International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2022, pp. 883~899

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i2.pp883-899  883

Energy management of renewable energy sources incorporating

with energy storage device

Ehab Issa El-sayed, Mohamed Mohamed Al-Gazzar, Mohammed Shehata Seif,

Ahmed Mohamed Attia Soliman
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The best solution to exploit renewable energy sources (RES) together is by
using the application of microgrid (MG). This indeterminate of resources
Received Sep 23, 2021 such as solar panels, wind farm, diesel generator, and battery storage system
Revised Mar 25, 2022 paired with load profile result in random changes within the generation and
Accepted Apr 11, 2022 the load phases, which create it is challenging to properly manage an MG.
Due to this problem energy management technique for real-time scheduling
of an MG takes into consideration the uncertainty of load demand,
Keywords: renewable energy, and electricity price are proposed. In this paper, linear
programming with two methods (optimized problem and solver based) of
Dual-simplex dual-simplex are suggested to tackle the energy management issue of the
Energy management renewable microgrid. The simulation is done in each method using four
Linear programming cases fast wind speed with clear solar irradiance, fast wind speed with
Microgrid cloudy solar irradiance, slow wind speed with clear solar radiation, and slow
Renewable energy sources wind speed with clear solar irradiance. The result showed that the first and
second cases in the first method are higher cost than the two corresponding
cases in the second method. In addition, the third and fourth cases in the first
method are lower cost than the two corresponding cases in the second
method.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Ehab Issa El-sayed
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Al-Azhar University
Al Mokhaym Al Daem street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
Email: [email protected]

NOMENCLATURE

𝛿 : Time between optimization calls.

W : Final weight (tunable weight for final energy storage)
Ct : Cost vector of current and forecast grid price [$/kWh]
Gt − 𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 (𝑘) : Power from grid
Bt − 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝑘) : Power from battery
Et : Stored energy
st − 𝑃𝑝𝑣 (𝑘) : Power from solar PV
wt − 𝑃𝑤 (𝑘) : Power from wind
Dt − 𝑃𝐷 (𝑘) : Power from diesel
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑘) : Power of load

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

884  ISSN: 2088-8694

𝐴𝑒𝑞 : real matrix Linear equality constraints

𝑏 : real vector Linear inequality constraints
𝑏𝑒𝑞 : real vector 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑋 : the column vector of N variables
𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 (1: 𝑁) : Power from grid used from time step 1 to N
𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (1: 𝑁) : Power from battery used from time step 1 to N
𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (1: 𝑁) : Energy Stored in battery used from time step 1 to N
𝐸𝑁 : Energy Stored in battery variables
𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 : Energy used from grid
batteryMinMax : Structure of simplified battery properties
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡 : Initial Battery Energy [J]
𝑙𝐵 : batteryMinMax.Pmin
𝑢𝐵 : batteryMinMax.Pmax
𝑙𝐸 : batteryMinMax.Emin
𝑢𝐸 : batteryMinMax.Emax

1. INTRODUCTION
The utilization of distributed energy resource (DER) units has grown recently due to progress in
renewable energy technology and growing fears as to the increased price of electricity from non-renewable
sources and global climate change [1], [2]. DER units are energy sources close to connected loads that are
divided into two categories: distributed generation (DG) and distributed storage (DS) units [3]. DG units use
a large variety of components such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines (WTs), fuel cells, micro
turbines (MTs) and diesel engines DS units are consisting of batteries, capacitors, flywheels, and adjustable
loads. Both DG and DS units are included in a microgrid (MG) [4]. When the MG is tied to the grid, it has
the ability to sell and buy electricity to the grid [5].
Renewable energy sources (RESs) have significant penetration in power systems, which has both
benefits and drawbacks. Reduced power loss and emissions, increased power system reliability, and
improved power quality are just a few of the advantages on the other side, if renewable energy sources are
not correctly exploited, may generate grid concerns, such as ohmic losses and voltage sag in transmission
network. Some of these drawbacks are discussed in the context of MG energy management [6]. So, this
article invest ages the energy management of microgrid to achieve minimizing total cost of variable priced
electricity.
Energy management is defined as a communication network that provides required functionally to
ensure that generation, transmission, and distribution supply energy at the lowest possible cost when
supported on a platform [7]. The main optimization issue for the MGs, when tied to the utility, is energy
management (EM). Many researches have been interested in the describing of the EM issue and providing
effective optimization approaches for tackling the EM problem in recent years [8]. Deterministic and
probabilistic approaches are used to solve EM problem of the MG in the literature [9], [10]. The generated
power of renewable energy sources, load power, market prices are considered to be identical to their
predicted values in the deterministic EM of MG. While many of the input parameters in MG's probabilistic
EM are uncertain. The power produced from WT and PV is difficult to estimate without inaccuracy due to
the unpredictable speed of the wind and solar sunlight. Furthermore, the predicted load needed and the
market price will not be accurate. This is due to unanticipated disruptions, forecaster errors or load, and
pricing variances [10]. Several recent studies, [11], [12] have focused on energy management of microgrids
with power exchange. several publications utilize an optimization strategy for the selection procedure of
cases. Linear programming techniques were applied to reduce microgrid running cost, optimize battery
charge states, and average electric power generation costs in a hybrid solar wind MG while environmental
issues were taken into consideration [13], [14]. Mixed-integer linear optimization problem is presented in the
literature [15]. Meta-heuristic optimization procedures often do not produce the globally optimal solution, but
they always produce a reasonable solution. Furthermore, no single meta-heuristic optimization strategy
provides the optimal solution for all optimization issues [16]. As a result of the factors considered, the
optimization issue will be linear programming (LP).
The contributions of this paper are: i) This research presents a formulation of the issue of energy
management having storage devices using a single objective function cost problem to reduce overall cost of
variable priced electricity; ii) The suggested approach is implemented and used to obtain the optimum

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solution to the issue of probabilistic EM with uncertain input variables; iii) Comparative analysis of the
proposed optimization algorithm is demonstrated via different two methods (problem and solver based);
and iv) Improving the response of the probabilistic EM issue as compared to recently published optimization
approaches using a grid-tied MG with energy storage modelling.
The paper is organized as: microgrid modelling are explained in section 2. The formulation of the
issue is covered in section 3. The proposed optimization algorithm is presented in section 4. The modeling
results are discussed in section 5. Finally, section 6 represents the conclusion of the research.

2. MICROGRID MODELLING
A Microgrid is composed of a variety of loads, energy storage devices, and generation systems. The
microgrid of our study consists of PV array model, wind turbine, energy storage batteries, a diesel generator,
fixed and variable loads. The MG is tied to the main grid via a common coupling point (PCC). Figure 1
shows the graphical layout of a microgrid.

Figure 1. Layout of microgrid

2.1. Photovoltaic model

Photovoltaic power generation is a method of converting solar radiation to direct current utilizing
semiconductors that demonstrate the photovoltaic principle [17]. The power generated from PV module relies
on the number, type, and area of cells within it. PV panels are subject to manufacturer evaluation in terms of
their peak power (Wp) under standard test conditions: i.e. 1000 W/m2 of sunlight (‘peak sun’), T = 25 and air
mass of 1.5. Area of PV array is 2500 m 2 and global efficiency of the PV panel installation array is 0.3. The
power produced from solar panels can be calculated using the area of solar panels in our modelling and the
general sunlight data for each hour of the day given in [18]. Using the (1):

𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑟 ∗ 𝐴𝑝𝑣 ∗ 𝐾𝑡 (1)

Where:
P [W] : power output, 𝐼𝑟𝑟 [W/m2]: irradiance, 𝐴𝑝𝑣 [m2]: solar panels surface.
𝐾𝑡 [%] : global efficiency of the PV panel installation.

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2.2. Wind turbine

A wind plant converts the energy in the air (wind energy) to electricity. Cairo is not a particularly
windy location, according to weather data condition [18], which is why a low start-up wind speed is one of
the most crucial factors to consider when choosing a wind turbine. The following wind turbine was picked in
the literature for these reasons [19]. The power of the wind can be defined as [20].
1
𝑃 = ∗ ρ ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑉 3 ∗ 𝐶𝑝 (2)
2

Where:
A [m2] : swept area at speed V [m/s], 𝜌 [kg/m3]: air density.
Cp : coefficient of power of rotor, the fraction of the wind’s power that is produced by the blades.

2.3. Battery
The batteries in the microgrid are utilized for two purposes. One of its purposes is to serve as a
backup or uninterruptible power supply for the loads in the event of low generation. The second is to lower
the microgrid's operating costs by charging the batteries with extra PV or wind energy and discharging them
to minimize the energy absorbed by the auxiliary units. Battery capacity of system is 2500 kWh.

2.4. Auxiliary generators

Because RERs have alternate output characteristics, when coupling them with a power grid typically
restricts users' needs. DG is a critical component in the design of a microgrid structure since it offers several
advantages in terms of emergency backup power, system dependability, time-consuming power, prime
electricity, and continuing running power [21]. Generators of various sizes are available from the chosen
generator supplier. The 60 kW diesel generator was chosen.

2.5. Load
The load is fundamentally the driving element behind every power system, large or small. The peak
load of the area under consideration is critical since it aids in determining the microgrid's installed capacity.
The load demand for a day of MG involves both fixed and variable loads, resulting in a total load as shown in
Figure 2.

Figure 2. values of total load demand

3. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The aim of solving the EM issue is to reduce the MG's overall operational costs while fulfilling
certain constraints [10]. The EMS can operate a microgrid by implementing various objective functions. The
grid-connected mode cost function is formulated as follows.

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3.1. Objective functions

3.1.1. Minimization of the operating cost
The price of various DG units as well as the price of power exchange between the MG and the grid
are all included in the MG's overall price. As a result, the objective function (3) as shown in [22], [23].

𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ∑𝑁
𝑘=0 𝐶𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 (𝑘) 𝐸𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 (𝑘) (3)

and can be expressed as (4).

𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 ∑𝑁
𝑡=1 𝛿𝑐𝑡 𝐺𝑡 − 𝑊 𝐸𝑁 (4)

3.2. Constraints
3.2.1. System power balance
DG units, energy storage units, and the utility must be able to meet the total demand in the MG at
any time. It is important to note that the MG's power loss can be ignored. So, the constraint of the system
power balance constraint can be formulated as (5) [22], [23]:

𝑃𝑝𝑣 (𝑘) + 𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 (𝑘) + 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝑘) + 𝑃𝑤 (𝑘) + 𝑃𝐷 (𝑘) = 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑘) (5)

and can be expressed as (6).

𝑠𝑡 + 𝐺𝑡 + 𝐵𝑡 + 𝑤𝑡 + 𝐷𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 (6)

3.2.2. Power input/output to battery

The limits of the stored energy amount and the charge/discharge rate of the energy storage units
(such as battery) can be given:

𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝑘) = 𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝑘 − 1) + 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (𝑘)∆𝑇 (7)

and can be expressed as:

𝐸𝑡+1= 𝐸𝑡 − 𝛿

𝑙𝐵 ≤ 𝐵𝑡 ≤ 𝑢𝐵 (8)

𝑙𝐸 ≤ 𝐸𝑡 ≤ 𝑢𝐸

4. PROPSED OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

Linear programming is the issue of finding an x-vector that minimizes a linear function fTx subject to
linear constraints:
𝐴𝑥 ≤𝑏
min 𝑓 𝑇 𝑋 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 { 𝐴 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏
𝑥 𝑒𝑞 𝑒𝑞

In this paper using dual-simplex algorithm with two methods optimization problems (problem based and
solver based). The 'dual-simplex' linprog algorithm basically runs a simplex algorithm on the double issue
[24]–[26]. Define states (x) necessary for LP optimization:
− 𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 (1: 𝑁) − Power from grid used from time step 1 to N
− 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (1: 𝑁) − Power from battery
− 𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (1: 𝑁) − Energy stored in battery

X = [𝑃𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 (1: 𝑁)𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (1: 𝑁) 𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 (1: 𝑁)]𝑇 (9)

Linear program-based optimization

− Equivalent constraint

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (1: 𝑁) − 𝑃𝑝𝑣 (1: 𝑁) − 𝑃𝑤 (1: 𝑁) − 𝑃𝐷

𝐼 𝐼𝑁×𝑁 𝑂𝑁×𝑁
[ 𝑁×𝑁 ]X=[ 𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡(1) ] (10)
𝑂𝑁×𝑁 𝛾𝑁×𝑁 ∅𝑁×𝑁
𝑂𝑁−1

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− Inequality constraints
𝑂𝑁×𝑁 𝐼𝑁×𝑁 𝑂𝑁×𝑁 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑂 −𝐼𝑁×𝑁 𝑂𝑁×𝑁 −𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
[ 𝑁×𝑁 ]≥ [ ] (11)
𝑂𝑁×𝑁 𝑂𝑁×𝑁 𝐼𝑁×𝑁 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑂𝑁×𝑁 𝑂𝑁×𝑁 −𝐼𝑁×𝑁 −𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛

Where:
0 0 0 1 0 0
𝛾3×3 = [∆𝑇 0 0] , ∅3×3 = [−1 1 0]
0 ∆𝑇 0 0 −1 1

A flowchart for the dual simplex algorithm is illustrated in Figure 3 [26].

Figure 3. A flowchart for the dual simplex method

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To evaluate the effectuality of the linear programming algorithm in tackling the issue of
probabilistic energy management with renewable micro-grid including storage devices, the suggested LP is
verified using a typical medium grid-tied MG. All of the simulation tests were performed on 2.8 GHz i3 PC
with 8 GB of RAM using MATLAB 2019. The MG modelling applied in this research as an experimental
setup is shown in Figure 2, which comprises of several types of DG units. These units are PV, WT, diesel
engine, and energy storage system. A day's load demand for MG is mainly composed of both fixed and
variable loads. A step-down transformer (13.8 KV/5000 V) is often used to provide the employed MG from
the medium voltage distribution grid. All information of the MG experimental setup and the predicted load
demand, competitive energy price, wind and solar power model can be found in [22], [23]. Figures 4–11
shows the forecasted values of load demand, market price, output power of PV, and WT depend on weather
data condition of Egypt [18]. In this paper using dual-simplex algorithm using two method optimization
problems (problem based and solver based).

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Figure 4. microgrid result of optimized problem based in case fast wind speed and clear solar irradiance

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Figure 5. Microgrid result of optimized problem based in case fast wind speed and cloudy solar irradiance

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Figure 6. microgrid result of optimized problem based in case slow wind speed and clear solar irradiance

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Figure 7. microgrid result of optimized problem based in case slow wind speed and cloudy solar irradiance

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Figure 8. microgrid result of optimized solver based in case fast wind speed and clear solar irradiance

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Figure 9. microgrid result of optimized solver based in case fast wind speed and cloudy solar irradiance

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Figure 10. microgrid result of optimized solver based in case slow wind speed and clear solar irradiance

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Figure 11. Microgrid result of optimized solver based in case slow wind speed and cloudy solar irradiance

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The simulation has been done with PV array, wind turbine, diesel generator, battery energy storage
and load consumption using dual-simplex algorithm using two method optimization problems (problem
based and solver based). In each one there are four cases: fast wind speed with clear solar irradiance, fast
wind speed with cloudy solar irradiance, slow wind speed with clear solar radiation, and slow wind speed
with clear solar irradiance as shown in Figures 4–11 and recording data in Table 1 noted some changes in the
cost curve throughout the day in all four cases. In the first method, the second case is the highest in cost,
followed by the fourth case, then the first case, and finally the third case, which is the least in terms of cost.
In the second method, the fourth case is the highest in cost, followed by the second case, then the third case,
and finally the first case, which is the least. In comparison between the two approaches, the first and second
cases in the first approach are more expensive than the two corresponding cases in the second approach. In
addition, the third and fourth cases in the first method are less expensive than the two corresponding cases in
the second method.

Table 1. Average retail cost of MG modeling using problem and solver based linear programming
Linear programming optimization method Cases Average retail cost per day ($)
Problem based Fast Wind speed and 375.5
Clear Solar irradiance
Fast Wind speed and 599.6
Cloudy Solar irradiance
Slow Wind speed and 244.3
Clear Solar irradiance
Slow Wind speed and 549.9
Cloudy Solar irradiance
Solver based Fast Wind speed and 275.5
Clear Solar irradiance
Fast Wind speed and 442.3
Cloudy Solar irradiance
Slow Wind speed and 303
Clear Solar irradiance
Slow Wind speed and 565.5
Cloudy Solar irradiance

6. CONCLUSION
Microgrids are generally composed of PV solar, wind turbine, diesel generator, battery energy
storage, load demand, and microgrid energy management system. The proposed microgrid energy
management techniques and solution strategies have been reviewed in depth and critically as in research
study. The major aim of the energy management methodology is to minimize the total operational cost of the
MG while achieving different constraints in grid-tied microgrids for a sustainable future. The method was
based on linear programming using a dual-simplex algorithm using two methods, optimization problems
(problem based and solver based). In comparison between the two methods the result showed that the first
and second cases in the first method are more expensive than the two corresponding cases in the second
method. In addition, the third and fourth cases in the first method are less expensive than the two
corresponding cases in the second method. But in general, increasing cost as a result of using the second
method is less than increasing cost due to the use of the first method. This project might be expanded upon in
the long term in different directions such as using different optimization methods, investigating energy
sharing between different MGs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Author thanks Professor Mohamed Mehnna and Associate Professor Salah Kamal in providing
scientific support and advice.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Ehab Issa El-sayed was born in Egypt on January 4th, 1992. He received the
B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering (power and machines) from the University of Al-Azhar
of Cairo (Egypt), in 2014 and the M. Sc from Al-Azhar University of Cairo (Egypt) in 2017.
He is now pursuing his Ph.D. in electrical engineering at Al-Azhar University. His topic of
interst are power electronic, renewable energy, energy storage modelling and power system
quality. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2022: 883-899
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  899

Mohamed Mohamed Al-Gazzar achieved his bachelor's, master's, and doctoral

degrees in electrical engineering from Egypt's University of Al-Azhar in Cairo. He is presently
a Professor at Al-Azhar University's Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering. His research interest focuses on electrical power system, optimization, optimal
power flow, Renewable energy and distributed energy resources, real time simulation of power
systems and optimization, and control of smart grids. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected], [email protected]

Mohammed Shehata Seif graduated with a B.Sc. in 2006.He worked as a

researcher and teaching assistant at Al-Azhar University's Electrical Engineering Department
from 2007 to 2018, during which time he got his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical power
engineering from Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, who is presently an associate professor
at Al-Azhar University's Department of Electrical Engineering. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected]

Ahmed Mohamed Attia Soliman is presently employed as a lecturer at Al-Azhar

University's college of engineering's department of electrical power and machines. He has a
wide range of interests, including power electronics applications, high voltage direct current
(HVDC) systems, and the integration of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic and
wind systems into electrical distribution networks, as well as working on different control
strategies to solve electrical power quality problems such as harmonics and poor power factor,
and he has published four research papers on these topics in an international scientific
engineering journal. He can be contacted at email: [email protected]

Energy management of renewable energy sources incorporating with energy storage … (Ehab Issa El-sayed)