unit-1:

1))) Programming Languages:

Definition: Programming languages are used to create standalone software
applications or systems. They involve writing code that is compiled or
interpreted to produce executable programs.
Key Points:
❖ Used for creating standalone software applications.
❖ Code is compiled or interpreted to produce executable programs.
Examples include C, C++, Java, and Swift
Scripting Languages:
Definition: Scripting languages are used to automate tasks within other
software environments. They involve writing scripts that are interpreted and
executed line by line at runtime.
Key Points:
❖ Used for automating tasks within other software environments.
❖ Scripts are interpreted and executed line by line at runtime.

Here are the key differences between scripting languages and conventional
programming languages:
 Compilation: Scripting languages are interpreted, while conventional
languages are compiled.
 Performance: Conventional languages are generally faster.
 Control over Hardware: Conventional languages provide more direct
control over hardware resources.
 Typing: Scripting languages are often dynamically typed, while
conventional languages are often statically typed.
 Applications: Scripting languages are often used for web development,
game development, and system administration, while conventional
 languages are often used for developing operating systems, embedded
systems, and other low-level applications.

C Example (programming language example)

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
}
Ruby Example (scripting lang example):
puts "Hello, World!"

2)))) Scripting Languages:

Definition: Scripting languages are used to automate tasks within other
software environments. They involve writing scripts that are interpreted and
executed line by line at runtime.
Key Points:
❖ Used for automating tasks within other software environments.
❖ Scripts are interpreted and executed line by line at runtime.
Here are the characteristics of scripting languages:
Interpreted: Scripting languages are interpreted rather than compiled. This
means that the code is executed line by line by an interpreter at runtime,
rather than being compiled into machine code beforehand.
High-Level Syntax: Scripting languages have a high-level syntax, which means
they are easier to read and write, and are often more concise than
conventional programming languages.
Dynamic Typing: Scripting languages are often dynamically typed, which means
that the data type of a variable is determined at runtime, rather than at
compile time.
Loose Syntax: Scripting languages often have a loose syntax, which means that
they are more flexible and forgiving than conventional programming languages.
Focus on Rapid Development: Scripting languages are designed to support
rapid development and prototyping, and are often used for tasks that require
quick turnaround times.
Platform Independent: Scripting languages are often platform independent,
which means that they can run on multiple operating systems and
environments with little or no modification.
Extensive Libraries and Frameworks: Scripting languages often have extensive
libraries and frameworks that provide pre-built functionality for common tasks,
making it easier to develop applications quickly.
Easy to Learn: Scripting languages are often easy to learn and use, even for
developers without extensive programming experience.
Flexibility: Scripting languages are often more flexible than conventional
programming languages, and can be used for a wide range of tasks, from web
development to system administration

3)))) Here are the features of Ruby scripting language:

Object-Oriented: Ruby is a fully object-oriented language, which means it
organizes code into objects that contain data and functions that operate on
that data.
Dynamic Typing: Ruby is dynamically typed, which means that the data type of
a variable is determined at runtime, rather than at compile time.
Garbage Collection: Ruby has automatic garbage collection, which means that
the language takes care of freeing up memory occupied by objects that are no
longer in use.
Blocks and Closures: Ruby has built-in support for blocks and closures, which
are functions that have access to their own scope and can be passed around
like objects.
Mixins: Ruby has a concept called mixins, which allows a class to inherit
behavior from multiple modules.
Singleton Classes: Ruby has a concept called singleton classes, which allows a
class to have a separate class definition for each instance.
Open Classes: Ruby has open classes, which means that classes can be
modified at runtime.
Duck Typing: Ruby uses duck typing, which means that an object is considered
to be of a certain type if it responds to the required methods, rather than if it
inherits from a certain class.
Built-in Support for Regular Expressions: Ruby has built-in support for regular
expressions, which makes it easy to work with text data.
Large Standard Library: Ruby has a large standard library that includes modules
for tasks such as file I/O, networking, and encryption.
Dynamic Loading of Modules: Ruby has dynamic loading of modules, which
means that modules can be loaded at runtime, rather than at compile time.
Support for Functional Programming: Ruby has built-in support for functional
programming concepts such as map, reduce, and filter.
Support for Concurrent Programming: Ruby has built-in support for concurrent
programming through its thread and fiber APIs.
Cross-Platform: Ruby is cross-platform, which means it can run on multiple
operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Extensive Ecosystem: Ruby has an extensive ecosystem of libraries and
frameworks, including Ruby on Rails, Sinatra, and RubyGems.
unit-3:

Origin of Scripting Languages

Scripting languages have a long and varied history, with roots dating back to
the early days of computing. The first scripting languages were developed in
the 1960s and 1970s, and were primarily used for tasks such as data processing
and system administration.
One of the earliest scripting languages was the Unix shell, which was
developed in the 1970s. The Unix shell allowed users to write scripts that could
automate tasks and interact with the operating system.
In the 1980s, scripting languages such as Perl and Tcl were developed, which
were designed to be more powerful and flexible than earlier scripting
languages. These languages were widely used for tasks such as text processing,
system administration, and network programming.
In the 1990s, scripting languages such as Python, Ruby, and PHP were
developed, which were designed to be more modern and object-oriented than
earlier scripting languages. These languages were widely used for tasks such as
web development, data analysis, and scientific computing.
Uses of Scripting Languages
Scripting languages have a wide range of uses, including:
 Web Development: Scripting languages such as PHP, Ruby, and Python
are widely used for web development, and are often used in conjunction
with frameworks such as Ruby on Rails and Django.
 System Administration: Scripting languages such as Perl and Python are
widely used for system administration tasks, such as automating backups
and monitoring system logs.
 Data Analysis: Scripting languages such as R and Python are widely used
for data analysis, and are often used in conjunction with libraries such as
NumPy and pandas.
  Scientific Computing: Scripting languages such as Python and MATLAB
are widely used for scientific computing, and are often used in
conjunction with libraries such as NumPy and SciPy.
 Game Development: Scripting languages such as Lua and Python are
widely used for game development, and are often used in conjunction
with game engines such as Unity and Unreal Engine.
 Automation: Scripting languages such as Perl and Python are widely
used for automating tasks, such as data entry and file processing.
 Network Programming: Scripting languages such as Python and Ruby are
widely used for network programming, and are often used in conjunction
with libraries such as Twisted and EventMachine.
 Embedded Systems: Scripting languages such as Lua and Python are
widely used for embedded systems, and are often used in conjunction
with microcontrollers such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
Advantages of Scripting Languages
Scripting languages have a number of advantages, including:
 Rapid Development: Scripting languages are often faster to develop with
than compiled languages, as they do not require a compilation step.
 Flexibility: Scripting languages are often more flexible than compiled
languages, as they can be used for a wide range of tasks.
 Ease of Use: Scripting languages are often easier to use than compiled
languages, as they have a more forgiving syntax and do not require a
deep understanding of computer science concepts.
 Cross-Platform: Scripting languages are often cross-platform, which
means they can run on multiple operating systems with little or no
modification.
Disadvantages of Scripting Languages
Scripting languages also have a number of disadvantages, including:
 Performance: Scripting languages are often slower than compiled
languages, as they are interpreted at runtime rather than compiled
beforehand.
  Security: Scripting languages are often less secure than compiled
languages, as they can be vulnerable to injection attacks and other
security threats.
 Limited Multithreading: Scripting languages often have limited support
for multithreading, which can make them less suitable for tasks that
require concurrent execution.

2))) write about the web scripting

Web Scripting
Web scripting refers to the use of scripting languages to create dynamic web
pages and web applications. Web scripting languages are used to add
interactivity to web pages, allowing them to respond to user input, retrieve
data from databases, and perform complex tasks.
Types of Web Scripting
There are two main types of web scripting:
 Server-Side Scripting: Server-side scripting involves using a scripting
language to generate web pages on the server before they are sent to
the client's web browser. Examples of server-side scripting languages
include PHP, Ruby, and Python.
 Client-Side Scripting: Client-side scripting involves using a scripting
language to add interactivity to web pages on the client's web browser.
Examples of client-side scripting languages include JavaScript and
VBScript.
Server-Side Scripting Languages
Server-side scripting languages are used to generate web pages on the server
before they are sent to the client's web browser. These languages are often
used in conjunction with databases and other data sources to create dynamic
web applications.
Some popular server-side scripting languages include:
  PHP: PHP is a widely used server-side scripting language that is especially
well-suited for web development. It is often used in conjunction with
databases such as MySQL and PostgreSQL.
 Ruby: Ruby is a server-side scripting language that is known for its
simplicity and ease of use. It is often used in conjunction with the Ruby
on Rails framework to create web applications.
 Python: Python is a server-side scripting language that is known for its
flexibility and scalability. It is often used in conjunction with frameworks
such as Django and Flask to create web applications.
Client-Side Scripting Languages
Client-side scripting languages are used to add interactivity to web pages on
the client's web browser. These languages are often used to create dynamic
user interfaces, animate web pages, and respond to user input.
Some popular client-side scripting languages include:
 JavaScript: JavaScript is a widely used client-side scripting language that
is supported by most web browsers. It is often used to create dynamic
user interfaces, animate web pages, and respond to user input.
 VBScript: VBScript is a client-side scripting language that is supported by
Internet Explorer. It is often used to create dynamic user interfaces and
respond to user input.
Advantages of Web Scripting
Web scripting has a number of advantages, including:
 Dynamic Web Pages: Web scripting allows for the creation of dynamic
web pages that can respond to user input and retrieve data from
databases.
 Improved User Experience: Web scripting can be used to create
interactive web pages that provide a more engaging user experience.
 Increased Productivity: Web scripting can be used to automate tasks and
simplify web development, increasing productivity and reducing
development time.
Disadvantages of Web Scripting
Web scripting also has a number of disadvantages, including:
 Security Risks: Web scripting can introduce security risks if not
implemented properly, such as SQL injection attacks and cross-site
scripting (XSS) attacks.
 Browser Compatibility Issues: Client-side scripting languages can be
affected by browser compatibility issues, which can make it difficult to
ensure that web pages work correctly across different browsers.
 Performance Issues: Server-side scripting languages can introduce
performance issues if not optimized properly, which can slow down the
loading of web pages.

3))))) discuss the universe of scripting language

The Universe of Scripting Languages

The universe of scripting languages is vast and diverse, with a wide range of
languages that cater to different needs, purposes, and domains. Scripting
languages can be categorized in various ways, including:
By Purpose
 Web Scripting: Languages such as PHP, Ruby, Python, and JavaScript are
used for web development, creating dynamic web pages, and web
applications.
 System Administration: Languages such as Perl, Python, and PowerShell
are used for system administration, automating tasks, and managing
systems.
 Data Analysis: Languages such as R, Python, and MATLAB are used for
data analysis, scientific computing, and data visualization.
 Game Development: Languages such as Lua, Python, and JavaScript are
used for game development, creating game logic, and scripting game
mechanics.
By Paradigm
  Procedural: Languages such as C, Perl, and PHP follow a procedural
paradigm, where programs are composed of procedures or functions
that perform specific tasks.
 Object-Oriented: Languages such as Python, Ruby, and Java follow an
object-oriented paradigm, where programs are composed of objects that
interact with each other.
 Functional: Languages such as Haskell, Lisp, and Scala follow a functional
paradigm, where programs are composed of functions that take input
and produce output without modifying state.
 Declarative: Languages such as Prolog and SQL follow a declarative
paradigm, where programs specify what the program should accomplish,
rather than how it should accomplish it.
By Platform
 Windows: Languages such as PowerShell, VBScript, and Batch are used
on the Windows platform for system administration, automation, and
scripting.
 Unix/Linux: Languages such as Bash, Perl, and Python are used on
Unix/Linux platforms for system administration, automation, and
scripting.
 Web: Languages such as JavaScript, PHP, and Ruby are used on the web
platform for web development, creating dynamic web pages, and web
applications.
 Mobile: Languages such as Java, Swift, and Kotlin are used on mobile
platforms for developing mobile apps.
By Popularity
 Popular: Languages such as Python, JavaScript, and PHP are widely used
and have a large community of developers.
 Niche: Languages such as Haskell, Lisp, and Scala are used by a smaller
community of developers, but are still popular in specific domains.
 Emerging: Languages such as Rust, Julia, and Kotlin are gaining
popularity and are being adopted by more developers.
By Syntax
  C-like: Languages such as C, C++, and Java have a syntax similar to C.
 Script-like: Languages such as Python, Ruby, and PHP have a syntax that
is more flexible and forgiving than C-like languages.
 Functional-like: Languages such as Haskell, Lisp, and Scala have a syntax
that is focused on functional programming concepts.
This is not an exhaustive list, and there are many other ways to categorize
scripting languages. However, this gives you an idea of the diversity and
complexity of the universe of scripting languages.