International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 1699~1707

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1699-1707  1699

New bidirectional step-up DC-DC converter derived from buck-

boost DC-DC converter

Ridha D. N. Aditama, Naqita Ramadhani, Jihad Furqani, Arwindra Rizqiawan, Pekik Argo Dahono
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper proposes a new bidirectional step-up DC-DC converter, namely
modified buck-boost DC-DC converter. The proposed DC-DC converter was
Received May 13, 2021 derived from the conventional buck-boost DC-DC converter. Output voltage
Revised Jul 1, 2021 expression of the proposed converter was derived by considering the voltage
Accepted Jul 13, 2021 drops across inductors and switching devices. The results have shown that
with the same parameter of input LC filter, proposed DC-DC converter has
lower conduction losses. Moreover, the proposed DC-DC converter has
Keywords: lower rated voltage of filter capacitor than the conventional boost DC-DC
converter which lead to cost efficiency. Finally, a scaled-down prototype of
Buck-boost converter laboratory experiment was used to verify its theoretical analysis.
DC-DC converter
Microgrid
Modified buck-boost
Step-up converter This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Ridha Aditama
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Ganesha 10, Lb. Siliwangi, Coblong, Bandung, Jawa Barat 40132, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has an electrification ratio of more than 99%. However,
because Indonesia consists of more than 17,000 islands, remote areas in Eastern Indonesia still do not have
access to electricity. The government has launched various programs to improve electricity access, especially
in remote areas or islands. Because of its isolated location, the microgrid system is suitable for this
application. Energy sources can be obtained from local energy potentials such as solar, wind, micro-hydro,
and biomass. As most of the output potential local energy is in the form of DC electricity, DC microgrid is
desirable in this application. Moreover, DC system has no synchronization problem and easy load sharing.
Figure 1 shows a DC microgrid system with power source from photovoltaic (PV) module. The DC
bus voltage of 400 Vdc was selected so that it can be converted easily into 220 Vac by using an inverter. DC-
DC converters are used to connect PV modules, batteries, and DC loads to the DC bus. To achieve the DC
bus voltage from the PV voltage, the DC-DC converter must have a boost characteristic. The DC-DC
converter for battery energy storage must be a bidirectional DC-DC converter to allow charging and
discharging. In order to ensure long-term operation of the system, very low input current ripple is desired.
Moreover, it is desirable that the converter is low cost and high efficiency [1]-[3].
References [4]-[16] have proposed various DC-DC power converters for this application. In [4], an
isolated DC-DC converter is used, however it has low efficiency because of the two-stage conversion.
Nonisolated DC-DC converters are preferred due to power loss considerations over isolated DC-DC
converters. Converters proposed in [5]-[12] have high boost characteristics, however, those converters do not
have common node between input and output (floating converter) which is undesirable in many applications.

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

1700  ISSN: 2088-8694

Converters in [13] and [16] have a quadratic voltage gain so that a high voltage-ratio can be
achieved with moderate duty cycle. However, these converters have complex controls due to the higher order
of the plant. A simple converter that easy to control has also been proposed but has a narrow voltage gain and
needs more components than the conventional one [14]. A new buck-boost converter with wider voltage
conversion ratio has also been proposed but it also has complex control and reversed output polarity [15].
The most commonly used DC-DC converter for PV generation is still the conventional DC-DC boost
converter because it is simple, low cost, and efficient [17]-[21]. Though conventional boost converter has a
continuous input current, an input LC filter is almost always needed in an application to reduce further the
DC input current ripple. A large current ripple is undesirable in many applications. The development of this
type of converter is always an ongoing hot topic [22], [23].
In this paper, a new simple, low cost, and efficient step-up DC-DC converter is proposed. The
proposed converter is derived from the conventional DC-DC buck-boost converter. As it is derived from
buck-boost converter, the input and output currents are discontinuous. Therefore, an LC filter must be added
to the input side to minimize the input current ripple [24]. This paper organize as follows: In Section 2, the
construction of proposed topology is described in detail. It is shown that the proposed converter has lower
output capacitor rating than the conventional DC-DC boost converter. A lower capacitor voltage rating
means lower price which is desired in most applications. Section 3 gives a detailed expression of the output
voltage by considering the voltage drops across inductors and switching devices. It is shown that the
conduction losses are lower than the conventional DC-DC boost power converter. Section 4 gives
experimental results to verify the analysis presented in this paper. The conclusion is given in Section 5.

Figure 1. Schematic of DC microgrid system

2. NEW STEP-UP DC-DC CONVERTER

Figure 2 shows a conventional DC-DC buck-boost converter with terminal output voltage taken at
the capacitor port which has reversed polarity. Though the active switching device is shown using metal
oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), other type of switching devices can also be used.
Under continuous conduction mode of inductor current, it can be shown that the average output voltage is

𝛼
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐸𝑑 (1)
1−𝛼

where 𝑉𝑜 is the output voltage of conventional buck-boost converter, 𝐸𝑑 is the input voltage, and 𝛼 is the duty
cycle of transistor 𝑄1 . The value of duty cycle 𝛼 can be changed from zero to unity and, therefore, the
average output voltage can be lower or higher than the input voltage. This is the reason why this converter is
also called as up-down DC-DC power converter.

Figure 2. Modification of conventional buck-boost DC-DC converter

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1701

In addition to the conventional output terminal as shown in Figure 2, another terminal can also be
used for load connection as shown in Figure 2. If the load is connected to this terminal, then the converter can
be redrawn as shown in Figure 3. In this case, the average load voltage is:

1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐸𝑑 + 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐸𝑑 (2)
1−𝛼

Different to the converter in Figure 2, the new converter in Figure 3 has a load voltage that is always
higher than the input voltage. The new converter has output voltage characteristic that is the same as the
conventional DC-DC boost power converter. However, the rated voltage of filter capacitor C of the proposed
converter is lower than conventional DC-DC boost converter according to (3).

𝑉𝑐 = 𝛼 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (3)

A lower input ripple is desirable in many applications of DC-DC power converters. As the converter
in Figure 3 is derived from the DC-DC buck-boost converter, the input current is discontinuous with high
ripple content. In practices, therefore, an LC filter is added on the input side of the converter. If an input LC
filter is added, the proposed step-up DC-DC power converter will become as the one shown in Figure 4. It
should be noted that the proposed DC-DC converter in Figures 3 and 4 are bidirectional DC-DC converters
and, therefore, can be operated both as step-up and step-down DC-DC power converters. A similar derivation
method for Cuk DC-DC power converter has been done in [25]. Thus, the proposed power converter is
another application of converter derivation method that has been proposed in [25].

Figure 3. Bidirectional modified buck-boost Figure 4. Modified buck-boost DC-DC converter with
DC-DC converter input LC filter

3. OUTPUT VOLTAGE EXPRESSIONS

Expressions (1) and (2) have been derived by neglecting the voltage drops across the switching
devices and inductors. In practices, these voltage drops are finite and will affect the maximum voltage gain
that can be achieved by the DC-DC converter. Moreover, these voltage drops will determine the conduction
losses and, therefore, the converter efficiency. In this section, the voltage drops across the transistor during
the conduction mode is represented as:

𝑣𝑄 = 𝑉𝑄 + 𝑅𝑄 𝑖𝑄 (4)
where 𝑉𝑄 is the constant component and 𝑅𝑄 is the resistive component of the voltage drop across the
transistor during conduction mode, respectively, and 𝑖𝑄 is the current through the transistor. On the other
hand, the voltage drop across the diode can be represented as:

𝑣𝐷 = 𝑉𝐷 + 𝑅𝐷 𝑖𝐷 (5)

where 𝑉𝐷 is the constant component and 𝑅𝐷 is the resistive component of the voltage drop across the diode
during conduction mode, respectively, and 𝑖𝐷 is the current through the diode. The capacitors are considered
as ideal capacitors without equivalent series resistance. Continuous conduction mode is considered in this
analysis. The two transistors in Figure 4 are working complimentary, that is, transistor Q1 receives an
ON(OFF) signal when transistor Q2 receives an OFF(ON) signal. When transistor Q1 receives an ON signal,
the state-space expression is:

New bidirectional step-up DC-DC converter derived from buck-boost … (Ridha D. N. Aditama)
1702  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝑅𝑖 1 𝐸𝑑
𝑖𝑑 − − 0 0 𝑖𝑑 𝐿𝑖
𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝑣𝑑 1
0 −
1
0 𝑣𝑑 0
𝑝 = 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑉 (6)
𝑖𝐿 1 −(𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝑄 ) 𝑖𝐿 − 𝑄
0 0 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
[ 𝑣𝑜 ] [ 0 0 0 0] [ 𝑣𝑜 ] −
[ 𝐶𝑜 ]

where 𝑅𝑖 and 𝑅𝐿 are the resistances of inductors Li and L, respectively, and p is the differential operator. 𝑖𝑑
and 𝑖𝐿 are the currents through input filter inductor and energy-transfer inductor, respectively. 𝑣𝑑 is the
voltage across input filter capacitor and 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 is the load current. The state-space expression when transistor
Q1 receives an OFF signal is

𝑅𝑖 1 𝐸𝑑
𝑖𝑑 − − 0 0 𝑖𝑑 𝐿𝑖
𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝑣𝑑 1
0 0 0 𝑣𝑑 0
𝑝 = 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑉 (7)
𝑖𝐿 −(𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝑄 ) 𝑖𝐿 − 𝐷
0 0 0 𝐿
𝐿 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
[ 𝑣𝑜 ] [ 0 0 0 [
0] 𝑜𝑣 ] −
[ 𝐶𝑜 ]

State-space in (6) and (7) are valid during ON and OFF periods of Q1, respectively. Averaging the
state-space (6) and (7) over one switching period will result in the average state-space (8):

𝑅𝑖 1 𝐸𝑑
𝑖̅𝑑 − − 0 0 𝑖̅𝑑 𝐿𝑖
𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝑣𝑑
̅̅̅ 1
0 −
𝛼
0 ̅̅̅
𝑣𝑑 0
𝑝 = 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑉𝑄 𝛼 𝑉𝐷 (1−𝛼) (8)
𝑖̅𝐿 𝛼 −(𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝑄 𝛼+𝑅𝐷 (1−𝛼)) 𝑖̅𝐿 − −
0 − 0 𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
[𝑣
̅̅̅]
𝑜 [ 0 0 0 0] [ 𝑣
̅̅̅]
𝑜 [ − ]
𝐶𝑜

where bar over the variables denote the average quantity. During the steady-state condition, the average state-
space (8) became:

𝑅𝑖 1 𝐸𝑑
− − 0 0 𝑖̅𝑑 𝐿𝑖
𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝑖
1
0 −
𝛼
0 ̅̅̅
𝑣𝑑 0
0= 𝐶𝑖 𝐶𝑖 + 𝑉𝑄 𝛼 𝑉𝐷 (1−𝛼) (9)
𝛼 −(𝑅𝐿 +𝑅𝑄 𝛼+𝑅𝐷 (1−𝛼)) 𝑖̅𝐿 − −
0 − 0 𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
[ 0 0 0 [
0] 𝑜𝑣
̅̅̅] [ − ]
𝐶𝑜

Based on (9), the average load voltage as a function of duty cycle and load current can be obtained
as:

𝐸𝑑 𝑉𝑄 𝛼 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐼 2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − − 𝑉𝐷 − (1−𝛼) 2 (𝑅𝑖 𝛼 + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝑄 𝛼 + 𝑅𝐷 (1 − 𝛼)) (10)
1−𝛼 1−𝛼

By using the same method, the average output voltage of conventional DC-DC boost converter with
additional input LC filter as shown in Figure 5 can be obtained as:

𝐸𝑑 𝑉𝑄 𝛼 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐼
𝑉𝑜 = − − 𝑉𝐷 − (1−𝛼) 2 (𝑅𝑖 + 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝑄 𝛼 + 𝑅𝐷 (1 − 𝛼)) (11)
1−𝛼 1−𝛼

Comparison between (10) and (11) shows that the voltage drop in the proposed converter is lower
than the one in conventional DC-DC boost converter. The difference is the voltage drop in the input filter
inductor. Figure 6 shows a comparison graph of the voltage drop across the input filter inductor resistance of
proposed DC-DC converter and the conventional boost converter, as a function of duty cycle, with 𝑅𝑖 = 0.1 Ω
and 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5 A. In Figure 6, other components are assumed as ideal components. Figure 6 represents the
conduction losses when the voltage drops across switching devices are neglected.

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As the voltage drops also represent the conduction losses, the conduction losses in the input filters
will be lower than the ones in conventional DC-DC boost power converter. As the switching losses are the
same, the efficiency of the proposed DC-DC power converter will be higher than the one of conventional
DC-DC boost power converter. The difference of conduction losses becomes bigger when the duty cycle is
high. Figure 7 shows the plot of the voltage gain (𝑉𝑜 /𝐸𝑑 ) comparison between proposed converter and
conventional DC-DC boost converter, as a function of duty cycle three different load currents. In Figure 7,
only the input filter inductor resistance is considered. This figure shows that the maximum voltage gain of the
proposed converter is higher than the one of conventional DC-DC boost power converter.

Figure 5. Conventional DC-DC boost converter with additional input LC filter

Figure 6. Voltage drop comparison Figure 7. Voltage gain comparison

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A small prototype modified buck-boost with input LC filter as the one shown in Figure 4 was
constructed. Experimental scheme for unidirectional and its setup are shown in Figures 8 and 9, respectively.
The DC voltage source of the power converter is obtained from a rectification of single-phase AC voltage
source. The output of rectifier is filtered by using a 5-mF capacitor. The DC voltage source is maintained
constant at 36 Vdc. Wattmeters are placed in both input and output of the DC-DC power converter. The
digital oscilloscope can measure both input and output waveforms of the proposed DC-DC power converter.
In this experiment, power MOSFET IRFP260N and ultrafast diode MUR1560G were used as switching
devices, an inductor filter (𝐿𝑖 ) of 47.8 μH, a film capacitor filter (𝐶𝑖 ) of 10 μF. 1-mH of energy-transfer
inductor (𝐿) was chosen to ensure the converter operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM). Capacitor
output (𝐶) is chosen at 30 μF film capacitor and the load is variable resistor. The switching frequency is fixed
at 20 kHz.

Figure 8. Experimental scheme for unidirectional

New bidirectional step-up DC-DC converter derived from buck-boost … (Ridha D. N. Aditama)
1704  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 9. Experimental setup

Figure 10 shows the output voltage and input current waveforms of modified buck-boost with input
LC filter. Figure 10 (a) is at 50% duty cycle with 1.5 A of input current while Figure 10 (b) is at 50% duty
cycle and 3.3 A of input current. The output voltage is flat, and the input current is continuous with low
ripple content because of the input LC filter. Figure 11 shows the calculation and experimental results of
voltage gain (𝑉𝑜 /𝐸𝑑 ), as a function of duty cycle. Line and dashed line indicate calculation results with
different load current, while diamonds and circles indicate experimental results with different load current.
Accuracy of the analysis results can be appreciated from Figure 11. Higher load current makes lower output
voltage; hence, reduces the voltage gain, especially at higher duty cycles. Figure 12 shows efficiency as a
function of load currents with variations in the duty cycle. The efficiency will be higher on lower duty cycle.
It can be noted that according to (10) and (11), for the same output voltage, modified buck-boost has lower
duty cycle than conventional boost converter. It means the modified buck-boost has higher efficiency than
conventional boost converter.

(a) (b)

Figure 10. Output voltage and input current waveforms of input LC filtered modified buck-boost at 50% duty
cycle and input current of, (a) 1.5 A, (b) 3.3 A

Figure 11. Voltage gain calculation and experimental results

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1705

99%

97%

95%

Efficiency
93%

91%

89%

87%

85%
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1

Load Current (A)

Duty Cycle 0,1 Duty Cycle 0,3 Duty Cycle 0,5 Duty Cycle 0,7

Figure 12. Experimental result of converter efficiency

A bidirectional experiment was done by using the scheme as shown in Figure 13. Although the DC
sources are showed as ideal sources which can absorb power, in fact the DC sources used in the experiment
are obtained from rectifier AC voltage, thus it cannot absorb power. Therefore, resistors are needed on both
sides. The DC power sources, wattmeters, and fixed resistors are placed on both input and output of proposed
DC-DC converter. Power MOSFETs IRFP260N were used as switching devices. The bidirectional
experiment step is to increase one of the DC sources to a certain value, then increase the other source until
the power flow reverses (indicated by the reverse direction of the current). Figure 14 shows the input and
output current in bidirectional experiment. It shows that the current can be reversed, thus indicating the
proposed DC-DC converter is applicable in bidirectional mode.

Figure 13. Experimental scheme of the bidirectional experiment

Figure 14. Input and output currents in the bidirectional experiment

5. CONCLUSION
A new step-up bidirectional DC-DC power converter based on the modification of conventional
buck-boost DC-DC power converter has been proposed. As it is derived from the conventional buck-boost
DC-DC power converter, it has simplicity and bidirectional characteristics. Under the same LC filter
parameters, the proposed DC-DC power converter can achieve higher output voltage compared to the
conventional DC-DC boost power converter. As the result, the proposed DC-DC power converter has better
efficiency compared to the conventional DC-DC boost power converter. Moreover, it has lower capacitor
voltage rating than the conventional one which lead to cost efficiency. Experimental results have verified the
analysis method given in this paper. Applications of the proposed converter is left for future investigation.

New bidirectional step-up DC-DC converter derived from buck-boost … (Ridha D. N. Aditama)
1706  ISSN: 2088-8694

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank to the Korea Midland Power Company for partially funded this research.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Ridha D. N. Aditama, H ’ g P w E g g I
Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia, in 2017. His current research interests are renewable energy,
power electronics and drive systems. He is a recipient of the Korea Midland Power Company
Scholarships. At present, he is a graduate student at the Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Indonesia.

Naqita Ramadhani was born in Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia in 1999. He received his
’ g P w E g g I T k g B g, I 202 .
His current research interests are renewable energy, electric vehicle, and power electronics,
especially in power converters and drive systems.

Jihad Furqani was born in Malang, East Java, Indonesia in 1990. He received B.S. degree in
Electrical Power Engineering from Bandung Institute of Technology in 2012. He received
M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Bandung Institute of Technology in 2013. He
received Dr.Eng. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Tokyo Institute of
Technology in 2019. He has been studying multilevel and multiphase motor drive, noise
reduction in switched reluctance motor, power electronic converter for renewable energy
application, and electric motor for vehicle application. He was Visiting Researcher of
University of Akron in 2017 and Visiting Lecture of Tokyo Institute of Technology in 2021.
Currently, he is lecturer in Electrical Power Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and
Informatics, and National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology, Bandung
Institute of Technology. He received IEEE Star Reviewer in 2019.

Arwindra Rizqiawan, He received ’ g I Teknologi

Bandung, Indonesia, in 2006 and 2008, respectively, and doctoral degree from Shibaura
Insitute of Technology, Japan, in 2012, all in the field of electrical engineering. His current
main interests are power engineering, power electronics, and renewable energy. He is
currently serving as assistant professor in School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics,
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia. He is certified professional engineer (IPM) in
Indonesia by the Institution of Engineers Indonesia (PII), and ASEAN Engineer by ASEAN
Engineering Register.

Pekik Argo Dahono got the Insinyur (Ir) degree, from the Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Indonesia, in 1985, the Master and Doctor Engineering degrees from Tokyo Institute of
Technology, Japan, in 1992 and 1995, respectively, all in electrical engineering. He is
registered as a Professional Engineer in Indonesia and ASEAN. He is a senior member of
IEEE. He is cofounder of Indonesia Smart Grid Initiatives and Indonesia Power Quality
Initiatives. Currently, he is a professor in the School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics,
Institut Teknologi Bandung. He has interest in power electronics, power systems, and power
quality.

New bidirectional step-up DC-DC converter derived from buck-boost … (Ridha D. N. Aditama)