HEAT

(A) Concepts of Heat and Temperature:

We have read that each substance is made up of molecules. The
molecules in a substance are in a state of random motion. The energy of
random motion of the molecules of a substance is known as its heat
energy. A body possesses heat energy in the form of its internal kinetic
energy.
When some quantity of heat is supplied to a body, the internal
molecular motion increases, which results in the increase in temperature
of the body. Similarly, if some quantity of heat is removed (or withdrawn)
from a body, its molecular motion decreases and the temperature of the
body falls.
The average internal kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance is a
measure of temperature of that substance.
When two bodies at different temperatures are kept in contact, heat
flows from the body at a higher temperature to the body at a lower
temperature. Thus it is the temperature which determines the direction of
heat flows.
Like all other forms of energy, heat is also a measurable quantity.
The measurement of the quantity of heat is called Calorimetry.
Units of Heat:
Like other forms of energy, the S.I. unit of heat is joule (symbol of J).
The other most commonly used unit of heat is calorie (symbol cal).
It is defined as follows:
One calorie of heat is the heat energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water through 1 .
In this definition of calorie, it has been assumed that the heat
energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water through 1 at
each initial temperature is the same. However this is not true due to non-
uniform thermal expansion of water near 4 . Water shows uniform and
smooth expansion only beyond 14 . Hence the correct definition of
calorie is given as follows:

One calorie of heat is the heat energy required to raise the

temperature of 1g of water from 14.5 to 15.5 .
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 The unit calorie is related to the S.I unit joule as follows:

1 calorie (or 1 cal) = 4.186 J or 4.2 J nearly

Sometimes, calorie is a smaller unit of heat, so we use a bigger unit

called the kilo-calorie, where
1 kilo-calorie = 1000 calorie = 4200 J nearly.

One kilo-calorie of heat is the heat energy required to raise

the temperature of 1kg of water from 14.5 to 15.5 at normal
atmospheric pressure.

The unit kilo-calorie is generally used for measuring the energy

value of foods.
(B) Thermal (Heat) Capacity (C’ = Q/ T):
From your everyday experience we find that different bodies require
different amounts of heat energy for their equal rise in temperature. For
are heated through 1 , the amount of heat required for water is nearly
ten times more than that required for copper. This property of a substance
is expressed in terms of thermal (or heat) capacity. In other words, we say
that bodies of different materials, even of the same masses, have
different heat capacities.

The heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat energy

required to raise its temperature by 1 or 1K.

It is denoted by the symbol C’. Thus,

Heat capacity

If Q amount of heat is supplied to a body so that its temperature

rises through (or TK), then

Heat capacity of the body = …………(1)

Note that the change in temperature has the same magnitude in

and K. i.e.,
T = TK

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 Thus, 1 rise in temperature is same as 1 K.

Units of heat capacity:

The S.I. unit of heat capacity is joule per degree C (J ).
The other units are calorie or cal K and kilo-calorie or
kilo-calorie K . They are related as:

1 kilo-calorie = 1000 calorie

and cal K = 4.2 J K

(C) Specific Heat Capacity:

Heat capacity of a body when expressed for unit mass is called its
specific heat capacity. It is denoted by the symbol c. Thus specific heat
capacity of the substance of a body is defined as the heat capacity per
unit mass of that body i.e.,

Specific heat capacity

or

What is specific heat capacity?

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of

heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of
that substance through 1 or 1K.

i.e., Specific heat capacity

If Q amount of heat energy is supplied to a body mass M so that its

temperature rises through T or T K, then its specific heat capacity.

…………(2)

Units of specific heat capacity:

The S.I. unit of specific heat capacity is joule kilogramme per Kelvin
(J kg K ) or joule per kilogramme per degree celsius (J ).

The other units of specific heat capacity are cal g and kilo-calorie
kg . These units are related as:

1 cal g = 1 kilo-cal kg K
= 4.2 10 J kg K
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Specific heat capacity of some common substances:
The specific heat capacity of a substance is its characteristic
property. It is different for different substances. If we heat equal masses
of two different substances on the same burner so that the rate of heat
supply is same, we notice that in the same time interval, the rise in
temperature for the two substances is different. This is due to their
different specific heat capacities. Water has an unusually high specific
heat capacity .
The table below gives the specific heat capacity of some common
substances.

Specific heat capacity of some common substances

Specific heat capacity

Substance
in J kg K in cal g
Lead 130 0.031
Mercury 139 0.033
Brass 380 0.92
Zinc 391 0.093
Copper 399 0.095
Iron 483 0.115
Glass (flint) 504 0.12
Aluminium 882 0.21
Kerosene oil 2100 0.50
Ice 2100 0.50
Sea water 3900 0.95
Water 4180 1.0

(D) Relationship between heat capacity and specific heat

capacity:
If Q joule of heat energy is supplied to M kg of a substance so that
its temperature rises through T K, then its specific heat capacity c is

given as:

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Thus, …………(3)
(or)
Heat energy required = Mass specific heat capacity change in temperature
The heat energy required to change the temperature of the body by
1K is called the heat capacity of the body.

Heat capacity

Heat capacity = Mass Specific heat capacity …………(4)

(E) Consequences and natural phenomena of high specific heat

capacity of water:
Some consequences of high specific heat capacity of water are
given below.
i. The specific heat capacity of water is very high
. It is about five times as high as
that of sand. Hence the heat energy required by a certain mass of
water will be nearly five times more than that required by the same
mass of sand for the same rise in temperature. Similarly, a certain
mass of water will give out nearly five times more heat energy the
same fall in temperature. As such, sand (or earth) is heated or
cooled more quickly as compared to water. Thus, there is a large
difference in temperature between the land and the sea due to
which land and sea breezes are formed. It makes the climate near
the seashore moderate.
ii. Hot water bottles are used for fomentation since water does not cool
quickly due to its large specific heat capacity.
iii. Water is used as an effective coolant by allowing it to flow in pipes
around the heated parts of a machine (e.g. radiators in car and
generator are filled with water). This is because of its large specific
heat capacity that water in pipes extracts more heat without
affecting its temperature to a large extent.
iv. Farmers fill their fields with water to protect the crops from frost.
Water, having high specific heat capacity, does not allow the
temperature in the surroundings area of plants to fall upto 0 . In
the absence of water, if on a cold night, temperature falls below 0

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 , the water in the fine capillaries of plants will freeze and veins will
burst due to increase in volume of water on freezing. As a result,
plants will die and the crops will be destroyed.
v. In cold countries, wine and juice bottles are placed under water
(which acts as heat reservoir) to avoid their freezing because water
has to reject more heat to cool down because of its high specific
heat capacity).

Problem 1:
The heat capacity of a solid of mass 175 g is 315 J . Calculate
specific heat capacity of solid.
Solution:
Heat capacity = Mass Sp. heat capacity
315 J = 175 g Sp. heat capacity

Sp. heat capacity = Jg

Problem 2:
800 calories of heat is required to raise the temperature of 0.08 kg
of a liquid from 10 to 100 . Find its specific heat capacity (i) in calories
(ii) in Joules.
Solution:
(i) Rise in temperature
Mass of liquid (m) = 0.08 kg
Amount of heat supply = 800 cal.
Specific heat capacity (c) = ?
Heat absorbed =
800 cal. = 0.08 kg c 90 .

(ii) Specific heat in Joules = 111.1 4.2

= 466.67 J kg
Problem 3:
0.120 kg of copper of specific heat capacity 100 cal kg and at
20 is heated by a burner for two minutes, which supplies heat energy at
a rate of 20 calories/sec. Calculate the final temperature of copper.
Solution:

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 Let rise in temperature =

Heat supplied to copper =

Also, Heat supplied =

2400 cal = 0.12 kg 100 cal kg

Final temperature of copper = 20 + 200 = 220 .

Exercise problems
1. A solid of mass 0.15 kg is heated from 10 to 90 . If the specific
heat capacity of solid is 390 J kg , find the heat absorbed by
solid. (Ans: 4680J )
2. 0.5 kg of lead at 327 is cooled to 27 , when it gives off 22500
calories of energy. Calculate specific heat capacity of lead (i) in
calories (ii) in Joules. (ANS: (i) 150 cal kg (ii) 630 J kg
)

(F) Calorimeter:
A calorimeter is shown in Figure: 14.1.It is a cylindrical vessel made
of thin copper sheet. The outer and inner surfaces are polished so as to
reduce the loss of heat due to radiation. It is placed inside a wooden
jacket. The space between the calorimeter and the jacket is filled with
some poor conductor such as wool, cotton etc., to avoid heat loss by
conduction. It is covered with a wooden lid to avoid heat loss by
convection. The lid has two holes, one for the stirrer (used for proper
mixing of the contents of the calorimeter) and the other for the
thermometer (to measure the
temperature of its contents).

(G) Principle of mixtures:

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 The principle of measurement of heat is based on the law of
conservation of energy. When a hot body is mixed (or is kept in contact)
with a cold body, heat energy passes from the hot body to the cold body,
till both the bodies attain the same temperature. If no heat energy is
exchanged with the surroundings, i.e., if the system is fully insulated, then

Heat energy lost by the hot body = Heat energy

gained by the cold body

This is called the principle of mixtures.

Let a substance A of mass m , specific heat capacity c and at a
higher temperature T be mixed with another substance B of mass m ,
specific heat capacity and at a lower temperature T (where T < T ). If
the final temperature of mixture becomes T, then
Fall in temperature of A = T – T
Rise in temperature of B = T – T
Heat energy lost by A = m c fall in temperature
=m c (T – T) ………(i)
Heat energy gained by B = m c rise in temperature
=m c (T – T ) ………(ii)
Heat energy lost by A = Heat energy gained by B

m c (T – T) = m c (T – T ) …………(5)

(H) Measurement of specific heat capacity of a solid:

Procedure:
i. The given solid in the form of a small piece, is first weighed and is
then heated by suspending it through a thread in a beaker
containing boiling water (or hot water).
ii. While the solid is getting heated, the empty dry calorimeter with the
stirrer is weighed. The calorimeter is then filled nearly one-third with
water (sufficient to submerge the solid) and is weighed again. The
difference in the two readings gives the mass of water taken.
iii. The initial temperature of water is noted.
iv. When the solid has attained the steady temperature, its
temperature is recorded by the thermometer.

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 v. The solid is then gently dropped into the calorimeter carefully
without splashing out the water.
vi. The contents of calorimeter are well stirred and the final highest
temperature reached is noted.

Observations:
Mass of solid = M kg
Mass of calorimeter = M kg
Mass of temperature of water = M kg
Initial temperature of water =T
Temperature of heated solid =T
Temperature of mixture = T

Calculations:
Let be the specific heat capacity of solid while
and be the specific heat capacities of the
material of calorimeter and of water respectively.
Mass of water = (M – M ) kg
Rise in temperature of water = (T – T )
Heat energy gained by water = (M – M ) (T – T ) J ……(i)
Heat energy gained by calorimeter = M (T – T ) J ……………(ii)
Fall in temperature of solid = (T – T )
Heat energy lost by solid Mc (T – T ) J
……(iii)
Assuming no loss of heat, by the principle of mixtures,
Heat energy lost by solid = Heat energy gained by water
+ Heat energy gained by calorimeter
(or)
Mc (T – T ) = (M – M ) (T – T ) + M (T – T ) J

………(6)

Instead of metallic calorimeter, an expanded polystyrene cup can be

used. It has low heat capacity due to its small mass and it provides a very
good heat insulation. As a result, the term due to heat energy taken by
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calorimeter can be neglected. Then specific heat capacity of solid is given
as:

………(7)

From the above relations (6) and (7), the specific heat capacity c of
solid can be calculated.
(I) Measurement of specific heat capacity of a liquid:
The procedure is exactly similar as described above.
In this case, we take a solid of known specific heat capacity c and
which does not react with the given liquid. The liquid is put in the
calorimeter in place of water. If is the specific heat capacity of
liquid, then
Heat energy lost by solid = Heat energy gained by liquid
+ Heat energy gained by calorimeter
Mc (T – T ) = (M – M ) (T – T ) + (T – T ) + M (T – T ) J

………(8)

If expanded polystyrene cup is used in place of calorimeter, then

neglecting the heat energy taken by the calorimeter, we get

………(9)

It may be mentioned here that the specific heat capacity of a solid

or a liquid can also be determined by the electrical method. In this
method, heat is supplied by an electric heater of known power W. The rise
in temperature for a known mass M of the given substance is noted in
a known time t. Assuming that there is no loss of heat, the energy
supplied by the heater (=Wt) is equal to the energy to the energy used
(=Mc ) in raising the temperature of the substance.

………(10)

This method is suitable for good conductors of heat such as copper,

silver, aluminum etc.
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Problem 1:
A solid of mass 25 g (Sp. Heat capacity 0.8 ) and at 120 is
placed in 100 g of water at 20 . Calculate final temperature of mixture.
Solution:

Substanc Final Temp. =

Mass S.H.C Initial Temp.
e
Hot solid 25 g 0.8 Jg 120

Cold solid 100 g 4.2 Jg 20

Heat given out by solid =

Heat absorbed by cold water =
Heat given out by solid = Heat absorbed by water
2400 – 20 = 420 – 8400
440 = 10800
= 24.54 .
Problem 2:
A solid of mass 80 g and at 75 is dropped into 150 g of water at
15 , which is contained in a copper calorimeter of mass 50 g. The final
temperature attained by mixture is 25 . If the specific heat capacity of
copper and water is 400 J kg K and 4200 J kg K respectively.
Calculate the sp. heat capacity of solid in SI system.
Solution:

Substanc Final Temp. = 25

Mass S.H.C Initial Temp.
e
Solid 80 g ? 75

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Water 150 g 4.2 Jg 15
Calorimete
50 g 0.40 Jg 15
r

Heat lost by solid =

Heat gained by water =
Heat gained by calorimeter =
Total heat gained = 6300 J + 200 J = 6500 J
Heat lost = Heat gained
4000 c = 6500

= 1.625 J g

= 1625.0 J kg

Problem 3:
A liquid P of specific heat capacity 1800 J kg and at 80 is
mixed with liquid R of specific heat capacity 1200 J kg and at 30 .
After mixing, the final temperature of mixture is 50 . In what proportion
by weight are the liquids mixed?
Solution:

Substanc Final Temp. = 50

Mass S.H.C Initial Temp.
e
Liquid P ? 1800 J kg 80

Liquid R ? 1200 J kg 30

Heat lost by liquid P =

Heat gained by liquid R =
Heat gained by calorimeter =
Heat gained = Heat lost

P:R=4:9

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 Exercise problems

1. A solid of mass 150 g (Sp. Heat capacity 0.5 ) at 200 is

placed in 0.4kg of water at 20 till a constant temperature is
attained. Calculate resultant temperature of mixture. (Ans: 27.7 )
2. A liquid of mass 100 g at 120 is poured in water at 20 , when
the final temperature recorded is 40 . If the sp. heat capacity of
liquid is 0.8 J g . Calculate the initial mass of water. (Ans:
76.19g)
3. 20 g of hot water at 80 is poured into 60g of cold water, when the
temperature of cold water rises by 20 . Calculate the initial
temperature of cold water. (Ans: 0 )
4. A solid of mass 0.15g and at 100 is placed in 0.25kg of water at
10 , which is contained in a copper calorimeter of mass 0.12kg. If
the final temperature attained by mixture is 20 . If the specific
heat capacity of copper and water is 400 J kg K and 4200 J kg
K respectively. Calculate the sp. heat capacity of solid in SI
system. (Ans: 915 J kg K )

(J) Change of phase (State):

There are three states (or phases) of matter namely solid, liquid and
gas. The matter can exist in all three phases under different conditions of
temperature and pressure. For example, ice (solid) when heated becomes
water (liquid), which on further heating changes to steam (gas).
The change of phase is brought about by the exchange of heat.
Figure:14.2 represents the different changes of phase.

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 The process of change from one state to another at a constant
temperature is called the change of phase.
The change from solid to liquid phase is known as melting, while the
reverse change from liquid to solid is called freezing.
The change from liquid to vapour is known as vaporization, while
the reverse change from gas (or vapour) to liquid is called condensation
(or liquefaction).
The direct change from solid to vapour is called sublimation and the
reverse change from vapour to solid is called solidification.

Melting and Fusion:

The change from solid to liquid phase on heating at a constant
temperature is called melting.
The constant temperature at which a solid changes to liquid is called
the melting point of the solid.
The reverse change from liquid to solid phase at a constant
temperature is called freezing (or fusion).
Heat energy is absorbed during melting and it is rejected during
freezing at a constant temperature.
Vaporization or Boiling:
The change from liquid to gaseous (or vapour) phase at a constant
temperature, is called vaporization.
The particular temperature at which vaporization occurs is called
the boiling point of liquid.
Heat energy is absorbed during vaporization at a constant
temperature.
(K) Effect of pressure on the melting point:
The melting point of a solid depends also on the external pressure
on its surface.
The melting point of the substances which expand on freezing (like
water, iron, etc.,) decreases by the increase in pressure. For example, the
melting point of ice decreases by for every one atmosphere rise
in pressure.

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 On the other hand, the melting point of the substances (such as
wax, lead etc.) which contract on freezing, increases by the increase in
pressure.
Effect of impurities on the melting point:
The melting point of a substance decreases by the presence of
impurities in it. This fact is used in making the freezing mixture by adding
salt to ice. The freezing mixture is used in preparing ‘kulphies’.
Effect of pressure on the boiling point:

The boiling point of liquid increases with increase in

pressure and decreases with decrease in pressure.

Water boils at a temperature higher than 100 , if the

atmospheric pressure is higher than 760 mm of Hg and boils at a
temperature lower than 100 , if the atmospheric pressure is less than
760 mm of Hg.
In a pressure cooker, the water boils at about 120 to 125 due
to increase in pressure, as the steam is not allowed to escape out of it.
Thus cooking of vegetables etc. becomes much easier and faster in it.
At high altitudes, such as hills and mountains, atmospheric pressure
is low, therefore water boils at a temperature lower than 100 and so it
does not provide the required heat for cooking. Thus cooking there
becomes very difficult.
Effect of impurities on the boiling point:
The boiling point of a liquid increases by the addition of impurities to
it. If a little common salt is added to water, the water boils at a
temperature higher than 100 . This is why the addition of salt makes the
cooking faster.

Triple point:
The temperature of a substance remains constant during its change of
state (phase change). A graph between the temperature T and the
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Pressure P of the substance is called a phase diagram or P – T diagram.
The following figure shows the phase diagram of water and CO . Such a
phase diagram divides the P – T plane into a solid-region, the vapour-
region and the liquid-region. The regions are separated by the curves such
as sublimation curve (BO), fusion curve (AO and vaporization curve (CO).
The points on sublimation curve represent states in which solid and
vapour phases coexist. The point on the sublimation curve BO represent
states in which the solid and vapour phases co-exist. Points on the fusion
curve AO represent states in which solid and liquid phase coexist. Points
on the vaporization curve CO represent states in which the liquid and
vapour phases coexist. The temperature and pressure at which the fusion
curve, the vaporization curve and the sublimation curve meet and all the
three phase of a substance coexist is called the triple point (O) of the
substance. For example the triple point of water is represented by the
temperature 273.16K and pressure .

(L) Latent Heat:

We have seen that during the change of phase of a substance which
takes place at a constant temperature, a considerable amount of heat
energy is absorbed or liberated. Heat energy is absorbed by a substance
during melting and an equal amount of heat energy is liberated by the
substance during freezing, without showing any rise or fall in temperature.

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Similarly, heat energy is absorbed by a liquid during vaporization and an
equal amount of heat energy is liberated by the vapour during
condensation, without showing any rise or fall in temperature.
Since this heat energy is not externally manifested by any rise or
fall in temperature, it is considered to be hidden in the substance and is
called the latent heat. Latent heat when expressed for unit mass of the
substance, is called the specific latent heat.
Specific latent heat is denoted by the symbol L.
Thus, specific latent heat

If Q amount of heat energy is absorbed or liberated by mass m of a

substance during its change of phase at a fixed temperature, then specific
latent heat

………(11)

In other words, the amount of heat energy absorbed or liberated for

the change of phase
Q = mass (m) specific latent heat (L)

Actually, the latent heat is used up in increasing the potential

energy of the molecules of the substance and in doing work against
external pressure if there is an increase in volume.
Specific latent heat of melting and fusion:
The specific latent heat of melting of a substance is defined as the
heat energy required converting unit mass of the substance from solid to
liquid state without change in temperature. On the other hand, the
specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is the heat energy released
when a unit mass of substance converts from liquid to solid state without
change in temperature. For a substance, the specific latent heat of fusion
is same as the specific latent heat of melting.
Unit: Its S.I. units is . Other common units are cal and
kilo-calorie . They are related as
1 kilo-cal = 1 cal
1 cal = 4.2 J

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 1 cal = 4.2
Specific latent heat of fusion of some common substances:
For ice, the specific latent heat of fusion is 336000 (=80 cal
). It means that 1 kg of ice at 0 absorbs 336000 J of heat energy to
convert into water at 0 or 1 kg of water at 0 will liberate 336000 J of
heat energy to convert into ice at 0 . Obviously 1 g water at 0 has 336
J heat energy more than 1 g ice at 0 .
The specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance is defined as
the heat energy required converting unit mass of the substance from the
liquid to the vapour state without change in temperature.
Unit: Its S.I. unit is . The other common units are cal and
kilo-cal .

(M) Natural consequences of high specific latent heat of fusion of

ice:
i. Ice has a high specific latent heat of fusion (i.e., 336000 ). It is
due to this fact that snow on the mountains does not melt all at
once, but it changes into water slowly as it gets heat energy from
the sun. If latent heat would not have been so high, all the snow
would have melted very quickly even with a small amount of heat
energy and there would have been floods in rivers.
ii. Water in lakes and ponds in cold countries does not freeze all at
once. It freezes slowly and thus keeps the surroundings moderate.
iii. Drinks get cooled more quickly by adding pieces of ice at 0 than
the ice-cold water at 0 . This is because 1 g of ice at 0 takes
336J of heat energy from the drink to melt into water at 0 . Thus
drink loses an additional 336J of heat energy for 1 g ice at 0 than
for 1 g ice-cold water at 0 .
iv. When the ice in the frozen lakes start melting, the heat energy
required for melting is absorbed from the surroundings atmosphere.
As a result, the surrounding temperature falls and it becomes very
cold.
v. It is generally colder after a hail storm (when ice melts) than during
or before the hail storm. The reason is that after the hail storm, the

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 ice absorbs the heat energy required for melting form the
surroundings, so the temperature of the surroundings further falls
down and we feel colder.
Consequences of high specific latent heat of steam:
i. Steam causes more severe burns than boiling water, both being at
the same temperature (i.e., 100 ). This is because steam first
condenses into water at 100 by imparting its latent heat (= 2268
) and then its effect is the same as that of boiling water.
Obviously 1 g of steam at 100 imparts 2268 J of heat energy
extra than the heat energy imparted by 1 g of water at 100 . As a
result, more severe burns are caused.
ii. Steam is used for running trains or machines. The reason is that
because of its high specific latent heat, the heat energy released
during condensation of steam is very large which gets converted
into the mechanical energy.
iii. In cold countries, steam pipes are used for heating the buildings
more effectively than the hot water pipes at 100 . The reason is
that 1 g of steam at 100 imparts an additional 2268 J of heat
energy than that imparted by 1 g of hot water at 100 .

Problem 1:
An electric immersion heater is switched on for 8 minutes. The heat
supplied by it raises the temperature of 500 g of water from 10 to 60 .
Calculate the power of heater in watts.
[Specific heat of water = 4.2 Jg ]
Solution:
Time = 8 min = 480 s
Let power of heater = P
Energy supplied by heater = P t=P 480 s
Also, rise in temperature of water

Problem 2:
10 g of ice at is heated by a burner which is supplying heat
energy at a rate of 250 J/s. Calculate the time, in which the water formed

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from ice attains a temperature of 90 . Specific heat capacity of ice is 2.1
Jg and specific latent heat of ice is 336 J g .
Solution:
Heat gained by ice to attain temperature of 0
=
Heat gained by ice to form water at 0
=
Heat gained by water till 90
=
Total heat gained = (525 + 3360 + 3780) J = 7665 J
Also, rate of supply of heat = 250 J/s

Time req. =

Problem 3:
A metal ball of mass 400 g and at 600 is placed on the block of
ice, when 428 g of ice melts. If the sp. heat capacity of metal ball is 0.6 J g
. Calculate sp. latent heat of ice.
Solution:
As the block does not melt completely, therefore, final temperature
is zero degree Celsius.

Substanc
Mass S.H.C/S.L.H Initial Temp. Final Temp. = 0
e
Ice 428 g ? (L) 0

Metal ball 400 g 0.6 J g 600

Heat gained by ice to melt =

Heat lost by metal ball =
Heat gained = Heat lost

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 Problem 4:
Calculate the mass of steam which should be passed through 100 g
of water, contained in a copper calorimeter of mass 25 g (S.H.C. = 0.4 J g
) at 10 , such that final temperature is 50 . Take sp. latent heat
of steam as 2250 Jg .
Solution:

Substanc Final Temp. = 50

Mass S.H.C/S.L.H Initial Temp.
e
Solid ? (m) 2250 Jg 100

Water 100 g 4.2 Jg 10

Calorimete
25 g 0.4 Jg 10
r

Heat given out by steam to form water at 100 =

Heat given out by water at 100 =
Total heat given out = (2250 + 210) m = 2460 m Jg
Heat gained by water (cold) =
Heat gained by calorimeter =
Total heat gained = (16800 + 400) = 17200 J
Heat lost = Heat gained 2460 m Jg = 17200 J

Problem 5:
Steam at 100 is passed through a copper vessel of mass 500 g at
20 , till the steam stops condensing in vessel. If 14.16 g of water is
condensed in the vessel, calculate the sp. latent heat of vaporization of
steam. Specific heat capacity of copper is 0.8 J g .
Solution:
When the steam stops condensing, the final temperature is 100 .
Final Temp. = 50
Mass S.H.C/S.L.H Initial Temp.
Substance
Copper vessel 500 g 0.8 Jg 20

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 14.16
Steam ? (L) 100
g

Heat gained by copper vessel =

Heat lost by steam to form water at 100 =
Heat lost = Heat gained

Problem 6:
A beaker contains 850 g of ice. Into this beaker is passed steam till
400 g of ice melts. The amount of water formed is found to be 450 g.
Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization of steam. Specific latent
heat of fusion of ice is 336 Jg .
Solution:
Amount of ice melted = 400 g
Amount of steam condensed = (450 – 400) = 50 g

Substanc Initial Final Temp. = 0

Mass S.H.C/S.L.H
e Temp.
Ice 400 g 336 Jg 0

Steam 50 g ? (L) 100

Heat gained by ice =

Heat lost by steam to form water at 100 =
Heat given out by water at 100 =
Heat lost = Heat gained

Exercise problems
1. An heater, rated 1000 W, is used to heat 1.5kg of water at 40 to
its boiling point. Calculate the time in which the water comes to boil.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg ] ( Ans: 378
sec)
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 2. A beaker contains 580 g of ice. Into this beaker is passed steam till
the ice left in it is 500g. The amount of water collected is 90 g.
Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization of steam. Specific
latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal g . ( Ans: 540 cal g )
3. Steam is passed through 125g of water at 30 , till it starts
bubbling out. If the sp. latent heat of vaporization of steam 2260 J g
. Specific heat capacity of copper is 0.8 J g . (Ans: 16.26g)
4. A burner, supplies heat energy at a rate of 20 J s . Find the specific
heat capacity of a solid of mass 25g, if its temperature rises by 80
in one minute. (Ans: 0.6 J g )
5. A liquid of mass 100g loses heat at a rate 200 J s for 1 minute. if
the temperature of liquid drops by 100 , Find specific heat
capacity of liquid. (Ans: 1.2 J g )
6. A copper vessel contains 200g of water at 24 . When 112g of
water at 42 is added, the resultant temperature of water is 30 .
Calculate thermal capacity of the calorimeter. (Ans: 100.8 J )
7. 40 g of ice at is heated by a heater of power 250 W, such that
water formed from it attains the temperature of boiling point. For
how long the heater is switched on? (Specific heat capacity of ice is
2Jg and specific latent heat of ice is 340 J g ). (Ans: 124.8
sec)

8. A vessel of mass 80 g contains 250 g of water at . Calculate the

amount of ice at 0 , which must be added to it, so that final
temperature is 5 . (S.H.C of material of vessel = 0.8 J g and
S.L.H of ice = 340 J g ). (Ans: 92.57g)
9. A metal ball of mass 0.5kg and at 900 is placed on the block of
ice, till it attains the temperature of ice. If S.H.C of metal ball is 850 J
kg , calculate the amount of ice, which melts. Take S.L.H of ice
= J kg . (Ans: 1.125kg)
Multiple choice questions:
1. When vapour condenses into liquid [ ]
(a)It absorbs heat (b) It liberates heat
(c) Its temperature increases (d) Its temperature decreases

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2. If specific heat of a substance is infinite, it means [ ]
(a)Heat is given out (b)Heat is taken in
(c) No change in temperature takes place whether heat is taken in or
given out
(d) All of the above
3. The latent heat of vaporization of a substance is always [
]
(a)Greater than its latent heat of fusion
(b)Greater than its latent heat of sublimation
(c) Equal to its latent heat of sublimation
(d)Less than its latent heat of fusion
4. 540 g of ice at 0°C is mixed with 540 g of water at 80°C. The final
temperature of the mixture is [ ]
(a)0°C (b)40°C (c) 80°C (d) Less than 0°C
5. A liquid of mass M and specific heat S is at a temperature 2t. If

another liquid of thermal capacity 1.5 times, at a temperature of is

added to it, the resultant temperature will be

[ ]

(a) (b)t (c) (d)

6. Boiling water is changing into steam. At this stage the specific heat of
water is [ ]
(a)< 1 (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
7. The point on the pressure temperature phase diagram where all the
phases co-exist is called [ ]
(a)Sublimation (b) Fusion point (c)Triple point (d) Vaporization
point
8. Triple point of water is [
]
(a)273.16°F (b)273.16 K (c) 273.16°C (d) 273.16 R
9. A lead bullet of 10 g travelling at 300 m/s strikes against a block of
wood and comes to rest. Assuming 50% of heat is absorbed by the
bullet, the increase in its temperature is [ ]
(Specific heat of lead = 150J/kg-K)
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 (a)100°C (b)125°C (c) 150°C (d) 200°C
10. Calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise temperature
of 1g of water by 1°C and it is defined under which of the following
conditions [ ]
(a)From 14.5°C to 15.5°C at 760 mm of Hg
(b)From 98.5°C to 99.5°C at 760 mm of Hg
(c) From 13.5°C to 14.5°C at 76 mm of Hg
(d)From 3.5°C to 4.5°C at 76 mm of Hg
11. A liquid of mass m and specific heat c is heated to a temperature 2T.
Another liquid of mass m/2 and specific heat 2c is heated to a
temperature T. If these two liquids are mixed, the resulting
temperature of the mixture is
[ ]
(a)(2/3) T (b)(8/5) T (c) (3/5) T (d) (3/2) T
12. 50 gm of copper is heated to increase its temperature by 10°C. If the
same quantity of heat is given to 10 gm of water, the rise in its
temperature is (Specific heat of copper = 420 Joule-kg–1 °C–1) [ ]
(a)5°C (b)6°C (c) 7°C (d) 8°C
13. Water is used to cool radiators of engines, because [ ]
(a)Of its lower density (b) It is easily
available
(c) It is cheap (d) it has high specific
heat
14. Melting point of ice [
]
(a)Increases with increasing pressure
(b)Decreases with increasing pressure
(c) Is independent of pressure
(d) Is proportional to pressure
15. Which principle is used in working of pressure cooker [ ]
(a) Boiling point decreases with increasing pressure
(b) Boiling point Increases with increasing pressure
(c) Melting point increases with increasing pressure
(d)Melting point decreases with increasing pressure

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 Questions and Answers

1. What is meant by heat capacity? Write its S.I. unit.

2. What is meant by specific heat capacity? Write its S.I. units.
3. Define specific heat capacity in terms of heat capacity.
4. Explain the formation of land and sea breeze.
5. Why water is used as coolant in radiators and thermal power
stations?
6. State principle of mixtures.
7. Explain the construction of calorimeter.
8. Describe an experiment to find specific heat capacity of a solid
substance.
9. Define terms melting and fusion.
10. What is meant by melting point and freezing point?
11. Explain the effect of pressure on melting point.
12. Explain the term boiling point.
13. Explain the effect of pressure on boiling point.
14. Define the term specific latent heat.
15. What is meant by specific latent heat of melting? Write the
consequences of high specific latent heat of melting of ice.
16. What is meant by specific latent heat of vaporization? Write the
consequence of high specific latent heat of steam.

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