Physics for Engineers 1 Lecture

VECTORS
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 Physics for Engineers 1 Lecture

Introduction to
Vectors
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Identify a vector quantity from a scalar quantity

▪ Calculate the components of a vector
▪ Write the vector in different notations
▪ Draw the vector in the Cartesian Coordinate System
1. Scalars and Vectors
2. Vector and Scalar Notations
3. Components of a Vector
4. Graphical Representation of Vector in Cartesian
Coordinate System
5. Unit Vector
6. Conceptual Questions
Scalar Quantity
▪ A quantity with magnitude only

Examples:
▪ work, 98 J ▪ length, 12”
▪ power, 100 w ▪ area, 24 sq.m.
▪ speed, 35 m/s ▪ volume, 1.5 li
▪ mass, 80 kgs ▪ density, kg/m3
▪ distance, 5 m ▪ temperature, 27 oC
Vector Quantity
▪ a quantity with both magnitude and direction

Examples:
▪ velocity, 35 m/s 30o North of East
▪ displacement, 40 m from the origin
▪ gravitational pull to earth, 9.8 m/s2
▪ acceleration 25 m/s2 to the right
▪ force, 35 N rightward
(e.g.: weight, friction, normal, lift, thrust, drag)
▪ Scalars are represented by lines 5 km
whose length is proportional to the 8 km

magnitude
▪ Vectors are represented by arrows
▪ The direction of arrow gives the
direction of vector
▪ The length of a arrow is proportional 14 Newton

to the magnitude of the vector

 d
Vector Scalar

Bold letter Normal letter

F F
9.8 m/s2 A

A A
F 8 Newton
Vector Notations
Polar Form N = N, 

Rectangular Form N = Nx𝑖Ƹ + Ny𝑗Ƹ + Nz𝑘෠

(Unit Vector Form)
Ordered Set N = (Nx, Ny, Nz)
Nx
Matrix N = Ny
Nz
Vector Notations Magnitude N

Direction 
Polar Form N = N, 

Rectangular Form N = Nx𝑖Ƹ + Ny𝑗Ƹ + Nz𝑘෠

(Unit Vector Form)
Components
Ordered Set N = (Nx, Ny, Nz) x, y, z

Nx
Matrix N = Ny
Nz
Vector Notations
Polar Form G = 89 Newton, 45o North of East

Unit Vector E = 4𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ + 23𝑘෠

Form
Ordered Set M = (3, 5, -10)

−7
Matrix P=
11
Vector Notations
Polar Form G = 89 Newton, 45o NE

Magnitude Direction
G = 89 N  = 45o NE
Vector Notations
Unit Vector Form E = 4𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ + 23𝑘෠

x-component y-component z-component

Ex = 4𝑖Ƹ Ey = −8jƸ Ez = 23k෠
Vector Notations
Ordered Set M = (3, 5, -10)

x-component y-component z-component

Mx = 3 My = 5 Mz = −10
Vector Notations
x-component
Px = −7

−7
Matrix P=
11

y-component
Py = 11
▪ Vector V represents a vector quantity
▪ First, horizontal and vertical lines are drawn from the tail
of the vector
▪ Second, a triangle is drawn that encloses the vector V
▪ The sides of the rectangle are the desired components,
vectors Vx and Vy

https://www.jfinternational.com/ph/vectors-scalars-analytic-method.html
Calculation of vector
components:
x-component of Vector A:
Ax = A cos
y-component of Vector A:
Ax = A sin

Note:
 makes with the horizontal
Given:
vector A = 5 Newton, 37o N of E

vector A = 5 Newton, 37o N of E

magnitude A direction
A = 5 Newton  = 37o N of E
Example:
Resolve the vector A = 5 N, 37o N of E.
(Resolving a vector means finding its components)

Solution:
Ax = A cos = 5 cos37o = 4 N

Ay = A sin = 5 sin37o = 3 N
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF VECTOR

https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/2-2-coordinate-systems-and-components-of-a-vector
 First Quadrant

Vector Notations
A = 5 m/s, 37o N of E
A = 5 m/s, E37oN
A = 5 m/s, 53o E of N
37o A = 5 m/s, N53oE

A = 4𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ
4
https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/2-2- A = (4, 3) A=
coordinate-systems-and-components-of-a-vector 3
 Second Quadrant
Vector Notations
A = 5 m/s, 37o N of W
A = 5 m/s, W37oN
A = 5 m/s, 53o W of N
A = 5 m/s, N53oW
37o A = 5 m/s, 143o
A = −4𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ
−4
A = (-4, 3) A=
https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/2-2-
coordinate-systems-and-components-of-a-vector
3
 Third Quadrant
Vector Notations

A = 5 m/s, 37o S of W
A = 5 m/s, W37oS
A = 5 m/s, 53o W of S
A = 5 m/s, S53oW
37o A = 5 m/s, 217o
A = −4𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ
−4
A = (-4, -3) A=
https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/2-2-
coordinate-systems-and-components-of-a-vector
−3
 Fourth Quadrant
Vector Notations
A = 5 m/s, 37o S of E
A = 5 m/s, E37oS
A = 5 m/s, 53o E of S
A = 5 m/s, S53oE
37o A = 5 m/s, -37o

A = 4𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ
4
A = (4, -3) A=
https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/2-2- −3
coordinate-systems-and-components-of-a-vector
UNIT VECTOR
▪ A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of exactly 1.
▪ Unit vectors point along axes in a right-hand coordinate
system.

https://byjus.com/maths/unit-vector/
3D space
xyz axes

http://mathonline.wikidot.com/standard-unit-vectors
Cartesian Vector Representation:
A = Ax𝑖Ƹ + Ay𝑗Ƹ + Az𝑘෠

Magnitude of Cartesian Vector:

2 2 2
A= 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧
 Important:
xyz axes may
be rotated

https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/2-2-coordinate-systems-and-components-of-a-vector
 P = 2i + 3j + 5k

ilbeinformation.tistory.com
Example:

Find the magnitude and direction of the torque applied to the

nut. https://d3bxy9euw4e147.cloudfront.net/oscms-prodcms/media/documents/UniversityPhysicsVolume1-OP_gUzvYbP.pdf

Solution:

 = FR sin
20.00 N

 = (20.00 N)(0.25 m)sin40o

 = 3.21 N.m CCW answer 0.25 m
40o
1. Which of the following is a vector: a person’s height, the
altitude on Mt. Everest, the velocity of a fly, the age of
Earth, the boiling point of water, the cost of a book,
Earth’s population, or the acceleration of gravity?
2. Can a magnitude of a vector be negative?

3. Give an example of a nonzero vector that has a

component of zero.
Problem 1:

A scuba diver makes a slow descent into the depths of the ocean. His
vertical position with respect to a boat on the surface changes several
times. He makes the first stop 9.0 m from the boat but has a problem with
equalizing the pressure, so he ascends 3.0 m and then continues
descending for another 12.0 m to the second stop. From there, he
ascends 4 m and then descends for 18.0 m, ascends again for 7 m and
descends again for 24.0 m, where he makes a stop, waiting for his buddy.
Assuming the positive direction up to the surface, express his net vertical
displacement vector in terms of the unit vector. What is his distance to the
boat?
answer ℎ= −49 m 𝑢ො , 49 m
Problem 2:

Assuming the +x-axis is horizontal

and points to the right, resolve the
vectors given in the following figure to
their scalar components and express
them in vector component form.

Answers:
𝐴Ԧ = +8.66 𝑖Ƹ +5.00 𝑗Ƹ
𝐵 = +30.09 𝑖Ƹ +39.93 𝑗Ƹ
𝐶Ԧ = = +6.00 𝑖Ƹ −10.39 𝑗Ƹ
𝐷 = −15.97 𝑖Ƹ +12.04 𝑗Ƹ
F→ = −17.32 𝑖Ƹ −10.00 𝑗Ƹ
 Physics for Engineers 1 Lecture

Vector Addition
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Add and subtract vectors written as matrix or ordered set

▪ Add and subtract vectors written as ordered set
▪ Add and subtract vectors using the unit vector notations
▪ Add and subtract vectors written in polar form
1. Resultant Vector
2. Addition of Vectors written as Matrix
3. Addition of Vectors written as Ordered Set
4. Addition of Vectors in Unit Vector Form
5. Addition of Vectors in Polar Form
6. Addition of Parallel Vectors
7. Addition of Anti-Parallel Vectors
8. Addition of Two Orthogonal Vectors
9. Magnitude and Direction of a Vector
10. Resultant of Three or More Vectors
▪ Combining vectors using vector addition results to
one vector called resultant or resultant vector
denoted by “R”

▪ The vector addition process depends on whether

vectors are parallel, anti-parallel, orthogonal, etc.
https://www.jobilize.com/physics1/test/
algebra-of-vectors-in-one-dimension-
by-openstax
 Ax Bx
Given: A = Ay B = By
Az Bz

Ax +Bx
Formula:
R = A + B = Ay +By
Az+Bz
Example 1: Add vectors A and B

2 −6
A = −3 B= 5
0 4
Solution: 2 + (−6)
R = A + B = (−3) + 5
0+4
−4
R= 2 answer
4
Example 2: Find the resultant of the vectors A, B, C, and D
2 6 0 −1
A = −3 B= 5 C= 7 D = −9
0 4 0 −3

Solution: 2 + 6 + 0 + (−1)
R = A + B + C + D = (−3) + 5 + 7 + (−9)
0 + 4 + 0 + (−3)
7
R= 0 answer
1
Example 3: Calculate the vector resultant of M, N, P, and Q
12 0
−9 0
M = −20 N= P= Q= 0
0 2
10 1
note: N and P have zero z-component

Solution: 12 + −9 + 0 + 0
R = M + N + P + Q = (−20) + 0 + 2 + 0
10 +0 + 0 + 1
3
R = −18 answer
11
Given: A = (𝐴𝑥, 𝐴𝑦, 𝐴𝑧) B = (𝐵𝑥, 𝐵𝑦, 𝐵𝑧)

Formula: R = A+B = [ 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧 ]
Example 1: Add vectors C and D

C = (3, 4, −5) D = (0, −3, 9)

Solution:
R = C + D = [ 3 + 0 + 4 − 3 + −5 + 9 ]

R = (3, 1, 4) answer
Example 2: Find the resultant of C, D, E, F and G
note: vectors have zero z-component
C = (3, 0) D = (0, −3) E = (−2, −2)
F = (7, 8) G = (9, −1)
Solution:
R = C+D+E+F+G
=[ 3+0−2+7+9 + 0−3−2+8−1 ]

R = (17, 2) answer
Given: A = Ax𝑖Ƹ + Ay𝑗Ƹ + Az𝑘෠ B = Bx𝑖Ƹ + By𝑗Ƹ + Bz𝑘෠

Formula: R = A+B = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘෠
Example 1: Add vectors A and B

A = 4𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ + 23𝑘෠ B = 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑘෠

Solution:
R = A + B = 4 + 1 𝑖Ƹ + −8 + 3 𝑗Ƹ + 23 − 2 𝑘෠

R = 5𝑖Ƹ − 5𝑗Ƹ + 21𝑘෠ answer

Example 2: Evaluate 5(2B – A), given vectors A and B
A = 4𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ + 23𝑘෠ B = 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑘෠
Solution:
5(2B – A) = 5 [ 2 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑘෠ − (4𝑖Ƹ − 8𝑗Ƹ + 23𝑘)
෠ ]
5(2B – A) = 5 [ 2𝑖Ƹ + 6𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘෠ + ( − 4𝑖Ƹ + 8𝑗Ƹ − 23𝑘)
෠ ]
5(2B – A) = 5 [2𝑖Ƹ + 6𝑗Ƹ − 4𝑘෠ − 4𝑖Ƹ + 8𝑗Ƹ − 23𝑘෠ ]
5(2B – A) = 5 [−2𝑖Ƹ + 14𝑗Ƹ − 27𝑘෠ ]
5(2B – A) = −10𝑖Ƹ + 70𝑗Ƹ − 135𝑘෠ answer
 A = 10 m/s, 30o NE note:
Given: NE means North of East
B = 25 m/s, 50o SW SW means South of West

Step 1: Determine in what quadrant the vectors lie

Step 2: Determine the components of each vector.
Approach: Step 3: Choose a notation (matrix, ordered set, or
unit vector form) to represent the vector
using its components
Step 4: Proceed with the vector addition, based on
the notation selected.
Example 1: Add vectors A and B

A = 10 m/s, 30o NE

B = 25 m/s, 50o SW
Solution:
Step 1: Determine in what quadrant the vectors lie.
Vector A lies in 1st Quadrant:
x-component Ax = positive (+)
y-component Ay = positive (+)

Vector B lies in 3rd Quadrant:

x-component Bx = negative(-)
y-component By =negative(-)
Step 2: Determine the components of each vector.

Components of A:
Ax = A cos = 10 cos30o = 10(0.8660) = +8.66 m/s
Ay = A sin = 10 sin30o = 10(0.5000) = +5.00 m/s

Components of B:
Bx = -B cos = -25cos50o = -25(0.6428) = -16.07m/s
By = -B sin = -25sin50o = -25(0.7660) = -19.15 m/s
Step 3: Write the vectors in different notations.
From: Polar Form:
A = 10 m/s, 30o NE
B = 25 m/s, 50o SW

To: Ordered Set: Matrix:

A = (8.66, 5.00) m/s 8.66
B = (-16.07, -19.15) m/s A= m/s
5.00
−16.07
Unit Vector Form: B= m/s
−19.15
A = 8.66𝑖Ƹ + 5.00𝑗Ƹ m/s
B = -16.07𝑖Ƹ − 19.15𝑗Ƹ m/s
Step 4: Proceed with the vector addition.

If ordered set is used, the vector addition is:

R = A + B = [8.66 + (-16.07)], [5.00 + (-19.15)]

R = A + B = (8.66 - 16.07), (5.00 - 19.15)
R = (-7.41, -14.15) m/s answer
Solution, continuation:

If unit vector is used, the vector addition is:

R = A + B = (8.66 -16.07)𝑖Ƹ + (5.00 -19.15)𝑗Ƹ m/s

R = -7.41𝑖Ƹ - 14.15𝑗Ƹ m/s answer

Solution, continuation:

If matrix is used, the vector addition is:

8.66 −16.07
R=A+B= +
5.00 −19.15

−7.41
R= m/s answer
−14.15
▪ Parallel vectors have same direction
▪ Equal vectors have same magnitude and direction
▪ To get their resultant: Add the magnitude of parallel
vectors, and copy their direction
Given:
A = 10 N, B = 12N
Solution:
C=A+B
C = 10 + 12
C = 22 N East
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8030611/
▪ Anti-parallel vectors have exactly opposite directions
▪ To get the resultant:
Subtract the magnitude and follow the direction of the vector
with higher magnitude
Given:
A = 10 N, B = 4 N
Solution:
C=A+B
C = 10 - 4
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8030611/
C = 6 N to the right
▪ Orthogonal vectors are perpendicular vectors
▪ The angle between the two vectors is 90o
▪ To get the resultant: Use the Pythagorean Theorem
Magnitude
R= A2 + B2

Direction
𝐵
𝜃= tan−1
https://www.showmethephysics.com/home/note
s/forces/ResultantsOtherAngles.htm
𝐴
Example 1:
Find the resultant of:
A = 12 N West
B = 5 N North

Solution: −1
𝐵
R= 122 + 52 θ = tan
𝐴
= 144 + 25 −1
5
θ = tan = tan−1 0.4167
12
= 169
R = 13 N θ = 22.62o
Answer: Resultant R = 13 N, 22.62o North of West
Example 2:
Find the resultant.
Refer to the diagram

Solution:
Solution, continuation:
Pythagorean theorem: 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
−1
2 2 2 θ = tan
C =A +B 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

2 2 2
41
R =A +B θ= tan−1
60
θ = 34𝑜
R= A2 + B2

R= 602 + 412 Answer:

Resultant R = 73 N, 34o North of East
R = 73 N
▪ From any vector notation, use the following formula to
get the vector’s magnitude and direction:

Magnitude: Direction:
𝑅𝑦
𝑅= 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 𝜃 = tan −1
𝑅𝑥
Example 1:
Add vectors A and B, and find the magnitude and
direction of their resultant.
A = 10 m/s, 30o NE
B = 25 m/s, 50o SW
Solution:
Though the resultant may be written in different forms,
express the resultant in POLAR FORM, in order to
show its magnitude and direction
Solution: From the previous exercises:

In different notations, the resultant R = A + B is:

Ordered Set R = (-7.41, -14.15) m/s
Unit Vector Form R = -7.41𝑖Ƹ - 14.15𝑗Ƹ m/s
Rx
−7.41
Matrix R= m/s
−14.15 R
Ry
Solution, continuation:
To find the Resultant’s magnitude and direction is:
Rx
R= Rx2 + Ry2
θ
R= (−7.41)2 + (−14.15)2
R = 54.9081 + 200.2225 Ry
R
R = 15.97 m/s
𝑅𝑦
θ= tan−1
𝑅𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟:
−1
14.15 R = 15.97 m/s, 62.35o S of W
θ = tan = 62.35o
7.41
Example 2:

Find the resultant vector of vectors A and B, using

a) Component method
b) Unit vector form
Solution:

a) Component Method:

Mathalino.com
Solution, continuation of (a):
Mathalino.com
Solution:

b) Unit Vector Method:

Mathalino.com
Solution, continuation of (b):

Mathalino.com
Example 3:
Three vectors A, B, and C are shown in the figure below.
Find one vector (magnitude and direction) that will have
the same effect as the three vectors shown below
Solution:

Using Component Method:

Mathalino.com
Solution, continuation:
Solution, continuation:
Problem 1.

Given two displacement vectors

A = (3.00i − 4.00j + 4.00k )m
B = (2.00i + 3.00j − 7.00k )m,
Find the displacements and their magnitudes for:
(a) C=A+B
(b) D=2A−B

Answers:
a. 𝐶Ԧ = (5.0 𝑖Ƹ − 1.0 𝑗Ƹ − 3.0 𝑘෠ )m, C = 5.92 m
Ƹ 15.0 𝑘෠ )m, D =1 9.03 m
b. 𝐷 = (4.0 𝑖Ƹ − 11.0𝑗+
Problem 2.

In an attempt to escape a desert island, a castaway builds a raft and sets

out to sea. The wind shifts a great deal during the day, and she is blown
along the following straight lines: 2.50km and 45.0° north of west, then
4.70km and 60.0° south of east, then 1.30km and 25.0° south of west,
then 5.10 km due east, then 1.70km and 5.00° east of north, then 7.20km
and 55.0° south of west, and finally 2.80km and 10.0° north of east. Find
the resultant vector of all her displacement vectors. What is its magnitude
and direction?
Answer:
𝐷 = (3.3 𝑖Ƹ −6.6 𝑗Ƹ ) km,
i^ is to the east, 7.34 km,−63.5°
 Physics for Engineers 1 Lecture

Vector Product
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Identify the properties of dot product

▪ Calculate the dot product of vectors
▪ Identify the properties of cross product
▪ Calculate the cross product of vectors
1. Characteristics of Dot Product
2. Examples of Dot Product of Vectors
3. Characteristics of Cross Product
4. Examples of Cross Product of Vectors
5. Conceptual Questions
6. Problems
▪ The dot product (scalar product) of vectors A and B is
defined as:
A•B = ABcos
▪ Angle  is the smallest angle between the two vectors and
is always in a range of 0o to 180o
▪ The result of the dot product is a scalar (positive or
negative)
▪ The units of the dot product will be the product of the units
of the A and B vectors
▪ If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz)

A•B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz

▪ If  is the angle between A and B

A•B = ABcos 
 Projection of A on B
A•B = (a)(bcos)

Projection of B on A
A•B = (acos)(b)

A•B = ab cos 

https://blog.faradars.org/dot-product-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8-
%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C/
Geometric Properties of Dot Product

▪ The angle between nonzero vectors A and B is given by:

𝒂∙𝒃
cos = 𝒂 𝒃

▪ The angle between two nonzero vectors A and B is:

acute if A•B > 0
obtuse if A•B < 0
right if A•B = 0
A and B are perpendicular A•B = 0
A and B are parallel A•B = AB

One vector is zero A•B = A•0 = 0•B = 0

Square of A A•B = A2 = A
Commutative Property A•B = B•A
Distributive Property (A+B)•C = A•C + B•C
Example 1:
Find the dot product of vectors A and B
A = (3, 1, 0) Newton B = (-5, 7, 25) meter

Solution:
A•B = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
A•B = (3)(-5) + (1)(7) + (0)(25)
A•B = -15 + 7 + 0
A•B = -8 N.m answer
Example 2:
Find the dot product of vectors F and G
F = 10 N, 30o NE G = 20 N, 65o NE

Solution:
F•G = FGcos 
F•G = (10 N)(20 N) cos(65-30)
F•G = 200 cos 35o
F•G = 163.83 N2 answer
Example 3:
Find the dot product of vectors D and R
D = 10 N, West R = 20 N, North

Solution:
D•R = DRcos 
D•R = (10 N)(20 N) cos (0-90)
D•R = 200 cos 90o
D•R = 0 answer
Example 4:
Find the angle between vectors A and B
A = 10 m/s, 30o B = 25 m/s, 50o
NE SW
Solution:

Step 1: Express the vectors in ordered set notation.

Recall:
A = (8.66, 5.00) m/s Components of A:
B = (-16.07, -19.15) Ax = A cos
Ay = A sin
m/s
Solution, continuation:

Step 2: Calculate the dot product, A•B.

A = (8.66, 5.00) m/s
B = (-16.07, -19.15) m/s

A•B = AxBx + AyBy

A•B = (8.66)(-16.07) + (5.00)(-19.15)
A•B = -139.17 - 95.75
A•B = - 234.92 m2/s2
Solution, continuation:

Step 3: Calculate the product of magnitudes, A B .

A = 10 m/s, 30o NE
B = 25 m/s, 50o SW

A B = (10)(25)

A B = 250
Solution, continuation:
Step 4: Calculate the smallest angle between A and B.
𝐴∙𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝐴 𝐵
− 234.92
cosθ = = -0.94
250
θ = cos-1 (-0.94)

θ = 160o answer
Example 5:
Calculate the scalar product of displacement vector
D= (−7.9j − 4.2k) cm with force vector F= (5.0i+ 12.5j)
N. https://d3bxy9euw4e147.cloudfront.net/oscms-
prodcms/media/documents/UniversityPhysicsVolume1-OP_gUzvYbP.pdf

Solution:
F•D = (5.0 N)(0.0 cm) + (12.5 N)(−7.9 cm) +
(0.0 N)(−4.2 cm)

F•D = −98.7 N·cm answer

▪ The cross product (Vector product) of the vectors A
and B is another vector C
C=AxB
▪ The magnitude of C is defined as:
C = A B sin
▪ The angle  is the smallest angle between A and B
▪ The vector C is perpendicular to the plane of A and B
 Right-hand rule:

https://www.learnpick.in/prime/documents/ppts/details/696/magnetism
https://www.quora.com/What-can-be-said-about-the-directions-of-any-two-
non-parallel-vectors-and-their-cross-product
Evaluating a cross product:
Given: v1 = <x1, y1, z1>
v2 = <x2, y2, z2>

https://www.learnpick.in/prime/documents/ppts/details/696/magnetism

v1 x v2 = (y1z2 - y2 z1)i - (x1z2 - x2 z1)j + (x1y2 - x2 y1)k

Properties of Cross Product
A x B = − ( B x A)
C ( A x B ) = ( CA ) x B = A x ( CB ) where C is scalar

Ax(B+C) = AxB+AxC
A • ( B x C ) = (A x B) • C
A x (B x C) = (A • C)B – (A • B)C
Example 1:
Find the cross product of vectors A and B
A = (3, 1, 0) B = (-5, 7, 1)
i j k
Solution:
𝐀x𝐁 = Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
i j k
AxB = 3 1 0 = i – 3j + 26k answer
−5 7 1
Example 2:
Find the magnitude of the cross product of vectors A and B
A = 10 m/s, 30o NE B = 25 m/s, 65o NE

Solution:
C = A B sin
C = (10)(25) sin (65 – 30)
C = 250 sin 35o
C = 143.39 units pointing out of the paper
Example 3:
Find the magnitude and direction of the torque applied to the
nut. https://d3bxy9euw4e147.cloudfront.net/oscms-
prodcms/media/documents/UniversityPhysicsVolume1-OP_gUzvYbP.pdf

Solution:

 = FR sin
 = (20.00)(0.25)sin40o
20.00 N

 = 3.21 N.m answer 40o

0.25 m
Problem 1.

What is the component of the force vector G = (3.0i + 4.0j + 10.0k )N

along the force vector H = (1.0i + 4.0j )N ?

Answer: 4.6 N
Problem 2.

Assuming the +x-axis is horizontal to the right

for the vectors in the figure below, find
(a) the component of vector A along vector C
(b) the component of vector C along vector A
(c) the component of vector I along vector F
(d) the component of vector F along vector i

Answers:
a. 0
b. 0
c. 0.866
d. 17.32
Ling, Samuel J., et.al (2018). University Physics Volume 1.
OpenStax Rice University. Texas. Accessed at
https://openstax.org/details/books/universityphysics-
volume-1

Mathonline. Standard Unit Vectors. Accessed at

http://mathonline.wikidot.com/standard-unit-vectors
Math and Physics Homework by Email (2020). Accessed at
https://www.jfinternational.com/ph/vectors-scalars-analytic-
method.html

BYJU’S The Learning App (2020). Math Article: Unit Vector.

Accessed at https://byjus.com/maths/unit-vector/

TWorld (2014). Accessed at ilbeinformation.tistory.com

Slideplayer (2020). Vectors. Accessed at

https://slideplayer.com/slide/8030611/
Slideplayer (2020). Vectors. Accessed at
https://slideplayer.com/slide/8030611/

Mangiacapre, Tony (1995). Finding Resultant. Accessed at

https://www.showmethephysics.com/home/notes/forces/
ResultantsOtherAngles.htm

Mathalino.com (2020). Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces.

Accessed at https://mathalino.com/reviewer/engineering-
mechanics
.‫ تمامی حقوق محفوظ است‬.۱۳۸۹-۱۳۹۷ ‫ فرادرس‬Dot Product.
Accessed at https://blog.faradars.org/dot-product-
%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8-
%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C/

Learn Pick: Learn with Great Tutors (2020). Magnetism.

Accessed at https://www.learnpick.in/prime/documents/
ppts/details/696/magnetism
Amarasuriya, Deepthi (2014). Physics. Accessed at
https://www.quora.com/What-can-be-said-about-the-
directions-of-any-two-non-parallel-vectors-and-their-cross-
product
List of Videos and Simulations for Subtopic 1

7activestudio (Dec 29, 2016). Resolution of Vectors (2.24-min video).

Accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVrCoE32orc

Physics Simulations. Boston University. Accessed at

http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/Ejs/EP_chapter01/vector_addition_sim4.html

The Physics Classroom (2020). Vector Guessing Game Interactive.

Accessed at https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-
Interactives/Vectors-and-Projectiles/Vector-Guessing-Game/Vector-
Guessing-Game-Interactive
Kumar, Anil (Feb 9, 2015). Example Quadrant Bearing Geometric Vectors.
Accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gp0X6v4K5R8

Walsh, Tom. Vector Components. Accessed at

https://ophysics.com/k3.html

The Physics Classroom. Vector Direction Concept Builder. Accessed at

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Concept-Builders/Vectors-and-
Projectiles/Vector-Direction/Concept-Builder
List of Videos and Simulations For Subtopic 2

PhunScience (Aug 2, 2011). Adding Vectors: How to Find the Resultant of

Three or More Vectors. Accessed at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_TnqKX5ybY

The Physics Classroom. Vector Addition Concept Builder. Accessed at

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Concept-Builders/Vectors-and-
Projectiles/Component-Addition/Concept-Builder

Khan Academy (2020). Vector Addition. Accessed at

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/x9e81a4f98389efdf:vectors/x
9e81a4f98389efdf:vector-add-sub/v/adding-vectors
List of Videos and Simulations For Subtopic 3

Professor Dave Explains (Dec 20, 2018). Vector Cross Product. Accessed at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPnWm-IXoAY

Professor Dave Explains (Sept 12, 2018). Vector Dot Product. Accessed
at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iNrGpwZwog

Gardner, Jonathan (Aug 31, 2012). Vectors_ Dot and Cross Products.
Accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1b0RNHnGvI