takes into account the real-time power imbalances between the power supply
and demand and adjusts the generator output accordingly. Frequency Regulation is an automatic
control mechanism that responds to the real-time system conditions.
 Dynamic optimization techniques
4. Load Shedding: Load Shedding is a control technique that reduces the power demand in
real-time to maintain the power system stability during emergencies. Load Shedding takes
into account the real-time system conditions and selectively disconnects non-critical loads
to maintain the system stability. Load Shedding is a protective control mechanism that
prevents the power system from collapsing during emergencies.

• Dynamic optimization techniques are used for real-time control and operation of the
power system. These techniques provide a means for optimizing the system performance
under changing system conditions and uncertainties.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques in smart Grid

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are used in the smart grid to analyze
large amounts of data, optimize system performance, and make decisions in
real-time. Here are some of the AI techniques used in the smart grid:

1. Machine Learning (ML): Machine Learning is a subset of AI that involves

algorithms to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without
being explicitly programmed. ML is used for load forecasting, fault detection,
and renewable energy forecasting in the smart grid. ML can learn from
historical data and provide accurate predictions of system behavior.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques in smart Grid
2. Reinforcement Learning (RL): Reinforcement Learning is a type of machine
learning that involves learning through trial and error by maximizing a reward signal.
RL is used for control of the power system, such as demand response and voltage
regulation. RL can learn from the system's feedback and optimize its actions to
maximize the reward signal.

3. Deep Learning (DL): Deep Learning is a type of machine learning that involves
using artificial neural networks with multiple layers to extract complex features from
data. DL is used for image analysis, fault detection, and demand forecasting in the
smart grid. DL can learn from large amounts of data and provide accurate predictions
of system behavior.
4. Expert Systems (ES): Expert Systems are computer programs that mimic the decision-
making abilities of a human expert in a particular domain. ES is used for fault diagnosis and
control of the power system. ES can provide expert advice to operators and make decisions
based on predefined rules and knowledge.

5.Swarm Intelligence (SI): Swarm Intelligence is a branch of AI that involves using

decentralized, self-organizing systems to solve complex problems. SI is used for load balancing,
demand response, and control of distributed energy resources in the smart grid. SI can handle
the complexity and uncertainty in the power system and provide effective control strategies.

AI techniques are used for data analysis, optimization, and control of the power system. These
techniques provide a means for handling the complexity, nonlinearity, and uncertainties in the
power system and provide effective control and optimization strategies.