International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2022, pp. 773~782

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i2.pp773-782  773

Modified full bridge dual inductive coupling resonant converter

for electric vehicle battery charging applications

Kondreddy Sreekanth Reddy, Sreenivasappa Bhupasandra Veeranna

Center for Research in Power Electronics, Presidency University, Bengaluru, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: In this paper, a modified full bridge dual inductive coupling (LCL) resonant
converter for electric vehicles (EVs) battery charging applications is
Received Jul 23, 2021 proposed. The main objective of the proposed topology is to operate the
Revised Feb 28, 2022 converter in constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) mode during
Accepted Mar 10, 2022 battery charging. The presented topology's uniqueness comprises the
following: i) isolated charging and power factor correction (PFC), ii) to
achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS) for
Keywords: inverter switches, iii) reduction of number of rectifier diodes to reduce the
conduction and switching losses, and iv) reducing the magnetizing current.
Constant current mode The output voltage dependence of resonant converter is reduced using a PFC
Constant voltage mode converter against the variations of the alternating current (AC) grid input
Electric vehicle voltage. The variations of the wide range output voltage and load is
Inductive coupling resonant compensated by a small variation in switching frequency. The proposed
converter topology's detailed operation is simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink
Integrated converter tool.
Isolation This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Kondreddy Sreekanth Reddy
Center for Research in Power Electronics, Presidency University
Rajankunte, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560064, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is ever
increasing due to an impending scarcity of fossil fuels is expected. and the zero emission of carbon dioxide
(CO2), noise reduction, smooth functioning, and high efficiency. The power electronic converters in EVs and
PHEVs play a significant role in interfacing the battery and grid to drive the traction motor which are
discussed in [1]–[5]. The design of reliable, compact and efficient power electronic converters is of great
interest and challenge for the researchers and engineers [6]–[8].
Presently, many topologies have been proposed in the literature for isolated battery charging using
inductors capacitor (LLC) resonant converters [9]–[22]. The topologies proposed in reference [9]–[17]
describes the operation of direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) and AC/DC converter for battery
charging with high frequency transformer to achieve isolation during charging. Hu et al. [9] a modified LLC
converter with two transformers in series is proposed for wide input voltage range. Based on the input
voltage, a scheme is developed to reduce the magnetizing current by modifying the magnetising inductance
adaptively while keeping high DC voltage gain. However, the topology needs two extra switches and four
diodes which eventually leads to conduction loss as well as control complexity in operating extra switches.
Dusmez and Khaligh [10], by incorporating the resonant inductor inside the transformer, the LLC resonant
converter's bulk is reduced, making it particularly appropriate for use as an integrated onboard charger for
electric vehicles. However, the report gives no indication of the imbalanced leakage inductance that is fairly

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774  ISSN: 2088-8694

prevalent in centre tapped transformers with bifilar windings or the parameter changes that occur when a
resonant inductor is used. Wu et al. [11] proposes a unique secondary-side phase-shift-controlled LLC
resonant converter to decrease magnetising inductance circulating current. The topology is not designed for
high DC voltage gain, thus activities like constant voltage (CV) charge, constant current (CC) charge, zero-
voltage switching (ZVS), and zero-current switching (ZCS) are not reported. To eliminate low and high
frequency current ripple on the battery a new resonant tank for an LLC resonant DC-DC converter is
proposed in [12] considering only half bridge inverter which doesn’t guarantee high DC voltage gain.
Though, peak to peak low frequency voltage ripple of 0.14 V is achieved but the peak to peak low frequency
current ripple is limited to 0.537 A only. An LLC resonant DC–DC converter design procedure is presented
in reference [13] for an onboard lithium-ion battery charger of a PHEV. Based on fundamental harmonic
approximation (FHA) the worst-case circumstances for primary-side ZVS operation are identified
analytically and charging profile is implemented considering a constant maximum power (CMP). To ensure
soft-switching throughout the operation, worst-case operating point is used. To avoid the inaccuracy of FHA
approach below the resonance region, based on specific operation mode the design constraints are explained
briefly. In order to validate the designed equations only full bridge LLC resonant converter is considered
which doesn’t guarantee high DC voltage gain or high DC current gain. Deng et al. [14], a dual-bridge LLC
resonant converter for wide input voltage range is proposed and a fixed frequency pulse width modulation
(PWM) control scheme is employed. The magnetising inductor limits the voltage gain range regardless of the
quality factor. In addition to this, two extra switches in the topology increases the cost and control
complexities. An LLC resonant converter is proposed in reference [15] with considerable resonant inductance
in order to form an adjustable wide-range regulated voltage source. Soft switching is employed by properly
choosing the dead time and maximum switching frequency for power switches under inductive region
operating conditions. A frequency control strategy is used for the proposed topology to handle wide regulated
output voltages against wide input voltage or output load variations. A novel dual full-bridge LLC (FBLLC)
resonant converter for implementing CC and CV charges is proposed in reference [16]. The paper quickly
explains ZVS for all primary switches in CV charge and approximately ZCS for all primary switches in CC
charge. Both CC and CV charge consider fixed frequency resonant operation to limit circulating current. To
get high DC voltage gain, the article includes an extra diode bridge, and which results in greater conduction
losses. However, the proposed topology is claimed to be operated at fixed switching frequency for both CC
and CV operations, although clarity on how same switching frequency may be used for two different
resonant frequencies is lacking. This is significant because when the resonance frequency is lower than the
switching frequency, the active switches of the inverter suffer from excessive turn-off current, when it is
greater, and the main side of the transformer suffers from circulating current. To operate a lower resonant
converter in CC charge mode, turn off the switch connected in series with an extra capacitor, and turn on the
switch to lower the resonant frequency. This contradicts the paper's CC and CV charge operational point of
view. Moreover, while the switch is off, the circuit lacks a discharge pathway for the added capacitor,
resulting heating and a deficit of current restriction. Besides the aforesaid, the suggested topology's closed
loop control approach lacks clarity on selecting a common proportional-integral (PI) controller for both CV
and CC charges. The paper also fails to describe the resonant converter's output voltage dependence on the ac
grid input voltage.
In the present paper, a modified full bridge LCL resonant converter topology is proposed to address
the afore-mentioned issues. The proposed topology comprises of power factor correction (PFC) converter and
an isolated full bridge dual-inductive coupling converter (FBD-LCL) is briefly explained in the next section.
The organization of the paper is being as: in section 2, the description of the proposed topology is explained
along with various modes of operation. Section 3 discusses, the control techniques used for the proposed
topology. In section 4 design analysis are included. The simulation results are included in section 5 and the
conclusion are outlined in section 6.

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED TOPOLOGY

The proposed modified FBD-LCL converter topology is shown in Figure 1 includes an active switch
Sb, an inductor L1, a diode D5 and a capacitor C2 in PFC converter, four active switches (S1–S4) constitutes
full bridge inverter with body diodes (D6–D9), two resonant converters upper and lower. The upper resonant
converter composed of Lr1, Cr1, and Lm1. The lower resonant converter composed of L r2, Lr3, Cr2, Lm2, and a
switch Sr. The diode bridge rectifier with four diodes (D 10–D13) at secondary of the tr ansformer and a filter
capacitor C3.

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  775

L1 D5 S1 S3 Tr1
D1 D6 D8 Lr1 Cr1
D3 D10 D12
ig Lm1
a
vg C1 C2 b
Sb Lr2 C3 Vb
Cr2
D4 S4 D 9 S2 D7 Lr3 Sr Lm2
D2
D13 D11
Tr2

Figure 1. Proposed modified full bridge dual LCL resonant converter

2.1. Power factor correction converter

The PFC converter is the first stage in EVs and PHEVs charging system designed to provide power
factor correction. As per international electrotechnical commission (IEC) 1000-3-2 standard, it is mandatory
to limit the harmonic current drawn by the charging system to low, which is measured through total harmonic
distortion (THD) and to generate input current waveform close to sinusoidal. In addition to this, when the
converter operates at high switching frequency to achieve higher power density, increasing the efficiency,
and reducing the electro-magnetic interference (EMI) is a major concern. The EMI standard EN55022 class
B formed to control and eliminate high frequency radiated and conducted EMI which can inject unwanted
signals into the neighboring circuits and/or systems [17]–[19]. In order to fulfill the requirements of the
above standards, boost converter is used as PFC converter in the proposed topology due to its simplicity and
reduced size of the filter. The PFC converter, in addition to perform power factor correction function it also
provides constant DC voltage to the full bridge inverter.

2.2. Operating principle of the proposed converter

The proposed converter consists of two LCL resonant converters, upper resonant converter FBD-
LCL1, and lower resonant converter FBD-LCL2. The operating principle of proposed converter is explained
through full bridge LCL resonant converter based on FHA method as shown in Figure 2 to Figure 5. Each
LCL resonant converter operates at two different resonant frequencies, upper resonant frequency (𝑓𝑟𝑢 ) and
lower resonant frequency (𝑓𝑟𝑙 ). The resonant converter is operated as constant voltage source at 𝑓𝑟𝑢 as in (1)
and is operated as constant current source at 𝑓𝑟𝑙 as in (2).
1
𝑓𝑟𝑢 = (1)
2𝜋√𝐿𝑟𝐶𝑟

1
𝑓𝑟𝑙 = (2)
2𝜋√(𝐿𝑟+𝐿𝑚 )𝐶𝑟

When the resonant converter operates at 𝑓𝑟𝑢 it behaves as a constant voltage source, the DC voltage gain is
obtained based on FHA analysis [6] is given by (3):
𝑓𝑥
𝐺𝑣 = (3)
2 2
𝑛√(𝑓𝑥2 (1+𝐿𝑖 )−𝐿𝑖 ) +𝑄2 (𝑓𝑥2 −1)

𝑉𝑜 𝑓𝑠
Where 𝐺𝑣 = DC voltage gain. Normalized frequency 𝑓𝑥 = , 𝑓𝑠 is switching frequency. Inductance ratio
𝑉𝑎𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑢
𝐿𝑟 𝑍𝑜 𝐿𝑟
𝐿𝑖 = . Quality factor = , 𝑍𝑜 = √ characteristic impedance. 𝑅𝑎𝑐 = 0.81 ∙ 𝑛2 ∙ 𝑅𝑜 is the AC equivalent
𝐿𝑚 𝑅𝑎𝑐 𝐶𝑟
𝑉𝑜
resistance. 𝑅𝑜 = is the output DC resistance. 𝑛 is the transformer turns ratio. When the resonant converter
𝐼𝑜
operates at 𝑓𝑟𝑙 it behaves as a constant current source, the output current is obtained as in (4):
𝑉𝑎𝑐
|𝐼𝑜 (𝑤)| = 1+𝑅𝑎𝑐 (4)
𝑤∙𝑛[{𝐿𝑟 +𝑅𝑎𝑐 (𝐿𝑚+𝐿𝑟)}−{ }]
𝑤𝐶𝑟

𝑓𝑠
where = 2𝜋𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑥 = .
𝑓𝑟𝑙
The graph between voltage gain (GV) versus normalized frequency (fx) with constant inductor ratio
(Li) of 5 and variable quality factor (Q) is shown in Figure 2. It is very clear from the graph that, as Q
increases GV decreases, at fxmin gain is highest at fxmax gain is lowest and at fx = fs gain is unity. The ZVS and
ZCS regions are also indicated in the graph. In Figure 3, Gain versus normalized frequency with constant
quality factor and current increases at fx = fs for increasing value of Q and decreases when fx<1 or fx>1.

Modified full bridge dual inductive coupling resonant converter for … (Kondreddy Sreekanth Reddy)
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Figure 2. Graph between gain (GV) versus fx with Figure 3. Graph between gain (GV) versus fx with
constant Li =5 and variable Q constant Q=0.7 and variable Li

Figure 4. Graph between output current versus fx Figure 5. Graph between Q versus Gain (GV) with
with constant Li =2 and variable Q variable Li

2.3. Charge and discharge profile characteristics of the battery

The charge and discharge profile of voltage, current, power and equivalent impedance of EV battery
in CC and CV mode are given in Figure 6 and Figure 7 respectively. The voltage varies from a minimum
voltage of 220 V to a maximum voltage of 400 V for Li-ion battery which consists of 96 cells. The battery
charging operation starts with CC mode with a constant current of 2.5 A and ends when the battery attains a
maximum voltage equal to 400 V. Using mode selector switch Sr, the battery charging operation is changed
from CC mode to CV charge mode. In CV charge mode, the battery voltage is maintained at constant voltage
of 400 V but the current drawn by the battery is decreased from an initial current of 2.5 A to final current of
0.25 A at the end of this mode. It is also clear from charge profile characteristics indicated in Figure 6 (left-
figure) that, the FBD-LCL1 converter is designed to provide constant voltage of 200 V, whereas FBD-LCL2
converter is designed to provide an initial voltage of 20 V in the beginning of CC charge mode and a final
voltage of 200 V at the end of CC charge mode. Both FBD-LCL1 and FBD-LCL2 converters are designed to
deliver a continuous 200 V to get a battery voltage of 400 V. Figure 6 (right) shows the battery power and
impedance during CC/CV charge mode. The initial battery power is 550 W and the final battery power is
1000 W. At the end of CV charge mode, it drops to 100 W. The starting battery impedance is 88 and reaches
160 at the conclusion of CC charge mode, then gradually climbs as the battery current demand drops. The
discharge profile characteristics of EV battery is also included in Figure 7, left-figure indicates battery
voltage and current and right-figure indicates battery power and impedance during battery discharge.

2.4. Constant current charge mode

In this mode upper resonant converter FBD-LCL1 behaves as constant voltage source and lower
resonant converter FBD-LCL2 behaves as constant current source. The upper resonant converter FBD-LCL1
resonate at two frequencies, upper resonant frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑢1_𝐶𝐶𝑀 as in (5) and lower resonant frequency
𝑓𝑟𝑙1_𝐶𝐶𝑀 as in (6).

1
𝑓𝑟𝑢1_𝐶𝐶𝑀 = (5)
2𝜋√𝐿𝑟1 𝐶𝑟1

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  777
1
𝑓𝑟𝑙1_𝐶𝐶𝑀 = (6)
2𝜋√(𝐿𝑟1 +𝐿𝑚1 )𝐶𝑟1

In order to operate FBD-LCL1 converter as constant voltage source, it is operated at upper resonant
frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑢1_𝐶𝐶𝑀 . The lower resonant converter FBD-LCL2 resonate at two frequencies, upper resonant
frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑢2_𝐶𝐶𝑀 as in (7) and lower resonant frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑙2_𝐶𝐶𝑀 as in (8).

1
𝑓𝑟𝑢2_𝐶𝐶𝑀 = (7)
2𝜋√(𝐿𝑟2 ||𝐿𝑟3 )𝐶𝑟2

1
𝑓𝑟𝑙2_𝐶𝐶𝑀 = (8)
2𝜋√((𝐿𝑟2 ||𝐿𝑟3 )+𝐿𝑚2 )𝐶𝑟2

In order to operate FBD-LCL2 converter as constant current source, it is operated at lower resonant frequency
𝑓𝑟𝑙2_𝐶𝐶𝑀 .

Figure 6. Charge profile characteristics of EV battery during CC/CV charge mode: battery voltage, FBD-
LCL1 converter voltage, FBD-LCL2 converter voltage (left y-axis) and battery current (right y-axis) in left-
figure, battery power (left y-axis), and battery impedance (right y-axis) right-figure

Figure 7. Discharge profile characteristics of EV battery: battery voltage (left y-axis) and battery current
(right y-axis) in left-figure, battery power (left y-axis), and battery impedance (right y-axis) in right-figure

2.5. Constant voltage charge mode

In this mode both upper resonant converter FBD-LCL and lower resonant converter FBD-LCL2
behaves as constant voltage source. The upper resonant converter FBD-LCL1 resonate at two frequencies,
upper resonant frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑢1_𝐶𝑉𝑀 as in (9) and lower resonant frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑙1_𝐶𝑉𝑀 as in (10).

1
𝑓𝑟𝑢1_𝐶𝑉𝑀 = (9)
2𝜋√𝐿𝑟1 𝐶𝑟1

1
𝑓𝑟𝑙1_𝐶𝑉𝑀 = (10)
2𝜋√(𝐿𝑟1 +𝐿𝑚1 )𝐶𝑟1

Modified full bridge dual inductive coupling resonant converter for … (Kondreddy Sreekanth Reddy)
778  ISSN: 2088-8694

In order to operate FBD-LCL1 converter as constant voltage source, it is operated at upper resonant
frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑢1_𝐶𝑉𝑀 . The lower resonant converter FBD-LCL2 resonate at two frequencies, upper resonant
frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑢2_𝐶𝑉𝑀 as in (11) and lower resonant frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑙2_𝐶𝑉𝑀 as in (12).

1
𝑓𝑟𝑢2_𝐶𝑉𝑀 = (11)
2𝜋√𝐿𝑟2 𝐶𝑟2

1
𝑓𝑟𝑙2_𝐶𝑉𝑀 = (12)
2𝜋√(𝐿𝑟2 +𝐿𝑚2 )𝐶𝑟2

In order to operate FBD-LCL2 converter as constant voltage source, it is operated at upper resonant
frequency 𝑓𝑟𝑢2_𝐶𝑉𝑀 .

3. CONTROL TECHNIQUE
The control technique for the proposed topology to obtain DC link voltage and to charge battery are
shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9 respectively. The references [23]–[25] deliberates few governing control
techniques used in EV applications for power factor correction. The implementation of CC and CV charge
mode of operation needs closed loop control scheme. Hence, the external feedback signals from the DC link
voltage, battery voltage, battery current, PFC inductor current, and resonating inductor current are used to
choose the control method inputs for the proposed design. The PFC converter and FBD-LCL converter
control techniques are concisely presented in the following sections.

Vbref Control
+ Logic
Rectifier + S1 S2 Sr
Grid PID - -
S3 S4
Vb VCO Vbref
CV
Ir
ILr + Vb
Vb PID -
- Vb
+ Limiter PID +
- +
IL PID -
+
- Sb
Mode CC Ibref
Select

Figure 8. Control technique for PFC converter Figure. 9.

Figure 9.Control
Controltechnique for FBD-LCL
technique converter
for FBD-LCL converter
Figure. 8. Control technique for PFC converter

3.1. Power factor correction converter control technique

In Figure 9, the PFC converter is controlled by a PI controller, rectifier, adder/subtractor, and
comparator. A transformer and a resistive network are used to reduce the AC grid voltage to the desired level.
This AC voltage is rectified and filtered to produce Vr, the reference DC voltage. The error signal is obtained
by comparing the reference Vbref to the observed Vb. For the regulated step signal, this error signal is sent into
the PI controller's reference current input Ir. The step signal is compared to the high frequency saw tooth
signal to generate a PWM signal for the switch Sb.

3.2. Full bridge dual-inductive coupling converter converter control technique

The Figure 9 shows three proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers, a mode selector switch,
three subtractors, a limiter, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and a comparator. As long as the battery
voltage is below the peak charge voltage, the mode selector switch will activate the current controller to
charge the battery. When the battery voltage hits 400 V, the mode selector switch automatically shifts from
CC to CV. The error signal from the inner loop PID controller is supplied to the mode selector switch output.
The step signal is limited for saturation and then sent to a VCO for variable frequency. The PWM pulses for
MOSFET switches S1, S2, S3, and S4 have configurable switching frequency. Simulink auto tuner finds Kp,
Ki, and Kd values for all three PIDs.

4. DESIGNING PARAMETERS AND EQUATION

The factors needed to select switches, diodes, resonant circuits whose primary goal is to achieve soft
switching conditions across its operating range and passive components are discussed in this section.

4.1. Selection of switches and diodes

The collection of a power semiconductor switches and diodes is based on reverse blocking voltage,
maximum forward current, and power handling capabilities. In the proposed topology the inverter module

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consists of five MOSFET switches Sb, S1, S2, S3, and S4 with body diodes and the bridge rectifier circuit is
formed with nine additional diodes D1-D5, and D10-D13 are considered.

4.2. Selection of transformer turns ratio

The transformer turns ratio 𝑛 is defined as:
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑛= (13)
𝑉𝑜 +2𝑉𝐷

where 𝑉𝑑𝑐 is rated input voltage, 𝑉𝑜 is rated output voltage and 𝑉𝐷 is the forward voltage drop of rectifier
diode.

4.3. Selection of resonating elements and magnetizing inductances

The selection of resonating elements inductance, capacitance and magnetizing inductances which
are used in Figure 1 for the upper resonant converter elements and the lower resonant converter elements are
calculated based on constant current charge and constant voltage charge mode. The equations pertaining to
the calculations of these inductances and capacitances are included in (5) to (12).

4.4. Selection of rectifier, direct current-link and battery side capacitors

Three capacitors C1 at the output of the input bridge rectifier, C2 at the high DC-link, and C3 across
the battery are used in the proposed converter. The formulas for constructing these capacitors are as shown in:
1
𝐶1 = (14)
4√3𝑓𝑅𝑏 𝛾

𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝐶2 = (15)
4𝑓𝑠 𝑅∆𝑉𝐷𝐶

𝑉𝑏
𝐶3 = (16)
4𝑓𝑠 𝑅𝑏 ∆𝑉𝑏

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results and discussion of the proposed topology are briefly explained in this section. The
simulation of the proposed topology was verified using MATLAB/Simulink version R2019a for the Table 1
specifications. Figures 10 to 14 show the simulation results for power factor correction, switching pulses,
inverter voltage and current, ZVS and ZCS operation, transformer primary and secondary voltage and
current, and voltage and current through rectifying diodes. To produce the rated output voltage of 400 V, the
rectifier stage generates a 380-420 V DC voltage at the output terminal.
The switching and resonant frequencies are 50 kHz. VCr is the resonant capacitor voltage, VDS1 is the
drain to source voltage of S1, IDS1 is the drain to source current via S1, vD10, and vD12 are voltages and iD10 and
iD12 are currents of rectifier diodes D10 and D12 respectively. The transformer primary voltage, primary
current, secondary voltage and secondary current are vP1, iP1, vS1, iS1 respectively.
Figure 10 shows the grid voltage, grid current, DC link voltage, and DC link current waveforms.
The measured power factor (PF) is 0.99 with a lower current harmonic distortion (ITHD) of 0.97. Figure 11
shows that ZVS of power switches and ZCS of rectifier diodes were achieved at 400 V output voltage. In
Figure 12 switching pulse between gate and source of S1, drain to source voltage of S1 and current through S1
switch indicating ZVS turn-on and ZCS turn-off conditions are shown. It is very clear from the results that
when voltage is zero switch is turned-off and when current is zero switch is turned-on. The transformer
primary voltage, primary current, secondary voltage and secondary current are given in Figure 13 and in
Figure 14, voltage across and current through rectifier diode D10 indicating ZVS turn-on and ZCS turn-off are
included. Similar operations can also be performed on other rectifying diodes (D11, D12, and D13) in the
secondary side full-bridge rectifier.

Table 1. Parameters and specifications

Parameters Specifications Parameters Specifications
Grid voltage (Vs) and frequency 220 V and 50 Hz Magnetizing inductance Lm1 and Lm2 127 µH and 70 µH
Battery Power (Pb) 1 kW Resonant capacitor Cr1 and Cr2 79 nF and 24 nF
Battery Voltage (Vb) 220 V - 400 V Leakage inductance Lr2 17 µH
DC link voltage minimum and maximum (Vdc_min) 380 V and 420 V Leakage inductance Lr3 27 µH
Switching frequency (fs) 50 kHz Rectifier side capacitor (C1) 1000 µF
Turns ratio of Tr1 and Tr2(1:n1) 1:0.5 DC link capacitor (C2) 470 µF
Leakage inductance Lr1 7 µH Battery side capacitor (C3) 220 µF

Modified full bridge dual inductive coupling resonant converter for … (Kondreddy Sreekanth Reddy)
780  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 10. Waveforms of (top)-grid voltage Figure 11. Waveforms of switching pulses, inverter
(blue) and grid current (red) with PF=0.99, ITHD voltage, capacitor voltage, current through inductors
= 0.99, (middle)-DC link voltage and (bottom)- Lr and Lm and current through rectifier diodes iD10
DC link current and iD12

Figure 12. Waveforms of switching pulse applied Figure 13. Waveforms of transformer primary
between gate and source of S1, drain to source voltage, primary current, secondary voltage, and
voltage of S1 and current through S1 switch indicating secondary current
ZVS turn-on and ZCS turn-off

Figure 14. Waveforms of voltage across and current through rectifier diode D10 indicating ZVS turn-on and
ZCS turn-of

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6. CONCLUSION
In this paper a modified full bridge dual LCL resonant converter fit for implementing both CC and
CV charge operation for charging the batteries is proposed. The PFC converter is also included in the
proposed topology for power factor correction. The implementation of two resonant converters to resonate at
lower and upper resonant frequencies, results in ZVS and ZCS of the converter switches in the CC charge
and CV charge operations. The ZVS turn-on and ZCS turn-off is also achieved during rectification operation
of the converter at the output. The higher resonant frequency is obtained by operating lower resonant
converter also in CV charge mode with the help of mode selector switch. The operation of ZVS and ZCS
ensure that the converter operates with no switching losses. This will improve the efficiency of the converter
over a wide range of output voltage and hence the suggested architecture catches instant applications in
battery charging systems of electric vehicles.

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Modified full bridge dual inductive coupling resonant converter for … (Kondreddy Sreekanth Reddy)
782  ISSN: 2088-8694

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Kondreddy Sreekanth Reddy is an Assistant professor in Electrical and

Electronics Engineering Department at Presidency University, Bangalore, Karnataka since
2017. He received his B.Tech from Sri Sai Institute of Technology and Science affiliated to
JNTU Hyderabad in 2008, M.Tech in power electronics from VIT University Vellore in 2010
and currently he is pursuing Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from
Presidency University, Bangalore Karnataka. He worked as an Assistant Professor in Lovely
Professional University Punjab from 2010 to 2017. His research interest include power
electronics converters for electrc vehcles. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Sreenivasappa Bhupasandra Veeranna is a professor of Electronics and

Communication Engineering with the School of Engineering, Presidency University,
Bangalore, Karnataka since 2017. He received his B.E. degree in electronics and
communication engineering from Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore in
2000, and M.Tech. degree in power electronics from B.M.S. college of engineering, Bangalore
in 2005 and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from National Institute of Technology
Surathkal Karnataka, in 2012.From 2005 to 2012, he was an Assistant and then Associate
Professor with Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Bangalore. From 2010 to 2011, he
worked as Visiting Graduate Research Assistant with department of electrical engineering,
The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE. His research interests include power electronics
and drives, pulse width modulation techniques, multilevel inverters, electric vehicles,
developing high-frequency energy conversion systems to improve the efficiency and
performance. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2022: 773-782