• The nature of time is a complex thing. Poets quoted it differently. Scientists have their own explanation.
And
philosophers wrote it according to different manners. Each of us has our own understanding of what time is,
and how it works. But the very transparent reason why we value time so much is because we know how
important it is NOT to be valued of. Like a river, not the same set of water will flow on the same place where you
are standing. Time is elusive. It has different point of view. It will always be defined on how you have
understood it, and how you have experienced it. Good time influenced a good future and a positive behaviour.
Bad time attracts negative vibes and misfortune where most of us struggled from despair, failures, doubts,
cruelty, greediness, envy, guilt, and many more. But because we value “time”, we have learned to control it by
remembering our goals in life. That includes planning, being optimistic, brave and successful.
“Time flies too fast and we cannot do anything about it, but if you love your life, don’t waste time, for it is what life is made up of.”
(Bruce Lee)
Our decisions and actions defined whether time will become our enemy or ally.
The Oldest Art
In these lands of Africa, the Near East, and Europe, the story of
Western Art begins, around 3000 BCE. Numerous ancient civilizations
arise, overlapped and interacted; learned from each other and
conquers each other, and finally faded into the world we know today.
Prehistoric Art - Three (3) Periods:
a. Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age (30,000 BCE - 10, 000 BCE)
b. Mesolithic Period or Middle Stone Age (10,000 BCE - 8,000 BCE)
c. Neolithic Period or New Stone Age (8,000 BCE - 3,000 BCE)
Mesopotamian art survives in a number of
Mesopotamia forms: cylinder seals, relatively small
Mesopotamia—the land "between the rivers" in modern-day Iraq — figures in the round, and reliefs of various
sizes, including cheap plaques of moulded
was home to the ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.
pottery for the home, some religious and
some apparently not.
Egypt
Egypt is very famous for its ancient civilization and the monuments of
the majestic pharaohs, such as the Great Pyramids of Giza, the Great
Sphinx, the Egyptian Museum, the GEM (The Grand Egyptian Museum),
Sakkara, and Dahshur.
Arts in Egypt includes paintings, sculptures, drawings on papyrus,
faience, jewelry, ivories, architecture, and other art media. It was a
conservative tradition whose style changed very little over time. Much
of the surviving examples comes from tombs and monuments, giving
insight into the ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs.
The Aegean
It highlights some of the key characteristics of Aegean art including
curvilinear form (seen here on both the bull and the humans depicted),
the long body type accentuated by extremely cinched and tiny waists,
and gender differentiations in the skin color of males and females.
Its three (3) major cultures: the Cycladic, centered on a
group of small islands; the Minoan, based on the island of
Crete at the southern end of the Aegean; and the
Mycenaean, on the mainland of Greece.
The Classical World: Greece and Rome
These two civilizations also produced some of the ancient world's
greatest writers, leaders, and philosophers. The cultures of ancient
Greece and Rome made a number of contributions to western
civilization in the form of advancements in literature, architecture, art,
government, and philosophy.
Throughout the Middle ages, painters were considered skilled crafts workers on a level with goldsmiths,
carpenters, and other tradespeople. By the mid-16th century, Michaelangelo could claim that “in Italy great
princes as such are not held in honor or renown, it is a painter that they call divine.” He lived and work during the
time of Renaissance. Covering the period from 1400 to 1600, the Renaissance brought vast changes to the world
of art. It was the time when the concept of “art” arose. Painting, sculpture, and architecture began to earn their
priviledge positions in Western thought. On this period, artists became newly interested in observing the natural
world.
Renaissance means “rebirth”, and it refers to the revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman
culture that is one of the key characteristics of the period.
The Early and High Renaissance in Italy
Renaissance begin in Italy, for the reason that it had been among the first areas to recover economically from the
chaos of the early Middle ages. Powerful city-states engaged in extensive trade and banking had developed. The
church, also an important patron of arts, was centered in Italy. Humanism arose first in Italy, and it was in Italy that
the first university position in Greek studies was established. Rome, Florence and Venice are the three great artistic
center of Italy.
The Renaissance in the North
In the Northern countries of Western Europe – Switzerland, Germany, Northern France, and the Netherlands – the
Renaissance did not happen with the sudden drawn that it did in Italy. Northern artists did not live among the ruins
of Rome, nor did they share the Italian’s sense of a personal link to the creators of the classical art. The Northern
Renaissance style evolved gradually out of the late Middle ages as artists became increasingly enhanced with the
Myriad details of the visible world and better at capturing them. Northern artists preoccupation with decoration and
surface and things derives naturally from their heritage. The North had long tradition of painted miniatures,
manuscript illuminators, stained glass, and tapestries – all decorative arts with a great deal of surface detail. Italian
masters were obssessed with structure, Northern artists perfected their skill at rendering the precise outer
appearance of their subjects.
The Late Renaissance in Italy
The world Mannerism comes from the Italian “maniera” meaning “style” or “sytlishness”, and it was originally used
to suggest that these painters practiced an art of grace and sophistication. Later critics characterized mannerism
as a decadent reaction against the order and balance of the High Renaissane. Today, however, most scholars agree
that mannerism actually grew out of possibilities suggested by the work of high Renaissance artists, especially
Michaelangelo, whose influence on the next generation was enormous.
“The Age of Kings”. Some of the most powerful
rulers in history occupied the thrones of various
countries during this time; Frederick the Great of The Baroque Era
Prussia, Maria Theresa of Austria, Peter the Baroque arts differs from that of the
R e na i s s a n c e . B a r o q u e a r t i s f u l l o f
Great and Catherine the Great of Prussia, and a emotion, energy and movement, while
successor of grand kings named Louis in France. Renaissance art stressed the calm of
These monarchs governed as virtual dictators, reason. Colors are more vivid in Baroque
art than in Renaissance. In architecture
and their influence dominated social and cultural and sculptures, Baroque favored
affairs of the time as well as political matters. ornamentation, Renaissance sought a
classic simplicity. Baroque art has been
called dynamic, sometimes even
“The Age of Colonial Settlement”. By the early theatrical.
17th century, the Dutch, the English, and the
French had established permanent settlement in The 18th Century
The first half to three-quarters of the 18th century is often thought of as the age of
North America. The first successful English Rococo – a development and extension of the Baroque style. The term Rococo was a play
colony was at Jamestown, Virginia led by John in the word “baroque”, but it also refers to the French words for “rocks” and “shells”,
S m i t h , 1607. Th e “ s t a r v i n g t i m e ” i n N o r t h forms that appeared as decorative motifs in architecture, furniture, and occasionally in
painting.
America coincided exactly with a European Baroque in South was an art of Cathedral and palaces; Rococo is more intimate, suitable
style: the Baroque. for the aristocratic home and the drawing room. Baroque colors are intense, while
Rococo leans more toward the gentle pastels. Baroque is large in scale, massive, and
dramatic; Rococo has a smaller scale and a lighthearted, playful quality. The Rococo
style of architecture originated in France but was soon exported.
Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Enlightenment
in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.
Islamic art covers a range of artistic fields including
architecture, calligraphy, painting, glass, ceramics, and
textiles, among others. Islamic art is not restricted to religious
art, but instead includes all of the art of the rich and varied
cultures of Islamic societies.
Islamic art is difficult to characterize because it covers a wide
range of lands, periods, and genres. Nevertheless, it can be
represented by three distinct disciplines: geometry, islimi and
calligraphy. These 3 art forms were and still are implemented
on every craft typical of the Islamic world such as:
architecture.
Pottery, metalwork, sculpture, architecture, textile art and fiber art
are important visual art forms across Africa and may be included in
the study of African art.
African art holds practical value, reflecting a blend of functionality and aesthetics.
The interplay of spirituality, tradition, and craftsmanship in artistic expression
creates an enriching experience in diverse cultures, making African art an
immersive experience.
Indian art consists of a variety of art forms, including painting, sculpture,
pottery, and textile arts such as woven silk. Geographically, it spans the
entire Indian subcontinent, including what is now India, Pakistan,
7 INDIAN ART FORMS Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan , and at times eastern
Afghanistan. A strong sense of design is characteristic of Indian art and
Madhubani Painting can be observed in its modern and traditional forms.
Warli Painting The origin of Indian art can be traced to prehistoric settlements in the
3rd millennium BCE. On its way to modern times, Indian art has had
Miniature Paintings cultural influences, as well as religious influences such as Hinduism,
Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Islam. In spite of this complex mixture
Kalamkari of religious traditions, generally, the prevailing artistic style at any time
and place has been shared by the major religious groups.
Tanjore Painting
Pattachitra In historic art, sculpture in stone and metal, mainly religious, has
survived the Indian climate better than other media and provides most
Kalighat Painting of the best remains. Many of the most important ancient finds that are
not in carved stone come from the surrounding, drier regions rather
than India itself. Indian funeral and philosophic traditions exclude grave
goods, which is the main source of ancient art in other cultures.
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Indian artist styles historically followed Indian religions out of the
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subcontinent, having an especially large influence in Tibet, South East
Asia and China. Indian art has itself received influences at times,
especially from Central Asia and Iran, and Europe.
https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-art Chinese art, the painting, calligraphy, architecture, pottery,
sculpture, bronzes, jade carving, and other fine or decorative
art forms produced in China over the centuries.
Characteristic themes and symbols
In early times Chinese art often served as a means to submit to the will of heaven through ritual
and sacrifice. Archaic bronze vessels were made for sacrifices to heaven and to the spirits of clan
ancestors, who were believed to influence the living for good if the rites were properly and
regularly performed. Chinese society, basically agricultural, has always laid great stress on
understanding the pattern of nature and living in accordance with it. The world of nature was seen
as the visible manifestation of the workings of a higher power through the generative interaction
of the yin-yang (female-male) dualism. As it developed, the purpose of Chinese art turned from
propitiation and sacrifice to the expression of human understanding of these forces, in the form of
painting of landscapes, bamboo, birds, and flowers. This might be called the metaphysical, Daoist
aspect of Chinese painting.
Particularly in early times, art also had social and moral functions. The earliest wall paintings
referred to in ancient texts depicted benevolent emperors, sages, virtuous ministers, loyal
generals, and their evil opposites as examples and warnings to the living. Portrait painting also
had this moral function, depicting not the features of the subject so much as his or her character
and role in society. Court painters were called upon to depict auspicious and memorable events.
This was the ethical, Confucian function of painting. High religious art as such is foreign to China.
Popular folk religion was seldom an inspiration to great works of art, and Buddhism, which indeed
produced many masterpieces of a special kind, was a foreign import.
Human relationships have always been of supreme importance in China, and a common theme of
figure painting is that of gentlemen enjoying scholarly pursuits together or of the poignant
partings and infrequent reunions that were the lot of officials whose appointments took them
across the country.
Japanese art consists of a wide range of art styles and media that
includes ancient pottery, sculpture, ink painting and calligraphy on
silk and paper, ukiyo-e paintings and woodblock prints, ceramics,
origami, bonsai, and more recently manga and anime. It has a long
history, ranging from the beginnings of human habitation in Japan,
sometime in the 10th millennium BCE, to the present day.
Painting is the preferred artistic expression in Japan, practiced by
amateurs and professionals alike. Until modern times, the Japanese
wrote with a brush rather than a pen, and their familiarity with brush
techniques has made them particularly sensitive to the values and
aesthetics of painting. With the rise of popular culture in the Edo
period, ukiyo-e, a style of woodblock prints, became a major form
and its techniques were fine-tuned to create mass-produced, colorful
pictures; in spite of painting's traditional pride of place, these prints
proved to be instrumental in the Western world's 19th-century
dialogue with Japanese art. The Japanese, in this period, found
sculpture a much less sympathetic medium for artistic expression:
most large Japanese sculpture is associated with religion, and the
medium's use declined with the lessening importance of traditional
Buddhism.
Japanese pottery is among the finest in the world and includes the
earliest known Japanese artifacts; Japanese export porcelain has
been a major industry at various points. Japanese lacquerware is
also one of the world's leading arts and crafts, and works gorgeously
decorated with maki-e were exported to Europe and China,
remaining important exports until the 19th century.[1][2] In
architecture, Japanese preferences for natural materials and an
interaction of interior and exterior space are clearly expressed.
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Pacific art encompasses the artistic traditions and visual culture of the indigenous
peoples living in Oceania's islands and coastal regions. It includes various forms such as
sculpture, painting, tattooing, weaving, and ceremonial objects that reflect their rich
cultural heritage.
The art of the Pacific Island cultures, such as New Zealand and Australia, is similar due to
geography, migrations, and shared traditions. These similarities are expressed through
intricate patterns, natural motifs, and vibrant colors.
Tapa Cloth: Tapa cloth is a traditional form of bark cloth made by pounding tree
bark until it becomes soft enough for painting or printing designs. It is a
significant art form in many Pacific cultures and often used for clothing, bedding,
or ceremonial purposes.
Moai: Moai are large stone statues found on Easter Island (Rapa Nui). These
monumental sculptures were created by the indigenous people of the island and
serve as important cultural symbols.
Navigation Charts: Navigation charts, also known as stick charts, were used by
Polynesian navigators to navigate the vast Pacific Ocean. These charts depicted
ocean swells, currents, and islands using shells or sticks tied together.
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The Arts of the Americas department stewards a diverse
collection of nearly 4,600 objects from North, Central, and South
America from 5000 BCE to the present, reflecting the extensive
history of artistic production in this hemisphere. The oldest
objects attest to the presence of Indigenous communities in the
Americas since time immemorial, while the newest grapple with
pressing questions of history, tradition, and identity in our
interconnected world.
The 19th and 20th centuries marked the growing geopolitical
and artistic influence of the United States, as represented by the
museum’s exceptional holdings of painting, sculpture, and
decorative art and design objects.
Visual art of the United States or American art is visual art made
in the United States or by U.S. artists. Before colonization, there
were many flourishing traditions of Native American art, and
where the Spanish colonized Spanish Colonial architecture and
the accompanying styles in other media were quickly in place.
Art historian Bonita Billman introduces major artists and
movements in American painting from the late 18th century to
the present, revealing the connections between historical
changes and artistic choices. Early American art was frequently
practical and included works such as samplers and trade
figures.
Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to
the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term
is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit
of experimentation.
Modernism refers to a global movement in society and culture that from the early decades of the
twentieth century sought a new alignment with the experience and values of modern industrial life.
Building on late nineteenth-century precedents, artists around the world used new imagery,
materials and techniques to create artworks that they felt better reflected the realities and hopes
of modern societies.
The terms modernism and modern art are generally used to describe the succession of art
movements that critics and historians have identified since the realism of Gustav Courbet and
culminating in abstract art and its developments in the 1960s.
Paul Cézanne, the Father of Modern art.
Modern art refers to artistic work produced from the 1860s to the 1970s. During this time period,
artists began to experiment with their mediums in response to dramatic shifts in the social,
economic, and technological landscape of Europe and America following the Industrial Revolution.
Art Movement Years
Fauvism 1900–1908
Cubism 1907–1914
Futurism 1909–1914
Dada 1915–1924
Surrealism 1924–1966
Propaganda 1939–1945
Existentialism 1945–1950
The year 1945 is considered the turning point in the history of
Abstract Expressionism 1950–1954 Western art. For long years most of the world had been preoccupied
with killing and death and hardship – the horrors of World War II.
Pop Art 1950s–1970s When hostilities ended in late summer of 1945, there was natural
yearning to start afresh, to redirect energies toward creating rather
Superrealism 1960s–1980 than destroying.
Neo-Expressionism and Feminism 1980–1990
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Performance Art 1990–2000
