CLOUD COMPUTING

UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION:

What Is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on remote
servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s hard drive or local server.
Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a technology where
the resource is provided as a service through the Internet to the user. The data that is stored
can be files, images, documents, or any other storable document.

Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage,

databases, networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).

Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises data centre. With an on-
premises data centre, we have to manage everything, such as purchasing and installing
hardware, virtualization, installing the operating system, and any other required applications,
setting up the network, configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for data. After doing
all the set-up, we become responsible for maintaining it through its entire lifecycle.

Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible for the hardware purchase and
maintenance. They also provide a wide variety of software and platform as a service. We can
take any required services on rent. The cloud computing services will be charged based on
usage.

Advantages of cloud computing:

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 o Cost: It reduces the huge capital costs of buying hardware and software.
o Speed: Resources can be accessed in minutes, typically within a few clicks.
o Scalability: We can increase or decrease the requirement of resources according to
the business requirements.
o Productivity: While using cloud computing, we put less operational effort. We do not
need to apply patching, as well as no need to maintain hardware and software. So, in
this way, the IT team can be more productive and focus on achieving business goals.
o Reliability: Backup and recovery of data are less expensive and very fast for business
continuity.
o Security: Many cloud vendors offer a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls
that strengthen our data security.

Disadvantages Of Cloud Computing

The following are the main disadvantages of Cloud Computing:

1. Security Concerns: Storing of sensitive data on external servers raised more security
concerns which is one of the main drawbacks of cloud computing.
2. Downtime and Reliability: Even though cloud services are usually dependable, they
may also have unexpected interruptions and downtimes. These might be raised because
of server problems,
Network issues or maintenance disruptions in Cloud providers which negative effect on
business operations, creating issues for users accessing their apps.

3. Dependency on Internet Connectivity: Cloud computing services heavily rely on

Internet connectivity.
For accessing the cloud resources the users should have a stable and high-speed
internet connection for accessing and using cloud resources. In regions with limited
internet connectivity, users may face challenges in accessing their data and applications.

4. Cost Management Complexity: The main benefit of cloud services is their pricing
model that coming with Pay as you go but it also leads to cost management
complexities. On without proper careful monitoring and utilization of resources
optimization, Organizations may end up with unexpected costs as per their use scale.
Understanding and Controlled usage of cloud services requires ongoing attention.

What is cloud collaboration?

Cloud collaboration allows employees to work together and collaborate on documents

and other file types which might be stored off-premises or outside the firewall of the company.
Cloud collaboration happens when a user creates/uploads a file online and then shares access to
other individuals. The idea is to enable employees to share, edit, and view documents in real-
time.

Why is cloud collaboration important?

The increasing availability of remote work has contributed to cloud collaboration's
popularity. Remote workers must access documents and communicate with teammates from

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various locations and at different times. Cloud collaboration gives geographically distributed
workers the flexibility to work with teammates in real time.

Cloud collaboration also enables better tracking, storage and version control of
documents. All changes made to a document or file are recorded, stored and presented to
others via the cloud so elements of a project can be reviewed and revisited. These features
centralize the work of remote and hybrid teams in one location.

Cloud collaboration benefits and drawbacks

Cloud-based collaboration tools can have a positive effect on group communication and
teamwork. The benefits of cloud collaboration include the following:

 Efficiency. Cloud collaboration enables asynchronous communication and editing. Users

don't have to wait for a teammate to finish their work on a document; instead, they can
make contributions at any time. Work gets done faster because workers can access
documents when they're ready to contribute.
 Flexibility. The cloud lets team members work from anywhere and across a range of time
zones. All they need is an internet connection and access to the right documents.
 Real-time collaboration. Team members collaborate in real time. As soon as a change is
made to a document, other team members see the change. They know when a change was
made and who made it.
 Access control. Cloud computing and cloud collaboration tools help project managers and
team members control permission levels as well as access to information and who can
make changes. This streamlines processes by limiting the amount of information each
team member sees. It also ensures privacy and data security because only authenticated
users have access to sensitive documents.
 Inclusivity. Collaboration tools allow many team members to contribute to a project if
broad participation is needed.
 Version control. Team members can see a document or a conversation's history to
optimize workflow and processes and then backtrack, if necessary.

Cloud collaboration also has downsides:

 Application overlap. It can be difficult to find one app or cloud service that suits all
collaboration needs. As a result, some organizations end up using several cloud
collaboration software-as-a-service applications with overlapping functions. This can
result in duplicate efforts and wasted money.
 Difficulty monitoring. When employees work remotely and collaborate over the internet,
it can be difficult to track progress and workflow.
 Information overload. Ensuring employees have the permissions and access they need to
do their work can get complicated. Companies must find the balance between too little
and too much information for workers using collaboration tools.
 Lack of collaboration strategy. Even if a team has one or several suitable cloud
collaboration tools, it won't be effective without an established communication strategy.

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WORKING OF CLOUD COMPUTING:

Cloud Computing Architecture

Architecture of cloud computing is the combination of both SOA (Service Oriented

Architecture) and EDA (Event Driven Architecture).

Client infrastructure, application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure,

management and security all these are the components of cloud computing architecture.
The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts, i.e.
1. Frontend
2. Backend

The below figure represents an internal architectural view of cloud computing.

Architecture of Cloud Computing

1. Frontend
Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud computing
system. Means it contains all the user interfaces and applications which are used by the
client to access the cloud computing services/resources. For example, use of a web browser
to access the cloud platform.

2. Backend
Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service provider. It contains
the resources as well as manages the resources and provides security mechanisms. Along
with this, it includes huge storage, virtual applications, virtual machines, traffic control
mechanisms, deployment models, etc.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

Following are the components of Cloud Computing Architecture

1. Client Infrastructure – Client Infrastructure is a part of the frontend component. It

contains the applications and user interfaces which are required to access the cloud
platform. In other words, it provides a GUI( Graphical User Interface ) to interact with
the cloud.

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2. Application : Application is a part of backend component that refers to a software or
platform to which client accesses. Means it provides the service in backend as per the
client requirement.

3. Service: Service in backend refers to the major three types of cloud based services
like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Also manages which type of service the user accesses.

4. Runtime Cloud: Runtime cloud in backend provides the execution and Runtime
platform/environment to the Virtual machine.

5. Storage: Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable storage service and
management of stored data.

6. Infrastructure: Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the hardware and software

components of cloud like it includes servers, storage, network devices, virtualization
software etc.

7. Management: Management in backend refers to management of backend components

like application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security
mechanisms etc.

8. Security: Security in backend refers to implementation of different security mechanisms

in the backend for secure cloud resources, systems, files, and infrastructure to end-users.

9. Internet: Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge between frontend and
backend and establishes the interaction and communication between frontend and
backend.

10. Database: Database in backend refers to provide database for storing structured data,
such as SQL and NOSQL databases. Example of Databases services include Amazon
RDS, Microsoft Azure SQL database and Google CLoud SQL.

11. Networking: Networking in backend services that provide networking infrastructure for
application in the cloud, such as load balancing, DNS and virtual private networks.

12. Analytics: Analytics in backend service that provides analytics capabilities for data in
the cloud, such as warehousing, business intelligence and machine learning.

Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture:

 Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.

 Improves data processing requirements.
 Helps in providing high security.
 Makes it more modularized.
 Results in better disaster recovery.
 Gives good user accessibility.
 Reduces IT operating costs.
 Provides high level reliability.
 Scalability.

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How Does Cloud Computing Work?
The cloud is basically a decentralized place to share information through satellite
networks. Every cloud application has a host, and the hosting company is responsible for
maintaining the massive data centers that provide the security, storage capacity and
computing power needed to maintain all of the information users send to the cloud.

Remote servers owned by another company and that will run everything from e-mail
to word processing to complex data analysis programs. It is called cloud computing, and it
could change the entire computer industry.

Cloud Based Services

Cloud Computing includes the cloud types such as Infrastructure as a Service

( IaaS ), Platform as a Service ( PaaS ), and Software as a Service ( SaaS ). In this IaaS
provides virtualized computing resources, PaaS provides development and deployment
platforms and SaaS provides software applications over the internet. These services are
complemented by various deployment models such as public,
private, hybrid and multicloud diverse business needs and preferences.

Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote servers
hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a
personal computer. Companies offering such kinds of cloud computing services are
called cloud providers and typically charge for cloud computing services based on usage.
Grids and clusters are the foundations for cloud computing.

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Types of Cloud Computing
Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:
1. Software as a service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)
These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack because they are built on top of
one another. Knowing what they are and how they are different, makes it easier to
accomplish your goals. These abstraction layers can also be viewed as a layered
architecture where services of a higher layer can be composed of services of the
underlying layer i.e, SaaS can provide Infrastructure.

Software as a Service(SaaS)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications over

the Internet. Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via the
Internet, freeing ourselves from the complex software and hardware management.
It removes the need to install and run applications on our own computers or in the
data centers eliminating the expenses of hardware as well as software maintenance.
SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-as-you-go basis
from a cloud service provider.
Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser without any
downloads or installations required. The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-
based software, on-demand software, or hosted software.

Advantages of SaaS
1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web browser without
needing to download and install any software. This reduces the time spent in installation
and configuration and can reduce the issues that can get in the way of the software
deployment.
3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely on a SaaS
provider to automatically perform the updates.
5. Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-demand.
The various companies providing Software as a service are Cloud9 Analytics,
Salesforce.com, Cloud Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua, dropBox,
and Cloud Tran.
Disadvantages of Saas :
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1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as on-premises
software, meaning that users may have to work within the constraints of the SaaS
provider’s platform and may not be able to tailor the software to their specific needs.
2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-based, which
means that they require a stable internet connection to function properly. This can be
problematic for users in areas with poor connectivity or for those who need to access the
software in offline environments.
3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the security of the
data stored on their servers, but there is still a risk of data breaches or other security
incidents.
4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s data, which can
be a concern for organizations that need to maintain strict control over their data for
regulatory or other reasons.

Platform as a Service

PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to

allow developers to build applications and services over the internet. PaaS services are
hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply via their web browser.
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a
result, PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or
run a new application. Thus, the development and deployment of the application take
place independent of the hardware.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure
including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment. To
make it simple, take the example of an annual day function, you will have two options
either to create a venue or to rent a venue but the function is the same.

Advantages of PaaS:
1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure and other IT
services, which users can access anywhere via a web browser.
2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus eliminating
the expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the complete web
application lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing, and updating.

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4. Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced complexity thus, the
overall development of the application can be more effective.
The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon Web services Elastic
Beanstalk, Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google App Engine, cloud Bees and IBM smart
cloud.

Disadvantages of Paas:

1. Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically manage the underlying
infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that
users have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain
customizations.
2. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS provider for the
availability, scalability, and reliability of the platform, which can be a risk if the
provider experiences outages or other issues.
3. Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of
workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain
organizations.

Infrastructure as a Service

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer

infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various operations. Typically IaaS is a
service where infrastructure is provided as outsourcing to enterprises such as networking
equipment, devices, database, and web servers.
It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). IaaS customers pay on a
per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month. Some providers also charge
customers based on the amount of virtual machine space they use.
It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and
servers for developing such applications, and services, and deploying development tools,
databases, etc.

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Advantages of IaaS:

1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and IaaS
customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month.
2. Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than traditional
web hosting.
3. Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than your existing
software.
4. Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data center or the introduction
of new releases of the development or underlying software. This is all handled by the
IaaS Cloud Provider.
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are Amazon web services,
Bluestack, IBM, Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware.

Disadvantages of laaS :
1. Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers typically manage the underlying
infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that
users have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain
customizations.
2. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications,
which can be a significant undertaking.
3. Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain regions and countries
due to legal policies.

Anything as a Service

It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service providers

nowadays offer anything as a service that is a compilation of all of the above services
including some additional services.
Advantages of XaaS:
1. Scalability: XaaS solutions can be easily scaled up or down to meet the changing needs
of an organization.
2. Flexibility: XaaS solutions can be used to provide a wide range of services, such as
storage, databases, networking, and software, which can be customized to meet the
specific needs of an organization.
3. Cost-effectiveness: XaaS solutions can be more cost-effective than traditional on-
premises solutions, as organizations only pay for the services.

Disadvantages of XaaS:
1. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the XaaS provider for the
availability, scalability, and reliability of the service, which can be a risk if the provider
experiences outages or other issues.
2. Limited flexibility: XaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of
workloads or applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain
organizations.
3. Limited integration: XaaS solutions may not be able to integrate with existing systems
and data sources, which can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.

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Function as a Service :
FaaS is a type of cloud computing service. It provides a platform for its users or
customers to develop, compute, run and deploy the code or entire application as functions.
It allows the user to entirely develop the code and update it at any time without worrying
about the maintenance of the underlying infrastructure. The developed code can be
executed with response to the specific event. It is also as same as PaaS.
FaaS is an event-driven execution model. It is implemented in the serverless
container. When the application is developed completely, the user will now trigger the
event to execute the code. Now, the triggered event makes response and activates the
servers to execute it. The servers are nothing but the Linux servers or any other servers
which is managed by the vendor completely. Customer does not have clue about any
servers which is why they do not need to maintain the server hence it is serverless
architecture.
Both PaaS and FaaS are providing the same functionality but there is still some
differentiation in terms of Scalability and Cost.
FaaS, provides auto-scaling up and scaling down depending upon the demand. PaaS
also provides scalability but here users have to configure the scaling parameter depending
upon the demand.
In FaaS, users only have to pay for the number of execution time happened. In PaaS,
users have to pay for the amount based on pay-as-you-go price regardless of how much or
less they use.
Advantages of FaaS :

 Highly Scalable: Auto scaling is done by the provider depending upon the demand.
 Cost-Effective: Pay only for the number of events executed.
 Code Simplification: FaaS allows the users to upload the entire application all at once.
It allows you to write code for independent functions or similar to those functions.
 Maintenance of code is enough and no need to worry about the servers.
 Functions can be written in any programming language.
 Less control over the system.
The various companies providing Function as a Service are Amazon Web Services –
Firecracker, Google – Kubernetes, Oracle – Fn, Apache OpenWhisk – IBM, OpenFaaS,
Disadvantages of FaaS :

1. Cold start latency: Since FaaS functions are event-triggered, the first request to a new
function may experience increased latency as the function container is created and
initialized.
2. Limited control over infrastructure: FaaS providers typically manage the underlying
infrastructure and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that
users have less control over the environment and may not be able to make certain
customizations.
3. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications,
which can be a significant undertaking.
4. Limited scalability: FaaS functions may not be able to handle high traffic or large
number of requests.

Difference Between IaaS, PaaS, SaaS And Serverless

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The following are the differences between IaaS, PaaS, SaaS and Serverless:
Aspect IaaS PaaS SaaS Serverless Computing

It provides It provides the It is used for

It provides an
virtualized platform for fully developed
Infrastructure abstracted server
computing application software
management
resources development applications

Platform
Users manage Vendor fully
provider
virtual machines, manages and Developers focus
Management manages
storage, maintains the only on writing code
underlying
networking software
infrastructure

Limited
High level of Minimal Focuses on code, less
Customization customization
customization customization on infrastructure
options

Flexibility High Moderate Low High

Scalable at
Scalable at Scalable at user Automatically scales
Scalability infrastructure
application level level based on demand
level

Amazon Web Salesforce, AWS Lambda, Azure

Google App
Examples Services (AWS), Google Functions, Google
Engine, Heroku
Microsoft Azure Workspace Cloud Functions

Cloud Computing Deployment Models

They are different approaches in managing and setting up the cloud services
including cloud computing deployment models such as Public, private, hybrid, community
and mulit-cloud deployments. These deployments provides scalability, control and
flexibility with fulfilling special benefits meeting to various goals and demands of a
business. In the below section we are discussing the types of cloud deployment models in
more detail.

What are the types of Cloud Services?

The following are the types of cloud also known as cloud deployment models as follows:
1. Public cloud
2. Private cloud
3. Hybrid cloud

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4. Community cloud
5. Multicloud

1. Public Cloud
 Public clouds are managed by third parties which provide cloud services over the
internet to the public, these services are available as pay-as-you-go billing models.
 They offer solutions for minimizing IT infrastructure costs and become a good option
for handling peak loads on the local infrastructure. Public clouds are the go-to option for
small enterprises, which can start their businesses without large upfront investments by
completely relying on public infrastructure for their IT needs.
 The fundamental characteristics of public clouds are multitenancy. A public cloud is
meant to serve multiple users, not a single customer. A user requires a virtual computing
environment that is separated, and most likely isolated, from other users.
Examples: Amazon EC2, IBM, Azure, GCP

Advantages of Public Cloud

The following are the advantages of public cloud:

 Public cloud is easily able to scale up and down resources as per the demand of traffic
and workload. It facilitates with performance optimization and cost efficiency.
 It works on pay-as-you-go cloud model and helps in resolving the investments needs in
hardware and infrastructure reducing overall costs.

Disadvantages of using Public Cloud

The following are the disadvantages of Public Cloud:
 It is difficult to trust and maintain data to a third-party provider may raise concerns
about control and ownership
 The shared infrastructure of public cloud resources increases the risk of data breaches
and unauthorized access. It raises security and privacy concerns.
 Public cloud comes with limited transparency about the underlying infrastructure which
may make it challenging to monitor and manage performance effectively.

2. Private cloud
 Private clouds are distributed systems that work on private infrastructure and provide the
users with dynamic provisioning of computing resources. Instead of a pay-as-you-go
model in private clouds, there could be other schemes that manage the usage of the
cloud and proportionally billing of the different departments or sections of an enterprise.
Private cloud providers are HP Data Centers, Ubuntu, Elastic-Private cloud, Microsoft,
etc.

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Examples: VMware vCloud Suite, OpenStack, Cisco Secure Cloud, Dell Cloud Solutions,
HP Helion Eucalyptus

Advantages Of Private Cloud

 Customer information protection: In the private cloud security concerns are less since
customer data and other sensitive information do not flow out of private infrastructure.
 Infrastructure ensuring SLAs: Private cloud provides specific operations such as
appropriate clustering, data replication, system monitoring, and maintenance, disaster
recovery, and other uptime services.
 Compliance with standard procedures and operations: Specific procedures have to
be put in place when deploying and executing applications according to third-party
compliance standards. This is not possible in the case of the public cloud.
Disadvantages Of Private Cloud
 The restricted area of operations: Private cloud is accessible within a particular area.
So the area of accessibility is restricted.
 Expertise requires: In the private cloud security concerns are less since customer data
and other sensitive information do not flow out of private infrastructure. Hence skilled
people are required to manage & operate cloud services.
3. Hybrid cloud
 A hybrid cloud is a heterogeneous distributed system formed by combining facilities of
the public cloud and private cloud. For this reason, they are also called heterogeneous
clouds.
 A major drawback of private deployments is the inability to scale on-demand and
efficiently address peak loads. Here public clouds are needed. Hence, a hybrid cloud
takes advantage of both public and private clouds.
 Examples: AWS Outposts, Azure Stack, Google Anthos, IBM Cloud Satellite, Oracle
Cloud at Customer

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 Advantages of using Hybrid cloud
The following are the advantages of using Hybrid Cloud:
 Hybrid cloud is available at a cheap cost than other clouds because it is formed by a
distributed system.
 It works comes up with working fast with lower cost and facilitates in reducing the
latency of the data transfer process.
 Most important thing is security. A hybrid cloud is totally safe and secure because it
works on the distributed system network.
Disadvantages of Using Hybrid Cloud
The following are the disadvantages of using Hybrid Cloud:
 It’s possible that businesses lack the internal knowledge necessary to create such a
hybrid environment. Managing security may also be more challenging. Different access
levels and security considerations may apply in each environment.
 Managing a hybrid cloud may be more difficult. With all of the alternatives and choices
available today, not to mention the new PaaS components and technologies that will be
released every day going forward, public cloud and migration to public cloud are already
complicated enough. It could just feel like a step too far to include hybrid.
4. Community Cloud
 Community clouds are distributed systems created by integrating the services of
different clouds to address the specific needs of an industry, a community, or a business
sector. But sharing responsibilities among the organizations is difficult.
 In the community cloud, the infrastructure is shared between organizations that have
shared concerns or tasks. An organization or a third party may manage the cloud.
 Examples: CloudSigma, Nextcloud, Synology C2, OwnCloud, Stratoscale

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Advantages of Using Community Cloud
The following are the advantages of using Community Cloud:
 Because the entire cloud is shared by numerous enterprises or a community, community
clouds are cost-effective.
 Because it works with every user, the community cloud is adaptable and scalable. Users
can alter the documents according to their needs and requirements.
 Public cloud is less secure than the community cloud, which is more secure than private
cloud.
 Thanks to community clouds, we may share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other
capabilities between different enterprises.
Disadvantages of using Community Cloud
The following are the disadvantages of using Community Cloud:
 Not all businesses should choose community cloud.
 Gradual adoption of data
 It’s challenging for corporations to share duties.
Applications Of Community clouds
The following are the applications of community clouds:
 Media industry: Media companies are looking for quick, simple, low-cost ways for
increasing the efficiency of content generation. Most media productions involve an
extended ecosystem of partners. In particular, the creation of digital content is the
outcome of a collaborative process that includes the movement of large data, massive
compute-intensive rendering tasks, and complex workflow executions.
 Healthcare industry: In the healthcare industry community clouds are used to share
information and knowledge on the global level with sensitive data in the private
infrastructure.
 Energy and core industry: In these sectors, the community cloud is used to cluster a
set of solution which collectively addresses the management, deployment, and
orchestration of services and operations.
 Scientific research: In this organization with common interests in science share a large
distributed infrastructure for scientific computing.
5. Multicloud
 Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services from different providers,
which allows organizations to use the best-suited services for their specific needs and
avoid vendor lock-in.
 This allows organizations to take advantage of the different features and capabilities
offered by different cloud providers.
 Examples: Cloud Foundry, Kubernetes, Apache Mesos, Red Hat OpenShift, Docker
Swarm
Advantages of using Multi-Cloud
The following are the advantages of using multi-cloud:
 Flexibility: Using multiple cloud providers allows organizations to choose the best-
suited services for their specific needs, and avoid vendor lock-in.
 Cost-effectiveness: Organizations can take advantage of the cost savings and pricing
benefits offered by different cloud providers for different services.
 Improved performance: By distributing workloads across multiple cloud providers,
organizations can improve the performance and availability of their applications and
services.
 Increased security: Organizations can increase the security of their data and
applications by spreading them across multiple cloud providers and implementing
different security strategies for each.

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 Disadvantages of using Multi-Cloud
The following are the disadvantages of using Multi-Cloud:
 Complexity: Managing multiple cloud providers and services can be complex and
require specialized knowledge and expertise.
 Increased costs: The cost of managing multiple cloud providers and services can be
higher than using a single provider.
 Compatibility issues: Different cloud providers may use different technologies and
standards, which can cause compatibility issues and require additional resources to
resolve.
 Limited interoperability: Different cloud providers may not be able to interoperate
seamlessly, which can limit the ability to move data and applications between them.

Difference Between Public Cloud, Private Cloud And Hybrid Cloud

The following are the differences between public, private and Hybrid Clouds:

Aspect Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud

It shares the resources

It is dedicated to a single It is combination of both public
Infrastructure among multiple
organization and private clouds
organizations

It costs as per Pay-as-you- Its Initial investment for

It varies depending on usage of
Cost go model being cost- infrastructure, potentially
public and private resources
effective higher operational costs

It have less control over It has full control over It varies, but typically more
Control
infrastructure infrastructure control than public cloud alone

It is highly scalable, It is scalable, but may It is scalable and facilitates with

Scalability resources available on- require additional enhancing both public and private
demand investment for scaling resources

Security is managed by Security concerns must be

Higher level of control over
Security cloud provider, varying addressed for both public and
security measures
levels of security measures private components

Offers flexibility in Flexible, but may require Provides flexibility to leverage

Flexibility resource allocation and additional setup and best of both public and private
usage management clouds

Examples Amazon Web Services Private clouds hosted on- Organizations using a
(AWS), Microsoft Azure premises or by third-party combination of public and private
providers clouds, such as AWS Outposts or

17
 Aspect Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud

Azure Stack

The pros and cons of cloud computing

Business operations are being transformed by the transformational technology known

as cloud computing. With its extensive advantages and possibilities, cloud computing has
emerged as a crucial strategic tool for businesses in a range of sectors. Businesses can take
advantage of various benefits that promote development, innovation, and operational
effectiveness by leveraging the power of the cloud.

Data Backup and Restoration:

Cloud computing offers a quick and easy method for data
backup and restoration. Businesses may simply access and restore their data in the event of
any data loss or system failure by keeping it in the cloud.

Improved Collaboration:

Collaboration is improved because cloud technologies make it possible for teams to

share information easily. Multiple users may work together on documents, projects, and data
thanks to shared storage in the cloud, enhancing productivity and teamwork.

Excellent Accessibility:

Access to information stored in the cloud is made possible. Users can access their data
from anywhere in the world with an internet connection, making remote work, flexibility, and
effective operations possible.

Cost-effective Maintenance:

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 Organizations using cloud computing can save money on both hardware and software
upkeep. Because cloud service providers manage the maintenance and updates, businesses no
longer need to make costly infrastructure investments or set aside resources for continuous
maintenance.

Upkeep and Updates:

Cloud service providers take care of infrastructure upkeep, security patches, and
updates, freeing organizations from having to handle these duties themselves.

This frees up IT teams' time and resources to work on higher-value projects like application
development, data analysis, or strategic initiatives rather than wasting them on rote upkeep
and updates.

Mobility:

Cloud computing makes it simple for mobile devices to access data. Utilizing smartphones
and tablets, users can easily access and control their cloud-based applications and data,
increasing their mobility and productivity.

Pay-per-use Model:

Cloud computing uses a pay-per-use business model that enables companies to only
pay for the services they really utilize. This method is affordable, eliminates the need for up-
front investments, and offers budget management flexibility for IT.

Scalable Storage Capacity:

Businesses can virtually store and manage a limitless amount of data in the cloud. The
cloud offers a scalable and centralized storage option for all types of data, including
documents, photos, audio, video, and other kinds of files.

Enhanced Data Security:

Cloud computing places a high focus on data security. To guarantee that data is
handled and stored safely, cloud service providers offer cutting-edge security features like
encryption, access limits, and regular security audits. Businesses can rest easy knowing that
their important data is secure.

Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity:

Cloud computing provides reliable options for these two issues. Businesses can
quickly bounce back from any unforeseen disasters or disruptions thanks to data redundancy,
backup systems, and geographically dispersed data centers.

Agility and Innovation:

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 Businesses can continue to be innovative and nimble thanks to cloud computing.
Organizations may quickly embrace new solutions, test out emerging trends, and promote
corporate growth with access to a variety of cloud-based tools, services, and technology.

Green Computing:

By maximizing the use of computer resources, lowering energy use, and minimizing
e-waste, cloud computing may support environmental sustainability.

By utilizing technologies like virtualization and load balancing to maximize the use of
computer resources, cloud providers can operate large-scale data centers built for energy
efficiency, resulting in lower energy usage and a smaller carbon footprint.

These benefits of cloud computing give companies the ability to use cutting-edge
technology offered by cloud service providers while maximizing productivity, cost savings,
scalability, and data security. They also enable them to concentrate on their core capabilities.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

When we talk about the "disadvantages of cloud computing," we're talking about any
potential drawbacks or difficulties that businesses might have when utilizing cloud
computing services. These drawbacks draw attention to some restrictions or risks related to
cloud computing that businesses should take into account before making a choice.

Some of the Disadvantages of Cloud Computing are as follows:

Vendor Reliability and Downtime:

Because of technological difficulties, maintenance needs, or even cyberattacks, cloud

service providers can face outages or downtime. Users may not be able to access their data or
applications during these times, which can interfere with business operations and
productivity.

o Internet Dependency:

A dependable and fast internet connection is essential for cloud computing. Business
operations may be delayed or interrupted if there are connectivity problems or interruptions
in the internet service that affect access to cloud services and data.

o Limited Control and Customization:

Using standardized services and platforms offered by the cloud service provider is a
common part of cloud computing. As a result, organizations may have less ability to
customize and control their infrastructure, applications, and security measures. It may be
difficult for some organizations to modify cloud services to precisely match their needs if
they have special requirements or compliance requirements.

20
 o Data Security and Concerns about Privacy:

Concerns about data security and privacy arise when sensitive data is stored on the
cloud. Businesses must have faith in the cloud service provider's security procedures, data
encryption, access controls, and regulatory compliance. Unauthorized access to data or
data breaches can have serious repercussions, including financial loss, reputational harm,
and legal obligations.

o Hidden Costs and Pricing Models:

Although pay-as-you-go models and lower upfront costs make cloud computing
more affordable, businesses should be wary of hidden charges. Data transfer fees,
additional storage costs, fees for specialized support or technical assistance, and expenses
related to regulatory compliance are a few examples.

Dependency on Service Provider:

When an organization depends on a cloud service provider, it is dependent on that

provider's dependability, financial security, and longevity. Users may have disruptions
and difficulties switching to alternate options if the provider runs into financial
difficulties, changes their pricing policy, or even closes down their services.

o Data Location and Compliance:

When data is stored in the cloud, it frequently sits in numerous data centers
around the globe that may be governed by multiple legal systems and data protection
laws. This may pose compliance issues, especially if some sectors of the economy or
nations have stringent data sovereignty laws.

Organizations should carry out a comprehensive risk assessment, thoroughly

examine the dependability and security procedures of possible cloud service providers,
and build backup and disaster recovery strategies to counteract these drawbacks.

What are the benefits of cloud computing?

Cloud computing enables businesses to operate from virtually anywhere and with more
efficiency. Some benefits of cloud computing include:

 Cost savings:

One of the greatest benefits of cloud computing is reduced costs. Since

businesses do not need to build their own IT infrastructure or purchase hardware or
equipment, it helps companies reduce capital expenses significantly.

 Flexibility/scalability:

Cloud computing offers greater flexibility to businesses of all sizes. Whether

they require extra bandwidth, computing power or storage space, they can seamlessly
scale up or down computing resources depending on their needs and budget.

21
  Security:

Data security is a major concern for businesses today. Cloud vendors provide
advanced security features like authentication, access management, data encryption,
etc., to ensure sensitive data in the cloud is securely handled and stored.

 Mobility:

Cloud computing allows users to access corporate data from any device,
anywhere and at any time, using the internet. With information conveniently
available, employees can remain productive even on the go.

 Increased collaboration:

Cloud applications allow businesses to seamlessly communicate and securely

access and share information, making collaboration simple and hassle-free. Cloud
computing empowers multiple users to edit documents or work on files
simultaneously and in a transparent manner.

 Disaster recovery:

Data loss and downtime can cause irreparable damage to businesses of any
size. Major cloud vendors are well-equipped to withstand unforeseen disruptive
events, such as hardware/software failure, natural disasters and power outages, to
ensure high application availability and business continuity.

 Automatic updates:

Performing manual organization-wide software updates can take up a lot of

valuable IT staff time. However, with cloud computing, service providers regularly
refresh and update systems with the latest technology to provide businesses with up-to-
date software versions, latest servers and upgraded processing power.

Discovering Cloud Services Development Services and

Tools:

➢ Cloud computing is at an early stage of its development. This can be seen by

observing the large number of small and start-up companies offering cloud
development tools.

➢ In a more established industry, the smaller players eventually fall by the

wayside as larger companies take center stage.

➢ Cloud services development services and tools are offered by a variety of

companies, both large and small.

➢ The most basic offerings provide cloud-based hosting for applications

developed from scratch.

22
 ➢ The more fully featured offerings include development tools and pre-built
applications that developers can use as the building blocks for their own
unique web-based applications.

➢ Amazon, one of the largest retailers on the Internet, is also one of the primary
providers of cloud development services.

➢ Amazon has spent a lot of time and money setting up a multitude of servers to
service its popular website, and is making those vast hardware resources
available for all developers to use.

➢ The service in question is called the Elastic Compute Cloud, also known as
EC2. This is a commercial web service that allows developers and companies
to rent capacity on Amazon’s proprietary cloud of servers— which happens
to be one of the biggest server farms in the world.

➢ EC2 enables scalable deployment of applications by letting customers request

a set number of virtual machines, onto which they can load any application of
their choice.

➢ Thus, customers can create, launch, and terminate server instances on

demand, creating a truly “elastic” operation. Amazon’s service lets customers
choose from three sizes of virtual servers:

▪ Small, which offers the equivalent of a system with 1.7GB of

memory,160GB of stor

▪ Large, which offers the equivalent of a system with 7.5GB of

memory,850GB of storage, and two 64-bit virtual core processors.
▪ Extra large, which offers the equivalent of a system with 15GB of
memory,1.7TB of storage, and four virtual 64-bit core processors

(In other words, you pick the size and power you want for your virtual server, and
Amazon does the rest)

➢ EC2 is just part of Amazon’s Web Services (AWS) set of offerings, which
provides developers with direct access to Amazon’s software and machines.

➢ By tapping into the computing power that Amazon has already constructed,
developers can build reliable, powerful, and low-cost web-based applications.

➢ Amazon provides the cloud (and access to it), and developers provide the rest.
They pay only for the computing power that they use.

➢ AWS is perhaps the most popular cloud computing service to date. Amazon
claims a market of more than 330,000 customers—a combination of
developers, start-ups, and established companies.

23
Google App Engine

➢ Google is a leader in web-based applications, so it’s not surprising that the

company also offers cloud development services.

➢ These services come in the form of the Google App Engine, which enables
developers to build their own web applications utilizing the same
infrastructure that powers Google’s powerful applications.

➢ The Google App Engine provides a fully integrated application environment.

Using Google’s development tools and computing cloud, App Engine
applications are easy to build, easy to maintain, and easy to scale.

➢ All you have to do is develop your application (using Google’s APIs and the
Python programming language) and upload it to the App Engine cloud; from
there, it’s ready to serve your users.

➢ As you might suspect, Google offers a robust cloud development

environment. It includes the following features:

• Dynamic web serving

• Full support for all common web technologies
• Persistent storage with queries, sorting, and transactions
• Automatic scaling and load balancing
• APIs for authenticating users and sending email using Google Accounts

➢ In addition, Google provides a fully featured local development environment

24
 that simulates the Google App Engine on any desktop computer.
➢ And here’s one of the best things about Google’s offering: Unlike most other
cloud hosting solutions, Google App Engine is completely free to use—at a
basic level, anyway.

➢ A free App Engine account gets up to 500MB of storage and enough CPU
strength and bandwidth for about 5 million page views a month.

➢ If you need more storage, power, or capacity, Google intends to offer

additional resources (for a charge) in the near future.

25
IBM

➢ It’s not surprising, given the company’s strength in enterprise-level computer

hardware, that IBM is offering a cloud computing solution.

➢ The company is targeting small- and medium-sized businesses with a suite

of cloud-based ondemand services via its Blue Cloud initiative.

➢ Blue Cloud is a series of cloud computing offerings that enables

enterprises to distribute their computing needs across a globally accessible
resource grid.

26
➢ One such offering is the Express Advantage suite, which includes data
backup and recovery, email continuity and archiving, and data security
functionality—some of the more data-intensive processes handled by a
typical IT department.

➢ To manage its cloud hardware, IBM provides open source workload-

scheduling software called Hadoop, which is based on the MapReduce
software usedGoogle in its offerings. Also included are PowerVM and Xen
virtualization tools,along with IBM’s Tivoli data center management
software.

Salesforce.com

➢ Salesforce.com is probably best known for its sales management SaaS, but
it’s also a leader in cloud computing development.

➢ The company’s cloud computing architecture is dubbed Force.com. The

platform as a service is entirely on-demand, running across the Internet.

➢ Salesforce provides its own Force.com API and developer’s toolkit. Pricing is
on a per log-in basis. Supplementing Force.com is AppExchange, a directory
of web-based applications.

➢ Developers can use AppExchange applications uploaded by others, share

their own applications in the directory, or publish private applications
accessible only by authorized companies or clients.

➢ Many applications in the AppExchange library are free, and others can be
purchased or Most existing AppExchange applications are sales related—
sales analysis tools, email marketing systems, financial analysis apps, and
so forth. But companies can use the Force.com platform to develop any type
of application

27
 ➢ In fact, many small businesses have already jumped on the Force.com
bandwagon. For example, an April 2008 article in PC World magazine
quoted Jonathan Snyder, CTO of Dreambuilder Investments, a 10-person
mortgage investment company in New York.

➢ “We’re a small company,” Snyder said, “we don’t have the resources to
focus on buying servers and developing from scratch. For us, Force.com was
really a jump-start.”

Salesforce.com is the Enterprise Cloud Computing Company. Put simply,

we provide CRM and Collaboration applications that you access over the Internet
and pay-as-you-go. You can also build your own apps on our Force.com platform,
all without the need to run and manage your own data centre and software. Find
out why more than 87,200 companies have chosen salesforce.com to help run their
business
PRODUCTS:
1. Accounts and contacts
Everything you need to know about your customers and prospects - all in one
place.

2. Marketing and leads

Close that gap between marketing and sales with better quality leads—and more
of them.

3. Opportunities and quotes

When you have critical deals in the works, don’t let anything slip through the
cracks.

4. Jigsaw data services

Your CRM data just got a whole lot better with real-time contact info and
automated data hygiene.

5. Analytics and forecasting

Get the insight you need to keep your sales on track and moving efficiently

6. Approvals and workflow

Nothing should impede the momentum of your sales efforts. Drag and drop to

28
 create automated processes with these tools.

7. Email and productivity

Don’t change the way you work. With the Sales Cloud , you can work
seamlessly with the tools you already use everyday.

8. Content library
Stop searching aimlessly for that killer presentation… that new product
datasheet… that updated price sheet. It’s right at your fingertips.

9. Genius
Find sales insights when you need them most. Genius connects you with
people and resources to help you close deals.

10. Chatter
Collaborate instantly. Get real-time updates pushed to you on the people,
data, and documents that can help you close your deals.

11. Partners
Stop waiting for partner updates. Now you can have complete visibility into
both direct and indirect sales channels with one view.

12. Mobile
Having the latest information can improve customer relations and accelerate
your deals. Stay on top of your business from any location on any device.

13. AppExchange
Discover hundreds of apps that will expand your sales success. Want more
solutions? Look no
further

Salesforce.com Support also offers:

Premier Support
Basic Support Premier Support with Administration
Case limit Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited
Response time 2 business days 2 hours 2 hours
Online customer portal Included Included Included
Live phone support 12/51 24/7 24/7
Assigned representative Yes (50 users)3 Yes (50 users)2
Health check (annual) Yes (50 users) Yes (50 users)
Developer Support4 Yes Yes
Force.com app extensions5 Yes Yes Yes
Administration Included

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Other Cloud Services Development Tools

➢ Amazon, Google, IBM, and Salesforce.com aren’t the only companies

offering tools for cloud services developers.

➢ There are also a number of smaller companies working in this space that
developers should evaluate, and that end users may eventually become
familiar with. These companies include the following:

✓ 3tera (www.3tera.com)
✓ 10gen (www.10gen.com)
✓ Cohesive Flexible Technologies (www.cohesiveft.com)
✓ Joyent (www.joyent.com)
✓ Mosso (www.mosso.com)
✓ Nirvanix (www.nirvanix.com)
✓ Skytap (www.skytap.com).
✓ StrikeIron (www.strikeiron.com)
✓ Sun Microsystems has an R&D project, dubbed Project Caroline
✓ (www.projectcaroline.net)

30