PLUS TWOES
SHORT NOT
BIOLOGY
PRINCIPLES OF
INHERITANCE AND
VARIATION
ONAM EXAM SPECIAL
Principles of inheritance Back cross
and variation Cross between F2 plants with any of the parent
is called back cross.
Test cross
Cross between F2 plants with recessive parent
is called test cross.
Gregor Mendel
Seven years (1856-1863)
Principles of Laws of inheritance
1. First law or Law of Dominance
2. Second Law or Law of Segregation
Law of Dominance
I) Characters are controlled by discreate
units called factors.
II) Factors occur in pairs.
III) In dissimilar pair of factors one member of
the pair dominates (dominant) the other
(recessive).
Law of segregation
“During the formation of gamete, each gene
separates from each other so that each other
so that each gamete carries only one allele for
each gone”.
Monohybrid cross
Types of dominance
A cross in which only one character is studied 1. Complete dominance
is called monohybrid cross. 2. Incomplete dominance
3. Co dominance
JOIN AGNI +1 & +2 ONLINE TUITION BATCH CALL NOW 9995 400 800 3
Incomplete dominance Law of independent assortment
Eg. Snapdragon or Antirrhinum sp The law states that ‘when two pairs of traits
are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one
pair of characters is independent of the other
pair of characters’.
Chromosome- Walther Fleming
Codominance and multiple allelism
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Mendelian factors or genes are found on the
chromosome it is the chromosome that seg-
regate during gamete formation and pair
during zygote formation.
Multiple allelism
When one character is controlled by more
than two alleles it is called Multiple allelism. Walter Sulton Theodor Boveri
Dihybrid cross
Phenotypic ratio – 9:3:3:1
Genotypic ratio-1:2:2:4:1:2::1:2:1
Thomas Hurt Morgan
JOIN AGNI +1 & +2 ONLINE TUITION BATCH CALL NOW 9995 400 800 4
Drosophila melanogaster
Pleiotropy
Multiple effect of a gene is called pleiotropy.
Such genes are called Pleiotropy gene.
Here single gene may produce more than one
effect.
Reason for selecting fruit fly
Eg. Phenylketonuria
I. It can grown on simple synthetic medium.
II. It has short life span (2 weeks)
III. A single mating produce large number of
progenies.
IV. There is clear difference between male and
female. (females are larger than male)
V. It has many types of Hereditary varia-
tions, that can be seen with low power micr
scopes.
Polygenic inheritance
# A character whose expression is controlled
by a number genes is called polygenic inher-
itance.
Example I : Human Height
JOIN AGNI +1 & +2 ONLINE TUITION BATCH CALL NOW 9995 400 800 5
MUTATION
Mutation is a phenomenon which results in al-
teration of DNA sequences and consequent-
ly results in changes in the genotype and the
phenotype of an organism. Therefore loss
(deletions) or gain (insertion/duplication) of a
segment of DNA, results in alteration in chro-
mosomes.
Example 2
Human skin color
Skin color is controlled by e pairs of gene
(A,B,C)
AABBCC- Dark skin
AaBbCc- Intermediate color skin
Pedigree Analysis
Aabbcc - Light color skin Analysis of traits in a several of generations of
a family is called the pedigree analysis. In the
pedigree analysis the inheritance of a partic-
ular trait is represented in the family tree over
generations.
XX-XY mecha- ZZ-ZW XX-XO
nism mechanism Mechanism Male
Female
In humans and In birds In grass-
Sex unspecified
drosophila hopper
Male ZZ
affected individual.
Male XY Male XO
Female ZW
mating
Female XX Female XX
Female het-
mating between relatives
Male heterog- erogamety Male het-
amety erogomety (consanguineous mating)
parents above and children below (in
order of birth -left to right)
Parents with male child affected with
Male – haploid (16) disease.
Female – diploid (32)
Five unaffected offspring.
JOIN AGNI +1 & +2 ONLINE TUITION BATCH CALL NOW 9995 400 800 6
GENETIC DISORDERS Space for Keynotes
Mendelian disorders Chromosomal disorders
Alteration or mutation
In the single gene polyploidy Aneuploidy
Eg. Haemophilia, Cystic
Fibrosis, Sickle- cell anaemia,
Colour blindness,
Phenylketonuria, Thalassemia
Colour blindness Haemophilia. Sickle cell anaemia
Sex linked Sex linked Autosome linked
Recessive disorder recessive disorder recessive disorder
One or two colours Lack protein HbS HbS is
Can’t recognize Needed for blood diseased
Son is more prone Clotting Point mutation.ww
Daughter is Son is more prone GAG is normal.
mRNA codon
Possible only if Daughter is
GUG is diseased
mother is a carrier. possible only if
Glutamic acid is
and father mother is a carrier
replaced by valine
is colour blind and father
RBC become sickle
is diseased
shaped
Chromosomal disorders
Thalassemia
a Thalassemia b Thalassemia
a Thalassemia B Thalassemia
Chromosome 16 Chromosome 11
HBA1 and HBA2 gene HBB gene
Alpha chain produc- Beta chain produc-
tion tion
JOIN AGNI +1 & +2 ONLINE TUITION BATCH CALL NOW 9995 400 800 7
