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 Advantages of lus Topology
1 Low-cost Cable: ln bus topology, nodes ate ditetly oneted to the able
though a hub Therelore, the lnittal ost of nstallation is low without passig
2. Moderate Data Speeds: Coaxlal or twisted patr cables are
mainly used inibus
t based networs
that support up to 10 Mbps.
1. Famillar Technology: Bus
topology is a famillar technology as the
installatiyt atd
troubleshooting techntques are well known, and hardware components are easily
4. Limited Fallure: Afailure in one node will not available
have any effect onother nodes.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

1. Extensive Cabllng: Abus topology is quite simpler, but stillit requires a lot of
2. Diffirult cabling.
Troubleshooting: It requires specialized test
equipment to determine the cahle
faults. 1f any fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt the
3. Signal Interference: If twO nodes send the communication for all the nodes
the nodes collide with each other.
messages simultaneously, then the signals of both
4. Reconfiguration Difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow down the networt
5. Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal leads to communication issues.
to regenerate the signal. Repeaters are used
2. Ring Topology 3

Figure 1.10: Ring Topology

The nodes connected with each other forms a
Ring. The link in aring topology I
unidirectional. Thus, data can be transmitted in one direction only
clockwise).' The node that receives the message from the previous (clockwise or counte
retransmit to the next node. The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is computer wi.
data flows in a single loop continuously known as an unidirectional. Th
endless loop. ) C
Token passing: isa network access method in which token is passed from one node t de
another node. Token is a frame that circulates around the network.
 Introduction to Data Communication and Computer Networks

Advantages of Ring Topology

1. Network Management: Faulty devices can beremoved from the network without bringing the
network down.
2. Product Availability: Many hardware and software tools for network operation and monitoring
are available.

3. Cost:Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily available. Therefore, the installation cost is
very low.
4. Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the communication system is not dependent on
the single host computer.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. Difficult Troubleshooting Requires Specialized test Equipment to Determine the Cable

Faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it would disrupt the communication for allthe
nodes.
2. Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the failure of the overall network.
3. Reconfiguration Difficult: Adding new devices to the network would slow down the network.
4. Delay: Communication delay is directly proportional to the number of nodes. Adding new
devices increases the communication delay.
3. Star Topology
client

Figure 1.11 : Star Topology

Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is connected to the
central hub, switch or acentral computer. Thecentral computer is known as a server, and the
peripheral devices attached to the server are known as clients, Coaxial cable or R-45 cables
are used to connect the computers. In star topology, all the devices are connected to a single
hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all other nodes are connected to the
central node. The hub can be passive in nature i.e., not an intelligent hub such as broadcasing
devices,at the same time the hub can be intelligent known as an active hub.
 0 RÊ 45 ables te
used
Coaxial cable
repeales in them Ehenet LAN Jrotools e used Suh
Active bubs have many popilar
Star Topology, Aeess),ete
the cemputers. In CSMA (CarrierSense Muluple
CD(Colision Detection),
Topology
Alvantages of Star
qulte eflicient in a stat topology as omp.te!
Trwlleemtng: Troubleshooting Is
EM ent
in the..,
to bus topolopy.
network control features can be casily implemented
Complex autonmatically accommodated.
2. Netu9 Contrsl: star topology are
topology. Any changes made In the
owncable, theeltot.
As each statlon is connected to the central hub with its
3. Lhutted Pallre: affect the cntlre network.
failure in one cable will not
topology is a famllar technology as lts tools are cost-effectiye
4. Fontlar Terolopy: Star
is easlly expandable as new statlons can be added to the open port: o
5. Easly Fvpandable: It
the hub.
networlcs are cost-effective as it uses inexpensive coaxial cable
6. Cost EIfectlve: Star topology
Disadvantages of Star Topology

ccntral hub or switch goes down, then all the connected nodes
1. Contral Point of Failurc: If the
other.
willnot be able to communicate with cach is
Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult when a significant amount of routing
2. Cable:
required.
4. Thoe Tology
star topology. A tree topolog
Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology andwith each other in hierarchica
connected
Is a type of structure in which allthe computers are
root node, and all other nodes ar
fashlon. The top-most node in tree topology is known as a
between two nodes for the dat
the descendants of the root node. There is only one path exists
transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy.

Advantages of Tree Topology

1. Support for Broadband Transmisslon: Tree topology is mainly used to provide broadband
transmission, i.e., signals are sent over long distances without being attenuated.
2. Baxlly Expandable: We can add the new device to the existing network. Therefore, we can sa)
that tree topology is easily expandable.
3. Easlly Manageable: In tree topology, the whole network is divided into segments known a5
star networks which can be easlly managed and maintained.
4. Error Detection: Error detection and error correction are very easy in a tree topology.
5. Limlted Failure: The breakdown in one station does not affect the entire network.
6. Polnt-to-point Wiring: It has point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
 Introduction to Data Communication and
Computer Networks
Disadvantages of Tree Topology
1. Difficult Troubleshooting: If any fault
troubleshoot the problem. occurs in the node, then it becomes difficult to
2.. High Cost:
Devices required for broadband
3. Failure: A tree transmission are very
topology mainly relies on main bus cable and costly.
damage the overall network. failure in main bus cable will
4.
Reconfiguration Difficult: If new devices are added, then it
becomes difficult to reconfigure.

Core Layer

Distribution Layer

Access Layer

Figure 1.12 :Tree Topology

5. Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via a particular channel. In
Mesh Topology, the protocols used are AHCP (Ad Hoc Configuration Protocols), DHCP (Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol), etc. In this networking topology, each communicating device is
connected with every other device in the network as shown in Figure 1.13. Mesh technology
interconnected with each other
is an arrangement of the network in which computers are
through various redundant connections.
each computer is connected to all the
" Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology,
Computers available in the network.
topology, not all but certain computes ae
" Partial Mesh Topology: In apartial mesh
communicate frequently.
Connected to those computers with which they
 Computer Netwerke
1.10 ||II

Figure 1.13: Mesh Topology

Advantages of Mesh Topology

very reliable as if any link breakdown will not affect

1. Rellable: The mesh topology networks are
the communication between connected computers.
between the nodes and easier
2. Fast Communication: Communication is very fast
the communication
Reconfiguration can be done by adding new devices would not disrupt
between other devices.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

1. Cost: A
mesh topology contains a large number of connected devices such as a router and more
transmission media than other topologies.
2. Management: Mesh topology networks are very large and very dificult to maintain and
manage. If the network is not monitored carefully, then the communication link failure goes
undetected.

3. Efficiency: In this topology, redundant connections are high that reduces the efficiency of the
network.

6. Hybrid Topology
A network structure whose design contains more than one topology is said to be hybrid
topology. Hybrid topology inherits merits and demerits of all the incorporating topologies. The
combining topologies may contain attributes of Star, Ring, Bus, and Daisy-chain topologies.
Most WANs are connected by means of Dual-Ring topology and networks connected to them
are mostly Star topology networks. Internet is the best example of largest Hybrid topology.
 Vorks
III.19

Star Star

Ring

Star

t
Figure 1.14: Hybrid Topology

r SAdvantages of HybridTopology
1. Flexible: Hybrid Topology is the most flexible network topology as it can be changed and assembled
using different structures of topology.
2. Used for aVast Network: Hybrid topology was introduced to overcome the shortcoming of other
topologies i.e. they were not able to fulfill the need foravast network connection. If one node fails then
the whole topology is affected. Thus hybrid topology provides network connection over a large area.
re
3. Reliable to Use: Hybrid topology is a reliable and trustworthy network connection structure as even
when one node fails towork it doesn't shut down the whole system.
nd
es Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

1. Design is Very Complex: Making a hybrid network takes lots of effort from the network technicians of
he topologies as the design of networks isvery complex.
Z. Costly: Hybrid topology requires a huge amount of resources and capital to build up a network.
3. Difficult to Install: Installation of such a vast and complex network is a very difficult task. The cable
network, as well as nodes, must be set systematically.
rid