ACETGPSC TGPSC 2024 SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN TELANGANA é Curated by SHILPA BHATTI UPSC CSE RANK HOLDERINDEX 1, What has been the impact of peasant movements in Telangana on agrarian reforms and rural society? 2. Evaluate the impact of women's movemeats in Telangana on confronting patriarchal norms and promoting gender equality. 3. Examine the historical impact of Ramji Goud’s revolt against British and Nizam rule within the broader framework of tribal movements in Telangana 4. Examine the influence’ of Komaram Bheem’s uprising on the advancement of tribal rights in Telangana. 5. Examine the current challenges encountered by tribal movements in Telangana amid the backdrop of economic liberalization and reforms. 6. Examine the contributions of prominent leaders to the Dalit movements under the Nizam’s rule in Telangana. 7. Evaluate the influence of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's visit to Hyderabad on the advancement of Dalit movements in Telangana. 8. Trace the development of Dalit movements in Telangana after independence, highlighting the key features and changes ecross the three distinct phases 9. Evaluate the historical impact of women’s movements in Telangana, focusing on their contributions to the Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle. 10. Examine the transformation of women's movements in Telangana since independence, with an emphasis on the shift from addressing class-related issues to prioritizing gender-specific challenges: 11. Examine the contributions of women to the separate Telangana state movement and assess how their involvement influenced their socio-political status. 12, Examine the progression and significance of the Human Rights Movement in Telangana, focusing on its key phases and their impact on society. 13. Evaluate the contributions of prominent leaders and organizations to the Human Rights Movement in Telangana between 1970 and 1990. How did their efforts shape the human rights discourse in India during this period? 14. Examine the key challenges and accomplishments of the Human Rights Movement in Telangana since 1990. How has the movement evolved in response to modern socio- political developments?1. What has been the impact of peasant movements in Telangana on agrarian reforms and rural society? Introduction: The complex tapestry of Indian society, marked by political fragmentation, hierarchical social structures, and cultural diversity, finds a strong reflection in Telangana. 1. Telangana Armed Struggle (1946-1951): The agranan landscape ot Telangatia was historically dommated by landlords, peasants, and landless agricultural workers. Under the Nizam's rule, land ownership was concentrated in the hands of Jagirdars and Deshmukhs, resulting in widespread exploitation. ‘The formation of Andhra Mahasabha in 1928, which later became the Rythu Sangham, marked the beginning of organized resistance. The movement's demands centered on abolishing vetti (forced labor), reducing tenant exploitation, transferring land rights to actual cultivators, and dismantling the Jagirdari system. The murder of Doddi Komaraiah in 1946 ignited widespread mobilization, particularly in Nalgonda, Warangal, Karimnagar, and Khammam districts. Despite severe repression by the Nizam’s forces and razakars, leaders like Ravi Narayana Reddy, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, and Baddam Yella Reddy led the struggle, which continued until 1951. The movement not only politicized the rural masses but also led to the first instance of surplus land distribution in India. 2. Peasant Movements in the 1970s and 1980s: Organizations such as Rythu Coolie Sangham and Bharatiya Kisan Sangh spearheaded movements focusing on land distribution, rights to temple lands, and forest land allocation. During the 1970s, agitations primarily targeted surplus land distribution and temple lands. The 1980s saw a shift towards issues like fair pricing, rural indebtedness, and rising power tariffs. In response to these movements, the government implemented measures such as declaring minimum support prices (MSP) for agricultural products, offering farm loans, providing power subsidies, and distributing land to landless laborers.3. Impact of Globalization in the 1990s: Conclusion: ‘The economic reforms introduced in Telangana as part of Andhra Pradesh led to increased corporate investment in agriculture, reduced subsidies, and greater market autonomy. However, these changes also triggered agricultural distress and a rise in farmer suicides. Various movements, both political and non-political, arose in opposition to neoliberal policies. A notable event was the police firing during a protest against power tariff hikes in Basheerbagh in 2004, resulting in tho deaths of farmora: ‘These movements contributed to a shift im the political landscape, leading to the inclusion of agriculture in the development agenda. The government initiated land reforms under Indira Kranthi Patham (IKP) and established a "Land Committee" in 2004. Movements persisted in demanding fair prices, active markets, loan waivers, and land allocation for the private sector in and around Hyderabad. The "Movements for Land” campaign led to the occupation of lands and the subsequent distribution of land to SCs & STs, along with the enforcement of the Land Transfer Regulation (LTR) Act of 1970 for the restoration of tribal lands. The ongoing struggle for agrarian justice highlights the crucial role of grassroots activism in influencing policy and driving societal change. 2. Evaluate the impact of women's movements in Telangana on confronting patriarchal norms and promoting gender equality. Introduction: Women's movements in the region have played a pivotal role in challenging patriarchal norms and advocating for gender rights and dignity. 1. Historical Context: + Symbolic Figures and Early Resistance: Women like Rani Rudrama, Sammakka-Saralamma, and Rani Shankeramma represent early resistance against injustice, symbolizing the fight for self-respect and justice in Telangana. Their legacies underscore the role of women in socio-cultural resistance. + Telangana Armed Struggle: Women's significant participation in the peasant rebellion during the Telangana Armed Struggle marked a crucial shift inacknowledging women's roles in socio-political movements, laying the foundation for future women's movements in the region. 2. Post-Independence Movements: + Arya Samaj Movement: © Established in Hyderabad in 1892, the Arya Samaj movement opposed discrimination under the Nizam’s rule, promoting Hindu cultural unity, monotheism, and the abolition of untouchability. © Leaders of the Arya Samaj defied government restrictions and mobilized people, contributing to essential socio-cultural and political reforms that benefited women’s rights. + Women's Rights Movements: © In the 1970s and 1980s, movements emerged focusing on women's land rights, the abolition of the jogini system (temple prostitution), and addressing domestic violence. © Organizations such as the Andhra Mahila Sabha and Mahila Sangham were instrumental in advocating for women's rights and welfare, shaping the feminist discourse in Telangana. 3. Impact on Policy and Society: + Policy Reforms: Women's movements in Telangana have significantly influenced policy changes, leading to the provision of property rights for women, reservations in political representation, and the development of schemes aimed at improving women's education and health. + Societal Change: These movements have heen emcial in raising awareness and fostering social change by challenging traditional gender oles. They have contributed to the empawerment of women across warions aspects of life, promoting a more equitable society. Conclusion: Through persistent activism and advocacy, thesc movements have achieved considerable progress in policy reforms and shifting societal attitudes, playing a critical role in advancing gender justice and empowerment in the region. 3. Examine the historical impact of Ramji Goud's revolt against British and Nizam rule within the broader framework of tribal movements in Telangan:Introduction: The revolt led by Ramji Goud between 1857-1860 stands as a significant chapter in the early tribal resistance in Telangana, marking a critical period of defiance against the dominance of both British colonial forces and the Nizam’s rule. Historical Significance: 1. Assertion of Tribal Sovereignty: Ramji Goud, a prominent tribal leader in the Nirmal and Adilabad regions, led a revolt that was a direct assertion of the tribal communities’ quest to preserve their sovereignty and resist external imposition on their lands andiway of life 2. Dual Oppression Resistance: The revolt targeted both the British and the Nizam's forces, highlighting the dual layers of exploitation and oppression that the tribal populations faced. The conflict was exacerbated by the 1853 treaty between the Nizam and the East India Company, which intensified the exploitation of tribal lands and resources. 3. Traditional Warfare and Indigenous Resistance: The use of traditional weapons by Ramji Goud and his followers underscores the reliance on indigenous methods of warfare. This approach not only reflects the courage and resilience of the tribal warriors but also the deep-rooted connection to their cultural practices in the face of foreign aggression. 4. Legacy and Inspiration for Future Movements: Although the revolt was eventually suppressed, it left an enduring legacy that inspired future tribal movements in Telangana. Ramji Goud’s rebellion became a symbol of resistance and continues to motivate tribal communities in their ongoing struggles for autonomy and self-respect. Conclusion: The rebellion Set a powerfull precedent for future uprisings, reinforcing the spirit of defiance and resilience within the tribal communitit 4, Examine the influence of Komaram Bheem's uprising on the advancement of tribal rights in Telangana. Introduction: Komaram Bheem's uprising (1940-1950) stands as a pivotal episode in the history of tribal movements in Telangana Impact on Tribal Rights Movement: 1. Exposure of Injustices: Bheem's revolt highlighted severe injustices faced by tribal communities, including land dispossession, excessive taxation, forcedlabor (vetti), and socio-cultural marginalization. His leadership united the tribals in resistance against these pervasive issues. “Jal, Jungle, Jameen" Slogan: The slogan “Jal, Jungle, Jameen" (Water, Forest, Land) coined by Bheem became a powerful emblem for the tribal rights movement. It articulated the essential demands of the tribals for access to their natural resources and traditional territories. 3. Government Response and Reforms: The revolt led the Nizam to engage C.F. Haimendorf to investigate tribal grievances. Haimendorf's subsequent recommendations resulted in legal refarms|that acknowledged tribal land rights and provided safeguards against exploitation. 4. Enduring Legacy and Influence: The martyrdom of Komaram Bheem continues to resonate within the tribal communities of Telangana. His struggle for justice and rights serves as an enduring symbol of resistance against systemic oppression and exploitation. Conclusion: Bheem’s legacy persists as a source of inspiration for ongoing efforts to achieve justice and self-determination for tribal communities. 5. Examine the current challenges encountered by tribal movements in Telangana amid the backdrop of economic liberalization and reforms. Introduction: Economie liberalization and reforms have significantly impacted tribal communities in Telangana, presenting 4 range of contemporary challenges. Contemporary Challenges: 1. Land Alienation and Displacement: The push for economic development has ed to extensive mining operations, theereation of Special Reonomic Zones (SEZs), and other industrial activities in’ tribal regions; These initiatives have resulted in the loss of traditional lands and forced displacement of tribal populations 2. Disruption of Socio-Cultural Systems: The encroachment of modernization and external influences has undermined traditional socio-cultural systems within tribal communities. This disruption has led to social fragmentation and the erosion of cultural practices, affecting tribal identity. 3. Poverty and Unemployment: Despite economic reforms, tribal communities often remain marginalized from their benefits. The lack of sustainable economicopportunities has perpetuated high levels of poverty and unemployment within these communities. 4, Health Issues: Tribal areas face significant health challenges, including the spread of diseases and inadequate access to healthcare facilities. Poor infrastructure and limited medical resources exacerbate these health concerns, impacting overall well-being. 5. Conflict and Insecurity: The ongoing conflict between extremist groups and law enforcement in tribal regions has often led to the victimization of tribal people. This strife contributes fo @ senselof insecurity and fear among tribal communities. Contemporary Movements: Organizations such as the Adivasi Hakkula Porata Samithi, Human Rights Forum, and Gondwana Adivasi Koya Sangham are actively engaged in advocating for tribal rights. These groups focus on addressing land rights issues, advancing socio-economic development, and providing protection against exploitation. Conclusion: Effectively addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that safeguards tribal rights while promoting sustainable and equitable development. 6. Examine the contributions of prominent leaders to the Dalit movements under the Nizam's rule in Telangana. Introduction: Under the Nizam's rule, Dalit movements in Telangana gained momentum through the efforts of several influential leaders dedicated to addressing social inequities and advancing the rights of marginalized communities. These leaders played crucial roles in promoting social-reform, education, and self-respect among, Dalits. Key Leaders and Their Contributions: 1. Bhagya Reddy Verma: © Founded key organizations such as Manne Sangam (1911), Adi Hindu Social Service League, and Swastik Dal (1923). © Championed education, scientific advancement, vegetarianism, and community dining to enhance unity among Dalit subcastes. © Opposed social evils like the Jogini-Basivini-Devadasi systems and the practice of indiscriminate animal slaughter during festivals.2. Arigay Rama Swamy: © Established the Adi Hindu Jaathi Unnathisabha in 1922, which aimed to elevate the social status and self-respect of Dalits. © Collaborated with other leaders to mobilize Dalits, fostering awareness and unity within the community. 3. Harischandra Heda and Gnankumari Heda: © Played significant roles as Secretary and Treasurer, respectively, in the Harijan Sevak Sangh. © Focused on gocial reforms through education and efforts to uplift Dalits. 4, J.H. Subbiah: Instrumental in organizing Dalits and advocating for their rights. o Established the Suppressed Classes Association and Scheduled Castes Federation to promote self-respect and empowerment among Dalits. 5. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: © Visited Hyderabad and Secunderabad in 1944, inspiring Dalits to engage in politics and assert their rights. © Encouraged active participation of Dalit women in the struggle for rights, fostering empowerment and self-advocacy. Conclusion: ‘Their initiatives laid the groundwork for future movements, fostering Dalit identity, self-respect, and nity while advancing the canse af sacial justice and eqnality 7. Evaluate the influence of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's visit to Hyderabad on the advancement of Dalit movements in Telangana, Introduction: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's visit to Hyderabad and Secunderabad on September 29, 1944, was a pivotal moment in the history of Dalit movements in Telangana. Impact of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's Visit: 1, Catalyst for Political Engagement:© Ambedkar's addresses highlighted the critical need for Dalits to actively participate in politics. © His speeches galvanized the Dalit community to seek political representation and engage in the political process. 2. Empowerment of Dalit Women: © Ambedkar's encouragement extended specifically to Dalit women, urging their active involvement in the fight for rights. © This advocacy led 10 greater participation of Dalit women in social and political movements, enhancing their sense of empowerment 3. Strengthening of Dalit Organizations: © The visit inspired the formation and consolidation of Dalit organizations such as the Scheduled Castes Federation and Ilyderabad State Depressed Classes Association. © These groups played a crucial role in mobilizing the Dalit community, raising awareness, and advocating for their rights. 4. Advancement of Self-Respect: © Ambedkar's emphasis on the principles of self-respect and resonated deeply with Dalits. ty © His visit reinforced the efforts of local leaders like Bhagya Reddy Verma and Arigay Rama Swamy in fostering unity and self-respect among Dalits. 5. Focus on Educational Upliftment: © Ambedkar's advocacy for education as a tool for empowerment underscored its importance in achieving social justi¢e. © The visit catalyzed a renewed emphasis on educational initiatives aimed at improving the socio-economic status of Dalits. Conclusion: His calls for political involvement, the empowerment of women, and the promotion of education significantly strengthened the Dalit community's resolve to pursue their rights, laying a robust foundation for future advocacy and reforms.8. Trace the development of Dalit movements in Telangana after independence, highlighting the key features and changes across the three distinct phases Introduction: The evolution of Dalit movements in Telangana post-independence reflects a dynamic progression through three distinct phases: 1950-1980, 1980-1990, and 1990 to the present. First Phase (1950-1980): 1. Abolition of Exploitative Practices: © Focused on eradicating bonded labor systems such as vetti, Bhageela, Jeetham, and child labor. © Addressed social evils like untouchability and the Jogini system, aiming for comprehensive social reform. 2, Emergence of Leaders: o Key figures such as T.N. Sada Lakshmi, J. Eshwari Bai, and G. Venkata ‘Swamy played pivotal roles in advocating for Dalit rights. © These leaders leveraged various political platforms to mobilize and address Dalit issues effectively. 3. Political Mobilization: © Political parties became instrumental in bringing Dalit issues to the forefront, driving movements for systemic social reforms. Second Phase (1980-1990): 1, Combating Caste Violence and Atrocities: © Focus shifted to addressing caste-based violence and atrocities, with increased efforts telensure justice for victims © Leaders and parties worked to assert Dalit rights and combat systemic discrimination. 2, New Leadership: © Emergence of new leaders across different levels of governance, from local panchayats to national parliament, enhanced coordination on Dalit issues. © This era saw increased collaboration among political leaders and parties tw tackle caste viulenve and distiiminativn,Third Phase (1990-Present): 1, Sub-Caste Consciousness and Categorization Movements: © Movements such as the Madiga Hakkula Parirakshana Samithi (MRPS) advocated for the classification of Scheduled Castes and tailored reservation policies. © The Mala community, in response, organized as Mala Mahanadu, challenging the categorization efforts. 2. Fragmentation and Unity: © Despite fragmentation into various sub-castes, Dalit movements have maintained a united stance on broader social issues. © Organizations like Nethakani, Chindu, Dakkali, and Begari have emerged, demanding rights and political representation. 3. Political and Social Organizations: Establishment of Dalit-centric political unite and organizations such as Kula Nirmulana Porata Samithi (KNPS), Dalitha Hakkula Porata Samithi (DHPS), and Kula Vivaksha Vyathireka Porata Sangam (KVVPS) to mobilize communities. © Alignment with other backward classes and formation of associations like Chillara Kulala Sangam and Ambedkar Yuvajana Sangams to broaden the scope of advocacy. Conclusion: Despite the challenges, these movements remain a critical force in the pursuit of equality and justice for marginalized communities in Telangana. 9, Evaluate the historical impact of women's movements in Telangana, focusing on their contributions to the Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle. Telangana has a storied tradition of women actively participating in movements for self-respect and autonomy. Historical figures such as Rani Rudrama, Rani Shankaramma, and Sammakka-Saralamma have long been symbols of women's leadership and resistance. Role in the Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle: 1, Background of the Struggle:© The Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle (1946-1951) was a rebellion against the exploitative socio-economic system controlled by feudal lords and the autocratic Nizam. © The movement was led by the Andhra Mahasabha and the Communist Party, encompassing small farmers, landless laborers, and other marginalized groups. 2. Participation of Women: © Women were integral to the’ struggle, performing essential non-combat roles such as organizing processions, relaying communication, nursing the wounded, and supplying food to underground operatives. © Notable figures like Chakali Ailamma and Kamalamma engaged directly in resistance activities. Chakali Ailamma fought against local Deshmukhs attempting to seize her land, while Kamalamma opposed her exploitation by an upper-caste family. 3. Notable Women Leaders: © Prominent leaders such as Mallu Swarajyam, Arutla Kamala Devi, and Chakali Ailamma played critical roles in guerrilla warfare and armed resistance. © These leaders endured severe hardship, including physical torture and sexual exploitation by Razakars and landlords. 4, Impact and Legacy: © The involvement of women in the peasant struggle underscored their political awareness and commitment to social justice. © The book "We Were Making History! Women in the Telangana Uprising” by the Stree Shakti Sanghatana highlights the profatind impact women had on the movement. Conclusion: Their contributions not only influenced the course of the struggle but also continue to inspire contemporary movements advocating for women's rights and social justice in Telangana. 10. Examine the transformation of women's movements in Telangana since independence, with an emphasis on the shift from addressing class-related issues to prioritizing gender-specific challenges.Introduction: In post-independence Telangana, the trajectory of women's movements underwent a notable transformation, mirroring broader social and political shifts. Evolution of Women's Movements: 1 1950s-1960s: Initial Phase © The carly phase saw influcntial leaders such as Sangam Lakshmi Bai, Padmaja Naidu, and Mallu Swarajyam emerging from political backgrounds. Their primary focus was on class-based issues, including land rights, improved wages for agricultural laborers, and famine relief. © During this petiod, women’s activism was largely integrated into broader political movements, with less emphasis on distinct gender-related concerns 2, 1970s: Emergence of Gender-Specific Issues © The 1970s marked a pivotal shift as awareness grew regarding gender- specific issues like dowry deaths, sexual harassment, and domestic violence. © The formation of the Progressive Organization for Women (POW) represented this transition, concentrating on issues pertinent to middle- class women through a socielist feminist lens. The slogan "Personal is political” highlighted the intertwining of personal and political spheres in women's oppression. 3. 1980s: Formation of Autonomous Women's Groups © The 1980s saw the rise of Autonomous Women’s Groups (AWGs) such as Anveshi and Asmita, which emphasized feminist perspectives and sought autonomy from patriarchal suuctures. © These groups addréased a broad spectrum/of issues including equal pay, the right to work, and the alleviation of the dual burden of domestic and professional responsibilities. 4, 1990s: Institutionalization and Globalization © The early 1990s anti-arrack agitation, driven by the Akshara Jyothi literacy movement, highlighted the intersection of illiteracy, poverty, and alcoholism. © This period also saw the state beginning to institutionalize women's movements through initiatives like Self Help Groups (SHGs) and women's commissions, marking a shift towards state-supported frameworks.5. 2000s Onwards: Diversification and Inclusivity © From the 2000s, women’s movements diversified to address a variety of regional, local, caste, ethnic, and minority-specific issues. The Telangana Jagruthi, led by Kalvakuntla Kavitha, utilized cultural symbols such as Bathukamma and Bonalu to mobilize support for the separate Telangana state movement. © There was a notable increase in women’s participation across different economic sectors and a growing role in collective decision-making processes Conclusion: This progression has led to a more nuanced and inclusive approach to advocating for women's rights, profoundly influencing both regional and societal dynamics. 11. Examine the contributions of women to the separate Telangana state movement and assess how their involvement influenced their socio-political status. Introduction: The movement for a separate Telangana state witnessed substantial contributions from women, who played critical roles in advocating for statehood and challenging existing socio-political structures. Role of Women in the Separate Telangana Movement: 1, Leadership and Advocacy: © Prominent leaders such as J. Eshwari Bai and T.N. Sada Lakshmi emerged as strong vnices for Telangana's statehaod They mised their platforms to address both regional injustices and women's rights. © Professor Rama Melkote led the Women's Joint Action Committee, driving the mobilization efforts for the Telangana movement, 2. Cultural and Grassroots Mobilization: © Under the leadership of Kalvakuntla Kavitha, Telangana Jagruthi utilized cultural symbols like Bathukamma and Bonalu to rally women and galvanize support for statehood © Activists such as Belli Lalitha, Vimalakka, and Gogu Shyamala played vital roles in grassroots organizing, which helped in shaping public opinion and fostering regional identity.ay Challenging Social Norms: © Women leaders actively opposed exploitative practices such as the Jogini, Basivini, and Devadasi systems, striving to uplift marginalized women in rural areas. © They also advocated for greater representation of women in traditional institutions like temple trust boards, challenging entrenched patriarchal norms. Impact on Socio-Political Status: 1 Increased Political Engagement: The active involvement of women in the movement resulted in heightened political awareness and participation. Women began advocating for their rights more assertively, seeking greater representation and opportunities in legislative bodies and other sectors. Socio-Economic Empowerment: The success of the statehood movement underscored the crucial role of women in the socio-economic development of the region. This led to the implementation of initiatives aimed at women's empowerment, including the creation of women's commissions and SHE Teams to address issues such as harassment and violence. Enduring Legacy of Activism: The involvement of women in the Telangana movement has left a lasting legacy, motivating future generations of women to engage in socio-political activism. This movement highlighted the significant contributions of women to beth regional and national politics, fostering a more inclusive and equitable political environment. Conclusion: Their leadership, cultural engagement, and advocacy for social justice have not only advanced the cause of statehood but also set the stage for increased political participation and socio-economic empowerment of women in Telangana. 12. Examine the progression and significance of the Human Rights Movement in Telangana, focusing on its key phases and their impact on society. Introduction: The Human Rights Movement in Telangana has played a significant role in shaping the region's socio-political landscape. Originating from early 20th-century opposition to autocratic rule, the movement has evolved to address various forms of state repression and socio-economic injustices. Evolution and Phases:1, Early Roots and Pre-Independence Struggles: © The movement's origins can be traced to early 20th-century efforts like the Hindu Civil Liberties Union, which opposed the autocratic Nizam's regime. © The pre-independence period saw significant resistance against oppressive governance, laying the groundwork for future human rights advocacy. 2, Post-Independence Developments: © The 1950s witnessed movements such as the Mulki agitation, which fought for local employment quotas amidst a backdrop of integration into India © The 1970s marked the emergence of organizations like the Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee (APCLC), which continued the struggle for civil liberties and justice. 3. Autonomous Activism and State Repression: © The movement gained momentum through the efforts of professionals who tackled civil liberties and political rights issues. ©. It intensified in response to state repression, particularly during periods marked by draconian laws like the Disturbed Areas Act and Emergency provisions. Organizations such as PUCL, OPDR, and HRF played crucial roles in challenging these abuses. 4. Contemporary Issues and Expansion: 5 In the era af globalization, the movement hroadened its seape to address issues related to land acquisition, SEZs, and displacement, particularly affecting marginalized groups like farmers and tribal communities. © The movement also engaged with contemporary social issues, including LGBTQ+ rights and women's rights, reflecting its evolving agenda. 5. Criticism and Contributions: © While the movement has faced criticism for its focus on state violence, its contributions to advocating for democratic rights and exposing human rights abuses have been significant. © It has played a crucial role in raising societal awareness and promoting accountability within the region.Conclusion: From its early struggles against autocratic rule to its current engagement with a range of socio-economic and political issues, the movement continues to play a key role in addressing human rights concerns and fostering greater societal awareness and accountability. 13. Evaluate the contributions of prominent leaders and organizations to the Human Rights Movement in Telanganalbetween 1970 and 1990. How did their efforts shape the human rights discourse in India during this period? Introduction: The period between 1970 and 1990 was pivotal for the Human Rights Movement in Telangana, marked by significant contributions from key leaders and organizations. Key Leaders and Organizations: 1, APCLC and PUCL: Formation and Leadership: The Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee (APCLC), led by KG. Kannabiran, and the People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), with leaders like Balwanth Reddy and M.V. Rama Murthy, were instrumental in advancing civil liberties and addressing state repression. © Activities and Impact: Both organizations engaged in extensive legal advocacy, public awareness campaigns, and documentation of human rights abuses, challenging the excesses of state power and contributing to legal reforms. 2. Individual Contributio © Varavara Rao: Known for his literary activism, Rao used his writings to critique state violence and support the movement's objectives. © Kaloji Narayana Rao: A renowned poet and activist, Rao's involvement brought intellectual depth and popular support to the cause, influencing public opinion and mobilizing mass support. 3. Influence on Human Rights Discourse: © Local and National Impact: The efforts of these leaders and organizations highlighted severe human rights abuses such as extra- judicial killings and political repression, influencing national discussions on civil liberties, particularly during the Emergency period.© Setting Precedents: Their documentation of abuses and legal challenges established important precedents for human rights activism and legal interventions in India. 4. Legacy and Broader Influent © Expansion of Advocacy: By addressing broader issues such as socio- economic rights and environmental justice, these leaders and organizations expanded the scope of human rights advocacy beyond immediate legal concerns. c Alignment with International Norms: Their work aligned with international, human rights standards, contributing to a more comprehensive approach to human rights in India. Conclusion: Their contributions not only advanced the cause of civil liberties and justice in the region but also significantly influenced the national human rights discourse, fostering a culture of accountability and advocacy in India. 14. Examine the key challenges and accomplishments of the Human Rights Movement in Telangana since 1990. How has the movement evolved in response to modern socio-political developments? Introduction: The Human Rights Movement in Telangana has faced significant traneformations since 1990, shaped by globalization, technological advancements, and shifting socio-political contexts. Challenges: 1. Impact of Globalization: The era of globalization brought complex issues such as land acquisition, spécial economies zones’ (SF7s)), and displacement, exacerbating socio-economic inequelities and challenging established human rights norms. 2, Political Resistance: The movement faced substantial resistance from political entities, including attempts to undermine civil liberties through legislative measures like the Police Bill, which reflected broader state efforts to suppress dissent. Achievement:1, Broadened Focus: The movement successfully expanded its agenda to include advocacy for marginalized groups such as farmers, Dalits, and LGBTQ+ communities, addressing various forms of discrimination and violence. 2. Legal and Advocacy Successes: Persistent legal challenges and advocacy efforts garnered international attention and influenced policy debates and judicial outcomes, highlighting local human rights issues on a global stage. Adaptations: 1, Digital and Social Media Engagement: ‘The movement adeptly incorporated digital platforms and social media, enhancing,its outreach and mobilizing support, particularly among younger and urban demographics. 2. Strategic Alliances: Building coalitions with global human rights organizations and local civil society groups strengthened advocacy efforts, providing crucial support in confronting both state and corporate challenges. Conclusion: Despite encountering challenges related to globalization and political resistance, the Human Rights Movement in Telangana has shown remarkable resilience and adaptability since 1990.