Metal and Non-Metal A metal gives electron(s) to a non-metal. The metal becomes positive and the non-metal becomes negative. [ now attract each other. ion IVENIS 43m. 8 1314 15 16 17 He M3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 K [Ti] vcr Mn) Fe ‘Col Ni| Cul Zn 2 Ag w Pt | Au Properties of Non-metals Non-metals are not malleable or brittle: Non-metals cannot be hammered or beaten into thin sheets without breaking. Non-metals break into pieces when hammered or stretched, Sulphur, phosphorus are powders and cannot be made into a sheet. Brittleness is a characteristic property of non-metals, Non-metals are not ductile: Non-metals cannot be melted and drawn into thin wires. Non- metals do not have free electrons, Thus the bonds between atoms in the elements are weak and they snap when stretched. Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity: In non-metals, the bonds formed are ‘weak as there are no free electrons to share. Graphite is able to conduct electricity because of its special crystalline arrangement Non-metals have no lustre: Non-metals are in the form of powder or are gaseous. Hence they cannot be polished and they do not have any lustre. Most of the powders are dull in colour. Only graphite can be polished to some degree. Iodine shows some luster.© Non-metals are not strong: Due to their non-ductile and non-malleable properties, non-metals are not strong at all. Their bonds break easily. © Melting and boiling points: All non-metals have low melting and boiling points. Graphite and diamonds have high melting points © Dens densities. of non-metals: Non-metals have low densities as compared to metals, which have high ‘Non-Metals are not Sonorous. Non-metals do not make any characteristic sound when hit with an object. DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS S.No Metals Non Metals Metals are ystalline solids (except mercury, which is a liquid) Non-metals are either gases or solids [Exception: Bromine is a liquid] In their pure state, metals shine, This Non-metals are dull to look at, i.e., they 2. | Metallic property is called metallic lustre, In other | cannot be polished _[Exceptions: lustre ‘words, metals can be polished. Graphite and iodine are lustrous}. Metals have high density (except Non-metals have low — density 3. | Density sodium, potassium and lithium) [Exception: Diamond has high density}. Metals are hard solids (except Non-metals are not hard. If solid they 4. | Hardness | sodium and potassium, which are softand | are soft and brittle. For example, can be cut with a knife). phosphorus and sulphur are soft solids and iodine is brittle [Exception Diamond is the hardest natural substance]. Melting Metals have high melting points and high | Non-metals have both low melting and point boiling points low boiling points (Exceptions 5 Carbon, silicon and boron have both high melting and high boiling points}. Metals are malleable, ie., they can be | Non-metals are non-malleable. When 6. | Malleability | hammered into sheets. Gold, silver, | they are hammered they turn into a copper, aluminium and tin can be beaten into very thin sheets called foils. (But zine is brittle, ie., it breaks into pieces when it is hammered) non-metals are of a brittleMetals are ductile. i.e., they can be drawn | Non-metals are not ductile (Exception: 7 into wires. Gold, silver, copper and | Carbon fibre, a recently developed Ductility aluminium are highly ductile metals, gold | allotrope of carbon, is ductile] being the most ductile of all metals. [Exception : Zine, arsenic & antimony cannot be drawn into wires} 8 Tensile Metals have high tensile strength, ie.,| Non-metals have low tensile strength strength they can bear a lot of strain [Exception : | [Exception: Carbon fibre has high Zinc] tensile strength}. Thermal and | Metals are good conductors of heat and | Non-metals are bad conductors of heat 9 electrical electricity. Silver is the best conductor _| and electricity [Exeeptions: Graphite is conductivity | of heat and electricity. good conductor of heat and electricity). ‘Metals produce a twangy sound when | Solid non-metals do not produce a 10 Sonority they are struck with a hard object, ie., | sound when they are struck, ie., they they are sonorous substances. are not sonorous substances. METAL REACTIVITY SERIES “The reactivity series of metals Elements | Reaction with oxygen _| Reaction with water Reaction with acid 1K | React with oxygen at| React with cold water | React explosively with 2.Na | ordinary temperature to | vigorously (I &2); reacts | dilute acids to give ae form oxides (1,2 &3) | moderately with water (3) | hydrogen (1 & 2); reacts Ca less vigorously (3) 4.Mg | Form oxides on heating, | Reacts with hot water or | React moderately with 5,1 __ | but aluminium reacts at | steam (4); react with steam | acid, to produce hydrogen = ordinary temperature (4,6 | only to form oxide & | (4,5,6&7) n &7) hydrogen (5,6 & 7) 1.Fe 8.Pb | Form oxides on very | No reaction with hot water | Reacts with cone. HCI to 9. qn] | strong heating (8, 10 & | orsteam (8, 10 & 11) give Hx(8); do not react i) with dilute acids (10 & 11) 10.Cu 11. Hg12. Ag 13. Pt 14. Au Do not react with oxygen even on strong heating (12, 13 & 14) No reaction with hot water or steam (12, 13 & 14) Do not react with dilute acids (12, 13 & 14)