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MODERN PERMANENT
MAGNETS
WOODHEAD PUBLISHING SERIES IN ELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL MATERIALS

MODERN PERMANENT
MAGNETS

Edited by

John J. Croat
Naples, Florida, (USA)

John Ormerod
JOC LLC, Loudon, Tennessee, (USA)
Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek
permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrange-
ments with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing
Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experi-
ence broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medi-
cal treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety
of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of prod-
ucts liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN: 978-0-323-88658-1

For Information on all Woodhead Publishing publications visit our website at

https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: Matthew Deans

Acquisitions Editor: Kayla Dos Santos
Editorial Project Manager: Leticia M. Lima
Production Project Manager: Surya Narayanan
Jayachandran
Cover Designer: Greg Harris

Typeset by Aptara, New Delhi, India

Contents

Contributors ix

1 The history of permanent m ­ agnets 1

John J. Croat, John Ormerod
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Lodestones: the first permanent magnets 3
1.3 Early permanent magnet studies 4
1.4 The era of steel permanent magnets 7
1.5 The discovery of alnico permanent magnets 9
1.6 The discovery of hard ferrite magnets 11
1.7 The discovery of Sm-Co permanent magnets 12
1.8 The discovery of NdFeB permanent magnets 16
1.9 The discovery of Sm-Fe-N permanent magnets 20
1.10 Future permanent magnet materials 20
1.11 Summary 27
References 28

2 Fundamental properties of permanent magnets 31

Kalathur Narasimhan
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 The different families and types of permanent magnets 31
2.3 Key magnetic parameters 34
2.4 On the origin of magnetism 36
2.5 The different types of magnetism 41
2.6 The origin of anisotropy in permanent magnets 43
2.7 Magnetic domains and domain walls 47
2.8 Magnetic hysteresis 51
2.9 Coercivity mechanism in modern permanent magnets 57
2.10 Stability of permanent magnets 58
References 62

3 Recent advances in hard f­ errite magnets 65

Alberto Bollero, Ester M. Palmero
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Historical overview of M-type Sr- and Ba- Hexaferrites 65
3.3 Crystal structure, intrinsic magnetic properties, microstructure
and morphology 70
3.4 Advances towards the improvement of intrinsic magnetic properties 74
vi Contents

3.5 Industrial fabrication routes 77

3.6 Recycling efforts, recovery, and reusability in production line 96
3.7 Applications of hexaferrites: present and perspectives 100
References 104

4 Modern Sm-Co permanent magnets 113

Jinfang Liu, Michael Walmer, Melania Jasinski
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 Manufacturing process of Sm-Co magnets 114
4.3 High (BH)max Sm2Co17 type permanent magnets 116
4.4 Temperature compensated Sm-Co magnets 120
4.5 Ultra-high temperature Sm-Co magnets with small
reversible temperature coefficient of Br122
4.6 Performance of Sm-Co magnets in special environments 123
4.7 Laminated Sm-Co magnets 127
4.8 Additive manufacturing 128
4.9 Small magnets 129
4.10 Sm-Co nanoparticles and nanoflakes for nanocomposite magnets 130
4.11 Summary 132
References 133

5 The status of sintered NdFeB magnets 135

Masato Sagawa, Yasuhiro Une
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 History of the development of Nd-Fe-B 135
5.3 Compositions of the NdFeB sintered magnets
and their magnetic properties 138
5.4 Production process for sintered NdFeB magnets 143
5.5 Progress in the microstructure investigation 155
5.6 Development of HRE-Free and reduced HRE magnets 159
5.7 Ultimate NdFeB sintered magnets for EV traction motors 164
References 166

6 Compression bonded NdFeB permanent magnets 169

John J. Croat
6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 The compression molding process 170
6.3 Isotropic compression bonded NdFeB permanent magnets 174
6.4 Anisotropic hot deformed NdFeB compression bonded magnets 191
6.5 Compression molded HDDR permanent magnets 197
References 206

7 Injection molded permanent magnets 209

Thomas Schliesch
7.1 Introduction 209
Contents vii

7.2 Overview of applications, basic parameters and materials 210

7.3 Manufacturing 218
7.4 Polarization patterns 221
7.5 Design of in-mold magnetized magnets 226
7.6 Design of pulse magnetized magnets 230
7.7 Applications - Sensors 236
7.8 Applications – Electrical machines 243
7.9 Summary 247
Acknowledgments 247
References 248

8 Hot formed NdFeB magnets 251

Yutaka Yoshida, Norio Yoshikawa
8.1 Introduction 251
8.2 Development of hot-formed Nd-Fe-B magnets 252
8.3 Characteristics of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets 266
8.4 Fundamental research 276
8.5 Applications 290
8.6 Future outlook 294
8.7 Concluding remarks 298
Acknowledgments 298
References 299

9 Bonded Sm-Fe-N permanent magnets 305

J.M.D. Coey, Takahiko Iriyama
9.1 Introduction 305
9.2 Interstitial modification 309
9.3 Basic characteristics of Sm-Fe-N compounds 311
9.4 Magnet processing 317
9.5 Applications 331
9.6 Conclusion 335
Acknowledgments 337
References 337

10 Critical materials for permanent magnets 343

Alexander H. King, Roderick G. Eggert
10.1 Introduction 343
10.2 What is a critical material? 344
10.3 Critical materials in permanent magnets 345
10.4 Effects of criticality on technology evolution, and vice versa 352
10.5 Source diversification 355
10.6 Substitution 358
10.7 Summary 368
Acknowledgments 368
References 368
viii Contents

11 Permanent magnet coatings and testing procedures 371

Steve Constantinides
11.1 Introduction 371
11.2 Magnet characteristics relevant to coating 371
11.3 Coating permanent magnets 377
11.4 Coating test and evaluation 393
11.5 Summary 399
References 401

12 Permanent magnet markets and applications 403

John Ormerod
12.1 Introduction 403
12.2 Permanent magnet materials 407
12.3 Applications and markets 407
12.4 Price/Performance ratio for permanent magnet types – niche
and mass market magnet materials 414
12.5 Current and future major applications and devices 415
References 433
Web link 434

Glossary of magnetic terms 435

Index 439
Contributors

Alberto Bollero IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain

J.M.D. Coey Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
Steve Constantinides Honeoye, New York, United States
John J. Croat Naples, Florida, (USA)
Roderick G. Eggert Colorado School of Mines and Critical Materials Institute,
Golden, Colorado, (USA)
Takahiko Iriyama Daido Steel Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
Melania Jasinski Electron Energy Corporation, Landisville, PA, USA
Jinfang Liu Electron Energy Corporation, Landisville, PA, USA
Alexander H. King Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, (USA)
Kalathur Narasimhan P2PTechnologies, Moorestown, NJ
John Ormerod JOC LLC, Loudon, Tennessee, (USA)
Ester M. Palmero IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
Masato Sagawa Daido Steel Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
Thomas Schliesch Max Baermann GmbH, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany
Yasuhiro Une Daido Steel Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
Michael Walmer Electron Energy Corporation, Landisville, PA, USA
Yutaka Yoshida Daido Steel (America) Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada
Norio Yoshikawa Daido Electronics Co., Ltd., Nakatsugawa, Gifu, Japan
The history of permanent
­magnets 1
John J. Croata, John Ormerodb
a
Naples, Florida, (USA), bJOC LLC, Loudon, Tennessee, (USA)

1.1 Introduction
Modern permanent magnets are now a quintessential component in a wide spectrum
of electomechanical devices including motors, generators, sensors, loudspeakers,
instruments, traveling wave tubes, bearings and clutches that are used in a wide range
of products ranging from automobiles to missiles. Rare earth permanent magnets
have become a critical part of many high-tech products, including personal comput-
ers, MRI, high-capacity hard disk drives (HDD), wind power electric generators and
hybrid and electric vehicle drive motors. In addition, high performance permanent
magnets have allowed the miniaturization of many products such as laptop comput-
ers and other consumer electronic products. In fact, modern rare earth permanent
magnets now play an increasingly important role as an enabler and driver of technol-
ogy. Without NdFeB permanent magnets such products would not have developed
or would not have developed nearly so rapidly. This book provides an overview of
all of the commercially important families of permanent magnets that are currently
manufactured. Although permanent magnets are now used in large quantities, the
development and use of permanent magnets was a relatively slow process. The first
permanent magnets known to humans were naturally occurring lodestones which are
created when bolts of lightning struck deposits of the mineral magnetite (Fe3O4).
Although there are reports about the magical attractive properties of lodestones that
date to as early as the sixth century BC, it was not until about the 11th century AD
that they were first used in compasses, the first practical use of a permanent magnet.
Although the properties of lodestones are comparatively poor, it was not until the mid-
18th century that the first permanent magnets were produced with higher properties
and it was not until the 1930s and the development of alnico magnets that magnetic
properties increased to the point where engineers were able to use permanent magnets
in electomechanical devices like motors and generators. Prior to this, permanent mag-
nets properties were so low that engineers were forced to use electromagnets for these
devices. It was not until the mid-20th century and the development of ferrite magnets
that permanent magnets began to be used in significant quantities.
The increasing use and importance of permanent magnets has been driven largely
by a significant increase in magnetic properties. This is shown in Fig. 1.1, which
displays the chronological development of the various families of permanent magnets
over time and presents a very graphic picture of the evolution that has occurred in
permanent magnets in the last century. This chronology is expressed in terms of maxi-
mum energy product (BH)max, which is the figure of merit most frequently used to
Modern Permanent Magnets. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88658-1.00004-2
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 Modern Permanent Magnets

Fig. 1.1 The chronological development of permanent magnets since 1917.

rate and compare the various families and grades of magnets. This number is propor-
tional to the energy stored in the magnet and, therefore, the work that can be done by
the magnet. As seen in this figure, between about 1917 and 2000 the maximum energy
product increased by about fifty times. Over the same time, intrinsic coercivity levels
have increased by an almost 100 times, from about 250 Oersted to as high as 25,000
Oersted. The 1950s and 1960s saw the development of sintered ferrite magnets, one
of the most important discoveries in the history of permanent magnets. These magnets
are still the most commonly used in terms of volume, a testament to their unparal-
leled economic efficiency and chemical stability. In 2020, an estimated 900,000 tons
of sintered ferrite magnets were produced. Another major step in the evolution of
permanent magnets was the discovery of Sm-Co magnets in the 1960s and 1970s. The
discovery of Sm-Co magnets stimulated a great period of basic research which even-
tually led to the discovery of NdFeB magnets. As seen in Fig. 1.1, between 1970 and
1990, energy products increased by a factor of 12 compared to those obtained by the
best ferrite magnets. The last 50 years has also seen the development of various grades
of bonded magnets produced by compression and injection molding techniques. The
status and recent developments in all of these families of magnets are presented in
the following chapters. Also included are four chapters of general interest. Chapter 2
provides a discussion of the fundamental properties of permanent magnets so that the
non-specialist readers can more easily follow the discussion of the various families
of magnets. In addition, Chapter 10 provides an overview of the situation regarding
critical material used in magnets, including rare earths and cobalt. Today you will
find many articles in the news about how important key materials are for many high
technology products and permanent magnets are no exception. Since coating are
required for most rare earth based permanent magnets, a review of current coating
The history of permanent ­magnets 3

and coating evaluation technology is provided in Chapter 11. Finally, a chapter on

the markets and major applications for the various families of permanent magnets is
provided in Chapter 12.

1.2 Lodestones: the first permanent magnets

As previously mentioned, the first permanent magnets known and used by humans
were lodestones, which are naturally occurring magnetized pieces of the iron mineral
magnetite (Fe3O4) (Mills 2003; NASA 2020). Lodestones typically contain small
amounts of titanium or other elements which slightly increase the coercivity of the
magnetite and make them less susceptible to demagnetization over time. It appears
that unless these elements are present the magnetite does not have the properties nec-
essary to become or stay permanently magnetized. Lodestones are believed to become
magnetized when lightning strikes the surface of magnetite deposits. It is well known
that there is a magnetic field associated with a bolt of lightning and the prevailing
theory is that fragments of the magnetite rock are ejected from the deposit and these
pieces become instantly magnetized by the lightning strike. The typical lodestone has
relatively poor magnetic properties with a coercive force of about 50 Oersted and an
energy product well below 1 MGOe (7.9 kJ/m3), too low to be included on the chart
in Fig. 1.1. However they strongly attract other iron objects as shown in the photo-
graph in Fig. 1.2. Since this is a natural process, lodestones are still being produced in
magnetite deposits around the world. Lodestones also served another important role
as the means by which the first steel magnets were magnetized.
It is not known when humans first discovered the propertied of lodestones. One
place where lodestones were commonly found was in the prefecture of Magnesia in
the Greek province of Thessaly and the name magnet or magnes comes from this

Fig. 1.2 A demonstration of the ability of loadstone to attract iron objects (Annet 1921).
4 Modern Permanent Magnets

region. The earliest known written reference to them was made by the sixth century
BC Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus who reported on the ability of the lodestone
to attract pieces of iron and other lodestones. Lodestones are also referred to in early
Chinese chronicles that date to as early as the fourth century BC. Most historians
credit the Chinese with the development of the first compasses but when they actu-
ally did this is still being debated. The first incontestable reference to the use of a
magnetized needle for navigation appears in the Dream Pool Essay written by Song
Dynasty writer Shea Kua in 1086 CE. This essay also describes how an iron needle
was magnetized by rubbing it against a lodestone and then used in a compass by sus-
pending it from a single silk thread. This was probably the world’s first practical use
of a permanent magnet (Needham 1962; New World Encyclopedia 2020).
At this time historians are unsure if compass technology spread to the rest of the
world or was independently discovered. Many historians believe that the technology
was probably transferred to both Europe and the Islamic world from China by traders
traveling down the Silk Roads. The earliest European reference to the compass used
for navigation is found in the book De naturis rerum (on The Nature of Things) writ-
ten by the English scholar Alexander Neckam in about 1190. However, he refers to the
compass as a common navigation tool, an indication that it was being used somewhat
earlier. One argument used for an indigenous European discovery is that the earli-
est European compasses had sixteen basic divisions whereas early Chinese versions
had twenty-four In the Islamic world, the earliest reference to the use of a compass
for navigation is found in The Book of the Merchant’s Treasure, written by Baylak
al-Kibjaki in about 1282. However, the author describes having witnessed the use of
a compass on a ship some forty years earlier. By the late-12th century the compass
became widely used for navigation and is believed to have resulted in a significant
increase in world trade.

1.3 Early permanent magnet studies

Humans had long recognized that there appeared to have two distinct poles on lode-
stone magnets and came to call them south-seeking and north-seeking poles. They also
tried to find a magnetic monopole by cutting the magnets in two. Of course, they sim-
ply produced two new magnets that seemed to have weaker properties. For some time
scholars and navigators did not understand why the magnet rotated into a north-south
direction and some, including the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus, speculated
that the magnets were being oriented by the north star, which they believed must be a
giant celestial magnet. The first serious study of permanent magnets was carried out
by the English physician and scholar William Gilbert near the end of the 15th century.
Gilbert had a great interest in magnets and the strange directional properties of the
compass needle. Some of his early discoveries were that the magnetic strength of
lodestones could be increased by adding iron tips or keepers and reported that doing
so could increase the weight of iron that could be lifted by a lodestone by a factor of
five. He also discovered that the magnetism of a lodestone could be destroyed by heat-
ing to high temperature. He also reinvented the method of magnetizing iron needles by
Another random document with
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[Contents]
 INDEX OF QUOTATIONS FROM BIBLE, MISHNAH,
TALMUD, AND POSEKIM.
PAGE

Gen. i. 1; 30
i. 5; 361
i. 10, 12; 473
i. 26; 146
i. 28; 318
i. 31; 341, 489
ii. 3; 357
iii. 21; 291
iv. 10; 292
iv. 13; 187
vi. 9; 48
vii. 19; 197
ix. 2; 318
ix. 4; 462
xii. 3; 156
xii. 6; 211
xv. 6; 7
xvi. 5; 203
xvii. 9, 10, 12; 336
xviii. 1; 204, 291
xviii. 5; 204
xviii. 9, 22; 203
xix. 33; 203
xx. 3; 200
xx. 11; 28, 199
xxii. 14; 211
xxiv.; 486
xxv. 11; 291
xxviii. 17; 276
xxxi. 24; 200
xxxii. 21; 415
 xxxii. 33; 461
xxxiii. 4; 203
xxxiv. 12; 483
xxxv. 11; 210
xxxvi. 31; 210
xxxvii. 12; 203
xlii. 18; 28
xlvi. 2; 200
xlvi. 4; 496
xlviii. 16; 477, 487
xlviii. 20; 475

Exod. iii., iv.; 192

iii. 14; 197
iv. 20; 197
iv. 31; 9
v. 2, 28; 248
vi. 6, 7; 380
viii. 6; 422
viii. 22; 371
xii. 1 sqq.; 371
xii. 2; 363, 371 [513]
xii. 3; 374
xii. 8; 386
xii. 11; 372
xii. 14; 218
xii. 15; 376
xii. 16; 352
xii. 17; 218
xii. 19; 376
xii. 24; 375
xii. 27; 373
xii. 47; 48, 372
xiii. 1; 331
xiii. 7; 376
xiii. 8; 382
xiii. 9; 331
xiii. 11; 332
xiii. 13; 15, 479
xiii. 16; 331
xiv. 31; 8, 49
xv. 2; 248, 429
xv. 25, 26; 239
xvi. 13, 14; 356
xvi. 22; 356
xvi. 29; 350
xix. 6; 121, 156
xix. 8; 404
xix. 9; 47
xix. 10; 394
xx. 2 sqq.; 247
xx. 2; 38, 248
xx. 2 sqq.; 267
xx. 5; 143, 151
xx. 8; 341
xx. 12; 305
xx. 13; 293
xxii. 24; 295
xxiii. 1; 299
xxiii. 7; 326
xxiii. 14; 368
xxiii. 14 sqq.; 368
xxiii. 16; 393
xxiii. 17; 368
xxiii. 18; 377
xxiii. 19; 457, 461
xxiv. 5; 203
xxiv. 7; 169
xxvii. 21; 426
xxx. 10; 401
xxx. 20; 445
xxxi. 15; 351
xxxi. 16, 17; 335
xxxiii. 9; 193
xxxiii. 11; 197
xxxiv. 6, 7; 45, 401
xxxiv. 18; 368
xxxiv. 26; 402
 xxxv. 2; 351
xxxv. 3; 350

Lev. iii. 3, 4; 461

vii. 23; 461
xi. 3; 460
xi. 9, 13, 20; 460
xi. 41; 460
xi. 45; 455
xii. 3; 478
xvi. 30; 405
xvii. 11; 416, 462
xvii. 12; 459
xvii. 13; 465
xvii. 14; 459
xviii. 3; 428
xix.; 272
xix. 2; 290
xix. 14; 293, 301
xix. 17; 291, 308
xix. 18; 260, 238, 292
xix. 18 sq.; 239, 309
xix. 19; 457
xix. 23; 457
xix. 24; 457
xix. 26; 474
xix. 27; 467
xix. 32; 317
xxii. 28; 319, 459
xxii. 32; 290
xxiii. 4; 368
xxiii. 9; 389
xxiii. 10, 14; 389, 457
xxiii. 15 sq.; 393
xxiii. 31 sq.; 406, 393 [514]
xxiii. 34; 395
xxiii. 40; 320, 396
xxiii. 42 sq.; 395
xxv.; 368
xxv. 23; 304
 xxv. 35 sq.; 295
xxvi. 15, 43; 239

Num. iii. 39; 203

v.; 481
vi. 24 sqq.; 429
ix. 9 sqq.; 375
ix. 10; 203
ix. 11; 386
xi.; 269
xi. 22, 32; 464
xii. 6, 8; 133, 201
xii. 13; 421
xv. 15; 246
xv. 17 sqq.; 357
xv. 26; 408
xv. 38; 330
xv. 39 sq.; 239, 329, 436
xix.; 370, 496
xx. 12; 8
xxi. 30; 203
xxii. sqq.; 209
xxiii. 19; 142, 186
xxviii. 16; 372
xxix. 15; 203
xxxiii.; 211

Deut. i. 1; 209
i. 12; 191
iv. 1; 239
iv. 2; 140
iv. 5, 8; 239
iv. 15; 42
iv. 24; 290
iv. 35; 30, 270
iv. 39; 15
iv. 40; 243
v. 1, 3; 247
v. 6 sqq.; 267
v. 28; 247
vi. 4; 15, 38, 169, 172, 332, 491
vi. 5; 274, 278
vi. 7; 286, 436
vi. 8; 331
vi. 9; 335
vii. 19; 192
viii. 17, 18; 28, 275
ix. 18, 25; 421
x. 12 sq.; 243, 273
x. 16; 176
x. 17 sq.; 145
xi. 13 sqq.; 332, 335
xi. 15; 319
xi. 20; 331
xi. 19; 335
xii. 21; 462
xiii. 2 sq.; 47, 140
xiii. 5; 290
xiii. 6; 216
xiv. 3; 455
xiv. 4, 5; 459
xvi. 1; 363
xvi. 6; 375
xvi. 10; 393
xvi. 11, 14; 354
xvi. 16; 368
xvii. 9, 10; 218
xvii. 17; 488
xviii. 15; 132
xx. 5 sq.; 483
xxii. 1, 4; 298
xxii. 6; 459
xxii. 9; 457
xxii. 10, 11; 458
xxii. 12; 329
xxiv. 1; 487
xxiv. 14; 316
xxv. 4; 319
xxv. 5; 488
 xxv. 17; 370
xxvi. 3 sq.; 429
xxvi. 5; 384
xxvi. 13 sq.; 429
xxvii., xxviii.; 208
xxviii. 30; 483
xxviii. 58; 273
xxix. 21; 296 [515]
xxix. 28; 2, 140, 203, 218
xxx. 1 sq.; 157
xxx. 3; 226
xxx. 12; 218
xxx. 15; 142
xxx. 19 sq.; 142, 146
xxxi. 10 sq.; 345
xxxi. 26; 209
xxxii. 4; 143, 221
xxxii. 20; 8
xxxii. 27; 28
xxxii. 39; 164
xxxiii. 2; 225
xxxiii. 27; 203
xxxiv. 10 sq.; 134

Joshua i. 7, 8; 205, 286

iv.; 206
viii. 31 sqq.; 205
x. 12; 63

Judges v. 15 sqq.; 64
v. 31; 310
vii. 5; 445

1 Sam. ii. 6 sq.; 64

ix. 9; 190
x. 6; 198
xii. 17; 422
xii. 22; 64
xv. 8; 370
xv. 22 sq.; 64, 276
 xvi. 7; 65, 150
xviii.; 307
xviii. 10; 190
xx. 27; 366
xxiv. 14; 65

2 Sam. xi., xiii.; 347

xiii.; 307
xxiii. 2; 53
xxiv. 14; 65, 278

1 Kings ii. 2; 65
ii. 3; 205
viii. 2; 401
viii. 48; 425
viii. 65; 401, 207
xii.; 317
xiii. 4; 199
xiii. 18; 191
xviii.; 423
xviii. 21; 66
xviii. 39; 170
xxi.; 265

2 Kings iv. 33 sqq.; 423

xiv. 6; 206
xiv. 9; 66
xiv. 25; 81
xxii. 8 sqq.; 207
xxiii. 21; 206

Isa. i. 9; 206
i. 11 sq.; 418
i. 14; 339
i. 15; 444
i. 16; 237
ii. 2 sqq.; 158
ii. 3; 156
vi. 3; 442
vii. 9; 8
 vii. 14 sq.; 68, 225
viii. 17 sqq.; 68
ix. 5; 68
xi. 2; 160
xi. 6, 9; 158
xxvi. 8; 275
xxvi. 20; 322
xxxiii. 15 sqq.; 238
xl. sqq.; 348
xl. 2; 157, 387
xl. 18; 42
xl. 25; 42
xl. 26; 15
xl. 26; 23, 145
xlii. 9; 132
xliii. 24; 418
xliv. 21; 159
lii. sq.; 226
lii. 13 sqq.; 159
liii. 4; 224
liv. 9; 206
liv. 10; 159
lvi. 1; 238
lvii. 21; 151
lviii.; 207 [516]
lviii. 13, 14; 339, 340, 341
lix. 20 sq.; 159, 286
lx. 19 sqq.; 159
lxvi. 2; 418
lxvi. 17; 206
lxvi. 22; 159

Jer. i., ii.; 348

vii. 21, 418
vii. 23; 72, 276
vii. 28; 8
ix. 23; 72
ix. 25; 206
xv. 19; 72
xvii. 7; 277
 xvii. 21 sq.; 350
xxiii. 5 sq.; 73, 160
xxiii. 36; 191
xxix. 5, 7; 311
xxix. 15, 26; 190
xxxi. 31 sqq.; 74, 216
xxxiii. 25 sq.; 159

Ezek. i.; 347

iii. 12; 442
xi. 19 sq.; 76
xii. 22; 76
xiv. 14; 110, 117
xvi.; 347
xviii. 2; 77
xxviii. 3; 118
xxxiv. 22 sq.; 78
xxxvi. 17 sq.; 370
xxxviii. sqq.; 230
xxxix. 28 sq.; 78
xl. 1; 403
xlv. 16 sqq.; 371

Hosea ii. 21 sq.; 9, 79, 159

iii. 4 sq.; 79
vi. 6; 418
xii.; 206
xii. 11, 14; 132
xiv. 2; 375, 418
xiv. 6, 10; 80

Amos iv. 11; 206

v. 25; 418
viii. 5; 350

Jonah i. 9; 170
ii. 10; 283
iv. 2; 194

Micah ii. 6; 82
iii. 11 sq.; 82
 iv. 1 sqq.; 158
vi. 6 sqq.; 225
vi. 8; 83, 238

Hab. i. 13 sq.; 152

ii. 3; 163
ii. 2, 4; 9, 152, 163, 238
iii. 18; 275

Zeph. iii. 9; 84, 159

iii. 11 sq.; 84

Haggai ii. 10 sqq.; 206

ii. 11; 136

Zech. iii. 7; 85
v. 4; 264
vi. 13; 85
viii. 16 sqq.; 85
viii. 19; 412
viii. 23; 86
ix. 9 sq.; 86
xiv. 9; 86, 159
xiv. 16 sqq.; 86, 206

Mal. ii. 6 sq.; 87, 314

ii. 10; 292
ii. 14; 483
ii. 17; 143
iii. 4 sq.; 162, 372, 416
iii. 6; 142, 186
iii. 22; 87, 206
iii. 23 sq.; 229, 380

Ps. i. 3, 4; 91
ii. 7; 42
iii. 9; 24
v. 5; 281
v. 8; 276
vii. 12; 143
vii. 16; 90
viii. 5, 6; 144, 183, 323
viii. 7; 318
ix. 10; 281
xiv. 1; 28, 144
xv.; 238 [517]
xv. 5; 295
xvi. 8; 467
xvi. 8 sq.; 165, 290
xvi. 11; 275
xvii. 1; 419
xvii. 15; 165
xix. 2; 23
xix. 8, 9; 14, 197, 344
xix. 9, 10; 451
xxiii. 1; 277
xxiv.; 238
xxiv. 3, 4; 281
xxvi. 6; 281, 444
xxvii. 14; 277
xxix. 10; 206
xxxii. 10; 155
xxxiv. 2; 280
xxxiv. 13, 14; 299
xxxvi. 8 sq.; 155
xxxvii. 3; 277
xxxvii. 9, 28, 37 sq.; 155
xl. 7 sqq.; 276
xlii. 2; 275
xliii. 3; 16
xlv. 14; 470
l. 8; 418
l. 23; 275
li. 9 sq.; 91, 148, 206
li. 17; 280
lv. 18; 429
lxviii. 27; 285
lxix. 14; 285
lxxii. 20; 95
lxxiii. 2; 152
lxxiii. 26; 278
lxxiv. 8; 423
lxxviii.; 206
lxxviii. 41; 31, 144
lxxix. 6, 7; 387
lxxx. 9; 91
lxxxiv. 5; 275
lxxxviii. 19; 308
xciv. 1; 143
xciv. 5 sq.; 144, 145, 220
xcix. 7; 193
c. 2; 320
cii. 26 sqq.; 43
civ.; 206
civ. 33 sq.; 280
civ. 35; 309, 453
cvii.; 479
cvii. 6; 282
cx.; 226
cxi. 10; 274
cxvi. 2, 4, 13; 282
cxviii. 21; 283
cxix. 13; 280
cxix. 54; 276
cxix. 103; 281
cxix. 111; 276
cxix. 130; 180
cxix. 172; 281
cxxviii. 2; 322
cxxviii. 3; 91
cxxx. 2; 91
cxxxiii.; 424
cxxxvi.; 380
cxxxvi. 1; 283
cxxxvii. 6; 468
cxxxix. 1 sqq.; 149
cxl. 14; 453
cxlv. 18; 44, 280, 423
cxlv. 20; 275
 cxlvi. 10; 441
cxlvii. 1; 280
cxlviii. 6; 186
cl. 6; 418

Prov. i. 2; 98
i. 7; 98, 102, 273, 324
ii. 17; 483
iii. 7; 99
iii. 34; 328
iii. 27 sq.; 304
vi. 1; 296
x. 1; 102
x. 2; 103
x. 3; 101
x. 4; 104
x. 7; 103
x. 12; 106 [518]
x. 17; 108
x. 19; 102
x. 22; 101, 357
x. 27; 102, 274
xi. 2; 104
xi. 5; 103
xi. 13; 106
xi. 17; 107, 320
xi. 22; 102
xi. 24; 105
xi. 25; 108
xii. 4; 106
xii. 9; 104
xii. 10; 107, 319
xii. 19; 103, 326
xii. 24; 104
xii. 25; 108
xii. 28; 166
xiii. 1; 107
xiii. 7; 108
xiii. 13; 101
xiii. 19; 106
xiii. 24; 107
xiii. 25; 105
xiv. 5; 103
xiv. 9; 103
xiv. 10; 108
xiv. 15; 5, 102
xiv. 1; 102
xiv. 23; 104
xiv. 27; 102
xiv. 28; 108
xiv. 31; 100
xv. 1; 102
xv. 8, 9; 100
xv. 16; 103
xv. 17; 106
xv. 25; 100
xv. 27; 105
xv. 29; 100
xv. 33; 104
xvi. 7; 101
xvi. 2; 108
xvi. 9; 24, 101
xvi. 14; 108
xvi. 18; 104
xvi. 32; 106
xvii. 3; 101
xvii. 4; 299
xvii. 6; 306, 107
xvii. 7; 104
xvii. 9; 106
xvii. 28; 102
xviii. 9; 104
xviii. 22; 106
xix. 5; 265
xix. 16; 101
xix. 14; 106
xix. 17; 100
xix. 18; 107
xix. 26; 306
xx. 1; 105
xx. 20; 107, 306
xx. 22; 100
xx. 27; 495
xxi. 1; 108
xxi. 3; 100
xxi. 13; 101
xxi. 15, 23; 103
xxi. 30, 31; 101
xxii. 2; 100, 316
xxii. 6, 9, 15; 107, 480
xxii. 23; 100
xxii. 24; 308
xxiii. 4; 322
xxiii. 13 sq.; 107
xxiii. 22; 318
xxiii. 29 sq.; 105
xxiv. 13 sq.; 102
xxiv. 17 sq.; 107
xxiv. 21; 318
xxiv. 24 sq.; 106
xxiv. 30 sq.; 104
xxv. 1; 97
xxv. 15; 103
xxv. 17; 309
xxv. 26; 103
xxv. 28; 106
xxvi. 4 sq.; 103
xxv. 20; 107 [519]
xxvii. 1; 108
xxvii. 2; 104
xxvii. 5, 6; 106
xxvii. 10; 309
xxvii. 12; 102
xxvii. 19; 306
xxvii. 23 sqq.; 105
xxviii. 20; 103
xxviii. 24; 306
xxviii. 25; 105
 xxix. 12; 299
xxix. 18; 101
xxx. 1; 97, 98
xxx. 5; 98
xxx. 7 sqq.; 321
xxx. 17; 107, 305
xxxi.; 475
xxxi. 1; 98
xxxi. 10 sqq.; 106

Job i. 21 sq.; 109, 278, 284

ii. 5, 9; 109
ii. 10; 111
iii. 19; 111, 492
iv. 17; 111
v. 17; 111
vi. 14; 308
vii. 1; 111
vii. 9; 166
ix. 4; 111
x. 21; 166
xii. 12; 317
xiii. 15; 111
xiv. 14; 167
xix. 25 sq.; 111, 167
xxii. 13 sq.; 144
xxviii. 28; 112
xxxii. 8; 323

Song of Solomon, vi. 3; 113

Ruth i. 16 sqq.; 113

Lam. i. 18; 143

iii. 38 sq.; 221
iii. 66; 387

Eccles. i. 18; 114

iii. 1, 2; 114, 489
iv. 5, 6, 17; 115
v. 1, 3; 115
 v. 11; 322
v. 12; 321
vii. 1, 9, 16, 17; 115
vii. 20; 115, 407
viii. 12 sqq.; 143
ix. 8; 115
x. 2, 8; 115
xi. 4; 116
xi. 9, 10; 490
xii. 1; 116
xii. 7; 116, 165
xii. 13; 154, 274

Esther ix. 29; 116

x. 3; 303

Dan. ii. 27 sq.; 118

iv. 27, 34; 120
v. 25 sqq.; 120
v. 30; 120
vi. 1; 120
vi. 11; 430
viii. 14; 122
viii. 26; 123
x. 13; 124
xi. 14, 35; 227
xii. 2; 164
xii. 3, 6, 7; 124
xii. 8; 163
xii. 13; 124

Ezra iii. 4; 206

vii. 6, 10, 28; 125
viii. 1; 125

Neh. i. 1; 125
viii.; 207
viii. 1; 206
viii. 2; 401
viii. 10; 206, 354, 401
 viii. 13; 206
xiii. 15; 351

1 Chron. xxix. 14; 275

2 Chron. vii. 9, 10; 401

xx. 20; 8
xxx. 2; 376
xxxvi. 16; 317 [520]

Apocrypha—
Wisdom vi. 17 sqq.; 128
x. 8 sq.; 128
Sirach vi. 6; 308
xxxix. 1 sqq.; 129

Targum—
Gen. iv. 8; 144
Exod. xiii. 16; 331
Exod. xxiii. 19; 465
Isa. xxix. 10; 190
Jer. xxix. 15; 190

Midrash—
Mechilta, Exod. xiii. 9; 338
Sifra, Lev. xix. 18; 291
Sifre, Deut. xi. 13; 418
Deut. xi. 18; 338
Deut. xiv. 3; 455
Deut. xxxiv. 10; 200
Rabboth, Lev. ix.; 274
Lev. xxiv.; 272, 275, 283
Num. xviii.; 431
Deut. ii.; 282
Song of Solomon, v. 2; 282
Midrash on Ps. c.; 216
Yalkut, Gen. v. 1; 292
Deut. vi. 16; 308
Isa. viii. 1; 223
Micah vi. 8; 238
 Mal. ii. 7; 315
Ps. lvi.; 188

Mishnah—
Berach. i. 4; 432
i. 5; 525
iv. 1; 435
iv. 3; 430
iv. 5, 6; 426
v. 1; 453
vi. sqq.; 442
ix. 5; 278
Peah i. 1; 222
Shabbath. i. 1; 397
ii. 6; 358
vi. 1; 331
vii. 2; 351, 397
xxiii. 4; 474
xxiii. 5; 496
Pesach. i. 1, 4; 377
ii. 1; 377
iv. 1, 5; 373
iv. 9; 376
vi. 3; 381
x. 1; 380, 373
x. 3; 381
Shekalim i. 1: 370
Yoma x. 1; 406
Succah iii. 8; 397
iv. 1; 397
iv. 5; 398
v. 2; 426
v. 4; 425
Rosh ha-sh. i. 1; 402
iv. 1: 397
Taanith iii. 8; 423
iv. 2; 433
Megillah iii. 4 sqq.; 432, 369
iv. 10; 347
Kethub. ii. 10; 485
 vii. 6; 467
Kiddush. i. 7; 471
Sotah iii. 4; 481
Sanhedr. x. 1; 231
Eduyoth iii. 7; 229
Aboth i. 5; 470
i. 6; 300
i. 7; 328
i. 10; 322
i. 16; 454
ii. 4; 312
ii. 10; 263, 298
ii. 12; 263, 288, 293
ii. 13; 187
iii. 2; 311
iii. 9; 324
iii. 12; 314
iii. 13; 55
iii. 14; 1, 146, 221 [521]
iii. 17; 324
iv. 1; 50
iv. 2; 151
iv. 8; 455
iv. 11; 186
iv. 12; 315
iv. 18; 491
iv. 22; 222
v. 10; 298
v. 16; 307
v. 20; 289
v. 21; 479
v. 22; 327
vi. 3; 315
vi. 6; 327
Tamid v. 1; 433

Bab. Talm.—
Berach., p. 3a; 434
4b; 439
5a; 223, 282, 490
 6a; 285
6b; 487
8a; 285
10a; 282
12a; 432
15b; 419
17a; 471
28b; 419
29b; 422
30a; 426
31a; 445, 484
33b; 274
40a; 319
60b; 284
Shabb., p. 10a; 445
31a; 238
31b; 274
88b; 310
92a; 50
118a; 323
119b; 317
130a; 337
Erub. p. 104a; 428
Pesach., p. 7b; 330
100a; 356
114b, 115b; 381
117b; 380
118a; 221
Rosh ha-sh., p. 10b; 405
16a; 186, 282
34b; 447
Taanith, p. 7a; 314
11a; 312
Yoma, p. 23a; 310
Succah, p. 51b; 426
Megillah, p. 23a; 347
31b; 317
Kethub., p. 8b; 493
Kiddush., p. 29a; 322
 31a; 427
39b; 222
Nedarim, p. 37b; 204
Gittin, p. 14b; 495
60a; 210
Sotah, p. 3a; 148
11b; 472
Baba kamma, p. 92b; 465
93a; 310
113a; 311, 488
B. Metsia, p. 58b; 299
59; 217, 299
B. Bathra, p. 14b; 110, 209
15a; 110, 116
165a; 299
Sanhedr., p. 56a; 462
90; 317
91b; 160
98b; 161
99a; 210
106a; 290
Ab.-zarah, p. 3a; 222
Menach., p. 36b; 333
42b; 330
65; 393
69; 457
Chullin, i.; 463
p. 27b; 464
60a; 182
65a; 465 [522]
Niddah, p. 45b; 472
Soferim vi. 4; 203
xiv. 18; 420
xxi. 3; 373
Aboth di-R. N. xxxiv.; 202

Jerus. Talm.—
Berach. i. 7; 272
Pesach. x. 1; 373
Shekalim i. 1; 370
 Chagigah i. 7; 3
Megillah i. 7; 217

Maimon., Mishn.-torah—
Hilchoth Deoth v. 11; 483
Talm. Torah v. 1. 7; 315
vi. 11; 317
Teshubhah iii. 5; 111
iii. 6; 312
Tefillah i. 1; 419
iv. 15; 419
Tefillin iv. 26; 337
Mezuzah vi. 13; 337
Tsitsith iii. 12; 336
Berachoth i. 5; 433
Shabbath xxx. 1; 339
Hilchoth Maach. as. i. 14; 465
i. 21; 460
iii. 3; 466

Shulchan-aruch—
I., i. 1; 467
i. 4; 419
ii. 6; 427
liii. 4; 450
Tur. I., cclxxi.; 356
II., lxxxii.; 465

Daily Prayer-book—
p. 3 1; 148, 277
8; 287
15; 334
39; 31, 184
49; 225
51; 185
76; 31
111; 267
129; 23
153; 311
249; 150
 304; 478
308; 479
314; 491 [523]

1 The numbers refer to pages in the Authorized Daily Prayer-book, with a new translation by the Rev. S.
Singer. ↑
[Contents]
 GENERAL INDEX.
Abib, month of, 59, 362, 363.

Abstinence, 320.

Adar, 362, 363, 369, 411.

Additions, apocryphal, 131.

Additional prayer (or sacrifice), 345, 408, 435.

Adultery, 261.

Afikuman, 382, 386.

Agadah, 138.

Aged, the, 317.

Allegorical headings of psalms, 94;

of proverbs, 97.

Almsgiving, 303.

Al-tikre, 204.

Amidah, 225, 359, 404, 436, 437.

Ancient Versions, 204.

Angels, 250.

Anglican Version revised by M. Friedländer, 224.

Anniversary of the death of a relative, 495.

Anthropomorphism, 41.

Apocrypha, 127.
Arba-kanfoth, 329.

Ark, 424.

Ascetism, 320.

Associate, 309.

Atheism, 27, 143 sq.

Atonement, Day of, 59, 206, 329, 342, 346, 353, 400, 405 sq.;
Vicarious, 224

Attributes of God, 39, 171;

the thirteen, 45.

Authenticity of the Pentateuch, 134, 202;

of Isaiah, 212.

Azharoth, 241.

Bar-mitsvah, 347, 481.

Benediction of the priests, 442.

Benedictions. See Berachoth.

Berachoth, 283, 329, 334, 341, 348, 352, 357, 359, 377, 382, 385, 397, 410, 411,
437 sqq., 442;
form of obligatory, 444.

Beth-din, 237, 445.

Beth ha-keneseth, 423.

Beth ha-midrash, 348, 469.

Betrothal, 484.

Bible, the, 56 sqq.;

Hebrew names of, 56 sqq.;
headings of the books of, 56;
—and Science, 33;
 figurative speech in, 176;
interpretation of, 175;
criticism, 210.

Blessings. See Berachoth.

Blood, 416, 459, 465.

Booths, 395.

Burden ( = prophecy), 191.

Burial, 492;
Service, 493.

Calendar, 59, 360 sqq.

Cause, the first, 30, 171, 174;

intermediate causes, 171. [524]

Caviare, 461.

Centre of universe, 182.

Chalet, 474.

Chanuccah, 409.

Charity, 302, 469.

Children, 305.

Chizzuk-emunah, 226.

Chol-hammoëd, 390, 397.

Christianity, 225.

Chronicles, The Books of the, 87;

contents of, 126;
sources of, 127.

Chukkoth haggoyim, 428.