ADVANCED COMPUTER

NETWORKS

(ETIT-453)
B.Tech. Programme
(IT)

LAB MANUAL

Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology

Affiliated to GGSIP University
C-4, Janak Puri, New Delhi - 110058
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CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Hardware and Software requirements

3. Marking scheme for the Practical lab Examination

4. List of Experiments

5. Detail of Experiments

6. Expected Viva Voce Questions

7. References

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1. INTRODUCTION

This course provides students with hands on training regarding the design, troubleshooting,
modeling and evaluation of computer networks. In this course, students are going to experiment
in a real test-bed networking environment, and learn about network design and troubleshooting .
The students will be using Cisco Packet Tracer networking tool and Java Network
programming.

Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation program designed by Cisco Systems that allows
users to create network topologies and imitate modern computer networks. The software allows
users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a simulated command line
interface. Packet Tracer makes use of a drag and drop user interface, allowing users to add and
remove simulated network devices as they see fit. Using this tool the students will be building
networking models and implementing various protocols that will help them evaluate their design
approaches and expected network performance. The students will be, assigning IP addresses to
various network devices, configuring router, configuring various protocols like ARP, RIP, BGP,
OSPF, configuring DHCP and FTP server.

The students will also be introduced to java network programming, where they will be creating
sockets for communication between two computers using TCP. A client program creates a socket
on its end of the communication and attempts to connect that socket to a server. When the
connection is made, the server creates a socket object on its end of the communication. The client
and server can now communicate by writing to and reading from the socket.

Some applications over the network will not require the reliable, point-to-point channel provided
by TCP. Rather, these applications might benefit from a mode of communication that delivers
independent packages of information whose arrival and order of arrival are not guaranteed. For
these applications, UDP protocol provides a mode of network communication which is also
implemented.

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2. Lab Requirements

Software requirements: CISCO packet tracer

Operating System: Windows – 7/8

Hardware requirements: P-IV 2.8 GHz

Intel 845 MB/40 GB HDD/ 512 MB RAM

LAN Card (10/100 Mbps)

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3. Marking Scheme for the Practical Lab Exam

There will be two practical exams in each semester.

 Internal Practical Exam

 External Practical Exam

Internal Practical Exam:

It is taken by the concerned Faculty member of the batch.

Marking Scheme:

Total Marks: 40

Division of 40 marks is as follows:

 Punctuality/Attendance 10
 Knowledge/Logic development/Status of the experiment 10
 File (Organization and File checking status) 10
 Viva Voce: 10

NOTE: In every lab, marks are awarded to the student out of 40 for each experiment performed
in the lab and at the end the average marks are given out of 40.

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External Practical Exam:

It is taken by the concerned faculty member of the batch and by an external examiner. In this
exam student needs to perform the experiment allotted at the time of the examination, a sheet
will be given to the student in which some details asked by the examiner needs to be written
and at last viva will be taken by the external examiner.

Marking Scheme:

Total Marks: 60

Division of 60 marks is as follows:

a. Evaluation of the answer sheet 20

b. Viva Voce 15
c. Experiment performance 15
d. File submitted 10

NOTE:

 Internal marks + External marks = Total marks given to the students

(40 marks) (60 marks) (100 marks)

 Experiments given to perform can be from any section of the lab.

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4. List of Experiments

Subject: Advanced Computer Networks Lab Subject Code:ETIT-453

1. Study of CISCO packet tracer.

2. Configuration of CISCO router using basic commands.

3. Configuration of IP addressing for a given scenario for a set of topologies.

4. Configuration of DHCP server.

5. Configuration of ARP/RARP protocols and static routes.

6. Configuration of RIP, BGP and OSPF routing protocols.

7. Configuration of FTP server.

8. Implementation of Port Scanner.

9. Implementation of file transfer using TCP.

10. Implementation of file transfer using UDP.

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5. Detail of Experiments

Experiment 1

Aim: To study Cisco packet tracer.

INTRODUCTION

Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulation program that allows to experiment with
network behavior. It is an integral part of the Networking Academy comprehensive learning
experience; Packet Tracer provides simulation, visualization, authoring, assessment, and
collaboration capabilities.

Packet Tracer is simulator software that simulates router, switch and other networking
equipment. Cisco devices are expensive. Packet Tracer simulates all necessary equipment
thereby cost effective. Packet Tracer is developed by Cisco system. It’s a network simulation
program which can be used to design certain topologies and configure Routers, switches, PC,
etc and test a network and its functioning.

It provides good visualization and simulation, with ease of implementation and testing.

1.1 Key Features

Packet Tracer Workspaces: Cisco Packet Tracer has two workspaces—logical and physical.

Logical Workspace: The logical workspace allows users to build logical network topologies
by placing, connecting, and clustering virtual network devices.

Physical Workspace: The physical workspace provides a graphical physical dimension of the
logical network, giving a sense of scale and placement in how network devices such as routers,
switches, and hosts would look in a real environment. The physical view also provides
geographic representations of networks, including multiple cities, buildings, and wiring closets.

It provides International language support and it is also compatible with the following
platforms: Windows, Windows XP; Vista (Vista Basic, Vista Premium); Windows 7; and
Linux (Ubuntu, Fedora)

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It Enables visualization, animation, and detailed modeling for exploration and experimentation
and supports the majority of protocols and technologies.

Packet Tracer supports basic routing capabilities using RIP, OSPF and EIGRP.

With Cisco packet tracer the networking devices and be connected and tested for their working.

1.2 Version of Cisco packet tracer

Fig. 1.1 : Cisco Packet Tracer 6.2 in Windows

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Fig. 1.2 : Packet tracer physical workspace

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Fig. 1.3 : Packet tracer interface (workspace with devices)

1.3 Cisco devices and packet tracer devices.

ROUTERS

A router provides connectivity between two logical networks. Every router in Packet Tracer
can be switched on or off by using the provided power button.

The following routers are available in Packet Tracer:

Cisco 1841: This is an Integrated Service Router (ISR) having two Fast Ethernet ports ,two
slots for High Speed WAN Interface Cards (HWICs), and one slot
,for Advanced Integration Module (AIM)

Cisco 1941: This is similar to the previous model but runs on Cisco IOS Version 15. It has two
ports that operate at Gigabit Ethernet speeds.

Cisco 2620XM: This is a multiservice router with one Fast Ethernet port, two slots for
WAN Interface cards, and one slot for AIM.

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Cisco 2621XM: This is similar to the previous model, except that this router has two Fast
Ethernet ports.

Cisco 2811: This ISR comes with two Fast Ethernet ports, four WIC slots, and a dual slot
for AIM.

Cisco 2901: This router has two Gigabit Ethernet ports, four WIC slots, and two Digital
Signal Processor (DSP) slots. This router uses Cisco IOS Version 15.

Cisco 2911: This router has three Gigabit Ethernet ports and all the other features of the
previous router. It runs on IOS Version 15.

Generic Router-PT: This is a custom router running on Cisco IOS. It contains 10 slots and
has separate modules with a naming convention beginning with PT.

SWITCHES

A switch, also called a multiport bridge, connects more than two end devices together. Each
switch port is a collision domain.

The following switches are available in Packet Tracer:

Cisco 2950-24: This managed switch comes with 24 Fast Ethernet ports.

Cisco 2950T-24: This switch is a member of the Catalyst 2590 Intelligent Switch family and
has two Gigabit Ethernet ports in addition to the 24 Fast Ethernet ports.

Cisco 2960-24TT: This is another 24 port switch; the previous switch has Gigabit Interface
Converter (GBIC) for Gigabit Ethernet ports, whereas this switch
has Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) modules for the same.

Cisco 3560-24PS: This switch is different from the others because it is a layer 3 switch that
can be used to perform routing in addition to switching. The PS suffix
implies support for Power over Ethernet (PoE), which can be used to
power up IP phones without using power adapters.

Bridge PT: This is a device used to segment a NETWORK and it has only two ports
(which is why it is a bridge; if it had more, it'd be called a switch).

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Generic Switch PT: This is a Packet-Tracer-designed switch running on Cisco IOS. This is
only customizable switch with 10 slots and several modules.

CONNECTORS

Connection type Connects these devices Picture

automatic connect all except console

straight through PC, Server, Laptop, or

Printer to Switch
PC, Server, Laptop, or
Printer to Hub
PC, Server, Laptop, or
Printer to Modem
PC, Server, Laptop, or
Printer to Cloud
Router to Switch
Router to Hub
Router to Modem
Router to cloud
Crossover PC, Server, Laptop, or
printer to PC
PC, Server, Laptop, or
printer to Server
PC, Server, Laptop, or
printer to Laptop
PC, Server, Laptop, or
printer to Printer
Switch to Hub
Switch to Switch
Hub to Hub
Router w/o Serial to Router
PC to PC
Fiber All with fiber ports

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Phone Cloud to DSL Modem

VoIP to Analog Phone
Analog Phone to Analog
Phone
Coaxial Cloud to Cable Modem
Cable Modem to Co-Ax
Splitter (hub)
Co-Ax Splitter to TV
Cable Modem to TV
Cloud to TV
TV to TV
Serial DCE Router to Router
Cloud to Router

Serial DTE Router to Router

Cloud to Router

Console PC/Laptop/Generic to
Router/Switch

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Experiment 2

Aim: To configure basic CISCO router.

Cisco router is a device that switches data packets between two different networks. By default
two different IP network cannot communicate with each other. They need a mediator device
that exchanges their packets. Routers do this job successfully by taking packet from one
network and delivering it to another network. This process is called routing.

We need to perform some initial configurations on router before it can be used for routing.

Cisco IOS supports various command modes, among those followings are the main command
modes.
 User EXEC Mode
 Privileged EXEC Mode
 Global Configuration Mode
 Interface Configuration Mode
 Setup Mode

You need to execute specific commands to navigate from one mode to another.

Mode of Operation Usage How to Enter the Prompt

Mode
User EXEC Change terminal First level accessed. Router>
settings on a
temporary basis,
perform basic tests,
and list system
information.
Privileged EXEC System From user EXEC Router#
administration, set mode, enter enable
operating password command
parameters.

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Global Config Modify From privileged Router(config)#

configuration that EXEC, enter
affect the system as configure terminal.
a whole.
Interface Config Modify the From global mode, Router(config-if)#
operation of an enter interface type
interface. number.
Setup Create the initial From privileged . Prompted dialog
configuration. EXEC mode, enter
command setup.

Standard order of accessing mode is:

User Exec mode => Privileged Exec mode => Global Configuration mode => Interface
Configuration mode => Sub Interface Configuration mode
Router will enter in setup mode only if it fails to load a valid running configuration.

2.1 Steps to configure basic router:

Step 1. Create a topology in packet tracer workspace.

Fig.2.1 Topology in work space

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Step 2. Click on the router and access CLI prompt of the router.

Fig.2.2 Accessing CLI prompt

Step 3. Enter the following commands to configure, change hostname and secure the router
with a password.

configure terminal : Enters global configuration mode, when using the console port.

Router> enable
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)#

hostname name : change hostname of the router.

Router(config)# hostname Router

Router(config)#

password : Secure console port with a password.

Router(config)# line console 0

Router(config-line) #password xxx
Router(config-line) #login

Commands with their description:

Command Description

Router(config)#line console 0 Move in console line mode

Router(config-line)#password xxx Set console line password to xxx
Router(config-line)#login Enable password authentication for console
line

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Step 4. Return to the console mode by using the exit command.

exit: Return to console mode

Router(config-line) #exit
Router(config) #exit
Router #exit

OUTPUT :

Fig.2.3 Router Configured

After executing the above commands. Now your router (Lab1) is secured with a password.

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Fig.2.4 Router Secured

2.2 Assign Hostname to IP address :

Hostname are easy to remember. We can use host name instead of their IP address while
connecting with remote address. Router resolves IP address to hostname in two ways: static
andndynamic.
In static method we have to assign hostname to IP address.

In dynamic method we have to configure an external DNS server and need to configure its IP
address on router.

Show hosts command will display the currently configured hosts with their IP addresses.
Following are the steps to illustrate an example of static entry for hostname.

Steps to assign hostname to the IP address:

1. Enter the password to enter the router configuration.

2. After authentication, Enter the following commands:

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Router>enable
Router #configure terminal
Router(config) #ip host hostname ipaddress(eg. 202.12.21.4)

3. Now use show hosts command to display currently configured hosts with their IP address.

Fig.2.5 Host Command

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Experiment 3

Aim: Configuration of IP addressing for a given scenario for a set of

topologies. (Bus & Star)
Bus Topology:

Computers in a network have to be connected in some logical manner. The layout pattern of
the interconnections between computers in a network is called network topology.

Bus topology uses one main cable to which all nodes are directly connected. The main cable
acts as a backbone for the network. One of the computers in the network typically acts as the
computer server. Advantage of bus topology is that it is easy to connect a computer or
peripheral device. The second advantage is that the cable requirements are relatively small,
resulting in lower cost. This type of topology is not used for large networks.

Steps involved in implementing bus topology:

1. First select three switch and three client and connect them by fast Ethernet wires

Fig.3.1 Bus Topology

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2. Configure the client by providing there IP address and subnet mask by going in
respective properties.

3. In IP address provide 192.168.1.1, similarly provide randomly any IP address in

another client but it must be different from each other.

Fig.3.2 IP Address Assigned

4. In subnet mask box provide 255.255.255.0

Fig.3.3 Subnet Mask Assigned

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5. Then provide gateway IP address which is an IP address of PC-0

Fig.3.4 IP Configured

6. Select message from menu and pass it between any two clients if it becomes successful
than your connection is in working condition.

Fig.3.5 Message Transfer Completed

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Star Topology:

In star topology, each computer is connected to a central hub using a point-to-point

connection. The central hub can be a computer server that manages the network, or it can be a
much simpler device that only makes the connections between computers over the network
possible. It is easy to add new nodes to the network.

Steps Involved in Star Topology:

1. Select a switch and 4 clients and connect them by fast Ethernet wires.

Fig. 3.6 Star Topology

2. Provide a IP address and subnet mask in all 4 clients and that should be different from
each other

3. In IP address provide 192.168.1.1 and so on in all others PC. same i.e 255.255.255.0

Fig.3.7 IP address Assigned

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4. Subnet mask should be same i.e 255.255.255.0

Fig.3.8 Subnet Mask Assigned

5. Select a message to send from one pc to another if it returns “successful” message

means your connection is in working state.

Fig.3.9 Message Transferred

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Experiment 4

Aim: Configuration of DHCP server.

The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a client/server protocol and it provides the following:

• IP address

• net mask

• the address of a default router

• the address of a name server.

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides all the above functionalities of
BOOTP alongwith static and dynamic address allocation that can be manual or automatic.

Steps involved in configuration:

1. Select one router, switch and number of clients for connection setup. And connect them
through fast Ethernet wire with each other.

Fig.4.1 Topology

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2. Check the properties of each client by going in there config window after selecting DHCP
other than STATIC. It will return unable to connect. Because router is not set up.

3. For setting up a router, go to command window and right commands as follows.

Fig.4.2 Commands executed

R1#config t
R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#interface fastethernet 1/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#ip dhcp pool

R1(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
R1(dhcp-config)#dns-server 192.168.1.2

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R1(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.1.1
R1(dhcp-config)#exit

4. Now, Click on any of the PC > Desktop > IP configuration > Choose DHCP.

Now PC will get an IP from DHCP server.

Fig.4.3 Configuring DHCP server

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Experiment 5

Aim: To implement and configure ARP/RARP protocol and static routes.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)/RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol):

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) was developed to enable communications on an

internetwork and is defined by RFC 826. Layer 3 devices need ARP to map IP network
addresses to MAC hardware addresses so that IP packets can be sent across networks. Before
a device sends a datagram to another device, it looks in its ARP cache to see if there is a MAC
address and corresponding IP address for the destination device. If there is no entry, the source
device sends a broadcast message to every device on the network. Each device compares the
IP address to its own. Only the device with the matching IP address replies to the sending
device with a packet containing the MAC address for the device (except in the case of "proxy
ARP"). The source device adds the destination device MAC address to its ARP table for future
reference, creates a data-link header and trailer that encapsulates the packet, and proceeds to
transfer the data. The figure below illustrates the ARP broadcast and response process.

Fig.5.1 ARP Process

Reverse ARP (RARP) as defined by RFC 903 works the same way as the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP), except that the RARP request packet requests an IP address instead of a media
access control (MAC) address. RARP often is used by diskless workstations because this type
of device has no way to store IP addresses to use when they boot. The only address that is
known is the MAC address because it is burned in to the hardware. RARP requires a RARP
server on the same network segment as the device interface. The figure below illustrates how
RARP works.

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Fig.5.2 RARP Process

Steps to implement ARP:

1. Create the topology.

Fig.5.3 Topology created

2. Set IP address of all the devices.

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Fig.5.4 IP address assigned

3. Click on one of the device among which you want the connection.

Fig.5.5 Setting up connection

4. Open the command prompt and write the following command :

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PC>arp –a
PC>ping ipaddress(address of the destination )

Fig.5.6 Commands executed

5. Enter the simulation mode and edit filters by selecting only ARP & ICMP protocols.

Fig.5.7 Select ARP & ICMP

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6. Go back to the command prompt and press enter.

Fig.5.8 Commands executed

7. Press auto capture/play button and see the connection establishment.

Fig.5.9 Auto capture/play

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8. Click on view previous events.

Fig.5.10 View events

9. Go back in the command prompt and again write arp -a command and you can see that
the connection has established and physical address is generated.

Fig.5.11 ARP-a command executed

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Static Routing:

Configure Static Routing is the routing that network administrator configure the network
routers manually, instead of using routing protocols, RIP or OSPF which used in the dynamic
routing. The benefits of static routing is minimum bandwidth usage, no overhead on router
CPU and many more and perfect for small network with a few routers. But it is not without
cons. Difficult to configure all routers manually in the large network and troubleshooting is
always harder than configuration.

IP route command is used to configure the static route. Static routes are the most secure way
of routing. They will also increase overall network performance. These features are extremely
helpful in small network.

IP route command and parameters explained below:

We have two commands to configure the static route.

1. Router(config)# ip route destination_network_# [subnet_mask] IP_address_of_next_hop_neighbor

[administrative_distance] [permanent]

Or

2.Router(config)# ip route destination_network_# [subnet_mask] interface_to_exit

[administrative_distance] [permanent]

IP route:

This is the base command which adds new route in routing table.

destination_network_#[subnet_mask]:

This is the first parameter. It specifies the destination network address. We need to provide
subnet mask if we are using sub-network. Sub-networks are the smaller networks created from
one large network in subnetting. If we are not using sub-network then we can omit the subnet
mask value. It will parse automatically.

IP_address_of_next_hop_neighbor / interface_to_exit:

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This parameter provides a way to reach the destination network. Both commands use separate
way to assign this value. First command provides the IP address of next hop neighbor. It tells
router that if it receives a packet for destination [that we set in previous parameter], forward
that packet to this next hop neighbor IP address.

Second command also do the same job but in different way. It specifies exit interface instead
of next hop IP address. It tells router that if it receives a packet for the destination specified by
previous parameter then exits that packet from this interface. Device attached on other end of
this interface will take care of the packet.

administrative_distance:

Administrative distance is the trustworthiness of route. Route with the lowest AD value will be
chosen while forwarding the packet. By default static route has two AD values depending on
the previous parameter. If you have used next hop neighbor IP address, then the default AD
value will be 1. If you have used exit interface, then the default AD value will be 0. This
parameter allows us to create multiple static routes for the same destination. For example we
can create primary and backup path for the destination network. To create backup path, we
need to set AD value to higher than default, such as 2 or 3. With this configuration router will
use primary path. Due to some reason if primary route fails, the router will start using backup
route automatically.
permanent:

When a route goes down router will remove that from routing table. Permanent parameter will
keep this route in routing table even if it goes down. Its optional parameter we can omit it. If
we omit it, router will remove this route from routing table if it goes down. You might use this
parameter for security reason if you never want packets to take another path.

Steps to configure static routing:

1. Create the topology in packet tracer workspace.

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Fig.5.12 Topology created

2. Assign IP address to all the devices.

Fig.5.13 IP address assigned

3. Assign IP address to interfaces of the router.

Double click Router0 and click CLI and press Enter key to access command prompt of
router.

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Fig.5.14 Accessing Command prompt

Two interfaces FastEthernet0/0 and Serial0/0/0 of Router0 are used in this topology.
By default interfaces on router are remain administratively down during the start up. We
need to configure IP address and other parameters on interfaces before we could actually
use them for routing. Interface mode is used to assign IP address and other parameters.
Interface mode can be accessed from global configuration mode. Following commands
are used to access global configuration mode.

Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#

From global configuration mode we can enter in interface mode. From there we can
configure the interface. Following commands will assign IP address on FastEthernet0/0.

Router(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/0

Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#

interface fastEthernet 0/0 : command is used to enter in interface mode.

ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 : command will assign IP address to interface.

no shutdown : command will bring the interface up.

exit : command is used to return in global configuration mode.

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Serial interface needs two additional parameters clock rate and bandwidth. Every serial cable
has two ends DTE and DCE. These parameters are always configured at DCE end. We can use
show controllers interface command from privilege mode to check the cable's end.

Router#show controllers serial 0/0/0

Interface Serial0/0/0
Hardware is PowerQUICC MPC860
DCE V.35, clock rate 2000000
[Output omitted]

Fourth line of output confirms that DCE end of serial cable is attached. If you see DTE here
instead of DCE skip these parameters.

Now we have necessary information let's assign IP address to serial interface. Following
commands are used:

Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.253 255.255.255.252
Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#no shutdown
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#

Router#configure terminal Command is used to enter in global configuration mode.

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 Command is used to enter in interface mode.

Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.0.253 255.255.255.252 Command assigns IP address

to interface. For serial link we usually use IP address from /30 subnet.

Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 And Router(config-if)#bandwidth 64 In real life

environment these parameters control the data flow between serial links and need to be set at
service providers end. In lab environment we need not to worry about these values. We can use
these values.

Router(config-if)#no shutdown Command brings interface up.

Router(config-if)#exit Command is used to return in global configuration mode.

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Fig.5.15 Commands executed

Fig.5.16 exit

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We will use same commands to assign IP addresses on interfaces of Router1. Since we have
provided clock rate and bandwidth on serial interface of Router0 we need not to assign them
on serial interface of Router1. Following command will assign IP addresses on interface of
Router1.

Fig.5.17 Assign IP address to Router 1

Now all the devices and interfaces have the following IP Address:

Device Connected from Connected to IP Address

PC0 FastEthernet0 Router0’s FastEthernet 0/0 10.0.0.2/8

Router0 FastEthernet0/0 PC0’s FastEthernet0 10.0.0.1/8
Router0 Serial 0/0/0 Router1’s serial 0/0/0 192.168.0.253/30
Router1 Serial 0/0/0 Router0’s serial 0/0/0 192.168.0.254/30
Router1 FastEthernet0/0 PC1’s FastEthernet0 20.0.0.1/8
PC1 FastEthernet0 Router1’s FastEthernet0/0 20.0.0.2/8

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4. Configure static route for both the routers.

Run following command from global configuration mode in routers.

Router0
Router(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.254

Router1
Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.253

That's all we need to switch packet from one network to another. To verify the result we
can use ping command. Access the command prompt of PC1 and use ping command to
test the connectivity from PC0.

A successful reply indicates that static routing is configured properly.

Fig.5.18 Command prompt window

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Experiment 6

Aim: To implement and configure RIP, OSPF and BGP routing protocols.
RIP Routing Protocol
RIP is a distance vector routing protocol. It shares routing information through the local
broadcast in every 30 seconds. RIP is a routing protocol which exchanges network information
between routers dynamically. It uses broadcast to share routing information.

In RIP protocol routers learn about the destination networks from neighboring routers through
the sharing process. Routers running RIP protocol periodically broadcast the configured
networks from all ports. Listing routers will update their routing table based on this
information.

In static method we have to update router manually. In dynamic method router will be
updated by a routing protocol.

Unlike static routing where we have to configure all routes manually, in dynamic routing all
we need to do is just tell the routing protocol which route we want to advertise. And rest will
be done automatically by running dynamic protocol. In our network we are running RIP routing
protocol so it will be handled by RIP.

RIP Protocol will share configured routes in network through the broadcasts. These broadcasts
are known as routing updates. Listening routers will update their routing table based on these
updates.

Router takes several measurements while processing and putting new route information in
routing table. If router discovers new route in update, it will put that in routing table.

Router will broadcast again with new routing information. This time routers have nothing to
update. This stage is known as convergence.
Convergence
Convergence is a term that refers to the time taken by all routers in understanding the current
topology of network.

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RIP Routing protocol metric

We may have two or more paths for the destination network. In this situation RIP uses a
measurement called metric to determine the best path for destination network. RIP uses hops
count as metric. Hops are the number of routers it takes to reach the destination network.

Steps to configure RIP routing protocol:

1. Create the topology in the packet tracer workspace.

Fig.6.1 Topology created

2. Assign IP address to all the devices and interfaces as assigned earlier in practical 5.

3. After assigning IP address the devices and interfaces have the following IP address:

Device Interface IP Configuration Connected with

PC0 Fast Ethernet 10.0.0.2/8 Router0’s Fa0/1

Router0 Fa0/1 10.0.0.1/8 PC0’s Fast Ethernet
Router0 S0/0/1 192.168.1.254/30 Router2’s S0/0/1
Router0 S0/0/0 192.168.1.249/30 Router1’s S0/0/0
Router1 S0/0/0 192.168.1.250/30 Router0’s S0/0/0
Router1 S0/0/1 192.168.1.246/30 Router2’s S0/0/0
Router2 S0/0/0 192.168.1.245/30 Router1’s S0/0/1
Router2 S0/0/1 192.168.1.253/30 Router0’s S0/0/1
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Router2 Fa0/1 20.0.0.1/30 PC1’s Fast Ethernet

PC1 Fast Ethernet 20.0.0.2/30 Router2’s Fa0/1
4. Configure RIP routing protocol:

It requires only two steps to configure the RIP routing.

 Enable RIP routing protocol from global configuration mode.
 Tell RIP routing protocol which networks you want to advertise.

Let’s configure it in Router0.following are the commands:

Router0(config)#router rip
Router0(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
Router0(config-router)# network 192.168.1.252
Router0(config-router)# network 192.168.1.248

router rip command tell router to enable the RIP routing protocol.

network command allows us to specify the networks which we want to advertise. We only
need to specify the networks which are directly connected with the router.
That’s all we need to configure the RIP. Follow same steps on remaining routers.

Fig.6.2 RIP configuration of router 0

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Fig.6.3 RIP configuration of router 1

Fig.6.4 RIP configuration of router 2

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5. RIP is configured now test the connectivity using ping.

Our network is ready to take the advantage of RIP routing. To verify the setup we will
use ping command. ping command is used to test the connectivity between two devices.
Access the command prompt of PC1 and use ping command to test the connectivity from
PC0.

Fig.6.5 Command Executed

6. We have successfully implemented RIP routing in our network.

7. Now trace the route from PC1 to PC0 using tracer ip address (destination) command.

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Fig.6.6 Trace Complete

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OSPF Routing Protocol:

OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First. OSPF is a link state open standard based routing
protocol. It was created in mid-1980. Since it is based on open standard, we can use it with any
vendor’s router.

Features and advantages of OSPF:

 It supports both IPv4 and IPv6 routed protocols.
 It supports load balancing with equal cost routes for same destination.
 Since it is based on open standards, it will run on most routers.
 It provides a loop free topology using SPF algorithm.
 It is a classless protocol.
 It supports VLSM and route summarization.
 It supports unlimited hop counts.
 It scales enterprise size network easily with area concept.
 It supports trigger updates for fast convergence.
 Just like other routing protocols, OSPF also has its negatives.

Disadvantages of OSPF:
 It requires extra CPU process to run SPF algorithm.
 It requires more RAM to store adjacency topology.
 It is more complex to setup and hard to troubleshoot.

Basically OPSF was created to fulfill the requirement of enterprise size network. To scale a
large size network it uses area concept. Area concept is similar to Subnetting. It allows us to
separate the large internetwork into smaller networks known as areas.

OSPF routers share routing information only with neighbors. OSPF uses hello packets to
discover neighbors in segments. A hello packet contains some essential configuration values
that must be same on both routers who want to build an OSPF neighborship.

OSPF Neighbor ship Requirement:

In order to become OSPF neighbor following values must be match on both routers.
 Area ID
 Authentication
 Hello and Dead Intervals
 Stub Flag
 MTU Size

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Steps to configure OSPF Routing Protocol:

1. Create the topology in the packet tracer workspace.

Fig .6.7 Topology created

2. Assign IP address to all the devices and interfaces as assigned earlier in practical 5.

3. After assigning IP address the devices and interfaces have the following IP address:

Device Interface IP Configuration Connected with

PC0 Fa0/0 10.0.0.2/8 Router0’s Fa0/0

Router0 Fa0/0 10.0.0.1/8 PC0’s Fa0/0
Router0 Fa0/1 192.168.1.1/30 Router5’s Fa0/1
Router5 Fa0/1 192.168.1.2/30 Router0’s Fa0/1
Router5 Fa0/0 192.168.1.5/30 Router6’s F0/0
Router6 Fa0/0 192.168.1.6/30 Router5’s Fa0/0
Router6 Fa0/1 20.0.0.1/8 Server0’s Fa0/0
Server0 Fa0/0 20.0.0.2/8 Router6’s Fa0/1
Router0 Serial 0/0/0 (DCE) 192.168.0.1/30 Router1’s Se0/0/0
Router1 Serial 0/0/0 192.168.0.2/30 Router0’s Se0/0/0
Router1 Serial 0/0/1 (DCE) 192.168.0.5/30 Router2’s Se0/0/1
Router2 Serial0/0/1 192.168.0.6/30 Router1’s Se0/0/1

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Router2 Serial 0/0/0 (DCE) 192.168.0.9/30 Router6’s Se0/0/0

Router6 Serial 0/0/0 192.168.0.10/30 Router2’s Se0/0/0
Router0 Serial 0/0/1 192.168.2.1/30 Router3’s Se0/0/1
Router3 Serial 0/0/1 (DCE) 192.168.2.2/30 Router0’s Se0/0/1
Router3 Serial 0/0/0 192.168.2.5/30 Router4’s Se0/0/0
Router4 Serial 0/0/0 (DCE) 192.68.2.6/30 Router3’s Se0/0/0
Router4 Serial 0/0/1 192.168.2.9/30 Router6’s Se0/0/1
Router6 Serial0/0/1 (DCE) 192.168.2.10/30 Router4’s Se0/0/1

4. Configure OSPF routing protocol:

Enabling OSPF is a two steps process:

 Enable OSPF routing protocol from global configuration mode.
 Tell OSPF which interfaces we want to include.

For these steps following commands are used respectively.

Router(config)# router ospf process_ID

Router(config-router)# network IP_network_# [wild card mask] Area Number
area number

Router(config)# router ospf process ID

This command will enable OSPF routing protocol in router. Process ID is a positive integer.
We can use any number from 1 to 65,535. Process ID is locally significant. We can run multiple
OSPF process on same router. Process ID is used to differentiate between them. Process ID
need not to match on all routers.

Router(config-router)# network IP_network_# [wildcard_mask] area [area number]

Network command allows us to specify the interfaces which we want to include in OSPF
process. This command accepts three arguments network number, wildcard mask and area
number.
Network number
Network number is network ID. We can use any particular host IP address or network IP
address. For example we can use 192.168.1.1 (host IP address) or we can use 192.168.1.0
(Network IP address). While targeting a specific interface usually we use host IP address
(configured on that interface).
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While targeting multiple interfaces, we use network IP address. So any interface that belongs
to specified network ID will be selected.
Wildcard mask
Wildcard mask are used with network ID to filter the interfaces. Wildcard mask is different
from subnet mask. Subnet mask is used to separate the network portion and host portion in IP
address. While wildcard mask is used to match corresponding octet in network portion.
Wildcard mask tells OSPF the part of network address that must be matched. Wildcard masks
are explained with examples in access list tutorials of this category.
Key points
0 (Decimal – octet format) Wildcard mask indicates that corresponding octet in network
address must be matched exactly.
255 (Decimal – octet format) Wildcard mask indicates that we don’t care about corresponding
octet in network address.
For example

0 (Binary – bit format) Wildcard mask indicates that corresponding bit in network address
must be matched exactly.
255 (Binary – bit format) Wildcard mask indicates that we don’t care about corresponding bit
in network address.

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OSPF is a classless protocol. With wildcard we can also filter Subnetted networks. In classes
implementation usually we use Subnetted networks. For example consider following figure.

Fig.6.8 Subnetted networks

We have four networks 172.168.1.0/24, 172.168.2.0/24, 172.168.3.0/24 and 172.168.4.0/24

subnetted from single class B network 172.168.0.0/16. Classful configuration does not
understand the concept of subnetting. In classful configuration all these networks belong to a
single network. Classful configuration works only with in default boundary of mask.
Default boundary of this address is 16 bits. So a classful routing protocol will match only first
16 bits (172.168.x.y) of network address. A classful routing protocol such as RIP cannot
distinguish between different Subnetted networks.
A classless routing protocol such as OSPF goes beyond the default boundary of mask and work
well with Subnetted networks. With wildcard mask we can easily filter Subnetted networks.
With wildcard we are no longer limited with default boundaries. We can match Subnetted
networks as well as default networks.

For example we want to exclude serial interfaces in above configuration. We can use a wildcard
mask of 0.0.0.255 to match the subnet mask of /24.

Router(config-router)# network 172.168.1.0 0.0.0.255

Router(config-router)# network 172.168.2.0 0.0.0.255

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Above commands will ask router to match /24 bits of address instead of default /16 bits. Now
router will look for 172.168.1.x and 172.168.2.x network. Our serial interfaces have
172.168.3.0/24 and 172.168.4.0/24 networks which do not fall in these search criteria.
Let’s take one more example, if we use following network command, which interfaces would
be selected.

Router(config-router)# network 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.3

In this case valid host IP addresses are 192.168.0.1 and 192.168.0.2. So any interface that has
these IP address would be selected. /30 network is usually used for serial link connection which
need only two valid host IP addresses; one for each end.

Fig. 6.9 OSPF configuration of router 0

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Fig. 6.10 OSPF configuration of router 1

Fig.6.11 OSPF configuration of router 2

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Fig.6.12 OSPF configuration of router 6

Fig.6.13 OSPF configuration of router 5

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Fig. 6.14 OSPF configuration of router 4

Fig.6.15 OSPF configuration of router 3

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5. OSPF is configured now test the connectivity using ping.

Fig.6.16 Ping command executed

6. We have successfully implemented OSPF routing in our network.

7. Now trace the route from PC1 to PC0 using tracer ip address (destination).

Fig.6.17 Trace complete

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BGP Routing Protocol:

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. It is described as
a path vector protocol as BGP does not use traditional IGP (OSPF, EIGRP, RIP) metrics, but
makes routing decisions based on path, network policies and/or rule sets. It maintains a table
of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reach ability among autonomous systems
(AS).

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to

exchange routing and reach ability information among autonomous systems (AS) on the
Internet. The protocol is often classified as a path vector protocol but is sometimes also
classed as a distance-vector routing protocol.

Steps to configure BGP routing protocol:

1. Create the topology in the packet tracer workspace.

Fig.6.18 Topology created

2. Assign IP address to interfaces and loopbacks.

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Fig.6.19 assigning IP address to interface of router 0

Fig.6.20 assigning IP address to loopbacks of router 0

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Fig. 6.21 assigning IP address to interface of router 1

Fig. 6.22 assigning IP address to interface of router 2

3. Configure BGP routing protocol for all the routers using the following commands.
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Router(config)#router bgp autonomous system number

Router(config-router)#bgp router-id (routerid eg.1.1.1.1)
Router(config-router)#neighbor (ip address) remote-as (neighbour as)
Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 mask 255.255.255.0
Router(config-router)#exit
Router(config)#

Fig. 6.23 BGP configuration of router 0

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Fig.6.24 BGP configuration of router 1

Fig.6.25 BGP configuration of router 2

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4. After configuring BGP, use BGP verification commands to verify your configuration

 Router#show ip bgp

Fig.6.26 Router show command

 Router# show ip bgp summary

Fig.6.27 Router show IP bgp summary

 Router# show ip bgp neighbours

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Fig.6.28 IP BGP neighbours

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Experiment 7

Aim: To Configure FTP on Packet Tracer.

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer computer files
between a client and server on a computer network. FTP is built on a client-server model
architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server.

Steps involved in configuring FTP server.

1. Select one router, two switches, and two clients and one server & name that server as FTP.

Fig.7.1 Topology created

2. Select a module in a router, keep it in mind server must be switched OFF while installing
module, and ON it after installation of module.

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Fig.7.2 Router 0 device view

3. Connect each module with one another through wires. (As shown in first figure of this
Exp.)

4. After this, click on server and select IP configuration tab in that, where you will provide
IP address i.e. 192.168.1.2, subnet mask 255.255.255.0 & gateway IP address 192.168.1.1

Fig.7.3. IP Configuration

5. Click on server again and then click on config and there you select FTP and provide
username and password of your own choice, also select all the checkboxes provided below
and after that click on ADD.

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Fig.7.4. FTP Configuration

6. After doing settings in server click on first client and select IP configuration tab in that
where you will provide IP address: 192.168.2.2 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 &
gateway IP address is 192.168.2.1

Fig.7.5. IP Configuration (First client)

7. Similarly for second client also you will repeat the step no.6 but in second client you will
change the IP address to 192.168.3.2 and subnet mask will be the same, while gateway IP
address will changed to 192.168.3.1

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Fig.7.6. IP Configuration (Second client)

8. Click on router and click on “config” tab of it, select Fastethernet 0/0 and put the port
status “ON” also provide a IP address 192.168.2.1 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
Similarly in Fastethernet 1/0 repeat this step, just there will be a change in IP address that
is 192.168.3.1. while in Fastethernet 6/0 IP address will be changed to 192.168.1.1

Fig.7.7. Configuring Fast Ethernet

9. Now select first client and click on “command prompt” tab of that, and write a code as
shown in a figure.

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Fig.7.8. Command prompt (first client)

Fig.7.9. commands executing

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Fig.7.10. File transferred

10. Once the file transfer is successful, your connection is correctly connected.

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Java Networking Programs

The next three programs are on Java Network Programming. The term network programming
refers to writing programs that execute across multiple devices (computers), in which the
devices are all connected to each other using a network.

The java.net package of the J2SE APIs contains a collection of classes and interfaces that
provide the low-level communication details, allowing us to write programs that focus on
solving the problem at hand.

The java.net package provides support for the two common network protocols:

 TCP: TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which allows for reliable
communication between two applications. TCP is typically used over the Internet
Protocol, which is referred to as TCP/IP.
 UDP: UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol, a connection-less protocol that allows
for packets of data to be transmitted between applications.

In Network Programming we will be using sockets. A socket is a connection between two hosts. It
can perform seven basic operations:

 Connect to a remote machine.

 Send data
 Receive Data
 Close a connection
 Bind to a port
 Listen for incoming data
 Accept connections from remote machines on the bound port.

TCP Sockets

Java’s Socket class is used by both clients and servers and has methods that correspond
to the first four of these operations. The last three operations are needed only by servers,
which wait for clients to connect to them. They are implemented by the ServerSocket class.

Sockets for Clients

The java.net.Socket class is Java’s fundamental class for performing client-side TCP
operations. Other client oriented classes that make TCP network connections such as

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URL,URLConnection,Applet, and JEditorPane all ultimately end up invoking the method of

this class.

The constructors

Each lets you specify the host and the port you want to connect to. Hosts may be specified as
an InetAddress or a String. Ports are always specified as int values from 0 to 65,535. Two of
the constructors also specify the local address and local port from which data will be sent.

publicSocket(String host,int port) throws UnknownHostException,IOException

This constructor creates a TCP socket to the specified port on the specified host and
attempts to connect to the remote host. For example:

try
{
Socket soc = new Socket(www.google.com,80)
}
Catch(UnknownHostException ex)
{
System.err.println(ex);
}
Catch(IOException ex)
{
System.err.println(ex);
}

Public Socket(InetAddress host,int port) throws IOException

This constructor differs by using an InetAddress object to specify the host rather than a
hostname.

try
{
InetAddress soc = InetAddress.getbyname(“domain name”)
Socket soc = new Socket (domain name,80)
}
Catch(UnknownHostException ex)
{
System.err.println(ex);
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}
Catch(IOException ex)
{
System.err.println(ex);
}

The InetAddress Class

The java.net.Inetaddress class is Java’s high-level representation of an IP address,IPv4 and

IPv6. It is used by most of the other networking classes,including Socket, ServerSocket,
URL, DatagramSocket and more.Generally, it includes both a hostname and an IP address.

Creating New InetAddress Objects

There are no public constructors in the InetAddress class. However, InetAddress has three
static methods that return suitably initialized InetAddress objects given a little information.
They are:

Public static InetAddress getbyname( String hostName)

Throws UnknownHostException

Public static InetAddress[] getAllByName( String hostName)

Throws UnknownHostException

Public static InetAddress[] getLocalHost()

Throws UnknownHostException

All three of these methods may make a connection to the local DNS server to fill out the
information in the InetAddress object. This has a number of possibily unexpected implications,
among them that these methods may throw security expectations if the connection to the DNS
server is prohibited.Futhermore, invoking one of these methods may cause a host that uses a
PPP connection to dial into its provider if it isn’t already connected.The other methods in this

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class, such as getAddress() and getHostName(), mostly work with the information provided by
one of these three methods.

Getting Information about a Socket

Public InetAddress getInetAddress( )

Given a Socket object ,the getInetAddress() method tells you which remote host the Socket is
connected to or, if the connection is closed , which host the Socket was connected to when it
was connected. For example:

Socket thesocket =new Socket(domain name,80)

InetAddress soc = InetAddress.getInetAddress();

Public int getPort()

The getport() method tells you which port the Socket is connected to on the remote host.

Socket thesocket =new Socket(domain name,80)

Int port = theSocket.get port();

Public int getlocalPort()

The getport() method tells you which port the Socket is connected to on the remote host.

Socket thesocket =new Socket(domain name,80)

Int port = theSocket.getlocalport();

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Public InetAddress getlocalAddress()

The getlocalAddress() method tells you which network interface a socket is bound to. We
normally use this on a multihomed host or one with multiple network interfaces.

Socket thesocket =new Socket(host name,80)

InetAddress localAddress = theSocket.getlocaladdresses();

Socket for Servers

For servers that accept connections, Java provides a ServerSocket class that represents server
sockets. In essence, a server socket’s job is to sit by the phone and wait for incoming calls.
More technically, a server socket runs on the server and listens for incoming TCP connections.
Each server socket listens on a particular port on the server machine. When a client on a remote
host attempts to connect to that port, the server wakes up, negotiates the connection between
the client and the server, and returns a regular Socket object representing the socket between
the two hosts. In other words, server sockets wait for connections while client sockets initiate
connections. Once a ServerSocket has set up the connection, the server uses a regular Socket
object to send data to the client. Data always travels over the regular socket.

The ServerSocket Class

The ServerSocket class contains everything needed to write servers in Java. It has
constructors that create new ServerSocket objects , methods that list for connections on a
specified port, methods that configure the various server socket options, and the usual
miscellaneous methods such as toString().
 A new ServerSocket is created on a particular port using a ServerSocket()
constructor.
 The ServerSocket listens for incoming connection attempts on that port using its
accept() method. Accept() blocks until a client attemts to make a connection, at which
point accept() returns a Socket object connecting the client and the server.
 Depending on the type of server, either the Socket’s getInputStream() method,
getOutputStream() method, or both are called to get input and output streams that
communicate with the client.

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 The server and the client interact according to an agreed-upon protocol until it is time
to close the connection.
 The server, the client, or both close the connection.
 The server returns to step 2 and waits for the next connection.

The Constructors

There are four public ServerSocket constructors:

Public ServerSocket (int port) throws BindException, IOException

Public ServerSocket (int port, int queueLength)throws BindException, IOException

Public ServerSocket (int port, int queueLength, InetAddress bindAddress)

throws IOException

Public ServerSocket () throws IOException

These constructors let you specify the port, the length of the queue used to hold incoming
connection requests, and the local network interface to bind to. They pretty much all do the
same thing, though some use default values for the queue length and the address to bind to.

Accepting and Closing Connections

A ServerSocket customarily operates in a loop the repeatedly accepts connections. Each pass
through the loop invokes the accept() method. This returns a Socket object representing the
connection between the remote client and the local server. Interaction with the client takes
place through this Socket object. When the transaction is finished, the server should invoke
the Socket object’s close() method. If the client closes the connection while the server is still
operating, the input and/or output streams the connect the server to the client throw an
Interrupted IO Exception on the next read or write. In either case, the server should then get
ready to process the next incoming connection. However, when the server needs to shut down
and not process any further incoming connections, you should invoke the ServerSocket
object’s close() method.

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UDP Datagrams and Sockets

Java’s Implementation of UDP is split into two classes: DatagramPacket and DatagramSocket.
The DatagramPacket class stuffs bytes of data into UDP packets called datagrams and lets you
unstuff datagrams that you receive. A DatagramSocket send as well as receives UDP
datagrams. To send data, you put data in DatagramPacket and send the packet using
DatagramSocket. To receive data, you receive a DatagramPacket object from a
DatagramSocket and then read the contents of the packet. In UDP, everything about a datagram,
including the address to which it is directed , is included in the packet itself; the socket only
needs to know the local port on which to listen or send.

The DatagramPacket class

In Java, a UDP datagram is represented by an instance of the DatagramPacket class:

public final class DatagramPacket extends Object

This class provides methods to get and set the source or destination address from the IP header,
to get and set the source or destination port, to get and set the data, and to get and set the length
of the data.

Constructors for Receiving Datagrams

These two constructors create new DatagramPacket objects for receiving data from the
network:

public DatagramPacket( byte[] buffer, int length)

public DatagramPacket( byte[] buffer, int offset, int length) // Java 1.2

When a socket receives a datagram, it stores the datagram’s data part in buffer beginning at
buffer[0] and continuing until the packet is completely stored or until length bytes have been
written into the buffer. If the second constructor is used, storage begins at buffer[offset] instead.
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Otherwise these two constructors are identical. Length must be less than or equal to
buffer.length-offset. If you try to construct a DatagramPacket with a length that will overflow
the buffer, the constructor throws an Illegal Argument Exception. This is a Runtime Exception,
so your code is not required to catch it.

Constructors for Sending Datagrams

These four constructors create new DatagramPacket objects for sending data across the network
.

public DatagramPacket (byte[] data, int length, InetAddress destination, int port)
public DatagramPacket (byte[] data, int offset, int length, InetAddress
destination, int port) // java 1.2
public DatagramPacket (byte[] data, int length, SocketAddress destination, int
port) //java 1.4
public DatagramPacket (byte[] data, int offset , int length, SocketAddress
destination, int port) //java 1.4

Each constructor creates a new DatagramPacket to be sent to another host. The packet is filled
with length bytes of the data array starting at offset or 0 if offset is not used. If you try to
construct a Datagram Packet with a length that is greater than data.length, the constructor
throws an IllegalArgumentException.

The get methods

DatagramPacket has six methods that retrieve different parts of a datagram: the actual data plus
several fields from its header. These methods are mostly used for datagrams received from the
network.

Public InetAddress getAddress()

The getAddress() method returns an InetAddress object containing the address of the remote
host. If the datagram was received from the Internet, the address returned is the address of the
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machine that sent it (the source address). On the other hand, if the datagram was created locally
to be sent to a remote machine, this method returns the address of the host to which the
datagram is addressed ( the destination address). This method is most commonly used to
determine the address of the host that sent a UDP datagram, so that the recipient can reply.

public int getPort()

The getPort() method returns an integer specifying the remote port. If this datagram was
received from the Internet, this is the port on the host that sent the packet. If the datagram was
created locally to be sent to a remote host, this is the port to which the packet is addressed on
the remote machine.

public SocketAddress getSocketAddress()

The getSocketAddress() method returns a SocketAddress object containing the IP address and
port of the remote host.

public byte[] getData()

The getData() method returns a byte array containing the data from the datagram.

The getLength() method returns the number of bytes of data in the datagram.

public int getOffset() //java 1.2

This method simply returns the point in the array returned by getData() where the data
from the datagram begins.

The set Methods

Most of the time, the six constructors are sufficient for creating datagrams. However,
Java also provides several methods for changing the data, remote address, and remote
port after the datagram has been created.

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public void setData(byte[] data)

The setData() method changes the payload of the UDP datagram. You might use this
method if you are sending a large file to a remote host.

public void setData(byte[] data, int offset, int length) // Java 1.2

This overloaded variant of setData() method provides an alternative approach to

sending a large quantity of data. Instead of sending lots of new arrays, you can put all
the data in one array and send it a piece at a time.

public void setAddress(InetAddress remote)

The setAddress() method changes the address a datagram packet is sent to.

public void setPort(int port)

The setPort() method changes the port a datagram is addressed to.

public void setAddress(SocketAddress remote) //Java 1.4

The setSocketAddress() method changes the address and port a datagram packet is sent
to.

public void setLength(int length)

The setLength() method changes the number of bytes of data in the internal buffer that
are considered to be part of the datagram’s data as opposed to merely unfilled space.

The DatagramSocket Class

To send or receive a DatagramPacket, you must open a datagram socket. In Java, a

datagram socket is created and accessed through the DatagramSocket class:
public class DatagramSocket extends Object

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The Constructors

The DatagramSocket constructors are used in different situations, much like the
DatagramPacket constructors. The first constructor opens a datagram socket on an
anonymous local port. The second constructor opens a datagram socket on a well known
local port that listens to all local network interfaces. The third constructor opens a
datagram socket on a well known local port on a specific network interface. Java 1.4
adds a constructor that allows this network interface and port to be specified with a
SocketAddress. Java 1.4 also adds a protected constructor that allows you to change the
implementation class. All five constructors deal only with the local address and port.
The remote address and port are stored in the DatagramPacket, not the DatagramSocket.

public DatagramSocket() throws SocketException

This constructor creates a socket that is bound to an anonymous port. For example :
try {
DatagramSocket client = new DatagramSocket();
// send packets…
}
Catch (SocketException ex) {
System.err.println(ex);
}
You would use this constructor in a client that initiates a conversation with a server.

public DatagramSocket(int port) throws SocketException

This constructor creates a socket that listens for incoming datagrams on a particular
port, specified by the port argument. Use this constructor to write a server that listens
on a well known port; if servers listened on anonymous ports, clients would not be able
to contact them. A SocketException is thrown if the socket can’t be created.

public DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress interface) throws SocketException

This constructor is primarily used on multihomed hosts; it creates a socket that listens
for incoming datagrams on a specific port and network interface. This port argument is
the port on which this socket listens for datagrams.

public DatagramSocket(SocketAddress interface) throws SocketException //Java 1.4

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This constructor is similar to the previous one except that the network interface address
and port are read from a SocketAddress.

protected DatagramSocket(DatagramSocketImpl impl) throws SocketException // Java

1.4

This constructor enables subclasses to provide their own implementation of the UDP
protocol, rather than blindly accepting the default.

Sending and Receiving Datagrams

The primary task of the DatagramSocket class is to send and receive UDP datagrams.
One socket can both send and receive from multiple hosts at the same time.

public void send(DatagramPacket dp) throws IOException

Once a DatagramPacket is created and a DatagramSocket is constructed, send the

packet by passing it to the socket’s send() method. For example, if thesocket is a
DatagramSocket object and theoutput is a DatagramPacket object, send theoutput using
thesocket like this:

thesocket.send(theoutput);

public void receive(DatagramPacket dp) throws IOException

This method receives a single UDP datagram from the network and stores it in the
preexisting DatagramPacket object dp.

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Experiment 8

Aim: Implementation of Port Scanner.

This program creates a simple port scanner program to check the open ports for the specified
host name.

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;

public class PortScanner {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String host = "localhost";
InetAddress inetAddress = InetAddress.getByName(host);

String hostName = inetAddress.getHostName();

for (int port = 0; port <= 65535; port++) {
try {
Socket socket = new Socket(hostName, port);
String text = hostName + " is listening on port " + port;
System.out.println(text);
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
String s = hostName + " is not listening on port " + port;
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}
}

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Experiment 9

Aim: Implementation of file transfer using TCP.

The server module :

import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
ServerSocket servsock = new ServerSocket(123456);
File myFile = new File("s.pdf");
while (true) {
Socket sock = servsock.accept();
byte[] mybytearray = new byte[(int) myFile.length()];
BufferedInputStream bis = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(myFile));
bis.read(mybytearray, 0, mybytearray.length);
OutputStream os = sock.getOutputStream();
os.write(mybytearray, 0, mybytearray.length);
os.flush();
sock.close();
}
}
}

The client module :

import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.Socket;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {
Socket sock = new Socket("127.0.0.1", 123456);
byte[] mybytearray = new byte[1024];
InputStream is = sock.getInputStream();
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FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("s.pdf");

BufferedOutputStream bos = new BufferedOutputStream(fos);
int bytesRead = is.read(mybytearray, 0, mybytearray.length);
bos.write(mybytearray, 0, bytesRead);
bos.close();
sock.close();
}
}

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Experiment 10

Aim: Implementation of file transfer using UDP.

The client module :

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class client
{
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception
{
byte b[]=new byte[1024];
FileInputStream f=new FileInputStream("D:/raj.txt");
DatagramSocket dsoc=new DatagramSocket(2000);
int i=0;
while(f.available()!=0)
{
b[i]=(byte)f.read();
i++;
}
f.close();
dsoc.send(new DatagramPacket(b,i,InetAddress.getLocalHost(),1000));
}

The server module :

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
public class server
{
public static void main(String args[])throws IOException
{
byte b[]=new byte[3072];
DatagramSocket dsoc=new DatagramSocket(1000);
FileOutputStream f=new FileOutputStream("D:/nandha.txt");
while(true)
{
DatagramPacket dp=new DatagramPacket(b,b.length);
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dsoc.receive(dp);
System.out.println(newString(dp.getData(),0,dp.getLength()));

}
}
}

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6. Expected Viva Voce Questions

1. What is a Link?
2. What is a point to point link?
3. What is anonymous FTP??
4. How does a network topology affect your decision in setting up a network?
5. What is RIP?
6. What is NIC?
7. How many layers are there under TCP/IP?
8. What is the main purpose of OSPF?
9. What are firewalls?
10. What are gateways?
11. What are the functions of a network administrator?
12. What is Hybrid Network?
13. What is DHCP?
14. What is the main job of the ARP?
15. What is netstat?
16. What is tracert?
17. What is Ping?
18. What protocols fall under the TCP/IP Internet Layer?
19. What is IPv6?
20. What is multicast routing ?
21. Describe Ethernet.
22. When you move the NIC cards from one PC to another PC, does the MAC address gets
transferred as well?
23. What is ipconfig?
24. What is the difference between a straight-through and crossover cable?
25. What is the difference between a hub and a switch?

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7. REFERENCES

[1]. http://www.cisco.com

[2]. http://www.packettracernetwork.com/tutorials/video-tutorials.html

[3]. Elliotte Rusty Harold, " Java Network Programming", O'Reilly Media 2013.

[4]. B. A. Forouzan, "TCP/IP Protocol Suite", TMH, 2nd Ed., 2004.

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