NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Subject-wise

● Class 12 Mathematics
● Class 12 Physics
● Class 12 Chemistry
● Class 12 Biology
● Class 12 Accountancy
● Class 12 Business Studies
● Class 12 English
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#418217
Topic: Linear Combination of Vectors

Show that the points ( − 2, 3, 5), (1, 2, 3) and (7, 0, − 1) are collinear

Solution

Let points ( − 2, 3, 5), (1, 2, 3) and (7, 0, − 1) be denoted by P, Q and R respectively.

Points P, Q and R are collinear if they lie on a line.

PQ = √(1 + 2) 2 + (2 − 3) 2 + (3 − 5) 2
= √(3) 2 + ( − 1) 2 + ( − 2) 2
= √9 + 1 + 4
= √14

QR = √(7 − 1) 2 + (0 − 2) 2 + ( − 1 − 3) 2
= √(6) 2 + ( − 2) 2 + ( − 4) 2
= √36 + 4 + 16
= √56
= 2√14

PR =√(7 + 2) 2 + (0 − 3) 2 + ( − 1 − 5) 2
= √(9) 2 + ( − 3) 2 + ( − 6) 2

= √81 + 9 + 36
= √126
= 3√14
Here PQ + QR = √14 + 2√14
= 3√14

= PR

⇒ PQ + QR = PR
Hence points P( − 2, 3, 5), Q(1, 2, 3) and R(7, 0, − 1) are collinear

#424873
Topic: Lines

Show that points

A (a, b + c), B (b, c + a), C (c, a + b) are collinear

Solution

Area of triangle ABC is,

a b+c 1

Δ=
| b
c
c+a
a+b 1

a+b+c
1

|
b+c 1

=
| a+b+c
a+b+c a+b 1

1
c+a

b+c 1
1

| Using C 1 → C 1 + C 2

= ( a + b + c)
| 1
1
c+a
a+b 1
1

| =0

Since C 1 = C 2

Hence points A, B, and C are collinear.

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#428689
Topic: Introduction

Represent graphically a displacement of 40 km, 30 o east of north.

Solution

Here, vector → represents the displacement of 40 km,30 o East of North.

OP

#428692
Topic: Introduction

Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.

(i) 10 kg

(ii) 2 metres north-west

(iii) 40 o

(iv) 40 watt

(v) 10 − 19 coluomb

(vi) 20 m / s 2

Solution

(i) 10 kg

"kg" is unit of mass which is a scalar quantity because it involves only magnitude.

(ii) 2 meters north-west is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude and direction.

(iii) 40 o is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(iv) 40 watts a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(v) 10 − 19 coulomb is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(vi) 20m/s 2 is a vector quantity as it involves magnitude as well as direction.

#428706
Topic: Introduction

Classify the following as scalar and vector quantities.

(i) Time period
(ii) Distance
(iii) Force
(iv) Velocity
(v) Work done

Solution

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(i) Time period is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(ii) Distance is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

(iii) Force is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude and direction.

(iv) Velocity is a vector quantity as it involves both magnitude as well as direction.

(v) Work done is a scalar quantity as it involves only magnitude.

#428722
Topic: Types of Vectors

In Figure, identify the following vectors.

(i) Coinitial
(ii) Equal
(iii) Collinear but not equal

Solution

(i)Vectors a→ and d→ are coinitial because they have the same initial point.

(ii) Vectors b→ and d→ are equal because they have the same magnitude and direction.

(iii) Vectors a→ and → are collinear but not equal as they are parallel, their directions are not the same.
b
Vectors b→ and d→ are collinear and equal vectors as they are parallel and their directions are same.

#428723
Topic: Types of Vectors

Answer the following as true or false.

(i) a→ and − a→ are collinear

(ii) Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude.

(iii) Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.

(iv) Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.

Solution

(i)

Two vectors are said to be be collinear vectors if they are parallel to the same line. In other words, any two parallel vectors are collinear.

Since, the negative of a→ i.e. − a→ is a vector having same magnitude but opposite direction.

So, a→ , − a→ are collinear vectors.

(iii)

Given statement is "False".

As collinear vectors are those vectors that are parallel to the same line.

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#428728
Topic: Operations on Vector

If origin O is in the centre of the triangle ABC and a, b and c are the lengths of the sides, then the force a → + b → + c → =
OA OB OC

A −1

B 2

C 0

D none of these

Solution

If O is the origin, then tge center of △ABC is given by

→ → →
a +b +c
OA OB OC
a+b+c =0
→ → →
∴a +b +c =0
OA OB OC

#428729
Topic: Vector Component Form

Compute the magnitude of the following vectors:

1 1 1
→ → →
a = î + ĵ + k̂ ; b = 2î − 7ĵ − 3k̂ ; c = î + ĵ −
√3 √3 √3 k̂

Solution

The given vectors are:

1 1 1
→ → →
a = î + ĵ + k̂ ; b = 2î − 7ĵ − 3k̂ ; c = + −
√3 î √3 ĵ √3 k̂
Magnitude of these vectors are given by,

|a | = √(1) 2 + (1) 2 + (1) 2 = √3

→

|b | = √(2)2 + ( − 7)2 + ( − 3)2

→

= √4 + 49 + 9 = √62
1 1 1
|c | =
→
√( ) ( ) ( )
√3
2
+ √3
2
+ − √3
2

1 1 1
=
√ + + =1
3 3 3

#428730
Topic: Types of Vectors

Write two different vectors having same magnitude

Solution

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( )
Consider a→ = î − 2ĵ + 3k̂ and b→ = 2î + ĵ − 3k̂ . ( )
2 2 2
It can be observed that |a→ | = √ 1 + ( − 2) + 3 = √1 + 4 + 9 = √14
| | √2
→ 2 2 2
and b = + 1 + ( − 3) = √4 + 1 + 9 = √14
→
Hence, a→ and b are two different vectors having the same magnitude. The vectors are different because they have different directions.

#428731
Topic: Types of Vectors

Write two different vectors having same direction

Solution

( )
Consider p→ = î + ĵ + k̂ and q→ = 2î + 2ĵ + 2k̂( )
The directions cosines of p→ are given by,
1 1 1 1 1 1
l= = ,m = = , and n = = .
√ 12 + 12 + 12 √3 √ 12 + 12 + 12 √3 √ 12 + 12 + 12 √3
The direction cosines of q→ are given by
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
l= = = ,m = = = , and n = = = .
√ 22 + 22 + 22 2√ 3 √3 √ 22 + 22 + 22 2√ 3 √3 √ 22 + 22 + 22 2√ 3 √3
The direction cosines of p→ and q→ are the same. Hence, the two vectors have the same direction.

#428732
Topic: Types of Vectors

Find the values of x and y so that the vectors 2î + 3ĵ and xî + yĵ are equal

Solution

The two vectors 2î + 3ĵ and xî + yĵ will be equal if their corresponding components are equal.

Hence, the required values of x and y are 2 and 3 respectively.

#428734
Topic: Vector Component Form

Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point (2, 1) and terminal point ( − 5, 7)

Solution

The vector with the initial point P(2, 1) and terminal point Q( − 5, 7) can be given by,
→
= ( − 5 − 2)î + (7 − 1)ĵ
PQ
→
⇒ = − 7î + 6ĵ
PQ
Hence, the required scalar components are − 7 and 6 while the vector components are − 7î and 6ĵ .

#428737
Topic: Operations on Vector

Find the sum of the vectors a→ = î − 2ĵ + k̂ , b→ = − 2î + 4ĵ + 5k̂ and c→ = î − 6ĵ − 7k̂ .

Solution

The given vectors are a→ = î − 2ĵ + k̂ , b→ = − 2î + 4ĵ + 5k̂ and c→ = î − 6ĵ − 7k̂
→
∴ a→ + b + c→ = (1 − 2 + 1)î + ( − 2 + 4 − 6)ĵ + (1 + 5 − 7)k̂

= 0 ⋅ î − 4ĵ − 1 ⋅ k̂

= − 4ĵ − k̂

#428738
Topic: Vector Component Form

Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector a→ = î + ĵ + 2k̂

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Solution
a
The unit vector â in the direction of vector a→ = î + ĵ + 2k̂ is given by â = .
|a|
| a→ | = √ 1 2 + 1 2 + 2 2 = √ 1 + 1 + 4 = √6
→
a î + ĵ + 2k̂ 1 1 2
∴ â = = = î + ĵ + k̂
| a→ | √6 √6 √6 √6

#428740
Topic: Vector Component Form

Find the unit vector in the direction of vector → , where P and Q are the points (1, 2, 3) and (4, 5, 6), respectively
PQ

Answer required

Solution

The given points are P(1, 2, 3) and Q(4, 5, 6).

→
∴ = (4 − 1)î + (5 − 2)ĵ + (6 − 3)k̂ = 3î + 3ĵ + 3k̂
PQ

| |
→
PQ = 3 2 + 3 2 + 3 2 = √9 + 9 + 9 = √27 = 3√3
√
Hence, the unit vector in the direction of → is
PQ
→
PQ
3 î + 3 ĵ + 3k̂ 1 1 1

| |
→ = = + +
3 √ 3 √ 3 î √3 ĵ √3 k̂
PQ

#428860
Topic: Vector Component Form

For given vectors, a→ = 2î − ĵ + 2k̂ and → = − î + ĵ − k̂ , find the unit vector in the direction of the vector a→ + →
b b

Solution

The given vectors are a→ = 2î − ĵ + 2k̂ and → = − î + ĵ − k̂ .

b
∴ a→ + b→ = (2 − 1)î + ( − 1 + 1)ĵ + (2 − 1)k̂ = 1î + 0ĵ + 1k̂ = î + k̂

|a + b | = √12 + 12 = √2
→ →

( )
→
Hence, the unit vector in the direction of a→ + b is

(a→ + b→ ) î + k̂ 1 1
= = î + k̂ .
→
| a→ + b | √2 √2 √2

#428863
Topic: Vector Component Form

Find a vector in the direction of vector 5î − ĵ + 2k̂ which has magnitude 8 units

Solution

Let a→ = 5î − ĵ + 2k̂

∴ | a→ | = √52 + ( − 1) 2 + 22 = √25 + 1 + 4 = √30

→
a 5 î − ĵ + 2k̂
∴ â = =
|a| √30
→

Hence, the vector in the direction of vector 5î − ĵ + 2k̂ which has magnitude 8 units is given by,
5 î − ĵ + 2k̂

( )
40 8 16
8â = 8 = î − ĵ + k̂
√30 √30 √30 √30

#428865
Topic: Linear Combination of Vectors

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Show that the vectors 2î − 3ĵ + 4k̂ and − 4î + 6ĵ − 8k̂ are collinear

Solution

Let a→ = 2î − 3ĵ + 4k̂ and → = − 4î + 6ĵ − 8k̂

b
It is observed that b→ = 4î + 6ĵ − 8k̂ = − 2(2î − 3ĵ + 4k̂ ) = − 2a→
→
∴ b = λa→ , where λ = − 2
Hence, the given vectors are collinear.

#428875
Topic: Section Formula

Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose position vectors are î + 2ĵ − k̂ and − î + ĵ + k̂ respectively, in the ratio 2 : 1,

(i) internally

(ii) externally

Solution

The position vector of point R dividing the line segment joining two points P and Q in the ratio m : n is given by:

i. Internally:
→
mQ + nP→
m+n
ii. Externally:
→
mQ − nP→
m−n
Position vectors of P and Q are given as:
→ →
= + 2ĵ − k̂ and = − î + ĵ + k̂
OP î OQ
(i) The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q internally in the ratio 2 : 1 is given by,

→ 2( − î + ĵ + k̂) + 1( î + 2 ĵ − k̂) − 2 î + 2 ĵ + k̂ + ( î + 2 ĵ − k̂)

= =
OR 2+1 3
− î + 4 ĵ + k̂ 1 4 1
= = − î + ĵ + k̂
3 3 3 3
(ii) The position vector of point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q externally in the ratio 2 : 1 is given by,

→ 2( − î + ĵ + k̂) − 1( î + 2 ĵ − k̂)
= = ( − 2î + 2ĵ + 2k̂ ) − (î + 2ĵ − k̂ )
OR 2−1
= − 3î + 3k̂

#429149
Topic: Section Formula

Find the position vector of the mid point of the vector joining the points P(2, 3, 4) and Q(4, 1, 2).

Solution

The position vector of mid-point R of the vector joining points P(2, 3, 4) and Q(4, 1, − 2) is given by,

→ (2 î + 3 ĵ + 4k̂) + (4 î + ĵ − 2k̂) (2 + 4) î + (3 + 1) ĵ + (4 − 2)k̂

= =
OR 2 2
6 î + 4 ĵ + 2k̂
= = 3î + 2ĵ + k̂
2

#429153
Topic: Vector Component Form

Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors, a→ = 3î − 4ĵ − 4k̂ , b→ = 2î − ĵ + k̂ and c→ = î − 3ĵ − 5k̂ , respectively form the vertices of a right angled triangle.

Solution

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Position vectors of points A, B and C are respectively given as:

→
a = 3î − 4ĵ − 4k̂ , b = 2î − ĵ + k̂ and c = î − 3ĵ − 5k̂
→ →

→
∴ = → − → = (2 − 3)î + ( − 1 + 4)ĵ + (1 + 4)k̂ = − î − 3ĵ + 5k̂
AB b a
→
= → − → = (1 − 2)î + ( − 3 + 1)ĵ + ( − 5 − 1)k̂ = − î − 2ĵ − 6k̂
BC c b
→
= → − → = (3 − 1)î + ( − 4 + 3)ĵ + ( − 4 + 5)k̂ = 2î − ĵ + k̂
CA a c

||
→ 2
∴ AB = ( − 1) 2 + 3 2 + 5 2 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35

| |
→ 2
BC = ( − 1) 2 + ( − 2) 2 + ( − 6) 2 = 1 + 4 + 36 = 41

| |
→ 2
CA = 2 2 + ( − 1) 2 + 1 2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6

|| | | | |
→ 2 → 2 → 2
∴ AB + CA = 36 + 6 = 41 = BC

Hence, ABC is a right-angled triangle.

#429162
Topic: Operations on Vector

In triangle ABC, which of the following is not true?

→ → →
A + + = →
AB BC CA 0
→ → →
B + − = →
AB BC AC 0
→ → →
C + − = →
AB BC CA 0
→ → →
D − + = →
AB CB CA 0

Solution

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On applying the triangle law of addition in the given triangle, we have:

→ → →
+ = . . . . . . . . . . (1)
AB BC AC
→ → →
⇒ + = −
AB BC CA
→ → →
⇒ + + = → . . . . . . . . . . (2)
AB BC CA 0
∴ The equation given in alternative A is true.
→ → →
+ =
AB BC AC
→ → →
⇒ + − = →
AB BC AC 0
∴ The equation given in alternative B is true.
From equation (2), we have:
→ → →
− + =0
AB CB CA
∴ The equation given in alternative D is true.
Now, consider the equation given in alternative C:
→ → → →
+ − =
AB BC CA 0
→ → →
⇒ + = . . . . . . . . . (3)
AB BC CA
From equations (1) and (3), we have:
→ →
=
AC CA
→ →
⇒ = −
AC AC
→ → →
⇒ + =
AC AC 0
→
⇒2 = →
AC 0
→
⇒ = → , which is not true.
AC 0
Hence, the equation given in alternative C is incorrect.

The correct answer is C.

#429163
Topic: Linear Combination of Vectors

If a→ and b→ are two collinear vectors, then which of the following are incorrect?

→
A b = λa , for some scalar λ
→

→
B a = ±b
→

C the respective components of a→ and b→ are proportional

→
both the vectors a→ and
D b have same direction, but different magnitudes

Solution

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If a→ and b→ are two collinear vectors, then they are parallel.

Therefore, we have:
→
b = λa (For some scalar λ)
→

If λ = ± 1, then a→ = ± b→

If a→ = a 1î + a 2ĵ + a 3k̂ and b→ = b 1î + b 2ĵ + b 3k̂ , then

→
b = λa
→

⇒ b 1î + b 2ĵ + b 3k̂ = λ(a 1î + a 2ĵ + a 3k̂ = λ(a 1î + a 2ĵ + a 3k̂ )$

⇒ b 1î + b 2ĵ + b 3k̂ = (λa 1)î + (λa 2)ĵ + (λa 3)k̂

⇒ b 1 = λa 1 , b 1 = λa 2 , b 3 = λ a 3
b1 b2 b3
⇒ = = =λ
a1 a2 a3
Thus, the respective components of a→ and b→ are proportional.

However, vectors a→ and b→ can have different directions.

Hence, the statement given in D is incorrect.

The correct answer is D.

#429165
Topic: Applications of Dot Product

Find the angle between two vectors a→ and b→ with magnitudes √3 and 2, respectively having a→ ⋅ b→ = √6

Answer required

Solution

It is given that,

|a | = √3, |b | = 2 and, a ⋅ b = √6
→ →
→ →

Now, we know that a→ ⋅ b→ = | a→ | | b→ | cosθ

∴ √6 = √3 × 2 × cosθ
√6
⇒ cosθ =
√3 × 2
1
⇒ cosθ =
√2
π
⇒θ=
4
π
Hence, the angle between the given vectors a→ and b→ is .
4

#429169
Topic: Applications of Dot Product

Find the angle between the vectors î − 2ĵ + 3k̂ and 3î − 2ĵ + k̂ .

Solution

Let the given vectors are a→ = î − 2ĵ + 3k̂ and → = 3î − 2ĵ + k̂
b
|a | = √1 2 + ( − 2) 2 + 3 2 = √1 + 4 + 9 = √14
→

|b | = √32 + ( − 2)2 + 12 = √9 + 4 + 1 = √14

→

Now, a→ ⋅ b→ = (î − 2ĵ + 3k̂ )(3î − 2ĵ + k̂ )

= 1.3 + ( − 2)( − 2) + 3.1

= 3 + 4 + 3 = 10
Also, we know that a→ ⋅ → = | a→ | | → | cosθ
b b
∴ 10 = √14√14cosθ
10
⇒ cosθ =
14
5
⇒ θ = cos − 1 7
()
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#429171
Topic: Applications of Dot Product

Find the projection of the vector î − ĵ on the vector î + ĵ .

Solution

Let a→ = î − ĵ and → = î + ĵ .
b
Now, projection of vector a→ and b→ is given by,
1 1 1
→ →
→ (a ⋅ b ) = {1.1 + ( − 1)(1)} = (1 − 1) = 0
|b| √1 + 1 √2
Hence, the projection of vector a→ on b→ is 0.

#429174
Topic: Applications of Dot Product

Find the projection of the vector î + 3ĵ + 7k̂ on the vector 7î − ĵ + 8k̂ .

Solution

Let a→ = î + 3ĵ + 7k̂ and b̂ = 7î − ĵ + 8k̂ .

Now, projection of vector a→ on b→ is given by,

1 1 7 − 3 + 56 60
→ →
→ (a ⋅ b ) = 2 + ( − 1 2 + 2 {1(7) + 3( − 1) + 7(8)} = =
|b| 7 √ ) 8 √49 + 1 + 64 √114

#429180
Topic: Dot Product
1 1 1
Show that each of the given three vectors is a unit vector: (2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂ ), (3î − 6ĵ + 2k̂ ), (6î + 2ĵ − 3k̂ ) .
7 7 7
Also, show that they are mutually perpendicular to each other.

Solution
1 2 3 6
Let a→ = (2î + 3ĵ + 6k̂ ) = î + ĵ + k̂ ,
7 7 7 7
→ 1 3 6 2
=
b 7 î (3 − 6 ĵ + 2 k̂ ) = î − ĵ + k̂ ,
7 7 7
1 6 2 3
and c→ = (6î + 2ĵ − 3k̂ ) = î + ĵ − k̂ .
7 7 7 7
2 2 3 2 6 2
| a→ | =
√( ) ( ) ( ) √
7 + 7 + 7 =
4
+
9
+
49 49 49
36
=1

3 6 2
| b→ | =
√( ) ( ) ( ) √
7
2
+ − 7
2
+ 7
2
=
9
49
+
36
49
+
9
49
=1

6 2 3
| c→ | =
√( ) ( ) ( ) √
7
2
+ 7
2
+ − 7
2
=
36
49
+
4
49
+
9
49
=1

Thus, each of the given three vectors is a unit vector.

−6
→ → 2 3 3
( )
6 2 6 18 12
a ⋅ b = 7 × 7 + 7 × 7 + 7 × 7 = 49 − 49 + 49 = 0

−6 −3
→ →
3 6 2 2
( ) ( )
18 12 6
b ⋅ c = 7 × 7 + 7 × 7 + 7 × 7 = 49 − 49 − 49 = 0

−3
6 2 2 3
( )
6 12 6 18
c ⋅ a = 7 × 7 + 7 × 7 + 7 × 7 = 49 + 49 − 49 = 0
→ →

Hence, the given three vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other.

#429185
Topic: Applications of Dot Product

Find | a→ | and | → | , if (a→ + → ) ⋅ (a→ − → ) = 8 and | a→ | = 8 | → |

b b b b

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=428706%2C+428692%2C+4… 11/24
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→ →
(a→ ⋅ b ) ⋅ (a→ − b ) = 8

⇒ a→ ⋅ a→ − a→ ⋅ b→ + b→ ⋅ a→ − b→ ⋅ b→ = 8$

⇒ | a→ | 2 − | b→ | 2 = 8

⇒ (8 | b→ | ) 2 − | b→ | 2 = 8, [ ∵ | a→ | = 8 | b→ | ]

⇒ 64 | b | 2 − | b | 2 = 8
→ →

⇒ 63 | b | 2 = 8
→

8
⇒ | b→ | 2 =
63
8
⇒ | b→ | =
√
63
[Magnitude of a vector is non-negative]

2√ 2 16√2
∴ | b→ | = and | a→ | =
3 √7 3 √7

#429188
Topic: Dot Product

Evaluate the product (3a→ − 5 → ) ⋅ (2a→ + 7 → ) .

b b

Solution
→ →
(3a→ − 5b ) ⋅ (2a→ + 7b )
→ → → →
= 3a→ ⋅ 2a→ + 3a→ ⋅ 7b − 5b ⋅ 2a→ − 5b ⋅ 7b $

= 6a→ ⋅ a→ + 21a→ ⋅ b→ − 10a→ ⋅ b→ − 35b→ ⋅ b→

= 6 | a→ | 2 + 11a→ ⋅ b→ − 35 | b→ | 2

#429189
Topic: Applications of Dot Product
1
Find the magnitude of two vectors a→ and → , having the same magnitude and such that the angle between them is 60 ∘ and their scalar product is .
b 2

Solution

Let θ be the angle between the vectors a→ and → .

b
1
It is given that | a→ | = | → | , a→ ⋅ → = , and θ = 60 ∘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
b b 2
We know that a→ ⋅ → = | a→ | | → | cosθ
b b
1
∴ = | a→ | | a→ | cos60 ∘ [Using (1)]
2
1 1
⇒ = | a→ | 2 ×
2 2
⇒ | a→ | 2 = 1
→
⇒ | a→ | = | b | = 1

#429195
Topic: Dot Product

Find | x→ | , if for a unit vector a→ , (x→ − a→ ) ⋅ (x→ + a→ ) = 12

Answer required

Solution

(x→ − a→ ) ⋅ (x→ + a→ ) = 12

⇒ x→ ⋅ x→ + x→ ⋅ a→ − a→ ⋅ x→ − a→ ⋅ a→ = 12

⇒ | x→ | 2 − | a→ | 2 = 12

⇒ | x→ | 2 − 1 = 12, [ ∵ | a→ | = 1 as a→ is a unit vector]

⇒ | x→ | 2 = 13

∴ | x→ | = √13

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=428706%2C+428692%2C+4… 12/24
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#429200
Topic: Applications of Dot Product

If a→ = 2î + 2ĵ + 3k̂ , → = − î + 2ĵ + k̂ and c→ = 3î + ĵ are such that a→ + λ → is a perpendicular to c→ , then find the value of λ.
b b

Solution

The given vectors are a→ = 2î + 2ĵ + 3k̂ , → = − î + 2ĵ + k̂ , and c→ = 3î + ĵ .
b
Now,
→
a + λb = (2î + 2ĵ + 3k̂ ) + λ( − î + 2ĵ + k̂ ) = (2 − λ)î + (2 + 2λ)ĵ + (3 + λ)k̂
→

If (a→ + λb→ ) is perpendicular to c→ , then

→
(a→ + λb ) ⋅ c→ = 0.

⇒ [(2 − λ)î + (2 + 2λ)k̂ + (3 + λ)k̂ ] ⋅ (3î + ĵ ) = 0

⇒ (2 − λ)3 + (2 + 2λ)1 + (3 + λ)0 = 0

⇒ 6 − 3λ + 2 + 2λ = 0

=> − λ + 8 = 0

⇒λ=8
Hence, the required value of λ is 8.

#429204
Topic: Applications of Dot Product

Show that | a→ | → + | → | a→ is perpendicular to | a→ | → − | → | a→ , for any two nonzero vectors a→ and → .

b b b b b

Solution
→ → → →
( | a→ | b + | b | a→ ) ⋅ ( | a→ | b − | b | a→ )

= | a→ | b ⋅ b − | a→ | | b | b ⋅ a→ + | b→ | | a→ | a→ ⋅ b→ − | b→ | 2a→ ⋅ a→
2→ → → →

= | a→ | 2 | b→ | 2 − | b→ | 2 | a→ | 2 = 0
Hence, | a→ | b→ + | b→ | a→ and | a→ | b→ − | b→ | a→ are perpendicular to each other.

#429218
Topic: Dot Product

If a→ ⋅ a→ = 0 and a→ ⋅ → = 0, then what can be concluded about the vector → ?

b b

Solution

It is given that a→ ⋅ a→ = 0 and a→ ⋅ → = 0.

b
Now,
→ 2
a ⋅ a = 0 ⇒ |a| = 0 ⇒ |a| = 0
→ → →

∴ a→ is a zero vector.
→ →
Hence, vector
b satisfying a ⋅ b = 0 can be any vector.
→

#429219
Topic: Dot Product

If a→ , → , c→ are unit vectors such that a→ + → + c→ = → , find the value of a→ ⋅ → + → ⋅ c→ + c→ ⋅ a→

b b 0 b b

Solution

We have | a→ | = 1, | b→ | = 1, | c→ | = 1

Also a→ + → + c→ = →
b 0
Squaring we get,

| a→ | 2 + | b→ | 2 + | c→ | 2 + 2(a→ ⋅ b→ + b→ ⋅ c→ + c→ ⋅ a→ ) = 0

⇒ 1 + 1 + 1 + 2(a→ ⋅ b→ + b→ ⋅ c→ + c→ ⋅ a→ ) = 0
3
→ →
∴ a→ ⋅ b + b ⋅ c→ + c→ ⋅ a→ = − 2

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=428706%2C+428692%2C+4… 13/24
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#429221
Topic: Dot Product

If either vector a→ = 0→ or b→ = 0→ , then a→ ⋅ b→ = 0. But the converse need not be true. Justify your answer with an example.

Solution

Consider a→ = 2î + 4ĵ + 3k̂ and b→ = 3î + 3ĵ − 6k̂ .

Then,
→
a ⋅ b = 2.3 + 4.3 + 3( − 6) = 6 + 12 − 18 = 0
→

We now observe that:

| a→ | = √22 + 42 + 3 2 = √29
∴ a→ ≠ 0→

| b→ | = √3 2 + 3 2 + ( − 6) 2 = √54
∴ b ≠ 0→
→

Hence, the converse of the given statement need not be true.

#429224
Topic: Applications of Dot Product

If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), ( − 1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2), respectively then find ∠ABC. [∠ABC is the angle between the vectors → and → ] .
BA BC

Solution

The vertices of ΔABC are given as A(1, 2, 3), B( − 1, 0, 0), and C(0, 1, 2).

Also, it is given that ∠ABC is the angle between the vectors → and → .
BA BC
→
= {1 − ( − 1)}î + (2 − 0)ĵ + (3 − 0)k̂ = 2î + 2ĵ + 3k̂
BA
→
= {0 − ( − 1)}î + (1 − 0)ĵ + (2 − 0)k̂ = î + ĵ + 2k̂
BC
→ →
∴ ⋅ = (2î + 2ĵ + 3k̂ ) ⋅ (î + ĵ + 2k̂ ) = 2 × 1 + 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 = 2 + 2 + 6 = 10
BA BC
→ 2 2 2
|
BA
| = √2 + 2 + 3 = √4 + 4 + 9 = √17
→ 1 + 1 + 2 2 = √6
|
BC
| = √
Now, it is known that:
→ → → →
⋅ = | || | cos(∠ABC)
BA BC BA BC
∴ 10 = √17 × √6cos(∠ABC)
10
⇒ cos(∠ABC) =
√17 × √6
10
⇒ ∠ABC = cos − 1
( )
√102

#429226
Topic: Linear Combination of Vectors

Show that the points A(1, 2, 7), B(2, 6, 3) and C(3, 10, − 1) are collinear .

Solution

The given points are A(1, 2, 7), B(2, 6, 3) and C(3, 10, − 1).
→
∴ = (2 − 1)î + (6 − 2)ĵ + (3 − 7)k̂ = î + 4ĵ − 4k̂
AB
→
= (3 − 2)î + (10 − 6)ĵ + ( − 1 − 3)k̂ = î + 4ĵ = 4k̂
BC
→
= (3 − 1)î + (10 − 2)ĵ + ( − 1 − 7)k̂ = 2î + 8ĵ − 8k̂
AC
→ 2 2 2
|
AB
| = √1 + 4 + ( − 4) = √1 + 16 + 16 = √33
→ 2 2 2
|
BC
| = √1 + 4 + ( − 4) = √1 + 16 + 16 = √33
→ 2 2 2
|
AC
| = √2 + 8 + 8 = √4 + 64 + 64 = √132 = 2√33
→ → →
∴ | | + | | + | |
AC AB BC
Hence, the given points A, B, and C are collinear.

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#429230
Topic: Vector Component Form

Show that the vectors 2î − ĵ + k̂ , î − 3ĵ − 5k̂ and 3î − 4ĵ − 4k̂ form the vertices of a right angled triangle .

Solution

Let vectors 2î − ĵ + k̂ , î − 3ĵ − 5k̂ and 3î − 4ĵ − 4k̂ be position vectors of points A, B and C respectively.

i.e., → = 2î − ĵ + k̂ , → = î − 3ĵ − 5k̂ and → = 3î − 4ĵ − 4k̂

OA OB OC
Now, vectors → , → , and → represent the sides of ΔABC.
AB BC AC
→
∴ = (1 − 2)î + ( − 3 + 1)ĵ + ( − 5 − 1)k̂ = − î − 2ĵ − 6k̂
AB
→
= (3 − 1)î + ( − 4 + 3)ĵ + ( − 4 + 5)k̂ = 2î − ĵ + k̂
BC
→
= (2 − 3)î + ( − 1 + 4)ĵ + (1 + 4)k̂ = − î + 3ĵ + 5k̂
AC
→ ( − 1) 2 + ( − 2) 2 + ( − 6) 2 = √1 + 4 + 36 =
|
AB
| = √ √41
→
| | = √ 2 2 + ( − 1) 2 + 1 2 = √ 4 + 1 + 1 = √ 6
BC
→ ( − 1) 2 + 3 2 + 5 2 = √1 + 9 + 25 = √35
|
AC
| = √
→ 2 → 2 → 2
∴ | + | = 6 + 35 = 41 = |
BC | AC | AB |
Hence, ΔABC is a right-angled triangle.

#429232
Topic: Operations on Vector

If a→ is a nonzero vector of magnitude ′ a ′ and λ a nonzero scalar, then λa→ is unit vector if

A λ=1

B λ= −1

C a = |λ|

1
D a=
|λ|

Solution

Vector λa→ is a unit vector if | λa→ | = 1.

Now,

| λa→ | = 1

⇒ | λ | | a→ | = 1
1
⇒ | a→ | = , [λ ≠ 0]
|λ|
1
⇒a= , [ ∵ | a→ | = a]
|λ|
1
Hence, vector λa→ is a unit vector if a =
|λ|
Thus the correct answer is D.

#429235
Topic: Applications of Vector Product

Find | a→ × b→ | , if a→ = î − 7ĵ + 7k̂ and b→ = 3î − 2ĵ + 2k̂ .

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=428706%2C+428692%2C+4… 15/24
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We have,
→
a = î − 7ĵ + 7k̂ and b = 3î − 2ĵ + 2k̂
→

î ĵ k̂

→ →
1 −7
a × b = 3 −2
| | 7
2

= î ( − 14 + 14) − ĵ (2 − 21) + k̂ ( − 2 + 21) = 19ĵ + 19k̂

∴ | a→ × b→ | = √(19) 2 + (19) 2 = √2 × (19) 2 = 19√2

#429239
Topic: Applications of Vector Product

Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector a→ + → and a→ − → , where a→ = 3î + 2ĵ + 2k̂ and → = î + 2ĵ − 2k̂ .
b b b

Solution

We have,
→
a = 3î + 2ĵ + 2k̂ and b = î + 2ĵ − 2k̂
→

∴ a→ + b→ = 4î + 4ĵ , a→ − b→ = 2î + 4k̂

î ĵ k̂
→
(a→ + b ) × (a→ − b ) =
→

2
| |
4 4
0
0
4
= î (16) − ĵ (16) + k̂ ( − 18) = 16î − 16ĵ − 8k̂

| | √162 + ( − 16)2 + ( − 8)2

→ →
∴ (a + b ) × (a − b ) =
→ →

= √2 2 × 8 2 + 2 2 × 8 2 + 8 2
= 8√2 2 + 2 2 + 1 = 8√9 = 8 × 3 = 24

Hence, the unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a→ + → and a→ − → is given by the relation.
b b
→ →
(a→ + b ) × (a→ − b ) 16 î − 16 ĵ − 8k̂
= ± = ±
→ →
| (a→ + b ) × (a→ − b ) | 24
2 î − 2 ĵ − k̂ 2 2 1
= ± = ± î ± ĵ ± k̂
3 3 3 3

#429248
Topic: Applications of Dot Product
π π
If a unit vector a→ makes an angle with î , with ĵ and an acute angle θ with k̂ , then find θ and hence, the components of a→ .
3 4

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=428706%2C+428692%2C+4… 16/24
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Let unit vector a→ have (a 1, a 2, a 3) components.

∴ a→ = a 1î + a 2ĵ + a 3k̂

Since a→ is a unit vector, | a→ | = 1.
π π
Also, it is given that a→ makes angles with î , with ĵ , and an acute angle θ with k̂ .
3 4
Then, we have:
π a1
cos =
3 | a→ |
1
⇒ = a 1 [ | a→ | = 1]
2
π a1
cos =
4 | a→ |
1
⇒ = a 2 [ | a→ = 1]
√2
a3
Also, cosθ = .
| a→ |

⇒ a 3 = cosθ
Now,

|a| = 1

⇒ √a 2
1
2
+ a2 + a3 = 1
2

1 1

() ( )
2 2
⇒ 2 + √2 + cos 2θ = 1

1 1
⇒ + + cos 2θ = 1$
4 2
3
⇒ + cos 2θ = 1
4
3 1
⇒ cos 2θ = 1 − =
4 4
1 π
⇒ cosθ = ⇒θ=
2 3
π 1
∴ a 3 = cos =
3 2
1 1 1
Hence, θ =
π
3 (
and the components of a→ are 2 , √2 , 2 .
)
#429250
Topic: Vector Product

Show that (a→ − b→ ) × (a→ + b→ ) = 2(a→ × b→ )

Solution

(a→ − b→ ) × (a→ + b→ )

(a→ − b→ ) × a→ + (a→ − b→ ) × b→ [By distributivity of vector product over addition]

→ → → →
= a→ × a→ − b × a→ + a→ × b − b × b [Again, by distributivity of vector product over addition]
→ → → →
= 0 + a→ × b + a→ × b − 0
→
= 2(a→ × b )

#429255
Topic: Vector Product

Find λ and μ if (2î + 6ĵ + 27k̂ ) × (î + λĵ + μk̂ ) = 0→

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=428706%2C+428692%2C+4… 17/24
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(2î + 6ĵ + 27k̂ ) × (î + λĵ + μk̂ ) = 0→

î ĵ k̂

⇒
| |
2
1
6
λ
27
μ
= 0î + 0ĵ + 0k̂

⇒ î (6μ − 27λ) − ĵ (2μ − 27) + k̂ (2λ − 6) = 0î + 0ĵ + 0k̂

On comparing the corresponding components, we have:

6μ − 27λ = 0

2μ − 27 = 0

2λ − 6 = 0
Now,

2λ − 6 = 0 ⇒ λ = 3
27
2μ − 27 = 0 ⇒ μ =
2
27
Hence, λ = 3 and μ = .
2

#429260
Topic: Vector Product

Given that a→ ⋅ → = 0 and a→ × → = → . What can you conclude about the vectors a→ and → ?
b b 0 b

Solution
→
a⋅b =0
→

Then,

(i) Either | a→ | = 0 or | → | = 0, or a→ ⊥ → (in case a→ and → are non-zero)

b b b
→
a×b =0
→

(ii) Either | a→ | = 0 or | b→ | = 0, or a→ ∥ b→ (in case a→ and b→ are non-zero)

But, a→ and b→ cannot be perpendicular and parallel simultaneously.

Hence, | a→ | = 0 or | b→ | = 0.

#429265
Topic: Vector Product

Let the vectors a→ , b→ , c→ given as a 1î + a 2ĵ + a 3k̂ , b 1î + b 2ĵ + b 3k̂ , c 1î + c 2ĵ + c 3k̂ . Then show that = a→ × (b→ + c→ ) = a→ × b→ + a→ × c→ .

Solution

https://community.toppr.com/content/questions/print/?show_answer=1&show_topic=1&show_solution=1&page=1&qid=428706%2C+428692%2C+4… 18/24
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We have,
→
a = a 1î + a 2ĵ + a 3k̂ , b = b 1î + b 2k̂ + b 3k̂ , c = c 1î + c 2ĵ + c 3k̂
→ →

(b→ + c→ ) = (b 1 + c 1)î + (b 2 + c 2)ĵ + (b 3 + c 3)k̂

î ĵ k̂

Now, a→ × (b→ + c→ )
| a1
b1 + c1
a2
b2 + c2
a3
b3 + c3
|
= î [a 2(b 3 + c 3) − a 3(b 2 + c 2)] − ĵ [a 1(b 3 + c 3 − a 3(b 1 + c 1)] + k̂ [a 1(b 2 + c 2 − a 2(b 1 + c 1)]

= î [a 2b 3 + a 2c 3 − a 3b 2 − a 3c 2] + ĵ [ − a 1b 3 − a 1c 3 + a 3b 1 + a 3c 1] + k̂ [a 1b 2 + a 1c 2 − a 2b 1 − a 2c 1]. . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)

î ĵ k̂

→
a×b = b
→

1
| |
a1 a2
b2
a3
b3

= î [a 2b 3 − a 3b 2] + ĵ [b 1a 3 − a 1b 3] + k̂ [a 1b 2 − a 2b 1]. . . . . . . . . . (2)
î ĵ k̂

a×c= c
→ →

1
| |a1 a2
c2
a3
c3

= î [a 2c 3 − a 3c 2] + ĵ [a 3c 1 − a 1c 3] + k̂ [a 1c 2 − a 2c 1]. . . . . . . . . . . (3)

On adding (2) and (3), we get:

→
(a→ × b ) + (a→ × c→ )

= î [a 2b 3 + a 2c 3 − a 3b 2 − a 3c 2] + ĵ [b 1a 3 + a 3c 1 − a 1b 3 − a 1c 3] + k̂ [a 1b 2 + a 1c 2 − a 2b 1 − a 2c 1]. . . . . . . . . . (4)
Now, from (1) and (4), we have:
→ →
a × (b + c ) = a × b + a × c
→ → → → →

Hence, the given result is proved.

#429281
Topic: Vector Product

If either a→ = → or → = → , then a→ × → = → . Is the converse true? Justify your answer with an example .
0 b 0 b 0

Solution

Take any parallel non-zero vectors so that a→ × → = → .

b 0
Let a→ = 2î + 3ĵ + 4k̂ , b→ = 4î + 6ĵ + 8k̂ .

Then,
î ĵ k̂

→
a×b = 4
→

| |
2 3
6
4
8
= î (24 − 24) − ĵ (16 − 16) + k̂ (12 − 12) = 0î + 0ĵ + 0k̂ = 0→

It can now be observed that:

| a→ | = √22 + 3 2 + 42 = √29
→
∴ a→ ≠ 0
→
|b | = √42 + 62 + 82 = √116
→ →
∴b ≠0
Hence, the converse of the given statement need not be true.

#429317
Topic: Applications of Vector Product

Find the area of the triangle with vertices A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 3, 5) and C(1, 5, 5) .

Solution

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The vertices of triangle ABC are given as A(1, 1, 2), B(2, 3, 5) and C(1, 5, 5).

The adjacent sides → and → of ΔABC are given as:

AB BC
→
= (2 − 1)î + (3 − 1)ĵ + (5 − 2)k̂ = î + 2ĵ + 3k̂
AB
→
= (1 − 2)î + (5 − 3)ĵ + (5 − 5)k̂ = − î + 2ĵ
BC
1
Area of ΔABC = | → × → |
2 AB BC
î ĵ k̂
→
×
AB BC
→
=

→
1
−1

→
| | 2
2
3
0

∴ | ×
AB BC
| = √( − 6) 2 + ( − 3) 2 + 42 = √36 + 9 + 16 = √61
Hence, the area of ΔABC is
√61 square units.
2

#429320
Topic: Applications of Vector Product

Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vector a→ = î − ĵ + 3k̂ and b→ = 2î − 7ĵ + k̂ .

Solution

| |
→
The area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a→ and b→ is a→ × b .

Adjacent sides are given as

→
a = î − ĵ + 3k̂ and b = 2î − 7ĵ + k̂
→

î ĵ k̂
→
∴ a→ × b =
1
2
| | −1
−7
3
1
= î ( − 1 + 21) − ĵ (1 − 6) + k̂ ( − 7 + 2) = 20î + 5ĵ − 5k̂

|a × b | = √202 + 52 + 52 = √400 + 25 + 25 = 15√2

→ →

Hence, the area of the given parallelogram is 15√2 square units.

#429336
Topic: Applications of Vector Product

Let the vectors a→ and → → √2 , then → × → →

b be such that | a | = 3 and | b | = b is a unit vector, if the angle between a and b is
→ →
a
3

A π
6

B
π
4

C π
3

D π
2

Solution

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It is given that | a→ | = 3 and | → | =

√2 .
b
3
We know that a→ × → = | a→ | | → | sinθn̂, where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to both a→ and → and θ is the angle between a→ and → .
b b b b

| |
→
Now, a→ × → is a unit vector if a→ × b = 1
b

| |
→ →
a×b =1

| |
→
⇒ | a | | b | sinθn̂ = 1
→

→
⇒ | a | | b | | sinθ | = 1
→

⇒3×
√2 × sinθ = 1
3
1
⇒ sinθ =
√2
π
⇒θ=
4
π
Hence, a→ × → is a unit vector if the angle between a→ and → is .
b b 4

The correct answer is B.

#429337
Topic: Applications of Vector Product
1 1 1 1
Area of a rectangle having vertices A, B, C, and D with position vectors − î + ĵ + 4k̂ , î + 2 + 4k̂ , î − 2 ĵ + 4k̂ and − î − 2 ĵ + 4k̂ respectively is
2

A 1
2

B 1

C 2

D 4

Solution

The position vectors of vertices, A, B, C, and D of rectangle ABCD are given as:
→ 1 → 1 → 1 → 1
= − î + ĵ + 4k̂ , = + + 4k̂ , = − + 4k̂ , = − î − ĵ + 4k̂
OA 2 OB î 2 ĵ OC î 2 ĵ OD 2
The adjacent sides → and → of the given rectangle are given as:
AB BC
1 1
→
AB
−
( )
= (1 + 1)î + 2 2 ĵ + (4 − 4)k̂ = 2î

1 1
→
BC ( )
= (1 − 1)î + 2 − 2 ĵ + (4 − 4)k̂ = − ĵ

î ĵ k̂

∴
→
×
AB BC
→
=
2
0
| | 0
−1
0
0
= k̂ ( − 2) = − 2k̂

| |
→ →
×
AB AC = √ ( − 2) 2 = 2

| |
→
Now, it is known that the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are a→ and b→ is a→ × b .

| |
→ →
×
Hence, the area of the given rectangle is AB BC = 2 square units.

The correct answer is C.

#429338
Topic: Vector Component Form

Write down a unit vector in XY- plane, making an angle of 30 ∘ with the positive direction of x − axis .

Solution

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If →r is a unit vector in the XY − plane, then →r = cosθî + sinθĵ .

Here, θ is the angle made by the unit vector with the positive direction of the x − axis

Therefore, for θ = 30 ∘ :

→ ∘ ∘ √3 1
r = cos30 + sin30 ĵ = î + 2 ĵ
2

Hence, the required unit vector is

√3 1
î + ĵ .
2 2

#429339
Topic: Vector Component Form

Find the scalar components and magnitude of the vector joining the points P(x 1, y 1, z 1) and Q(x 2, y 2, z 2).

Solution

The vector joining the points P(x 1, y 1, z 1) and Q(x 2, y 2, z 2) can be obtained by,
→
= Position vector of Q − Position vector of P
PQ
= (x 2 − x 1)î + (y 2 − y 1ĵ + (z 2 − z 1)k̂

| |
→
PQ = √(x 2 − x 1) 2 + (y 2 − y 1) 2 + (z 2 − z 1) 2

{ }
Hence, the scalar components and the magnitude of the vector joining the given points are respectively (x 2 − x 1), (y 2 − y 1), (z 2 − z 1) and √(x 2 − x 1) 2 , (y 2 − y 1) 2 , (z 2 − z 1) 2 .

#429340
Topic: Vector Component Form

A girl walks 4 km towards west, then she walk 3 km in a direction 30 ∘ east of north and stops. Determine the girl's displacement from her initial point of departure .

Solution

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Let O and B be the initial and final positions of the girl respectively.

Then, the girl's position can be shown as:

Now, we have:
→
= − 4î
OA
→ → →
= | | cos60 ∘ + ĵ | | sin60 ∘
AB î AB AB
1
= î 3 × + ĵ 3 ×
√3
2 2
3 3 √3
= î + ĵ
2 2
By the triangle law of vector addition, we have:
→ → →
= +
OB OA AB
3 3 √3

(
= ( − 4î ) + 2 î +
2
ĵ
)
3
( )
= − 4 + 2 î +
3 √3
2
ĵ

−8 + 3
=
( ) 2 î +
3 √3
2
ĵ

−5 3 √3
= î + ĵ
2 2
Hence, the girl's displacement from her initial point of departure is
−5 3 √3
î + ĵ .
2 2

#429341
Topic: Operations on Vector

If a→ = → + c→ , then is it true that | a→ | = | → | + | c→ | ? Justify your answer.

b b

Solution

In ΔABC, let → = a→ , → = → , and → = c→ (as shown in the following figure).

CB CA b AB
Now, by the triangle law of vector addition, we have a→ = → + c→ .
b
It is clearly known that | a→ | , | → | , and | c→ | represent the sides of ΔABC.
b
Also, it is known that the sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
→
∴ | a→ | < | b | + | c→ |
Hence, it is not true that | a→ | = | → | + | c→ | .
b

#429342
Topic: Vector Component Form

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Find the value of x for which x(î + ĵ + k̂ ) is a unit vector .

Solution

|
x(î + ĵ + k̂ ) is a unit vector if x(î + ĵ + k̂ ) = 1. |
Now,

|x(î + ĵ + k̂) | = 1
⇒ √x 2 + x 2 + x 2 = 1
2
⇒ √3 x = 1

⇒ √3 | x | =1
1
⇒x= ±
√3
1
Hence, the required value of x is ± .
√3

#429343
Topic: Vector Component Form

Find a vector of magnitude 5 units, and parallel to the resultant of the vectors a→ = 2î + 3ĵ − k̂ and → = î − 2ĵ + k̂
b

Solution

We have,
→
a = 2î + 3ĵ − k̂ and b = î − 2ĵ + k̂
→

Let c→ be the resultant of a→ and → .

b
Then,
→
c = a + b = (2 + 1)î + (3 − 2)ĵ + ( − 1 + 1)k̂ = 3î + ĵ
→ →

∴ | c→ | = √3 2 + 12 = √9 + 1 = √10
→
c (3 î + ĵ )
∴ ĉ = =
| c→ | √10
1 3√10 î √10
→
Hence,the vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of vectors a→ and
b is ± 5 ⋅ ĉ = ± 5 ⋅ (3î + ĵ ) = ± ± ĵ .
√10 2 2

#429344
Topic: Vector Component Form

If a→ = î + ĵ + k̂ , → = 2î − ĵ + 3k̂ and c→ = î − 2ĵ + k̂ , find a unit vector parallel to the vector 2a→ − → + 3c→ .
b b

Solution

We have,
→
a = î + ĵ + k̂ , b = 2î − ĵ + 3k̂ and c = î − 2ĵ + k̂
→ →

→
2a→ − b + 3c→ = 2(î + ĵ + k̂ ) − (2î − ĵ + 3k̂ + 3(î − 2ĵ + k̂
= 2î + 2ĵ + 2k̂ − 2î + ĵ − 3k̂ + 3î − 6ĵ + 3k̂

= 3î − ĵ + 2k̂

|2a − b + 3c | = √32 + ( − 3)2 + 22 = √9 + 9 + 4 = √22

→ → →

Hence, the unit vector along 2a→ − → + 3c→ is

b
→
2a→ − b + 3c→ 3 î − 3 ĵ + 2k̂ 3 3 2
= = î − ĵ + k̂ .
→
| 2a→ − b + 3c→ | √22 √22 √22 √22

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