BHAVAN’S PUBLIC SCHOOL-DOHA, QATAR
BIOLOGY
PRACTICALS-CLASS IX
[DIAGRAMS & OBSERVATION TABLE ON BLANK PAGE, WRITINGS ON
RULED SHEET]
EXPERIMENT NO:-1
AIM: To prepare stained temporary mount of Onion peel
Materials Required : Onion bulb, slides, coverslips, two watch glasses, spatula toothpick, needle,
brush, forceps, razor/blade, compound microscope, blotting paper, Methylene
blue (Or Safranine) soln., glycerine and water.
Procedure:
1. Cut onion bulb into small pieces.
2. Take out on epidermal peel from the inner side of a piece of bulb with the help of forceps.
3. Keep this peel in watch glass having some water to avoid dehydration.
4. Mix 1 or 2 drops of safranine in a small quantity of water taken is another watch glass.
5. Transfer the peel into it and leave it for about 3 minutes.
6. Dip the peel in water to remove the excess stain.
7. Take clean slide with a drop of glycerine in the middle.
8. Using a brush transfer the washed and stained peel on to this slide.
9. Place a cover slip over it by slowly lowering it with a needle. Avoid the entry of air bubbles.
10. Remove excess glycerine from the edges of cover slip with the help of a piece of blotting paper.
11. Observe the slide under the microscope first in low-power and then in high power.
(method of taking out onion peel) (epidermal cells of onion)
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Observation Table:
S.No. Feature Observation
Loose
1. Arrangement of cells
2. Shape of cells rectangular
3. Inter Cellular spaces Present
4. Cell wall Present
5. Nucleus Present
6. Stained portion of cell Cell wall& nucleus
7. Unstained portion of cell Cytoplasm
Inference :
Under low power of microscope the onion peel is observed as it is composed of cell. Each cell contains
cell wall, enclosing the cytoplasm. Vacuoles and the nucleus are also observed embedded in the
cytoplasm.
(Precautions :Need Not write in the record
1. The folded peel piece should not be selected to study.
2. Always use this brush for transferring the material.
3. Spread the material uniformly in the middle of slide.
4. Remove excess stain and glycerine with the help of blotting paper.
5. While covering with coverslips, avoid the entry of air bubbles.)
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EXPERIMENT NO:2
Aim: To prepare temporary mount of Human cheek cells.
Procedure :
1. Take a clean tooth-pick or sterilized spatula and scrap gently the
inner side of your cheek to get some epithelial cells.
2. Place the cheek scrap (with a brush) in watch glass containing water
to clean it.
3. Add a drop of methylene blue stain and wait for 2-3 minutes.
4. From the material remove extra with the help of blotting / filter
paper.
5. With the help of brush put this material in the middle of a clean slide
and put a drop of glycerine over it.
6. Place a clan cover slip over the glycerine and remove the excess glycerine from the edges of
cover slip with the help of a piece of blotting paper.
7. Examine the slide under microscope, first under low power and then under high power.
Observation Table :
S.No. Feature Observation
1. Shape of cells Polygonal
2. Inter cellular space Absent
3. Arrangement Compact
4. Cell wall Absent
5. Cell membrane Present
6. Cell contents Dense cytoplasm and Prominent Nucleus
7. Vacuoles Absent
Inference :
The cells have very thin cell membrane called plasma membrane, jelly like cytoplasm and a
prominent nucleus. Cells are polygonal and have irregular boundaries.
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(Precaution : Need not write in the record)
1. Cheek should be scrapped gently to prevent injury.
2. Avoid over staining of the material.
3. Spread the material on the slide to form a thin uniform layer.
4. While mounting the cover slip, avoid the entry of air bubbles.
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EXPERIMENT NO: 3
Aim: To identify parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants from prepared slides.
Material Required: Compound microscope, Prepared slides of parenchyma, Collenchyma and
sclerenchyma.
Procedure:
Set permanent slides of parenchyma, sclerenchyma, striped muscle fibres and nerve cell one by one in the
microscope and observe under compound microscope.
Observation:
Parenchyma:
(1) Forms all soft tissue parts of plant body.
(2) Cells have thin cell wall.
(3) Cells are of different shapes and size
(4) Cells of this tissue are living.
(5) These cells help in photosynthesis, storage of food and mechanical support.
Collenchyma
1) They are elongated cells with irregularly thick cell walls that provide support and structure.
2) Their thick cell walls are composed of the compounds cellulose and pectin.
3) These cells are often found under the epidermis, or the outer layer of cells in young stems and in leaf veins.
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Sclerenchyma:
(1) Forms hard parts of the plant body.
(2) Cells have thick and lignified walls.
(3) Cells are usually elongated or polygonal in shape in cross section.
(4) Cells become dead when mature.
(5) These cells help to provide mechanical support.
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EXPERIMENT NO: 4
Aim: To identify the striped, unstriped, cardiac muscle fibers and nerve cells in animals, from
prepared slides and charts.
Materials required:
Prepared slides and charts of striped muscles, unstriped muscle, cardiac muscle and nerve cell.
Procedure:
Set permanent slides and charts of striped muscle fibers , unstriped muscle, cardiac muscle and nerve cell
one by one in the microscope and observe under compound microscope.
Observation:
Striped muscle fibres:
(1) Cells form all muscles attached with bones of the body.
(2) Cells are elongated, cylindrical, unbranched and multi nucleated.
(3) Cells have transverse stripes formed by alternate dark and light band.
(4) The tissue helps movement of voluntary nature.
(5) Also called as Striated muscle/voluntary muscle/Skeletal Muscle
Unstriated Muscle Fibre:
1. They are mostly spindle shaped, uninucleated without striations.
2. Involuntary in nature
3. Found in the walls of the internal organs, such as the stomach, intestine, bladder, and blood
vessels, excluding the heart.
4. Also called as unstriped muscle/Involuntary Muscle/Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle:
1. They are also called heart muscle.
2. They are cylindrical, branched, striated and uninucleated.
3. Involuntary in nature.
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Nerve Cell:
(1) Cells are found in brain, spinal cord and nerves.
(2) Each nerve cell or neuron has a cell body, prominent nucleus, granular cytoplasm and branched
finger like projections called dendrons
(3) The long projection is called axon.
(4) Dendrites receive information from previous nerve cell.
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Precautions:(need not copy in the record)
(1) Keep microscope in box when not in use.
(2) Clean the stage of microscope before and after use
(3) Do not tilt the microscope.
(4) Slide should be firmly clipped on the stage
