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21st‌‌Century‌‌Literature‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌ ‌

and‌‌the‌‌World‌ ‌
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Grade‌‌11/12‌‌•‌‌Unit‌‌7:‌‌Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌
Periods‌ ‌
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LESSON‌‌7.1‌‌ ‌
Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌Colonial‌‌
Period‌ ‌
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Table‌‌of‌‌Contents‌ ‌
Introduction‌ 1‌ ‌

Objectives‌ 2‌ ‌

DepEd‌‌Competency‌ 2‌ ‌

Warm-Up‌ 2‌ ‌

Learn‌‌about‌‌It‌ 3‌ ‌
Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌Colonial‌‌Period‌ 4‌ ‌

Key‌‌Points‌ 7‌ ‌

Check‌‌Your‌‌Understanding‌ 7‌ ‌

Let’s‌‌Step‌‌Up!‌ 8‌ ‌

Bibliography‌ 8‌ ‌
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21st‌‌Century‌‌Literature‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌ ‌

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Grade‌‌11/12‌‌•‌‌Unit‌‌7:‌‌Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌
Periods‌ ‌
Lesson‌‌7.1‌ ‌
Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌
American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌Periods‌ ‌
‌

‌
Fig.‌‌1.‌‌‌In‌‌1901,‌‌around‌‌600‌‌American‌‌teachers‌‌arrived‌‌onboard‌‌the‌‌USS‌T‌ homas‌‌‌to‌‌teach‌‌in‌‌
the‌‌Philippines.‌ ‌
‌

Introduction‌ ‌
The‌ ‌American‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌period‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines‌ ‌was‌ ‌also‌ ‌the‌ ‌time‌ ‌when‌ ‌knowledge‌ ‌and‌‌
information‌ ‌became‌ ‌increasingly‌ ‌accessible‌ ‌to‌ ‌more‌ ‌Filipinos.‌ ‌The‌ ‌use‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌English‌‌
language‌‌as‌‌a‌‌mode‌‌of‌‌instruction‌‌in‌‌schools‌‌paved‌‌the‌‌way‌‌for‌‌more‌‌Filipinos‌‌to‌‌learn‌‌and‌‌
utilize‌ ‌the‌ ‌language‌ ‌in‌ ‌various‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌communication,‌‌especially‌‌in‌‌writing.‌‌Many‌‌literary‌‌
writers‌‌in‌‌English‌‌emerged‌‌during‌‌this‌‌era:‌‌Paz‌‌Marquez‌‌Benitez,‌‌Juan‌‌F.‌‌Salazar,‌‌and‌‌many‌‌
others‌ ‌whose‌ ‌literary‌ ‌pieces‌ ‌are‌ ‌still‌ ‌being‌ ‌published‌ ‌and‌ ‌read‌ ‌after‌ ‌so‌ ‌many‌ ‌decades.‌ ‌In‌‌
this‌‌lesson,‌‌we‌‌will‌‌learn‌‌more‌‌about‌‌America’s‌‌influence‌‌on‌‌our‌‌literature‌‌and‌‌culture.‌ ‌

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21st‌‌Century‌‌Literature‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌ ‌

and‌‌the‌‌World‌ ‌
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Grade‌‌11/12‌‌•‌‌Unit‌‌7:‌‌Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌
Periods‌ ‌
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Objectives‌ ‌
‌ In‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌do‌‌the‌‌following:‌ ‌
● read‌‌an‌‌excerpt‌‌of‌‌literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌period;‌ ‌
● identify‌‌selected‌‌Filipino‌‌text‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌period.‌ ‌

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DepEd‌‌Competency‌ ‌
‌ At‌‌the‌‌end‌‌of‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌identify‌‌the‌‌geographic,‌‌
linguistic,‌‌and‌‌ethnic‌‌dimensions‌‌of‌‌Philippine‌‌literary‌‌history‌‌from‌‌pre-colonial‌‌
to‌‌the‌‌contemporary‌(‌ EN12Lit-Ia-21).‌ ‌

Warm-Up‌ ‌
‌

True‌‌or‌‌Not‌‌True‌ ‌
Procedure‌ ‌
Recall‌‌your‌‌knowledge‌‌of‌‌history.‌‌Read‌‌the‌‌following‌‌statements‌‌carefully,‌‌and‌‌tell‌‌if‌‌it‌‌is‌‌true‌‌
or‌‌not.‌‌Write‌T
‌ ‌‌if‌‌it‌‌is‌‌true‌‌and‌N
‌ ‌‌if‌‌it‌‌is‌‌not.‌‌ ‌
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1. The‌‌Philippines‌‌is‌‌the‌‌first‌‌colony‌‌of‌‌the‌‌USA.‌ ‌
2. The‌‌United‌‌States‌‌of‌‌America’s‌‌policy‌‌to‌‌colonize‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌is‌‌called‌‌“benevolent‌‌
assimilation.”‌ ‌
3. All‌‌Filipino‌‌citizens‌‌had‌‌access‌‌to‌‌free‌‌education‌‌even‌‌before‌‌the‌‌Americans‌‌came.‌ ‌
4. At‌‌the‌‌beginning‌‌of‌‌the‌‌American‌‌colonial‌‌period,‌‌Filipino‌‌writers‌‌readily‌‌abandoned‌‌
the‌‌Spanish‌‌language‌‌for‌‌the‌‌English‌‌language.‌ ‌

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21st‌‌Century‌‌Literature‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌ ‌

and‌‌the‌‌World‌ ‌
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Grade‌‌11/12‌‌•‌‌Unit‌‌7:‌‌Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌
Periods‌ ‌
5. The‌‌American‌‌colonial‌‌period‌‌is‌‌referred‌‌to‌‌as‌‌the‌‌“Apprenticeship‌‌Period”‌‌of‌‌
Philippine‌‌literature.‌‌ ‌
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Learn‌‌about‌‌It‌ ‌
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A‌‌nation’s‌‌history‌‌can‌‌be‌‌recalled‌‌through‌‌political‌‌decrees,‌‌constitutions,‌‌laws,‌‌and‌‌reforms,‌‌
but‌ ‌one‌ ‌must‌ ‌read‌ ‌its‌ ‌literature‌ ‌to‌ ‌learn‌ ‌about‌ ‌its‌ ‌core‌ ‌values‌ ‌and‌ ‌spirit‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌nation.‌‌
Literature‌ ‌reflects‌ ‌the‌ ‌practices,‌ ‌cultures,‌ ‌and‌ ‌reactions‌ ‌of‌ ‌its‌ ‌people‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌events‌ ‌that‌‌
shaped‌‌them.‌‌Each‌‌form‌‌will‌‌tell‌‌you‌‌the‌‌various‌‌emotions‌‌and‌‌thoughts‌‌about‌‌these‌‌events‌‌
that‌‌shaped‌‌the‌‌citizens‌‌and‌‌the‌‌nation.‌ ‌
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Vocabulary‌ ‌
anthology‌‌
a‌‌published‌‌collection‌‌of‌‌writings‌‌by‌‌different‌‌authors‌ ‌
(noun)‌ ‌

apprentice‌‌ someone‌‌who‌‌learns‌‌a‌‌skill‌‌by‌‌working‌‌for‌‌an‌‌expert‌‌in‌‌
(noun)‌ ‌ that‌‌field‌‌for‌‌a‌‌fixed‌‌period‌‌of‌‌time‌ ‌

distinct‌‌
easily‌‌and‌‌noticeably‌‌different‌ ‌
(adjective)‌ ‌

satirical‌‌ Showing‌‌the‌‌foolishness,‌‌weaknesses,‌‌or‌‌bad‌‌qualities‌‌
(adjective)‌ ‌ of‌‌someone‌‌or‌‌something‌‌through‌‌humor‌ ‌
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Essential‌‌Question‌ ‌
What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌most‌‌important‌‌contribution‌‌of‌‌Americans‌‌to‌‌our‌‌literature‌‌and‌‌
culture?‌ ‌

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21st‌‌Century‌‌Literature‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌ ‌

and‌‌the‌‌World‌ ‌
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Grade‌‌11/12‌‌•‌‌Unit‌‌7:‌‌Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌
Periods‌ ‌

Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌Colonial‌‌Period‌ ‌
On‌ ‌April‌ ‌11,‌ ‌1899,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Treaty‌ ‌of‌ ‌Paris‌ ‌was‌ ‌signed‌ ‌by‌ ‌John‌ ‌Hay,‌ ‌the‌ ‌US‌ ‌Secretary‌ ‌of‌ ‌State,‌‌
after‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish-American‌ ‌War.‌ ‌In‌ ‌this‌ ‌agreement,‌ ‌Spain‌ ‌surrendered‌ ‌the‌ ‌remaining‌‌
colonies‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌empire—Cuba,‌ ‌Puerto‌ ‌Rico,‌ ‌Guam,‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippines—to‌ ‌the‌‌
United‌‌States,‌‌which‌‌also‌‌involved‌‌a‌‌payment‌‌of‌‌20‌‌million‌‌dollars‌‌to‌‌Spain.‌ ‌
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Education‌ ‌was‌ ‌first‌ ‌headed‌ ‌by‌ ‌American‌ ‌soldiers.‌‌This‌‌changed‌ ‌in‌‌1901‌‌when‌‌around‌‌600‌‌
teachers‌‌arrived‌‌on‌‌board‌‌the‌‌ship‌‌USS‌‌‌Thomas‌‌to‌‌replace‌‌the‌‌soldiers.‌‌These‌‌teachers‌‌were‌‌
called‌‌the‌‌‌Thomasite‌s.‌‌Public‌‌education‌‌was‌‌made‌‌accessible,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌medium‌‌of‌‌instruction‌‌
used‌ ‌was‌ ‌English.‌ ‌This‌ ‌created‌ ‌a‌ ‌new‌ ‌educated‌ ‌middle‌ ‌class‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country.‌‌Alongside‌‌the‌‌
use‌‌of‌‌English‌‌in‌‌education,‌‌Filipinos‌‌learned‌‌American‌‌models‌‌of‌‌thought,‌‌culture,‌‌and‌‌ways‌‌
of‌‌life.‌‌ ‌
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Since‌ ‌the‌ ‌Filipinos‌ ‌were‌ ‌colonized‌ ‌for‌ ‌more‌ ‌than‌ ‌300‌ ‌years‌ ‌prior‌ ‌to‌‌the‌‌American‌‌colonial‌‌
period,‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌language‌‌was‌‌widely‌‌used‌‌during‌‌American‌‌rule.‌‌Thus,‌‌a‌‌great‌‌portion‌‌of‌‌
literature‌ ‌written‌ ‌by‌ ‌Filipinos‌ ‌using‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌language‌ ‌emerged‌ ‌during‌ ‌this‌ ‌era.‌ ‌For‌‌
example,‌‌newspapers‌‌like‌‌‌El‌‌Tiempo,‌‌El‌‌Pueblo‌‌de‌‌Iloilo,‌‌La‌‌Vanguardia,‌‌La‌‌Democracia,‌‌‌and‌‌El‌‌
Renacimiento‌ ‌were‌ ‌published‌ ‌in‌ ‌Spanish.‌ ‌On‌ ‌the‌ ‌other‌ ‌hand,‌ ‌other‌ ‌newspapers‌ ‌and‌‌
magazines‌ ‌helped‌ ‌boost‌ ‌the‌ ‌use‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌English‌‌language‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌‌Some‌‌of‌‌these‌‌
were‌ ‌the‌ ‌Manila‌ ‌Times‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Manila‌ ‌Daily‌ ‌Bulletin‌,‌ ‌Cable‌ ‌News‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Independent,‌ ‌Philippines‌‌
Free‌ ‌Press‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Review‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Herald‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Manila‌ ‌Tribune‌,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Graphic‌,‌‌
among‌‌others.‌‌School‌‌publications‌‌also‌‌emerged‌‌during‌‌this‌‌period,‌‌such‌‌as‌Filipino‌‌Students’‌‌
Magazine‌,‌ UP‌ ‌College‌ ‌Folio‌,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Coconut‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Manila‌ ‌High‌ ‌School,‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌Torch‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌
Philippine‌‌Normal‌‌School.‌‌ ‌
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Comics‌ ‌also‌ ‌started‌ ‌appearing‌ ‌in‌ ‌magazines‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌series,‌ ‌like‌ ‌“Si‌ ‌Kiko‌ ‌at‌ ‌Si‌ ‌Angge”‌ ‌in‌‌
Telembang‌.‌ ‌Others‌ ‌were‌ ‌satirical‌ ‌editorial‌ ‌cartoons‌ ‌like‌ ‌in‌ ‌Lipang‌ ‌Kalabaw‌,‌ ‌a‌ ‌Tagalog‌‌
magazine‌‌owned‌‌by‌‌Lope‌‌K.‌‌Santos.‌‌“Album‌‌ng‌‌mga‌‌Kabalbalan‌‌ni‌‌Kenkoy”‌‌also‌‌appeared‌‌in‌‌
the‌‌entertainment‌‌section‌‌of‌‌the‌‌magazine‌L‌ iwayway‌.‌‌ ‌

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21st‌‌Century‌‌Literature‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌ ‌

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Grade‌‌11/12‌‌•‌‌Unit‌‌7:‌‌Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌
Periods‌ ‌
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Tagalog‌ ‌drama‌ ‌also‌‌transformed‌‌from‌‌merely‌‌a‌‌form‌‌of‌‌entertainment‌‌to‌‌an‌‌expression‌‌of‌‌
revolt‌ ‌against‌ ‌the‌ ‌Americans.‌ ‌Famous‌ ‌playwrights‌ ‌were‌ ‌Juan‌ ‌Abad,‌ ‌who‌ ‌wrote‌ ‌Tanikalang‌‌
Guinto‌;‌ ‌Juan‌ ‌Matapang‌ ‌Cruz‌ ‌for‌ ‌Hindi‌ ‌Aco‌ ‌Patay‌;‌ ‌Aurelio‌ ‌Tolentino,‌ ‌writer‌ ‌of‌ ‌Kahapon,‌‌
Ngayon,‌ ‌at‌ ‌Bukas‌;‌ ‌Severino‌ ‌Reyes‌‌for‌‌‌Walang‌‌Sugat‌;‌‌Julian‌‌Cruz‌‌Balmaceda‌‌for‌‌‌Sa‌‌Bunganga‌
ng‌‌Pating‌;‌‌and‌‌Precioso‌‌Palma‌‌for‌P
‌ aglipas‌‌ng‌‌Dilim‌.‌‌ ‌
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Sarswela‌,‌‌a‌‌form‌‌of‌‌musical‌‌theater‌‌famous‌‌between‌‌the‌‌1920s‌‌and‌‌1930s,‌‌was‌‌later‌‌written‌‌
in‌ ‌English‌ ‌by‌ ‌Filipino‌ ‌playwrights‌‌Wilfrido‌‌Ma.‌‌Guerrero,‌‌who‌‌wrote‌‌‌Three‌‌Rats‌,‌‌and‌‌Alberto‌‌
Florentino,‌ ‌writer‌ ‌of‌ ‌The‌ ‌World‌ ‌Is‌ ‌an‌ ‌Apple‌.‌ ‌However,‌ ‌even‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌midst‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌American‌‌
period,‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish‌ ‌language‌‌was‌‌used‌‌by‌‌these‌‌famous‌‌writers‌‌and‌‌poets:‌‌Claro‌‌M.‌‌Recto‌‌
for‌ ‌his‌ ‌piece‌ ‌Bajo‌ ‌los‌ ‌Cocoteros‌,‌ ‌Antonio‌ ‌M.‌ ‌Abad‌ ‌for‌ ‌his‌ ‌El‌ ‌Ultimo‌ ‌Romantico‌,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Jesus‌‌
Balmori,‌‌popular‌‌for‌‌his‌M
‌ i‌‌Casa‌‌de‌‌Nipa‌,‌‌among‌‌many‌‌others.‌ ‌
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During‌ ‌this‌ ‌period,‌ ‌many‌ ‌writers‌ ‌were‌ ‌apprentices‌ ‌in‌ ‌English‌ ‌literature;‌ ‌they‌ ‌imitated‌ ‌the‌‌
style‌ ‌of‌‌popular‌‌American‌‌fictionists.‌‌It‌‌was‌‌as‌‌if‌‌learning‌‌the‌‌language‌‌was‌‌also‌‌learning‌‌to‌‌
write‌‌in‌‌English.‌‌However,‌‌as‌‌years‌‌went‌‌by,‌‌these‌‌writers‌‌found‌‌their‌‌own‌‌styles‌‌in‌‌writing.‌‌
Famous‌ ‌short‌ ‌stories‌ ‌in‌ ‌English‌ ‌emerged,‌ ‌like‌ ‌“Dead‌ ‌Stars”‌ ‌by‌ ‌Paz‌ ‌Marquez-Benitez‌ ‌and‌‌
“Footnote‌ ‌to‌‌Youth”‌‌by‌‌Jose‌‌Garcia‌‌Villa.‌‌These‌‌short‌‌stories‌‌showcased‌‌the‌‌writers’‌‌distinct‌‌
styles‌‌that‌‌were‌‌different‌‌from‌‌the‌‌styles‌‌of‌‌American‌‌writers.‌‌ ‌
‌
Alongside‌ ‌short‌ ‌stories,‌ ‌essays‌ ‌became‌ ‌a‌ ‌popular‌ ‌form‌ ‌of‌ ‌expression.‌ ‌Some‌ ‌were‌‌light‌‌or‌‌
humorous,‌ ‌while‌ ‌some‌ ‌writers‌ ‌dealt‌ ‌with‌‌more‌‌serious‌‌subjects‌‌such‌‌as‌‌politics‌‌and‌‌social‌‌
problems.‌ ‌Most‌ ‌of‌ ‌these‌ ‌essays‌ ‌were‌ ‌published‌ ‌as‌ ‌newspaper‌ ‌columns.‌ ‌In‌ ‌1921,‌ ‌the‌‌
first-ever‌ ‌anthology‌ ‌for‌ ‌essays‌ ‌was‌ ‌published‌ ‌by‌ ‌Zoilo‌ ‌M.‌ ‌Galang‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌title‌ ‌Life‌ ‌and‌‌
Success.‌ ‌In‌‌the‌‌same‌‌year,‌‌the‌‌first‌‌collection‌‌of‌‌poems‌‌in‌‌book‌‌form,‌‌the‌‌Reminiscence,‌‌was‌‌
published‌‌by‌‌Lorenzo‌‌Paredes.‌‌Meanwhile,‌‌Justo‌‌Juliano’s‌‌poem‌‌“Sursum‌‌Corda”‌ ‌is‌‌the‌‌first‌‌
known‌‌Filipino‌‌poem‌‌in‌‌English‌‌and‌‌was‌‌published‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌Free‌‌Press‌‌in‌‌1907.‌ ‌
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During‌ ‌the‌ ‌American‌ ‌colonial‌ ‌period,‌ ‌Filipino‌ ‌writers‌ ‌in‌ ‌English‌ ‌started‌ ‌from‌ ‌being‌‌
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21st‌‌Century‌‌Literature‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌ ‌

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Grade‌‌11/12‌‌•‌‌Unit‌‌7:‌‌Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌
Periods‌ ‌
“apprentices”‌‌of‌‌American‌‌writers‌‌and‌‌developed‌‌to‌‌being‌‌writers‌‌with‌‌their‌‌own‌‌voices‌‌and‌‌
styles.‌ ‌Their‌ ‌further‌ ‌development‌ ‌in‌ ‌using‌ ‌the‌ ‌English‌‌language‌‌in‌‌writing‌‌helped‌‌pave‌‌the‌‌
way‌ ‌for‌‌younger‌‌Filipino‌‌writers‌‌to‌‌confidently‌‌write‌‌their‌‌own‌‌stories‌‌and‌‌add‌‌more‌‌to‌‌the‌‌
ever-growing‌‌list‌‌of‌‌literary‌‌works‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country.‌‌ ‌
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Vacation‌‌days‌‌at‌‌last‌‌are‌‌here,‌ ‌
And‌‌we‌‌have‌‌time‌‌for‌‌fun‌‌so‌‌dear,‌ ‌
All‌‌boys‌‌and‌‌girls‌‌do‌‌gladly‌‌cheer,‌ ‌
This‌‌welcomed‌‌season‌‌of‌‌the‌‌year.‌ ‌
In‌‌early‌‌June‌‌in‌‌school‌‌we’ll‌‌meet;‌ ‌
A‌‌harder‌‌task‌‌shall‌‌we‌‌complete‌ ‌
And‌‌if‌‌we‌‌fail‌‌we‌‌must‌‌repeat‌ ‌
That‌‌self‌‌same‌‌task‌‌without‌‌retreat.‌ ‌
We‌‌simply‌‌rest‌‌to‌‌come‌‌again‌ ‌
To‌‌school‌‌where‌‌boys‌‌and‌‌girls‌‌obtain‌‌ ‌
The‌‌Creator’s‌‌gift‌‌to‌‌men‌ ‌
Whose‌‌sanguine‌‌hopes‌‌in‌‌us‌‌remain.‌ ‌
Vacation‌‌means‌‌a‌‌time‌‌for‌‌play‌ ‌
For‌‌young‌‌and‌‌old‌‌in‌‌night‌‌and‌‌day‌ ‌
My‌‌wish‌‌for‌‌all‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌gay,‌ ‌
And‌‌evil‌‌none‌‌lead‌‌you‌‌astray.‌ ‌
‌---‌‌Juan‌‌F.‌‌Salazar‌ ‌
P
‌ hilippines‌‌Free‌‌Press‌,‌‌May‌‌9,‌‌1909‌ ‌

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This‌‌poem‌‌is‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌earliest‌‌published‌‌poems‌‌written‌‌in‌‌English.‌‌This‌‌is‌‌an‌‌example‌‌of‌‌
imitating‌‌verses‌‌from‌‌their‌‌American‌‌models.‌‌ ‌
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Let’s‌‌Check‌‌In‌ ‌
In‌‌which‌‌aspect‌‌of‌‌our‌‌nation‌‌has‌‌American‌‌colonization‌‌influenced‌‌us‌‌the‌‌
most?‌ ‌

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21st‌‌Century‌‌Literature‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌ ‌

and‌‌the‌‌World‌ ‌
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Grade‌‌11/12‌‌•‌‌Unit‌‌7:‌‌Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌
Periods‌ ‌
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Key‌‌Points‌ ‌
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● After‌ ‌the‌ ‌Spanish-American‌ ‌war,‌ ‌Spain‌ ‌surrendered‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌to‌‌the‌‌United‌‌
States‌‌along‌‌with‌‌the‌‌other‌‌remaining‌‌countries‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Spanish‌‌empire.‌ ‌
● Works‌ ‌of‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌literature‌ ‌during‌ ‌the‌ ‌American‌ ‌Period‌‌were‌‌written‌‌in‌‌‌Spanish,‌‌
English,‌‌‌and‌T
‌ agalog‌.‌ ‌
● Literary‌ ‌works‌ ‌such‌‌as‌‌‌comics,‌‌drama,‌‌‌and‌‌‌sarswela‌‌became‌‌more‌‌popular‌‌during‌‌
the‌‌American‌‌Colonial‌‌era.‌ ‌
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Check‌‌Your‌‌Understanding‌ ‌
‌

1. Before‌‌the‌‌Thomasites‌‌arrived,‌‌who‌‌were‌‌the‌‌teachers‌‌in‌‌schools?‌ ‌
2. It‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌famous‌ ‌form‌ ‌of‌ ‌musical‌ ‌theater‌ ‌between‌ ‌the‌ ‌1920s‌ ‌and‌ ‌1930s‌ ‌that‌ ‌was‌‌
translated‌‌into‌‌English‌‌by‌‌Wilfrido‌‌Ma.‌‌Guerrero‌‌and‌‌Alberto‌‌Florentino.‌ ‌
3. What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌title‌‌of‌‌the‌‌school‌‌publication‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippine‌‌Normal‌‌School?‌ ‌
4. What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌name‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Tagalog‌‌magazine‌‌owned‌‌by‌‌Lope‌‌K.‌‌Santos?‌ ‌
5. Why‌‌is‌‌the‌‌American‌‌colonial‌‌period‌‌also‌‌called‌‌the‌‌Apprenticeship‌‌Period‌‌of‌‌Filipino‌‌
writers‌‌in‌‌English?‌ ‌
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21st‌‌Century‌‌Literature‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌ ‌

and‌‌the‌‌World‌ ‌
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Grade‌‌11/12‌‌•‌‌Unit‌‌7:‌‌Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌during‌‌the‌‌American‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Japanese‌‌
Periods‌ ‌

Let’s‌‌Step‌‌Up!‌ ‌
‌

Read‌‌the‌‌short‌‌story‌‌“May‌‌Day‌‌Eve”‌‌by‌‌Nick‌‌Joaquin‌‌(a‌‌copy‌‌can‌‌be‌‌found‌‌online)‌‌and‌‌
answer‌‌the‌‌following‌‌questions:‌‌ ‌
1. How‌‌would‌‌you‌‌describe‌‌Nick‌‌Joaquin’s‌‌style‌‌of‌‌writing‌‌based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌story?‌ ‌
2. What‌‌American‌‌influences‌‌were‌‌shown‌‌or‌‌presented‌‌in‌‌the‌‌story?‌ ‌

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Bibliography‌ ‌
2021.‌ ‌SHS‌ ‌21st‌ ‌Literature‌ ‌Q1‌ ‌Ep‌ ‌1‌ ‌Geographic‌ ‌,‌ ‌Linguistic,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Ethnic‌ ‌Dimensions‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌
Philippine.‌‌DEpEd‌‌TV‌‌-‌‌Official.‌‌https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mVtJQU6XSo.‌‌ ‌

Lumbera,‌ ‌Bienvenido‌ ‌and‌ ‌Cynthia‌ ‌Nograles‌ ‌Lumbera.‌ ‌Philippine‌ ‌Literature:‌ ‌A‌ ‌History‌ ‌and‌‌
Anthology.‌‌Manila:‌‌Anvil‌‌Publishing,‌‌2000.‌ ‌

Quindoza-Santiago,‌‌Lilia.‌‌“Philippine‌‌Literature‌‌in‌‌English.”‌‌National‌‌Commission‌‌for‌‌Culture‌‌
and‌ ‌the‌ ‌Arts.‌ ‌April‌ ‌14,‌ ‌2015.‌ ‌Accessed‌ ‌April‌ ‌05,‌ ‌2017‌‌
http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/literary-arts/phil‌
ippine-literature-during-the-american-period/‌ ‌

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