wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.

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wkqiaurK foaYkh - 32

zfygla we;s rglaZ Wfoid"

rg wo b,a,k wOHdmk m%;sixialrK

uydpd¾h w;=, iqu;smd,

n;a;ruq,a, fi!LH yd iudc wdrCIKh ms<sn`o m¾fhaIK
iy ixj¾Ok wdh;kfha .re wOHË" iy
uykqjr cd;sl uQ,sl wOHhk wdh;kfha iNdm;s

2022 Tlaf;dan¾ 13

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a rK foaYkh - 32

zfygla we;s rglaZ Wfoid" rg wo b,a,k wOHdmk m%;sixialrK

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 zfygla we;s rglaZ Wfoid" rg wo b,a,k
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK

wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r wkqiaurKh lsÍu Wfoid" t;=udf.a wNdjfhka jir
20lg miqj" tkï 1988 §" wdrïN lrk ,o foaYk ud,dfõ" ;sia fojekak meje;aùug ud ,o
wdrdOkh yd uy.= wjia:dj" ksoyia wOHdmkh úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o Nla;su;a yd Yla;su;a
Y%S ,dxlslhl= f,i ud ,o Nd.Hhla fuka u f.!rjhla yd jrm%idohla fia o i,lñ'
ksoyia wOHdmkh úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o wOHdmk{hka yd jD;a;slhka" óg fmr
foaYk u.ska bÈßm;a lrK ,o woyia ms<sn| j ie,lSfï § oejeka; wNsfhda.hla uf.a Wr u;
mejÍ we;s nj fyd|dldr j f;areï f.k we;af;ñ' ;j o j;auka wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd iudc
w¾nqoh o fï foaYkh lrk miqìu ;j;a ixlS¾K lr we;' tu miqìu ;=<" b;du;a u ksy;udks
yeÕSulska hq;= j" ud fo Wr u; megù we;s j.lSu f;areï f.k" fï foaYkhg Wmßu idOdrKh
lsÍug yels by< u W;aidyh .kakd nj uq,ska u mejiSug leue;af;ñ'
jD;a;shla jYfhka ffjoH úoHdj m%.=K l< kuqÿ" uf.a Ôú; ld,fhka jeä ld,hla
.; fldg we;af;a wka wh iu. oekqu fnod yod .ekSfï lghq;a;g h' tksid uf.a ðú;fha
moku jkafka" .=rejrhl= fuka u" ta yryd kej; kej;;a YsIHhl= njg m;a jQ b;sydihhs'
ud uq,ska u .=rejrhl= njg m;a jkafka uf.a jeäysá fidhqßhg wxl .‚;h lshd §fï
NdrOQr ld¾hhg jhi myf<dfõ § muK wj;S¾K ùu;a iuÕ h' bka miq j Wiia fm<
úNd.hg fmkS isàfuka wk;=rej" ffjoH úoHd,hg we;=M ùug n,d isá ld,h ;=< fuka u"
ffjoH úoHd,fha isá jir my ;=< o bka msg; o .=rejrhl= jYfhka .; l< ld,fha h'
zúoHd k§Z kñka fm!oa.,sl wOHdmk mSGhla mj;ajd f.k hEug ug isÿ jQfha wd¾Ól fya;=
u; fkd fõ' fkdñf,a ud ÿka wOHdmkfha m, fk<d .;a isiqkaf.a lg jpkh yryd ug ta
j.lSfuka m,d hEug fkd yels jQ ksid h' ta u.ska ud ,o w;aoelSï m%udKh o úYd, h' tu
YsIH YsIHdjka wo iudcfha by<ska jecfUk Woúhhs' t;eka isg Ôú;fha jeä fldgila ud
.; lf<a foaYh S fuka u úfoaYh
S úYajúoHd,j, b.ekaùfï lghq;=j, kshe<Su fuka u
m¾fhaIK lghq;=j, fh§uhs' fï miqìu ;=< ud ffjoHjrhl=g jvd .=rejrhl= f,i lghq;=
l< nj;a" .=re m¾fhaIlhl= f,i lghq;= l< nj;a i|yka l< hq;= h' ta w;r u" iudc
ixfõ§ ffjoH YsIHhl= jYfhka" fuìu b,a,d isá jljdkqj ;=<" ksoyia wOHdmkh
fjkqfjka igka l< YsIH l%shdOrhl= jYfhka fuka u" iudc ixfõ§ mqoa.,hl= jYfhka"
wOHdmkh foi fjkia udkhlska ne,Sug;a ug isÿ úh' tu iuia; lghq;= foi miq úmrula
lsÍug;a wo mj;akd jHdl+, iudch ug n, lr isáfha h'
fujka ixlSrK miqìul" ud wo mj;ajk foaYkfha §" moku jkafka" uf.a wdorŒh
.=rejrhl= jYfhka ud b;d f.!rj mQ¾jl j i,lkq ,nk" uydpd¾h kdro j¾KiQßh úiska
2008 iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r iure foaYkh mj;ajk wjia:dfõ § meyeÈ,s l< ia:djr
fol h' tys tl ia:djrhla jYfhka Tyq mjid isáfha" zlkakka.r Wreuh tla udkhla
jYfhka olsk" idOdrK;ajh yd iudc hqla;sh iqrlsk w;r;=r" wOHdmkh ;jÿrg;a jHdma;
lsÍu i|yd jQ jákd mokulaZ f,i h' Tjqyq th zyqfola idOdrK .egqï úrys; ;sridr
iudchl w;a;sjdrula f,i ols;sZ'
wfkla lKavdhu" w;S;fha § lkakka.r m%;sixialrK úiska zOkd;aul iudchla" iudc
mßj¾;khla we;s lsÍug m%Odk n,mEula lrk ,o nj ms<s.kakd kuq;a" f.da,ShlrKh jQ
ksoyia fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhlska hq;a j¾;udk ikao¾Nh ;=< tajd wod< fkd jk nj
i,l;sZ' Tjqka tajd olskafka zoekqñka n, .ekajqKq id¾:l wd¾Ólhla f.dv kexùug tfrys
jk" mQckSh jQ .j fofkl= n÷" ÈhqKqjg tfrys fm!rd‚l ndOlhla f,i hZ'
 úu¾YkYS,S ukilska wOHdmkh foi wdmiq yeÍ n,k ud" fï tla lKavdhulg
muKla wh;a fkd jk kuqÿ" fï lKavdhï fofla u we;s idOkSh iy ksfIaOkSh m%fõY
ms<sn| uOHia: ;ekl isg fï foaYkh meje;aùug ;SrKh lf<ñ' ta ksid u uf.a ud;Dldj
njg ud m;a lr .kq ,enQfõ zfygla we;s rgla Wfoid" rg wo b,a,k wOHdmk
m%;sixialrKZ hkakhs' tys § th ;jÿrg;a È.= fldg ziS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r iQÍkaf.a
Wreufha ó<Õ msïuZ l=ula úh hq;= o@ hkak u;= lsÍug wjia:djla f,i fï foaYkh mdol
lr .ekSug lghq;= lrkq ,nhs' fuys § fuh zuf.a foaYkhZ hkakg jvd zwmf.a foaYkhZ
hkqfjka i|yka lsÍug W;aiql jkafka" lKavdhï ukilska lghq;= lrk ud iu. tla j"
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK Wfoid ueÈy;a ùï lrk" iEfyk m%udKhl úYd, lKavdhula ork
u;" uf.a foaYkh ;=< wksjd¾hfhka wvx.= j we;s ksid h'
fuu foaYkhg mdol jk lreKq fndfyduhla Wmqgd f.k we;af;a" uE;l § wm m<
lrk ,o z.fõIKZ iÕrdfõ ;sia kj jk l,dmhg mdol jQ zkj f,djg .e<fmk M,odhS
mqrjeishl= ìys lsÍu Wfoid rg b,a,k wOHdmk m%;sixialrKZ keue;s msgq ishhlska
iukaú; jQ úfYaI l,dmfha wvx.= lreKq ldrKdj,sks' fuh m¾fhaIK wOHdmk l,dmhla
f,i m< lrk ,o ksid;a o;a; u; mokï jQ udkhlska hqla; j tu iÕrdj m< lr we;s
ksid;a h' fï .fõIK iÕrdfõ wfkla iqúfYaI;dj kï j;auka wOHdmk
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ" m%;sixialrKj,g ueÈy;a j lghq;= lrk iy tajdg wod< Rcq ueÈy;aùï
l< úh;=ka iy ks,OdÍka fuka u" bka mßndysr jQ iudcfha yrialvla o thg odhl ùuhs

z.eUqre uqyoq yd igk ;kshu ñksid ch .kq ke;Z hkak ms<sn| j oeä f,i úYajdi
lrk mqoa.,hl= jYfhka" ud meyeÈ,s j i|yka lrkafka" bÈß wNsfhda. ch .ekSu i|yd iS'
ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.rhka tla flkl= m%udKj;a fkd jk nj;a" ish oyia .Kkska
lkakka.r,d b,a,d isák hq.hla wejeis nj;a h' ;j o by< isg my<g mgjk wOHmk
m%;sixialrK fjkqjg" tys m%;s,dNj, f.!rjkSh md¾Yajlrejka jk oekqj;a YsIH m%cdj yd
fmdÿ ck;dj o yjq,a fldg f.k" ìï uÜgfï m¾fhaIK fuka u ksrka;rfhka lrkq ,nk
m%;sfmdaIK yd miq úmrï yd noaO lrñka fuu wOHdmk m%;sixialrK iudc.; l< hq;=
njhs' ;j o" ta w;r u jßka jr lrkq ,nk úoHd;aul miq úmrï ;=<" wOHdmk
m%;sixialrKj, ÈYdk;sh iy wka;¾.;h o fjkia fldg .ksñka" iaÓ;sl fkd jQ .;sl
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK m%udKhla fj; hEu wksjd¾h lghq;a;la njhs'
b;sydih úiska wm fj; mjrd we;s ld¾hNdrhg idOdrKh lsÍu i|yd" fï wjia:dj
§u ms<sn| j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udg;a tys m¾fhaIK yd ie,iqï
wxYfha ld¾h uKav,hg;a uu fnfyúka lD;{ jkafkñ'
mqoa.,hka úiska b;sydih ks¾udKh fkdlrk nj;a b;sydih úiska mqoa.,hka ks¾udKh
lrk nj;a ms<s.ekSug ug Ôú;fha uq,a ld,fha § hï n,mEula ;sì‚' tfy;a ud wo meyeÈ,s
f,i u úYajdi lrkafka mqoa.,hka úiska idOkSh fuka u ksfIaOkSh b;sydihlg lreKq
ks¾udKh lrk njhs' tjka idOkSh b;sydihla wmg b;sß l< mqoa.,hl= f,i" wdpd¾h
is'ví'ví' lkakka.r iQßka ud úiska y÷kd .kq ,en we;' fï ksid Tyq úiska odhdo l<
b;sydih muKla fkd j Tyq ms<sno j o wm lreKq yeoEßh hq;= j we;'

wdpd¾h is'ví,sõ'ví,sõ' lkakka.r hkq ljqreka o@

wdpd¾h iS'ví,sõ'ví,sõ' lkakka.r kñka wm ljqre;a y÷kk Tyq l%siafgdam¾ ú,shï
úfÊfldaka lkakka.r h' t;=ud" 1884 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 13 jeks od" wïn,kaf.dv rkafodfò
.%dufha Wmkafka h' mjqf,a ;=ka jekshd jQ Tyqg ish Ôú;fha uq,a wjêfha § u
;u ffcj uj wysñ jQfha Tyqf.a nd, ifydaorhdf.a m%iQ;sfha § uj ñh hEu ksid h' Tyqf.a
mshdg m<uq újdyfhka orejka mia fofkla o fojeks újdyfhka orejka isjq fofkla o jQy'
Tyqf.a l=vïud úiska Tyq fyd¢ka /l n,d .;a kuqÿ Tyq Ôú;fha uq,a ld,fha § u ;u uj
wysñ ùfï brKug uqyK q § ;sì‚'
Tyqf.a mshd fn!oaOhl= jQj;a uj l%sia;shdks wd.fï tx.,ka; iNdfõ ne;su;shl jQjd h'
fuu miqìu hgf;a l%siafgdam¾ ú,shï úfÊfldaka jQ Tyq l%sia;shdkq ,íêlhl= f,i fn!;Siau
lrk ,oafoa ù kuqÿ" 1917 § úêu;a f,i ish wd.u f,i fn!oaOd.u je<| .;af;a h' th"
l%sia;shdks Nla;sl Tyqf.a ióm;u ñ;=rka fndfyduhla úiska mjik ,o mßÈ" {dkh ksid
we;s jQ ld¾hhla ñi foaYmd,k l%shd ud¾.hla fkd ù h' ;j o Tyq ish m%foaYfhka yd
mßirfhka fn!oaOd.u fuka u isxy, yd md,s NdId o bf.k .;af;a h'
Tyq uq,ska u wïn,kaf.dv fjia,shka úoHd,fha §ma;su;a YsIHfhla úh' tys jd¾Isl
;Hd. m%odfkda;aijfha §" Tyq olaI .‚; .=rejrhl= jQ tjl .d,a, ßÉukaâ úoHd,fha
úÿy,am;sjrhd jQ ã' tÉ' ver,a msh;=udf.a ksÍlaIKhg ,la úh' ver,a msh;=ud tx.,ka;fha
flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd,fhka .‚; úIhhg m%:u mka;s idu¾:Hhla Èkd isá flfkls' tys §
msh;=ud úiska zTn úiska Èkd .kakd ,o ;Hd. f.or f.k hEug nr lr;a;hla f.k taug
isÿ fõ hehsZ i|yka l< nj f,aLk.; j we;' msh;=ud" fjia,shka úoHd,fha
úÿy,am;s;=udf.ka b,a,d isáfha lkakka.r YsIHhd ßÉukaâ úoHd,fha újD; YsIH;ajhg
iQodkï lrk f,ihs'
t;=udf.a Ôú;h ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka" Tyqf.a yerjqï ,laIH njg
m;a j we;af;a Tyqg jhi 14 § uqK .eiS" Tyqf.a Ôú;fha m%;srEmhla njg m;a jQ ßÉukaâ
úoHd,fha úÿy,am;s j isá ã' tÉ' ver,a msh;=udhs'
ver,a msh;=ud úiska iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r YsIHhd iudrïNl YsIH;ajhlg fhduq
lsÍu lrK fldg f.k" újD; ;r.hlg miqj Tyq Èkd .;a" fkdñf,a bf.kSu yd kjd;eka yd
wdydrmdk wvx.= YsIH;ajh iu. Tyqg ßÉukaâ úoHd,hg meñŒug yels úh' fuu zfkdñf,a
bf.kSu yd kjd;eka yd wdydr mdk wvx.= YsIH;ajhZ miq lf,l t;=ud úiska cd;shg odhdo
lrk ,o ksoyia wOHdmkhg wä;d,u jQ nj uu úYajdi lrñ'
 tfy;a t;eka isg jqj o Tyqf.a Ôú;h r;= m,ila u; /÷Kq .ukla fkd ú‚' ;sia
wjqreÿ fiajd ld,hlg miq j" Tyqf.a mshdg úY%du jegqm o iu. /lshdj wysñ ùu ksid"
fndfyda wd¾Ól ÿIalr;dj,g uqyqK §ug Tyqg isÿ úh'
fukhska n,k l," Tyqf.a <ud ld,h" ish¨ iem iïm;aj,ska msÍ b;sÍ .sh tlla fkd
j" ÿIalr;djkaf.ka f.dv k.d .;a tlla nj wo YsIH mrïmrdj b;d fyd¢ka f;areï .ekSu
jeo.;a fõ hehs uu fuys § wjOdrKh lsÍug leue;af;ñ'
fyf;u bf.kSug muKla fkd j l%Svdjg o úYsIag olaI;d fmkajQ §ma;u
s ;a YsIHfhla
úh' flaïì%Ê lksIaG úNd.fhka f.!rj mka;sfha idu¾:Hhla ,o Tyq" wxl .‚;h i|yd jQ
Y%S ,xld ,hsia;=fõ fia u ì%;dkH wêrdcHfha ,ehsia;=fõ o m%:uhd úh' Tyq l%slÜ
lKavdhfï kdhlhd o jQ w;r mdmkaÿ lKavdhfï l%Svlfhl= fuka u újdo lKavdhug o
wh;a úh' Tyq mdi, úiska ksIamdokh lrk ,o jekSisfha fjf<kaod kdgHfha m%Odk k¿jd
o úh' fï khska n,k l, Tyq zfmd;a.=,a,l=Z muKla fkd j" úIhfhka mßndysr
l%shdldrlï i|yd o ld,h .; l< flfkls' tfy;a lkakka.r YsIHhdf.a;a wo ojfia
nyq;rhla isiqkaf.a;a ðú; w;r nrm;< fjkia lï we;s nj ioyka l< hq;= j we;'
flfia jqj o tjl úfoaY wOHdmk ,eîï i|yd mej;sfha tl u tl l%uhls' tkï
rcfha YsIH;ajhla ,nd .ekSula mu‚' fï úNd.h i|yd ßÉukaâ úoHd,fha YsIHhka
fodf<dia fofkl=g wjia:dj ,enqK o lkakka.r YsIHhdg tu wNsfhda.h id¾:l j ch
.ekSug fkdyels úh' ta fya;=fjka úfoaY úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSfï b,lalh;a
wysñ jQ Tyq Tyqf.a .uka uf.ys ffO¾hj;a j /÷fKa h' ta fjkqjg Y%S ,xldfjys u kS;s
úoHd,fhka kS;hs yeoEÍu f;dard .;af;a h'
tfy;a Tyqf.a u.fmkajkakd jYfhka lghq;= l< ver,a msh;=ud Tyqf.ka b,a,d isáfha
ßÉukaâ úoHd,fha .‚; .=rejrhd yd fkajdisld.drfha fcHIaG ksjdi ndr wdpd¾hjrhd f,i
j.lSu ndr .kakd f,ihs' Tyq tu j.lSu ndr f.k id¾:l j bgq lf<a h'
tfy;a Tyqf.a wdo¾Yh yd u.fmkajkakd jQ ver,a msh;=udf.a wl,a urKhg miq Tyq fld<Ug
meñ‚fha h' fï wjêfhys Tyq m%skaia l=udr úoHd,fha;a" fjia,s úoHd,fha;a" fuf;daÈia;
úoHd,fha;a w¾Old,Sk .=rejrfhl= jYfhka o lghq;= lf<a h'
flfia jqj o 1910 jk úg § Tyq kS;s{fhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍfï iqÿiqlï ,eîfuka
miq j kS;s{ jD;a;sh weröu i|yd kej; .d,a,g meñ‚fha h' isú,a kS;s{hl= f,i Ôú;h
wdrïN l< Tyq iudc fiajhg o fhduq jQ w;r Tyq úêu;a foaYmd,khg uq,ska u m%fõY
jkafka 1911 § h' ta fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d fjkqfjks' tfia u 1917 § o Tyq
jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ wfmalaIlhl= f,i ;r. l< fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;d
fjkqfjka ils%h f,i m%pdrl lghq;= lf<a h' fï wjia:d foflys § u fmdkakïn,ï
rdukdoka uy;d ch .;af;a h' ta u.ska fmdkakïn,ï rdukdoka uy;df.a ióm ñ;=frl=
njg m;a úh' 1919 § ,xld cd;sl iNdj wdrïN lrk ,o wjia:dfõ § tys wruqKq jQ
zfoaYmd,k ksoyfika iudk whs;sjdislï yd iajdëk;ajfhka hq;= hym;a Ôú;hla lrd
foaYh yd uyck;dj fhduq lsÍuZ ms<sn| j p;=r f,i lreKq f.k yer oelaú h'
Tyqf.a Ôú;fha foaYmd,k yerjqï ,laIH njg m;a jkafka 1923 § ol=Kq m<d;
ksfhdackh lsÍug lkakka.rhka jHjia:dodhlhg f;dard .ekSuhs' 1930 § t;=ud" ,xld
cd;sl ix.ufha iNdm;s f,i" Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a úh' 1931 § rdcH uka;%K iNdjg"
Pkaofhka" .d,af,ka f;dard m;a lr .ekSfuka wk;=re j m<uq wOHdmk wud;H OQrhg m;a
úh' fyf;u wOHdmk úOdhl lñgq m<uq iNdm;s f,i w;suy;a jeä Pkaohlska m;a lr
.kq ,enqfõ h' 1936 § h<s tu ;k;=rg Pkaofhka m;a jQ Tyq jir 16la tu Oqrh oeÍ h'
lkakka.rhka ksoyia wOHdmkh fjkqfjka lrk ,o lem lsÍu iy wr.,h ms<sn|
l;d lsÍfï § tjl meje;s foaYmd,k mßirh ms<sn| j o i|yka l< hq;= j u we;' t;=ud
foaYmd,khg msúfikafka i¾jck Pkao n,h ,eîu;a iuÕ h' tjl mej;s rdcH uka;%K
iNdjg iNslhska 46 fofkl= f;dard m;a lr .ekSfï wjia:dj ;snQ w;r uyck Pkaofhka
f;aÍ m;a jQ iNslhkag weu;s Oqr y;la ysñ úh' fï yf;ka tlla wOHdmk weue;s Oqrh úh'
1942 § whsfjda fckskaia Y%Su;dKka Wml=,m;s j.lSu oerE" ,xld úYajúoHd,fha m<uq
jeks Wmdê m%odfkda;aijfha §" kS;sh ms<sno f.!rj Wmdêhlska msÿï ,enqfõ h' tfy;a 1947 §
meje;a jQ m<uq cd;sl md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfha § zksoyia wOHdmkfha mshdZ f,i nqyquka
,enQ fyf;u wjdikdjka; f,i mrdch úh' tfy;a ta mrdch Tyqf.a fm!oa.,sl mrdchla o
,dxflah cd;sfha mrdchla o hkak nrm;, f,i m%Yak lsÍug ld,h meñK we;' Tyq mrdch
jQfha ú,auÜ ta' fmf¾rd uy;dg h' ú,auÜ fmf¾rd uy;d ch.%yKh lf<a tlai;a cd;sl
mlaIh m%uqL Okj;=kaf.a fuka u iudcjd§ l|jqf¾ o iydh ,nñks' Y%S ,xldfõ
fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh mjd lkakka.rhkaf.a ue;sjrK jHdmdrhg tfrys j lghq;= lf<a h'
fu;rï oejeka; iudc fmr<shla l< hq. mqreIhl=g i¾jck Pkaoh úiska w;a l<
brKu yd tys miqìu fuka u ta i|yd n,mE fya;= ldrKd ms<sn| m%udKj;a wOHhkhla
lsÍug ug ld,h yria ù we;' tfy;a fuh ,dxflah foaYmd,k b;sydifha jQ nrm;<
iroula fkd jkafka oehs uf.a ys; uf.ka u m%Yak lrhs' tfy;a 1952 § kej; md¾,sfïka;=
uka;%Sjrhl= f,i Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;a jQ Tyq j m<d;a md,k wud;Hjrhd f,i m;a lrkq
,eì‚' tfy;a Tyqg wOHdmk weu;s Oqrh u ysñ fkdjqfKa ukao hkak fojrla is;sh hq;=
ldrKhls' Tyqg jhi jir ye;a;E folla imsfrk úg" tkï 1956 j¾Ifha § Tyq
foaYmd,kfhka úY%du .;a kuq;a" cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ idudðlhl= f,i fiajh
lf<a h' foaYmd,kfhka Tíng .sh cd;sfha wOHdmkhg Tyqf.a ;snQ lem ùu ñka fudkjg
meyeÈ,s fõ'
1923 § kS;s{hl= f,i jD;a;Sh Ôú;h wdrïN fldg" foaYmd,khg meñfKk wjia:dj
jk úg" wd¾Ól jYfhka Tyq iEfyk muK iuDoaêu;a jQ wfhla úh' tfy;a weu;sjrhl=
f,i wjqreÿ úiaila ld,h .; fldg" foaYmd,kfha moku úh hq;= uyck fiajfha fhÿKq
y;<sia jirl ld,h ;=<" Tyqf.a wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh ì| jeà ;sì‚' foaYmd,kh jQ l,s
fm!oa.,sl OkialkaOh bmhSu i|yd jQ fhdackd wjia:djla fkd jk nj Tyq fudkjg Tmamq
lf<a h' Y%S ,xld rcfhka" 1963 §" Tyqf.a hemSu i|yd tla jrla muKla msßkuk remsh,a
oyodyl §ukdjla ,nd È‚' tu jljdkqjg wkqj th jákd uqo,a m%udKhls' miq j Tyq úiska
lrk ,o wNshdpkhla i,ld n,ñka" md¾,sfïka;=j h<s 1965 §" úfYaIfhka Tyqf.a fi!LH
wdrlaIl lghq;= fjkqfjka remsh,a mkaishhl udisl ÔjkdOdrhla wkqu; lf<a h' miq j
th remsh,a 1000 olajd jeä flß‚' ksoyia wOHdmkfha mshd f,i ie,flk fï fY%aIaG
,dxlsl mq;%hd cd;sfha jeä wjOdkhla fkd ,nd u 1969 iema;eïn¾ ui 29 jeks od
wNdjm%dma; úh'
fuu wjia:dfõ § i|yka l< hq;= j u we;s lreKla we;' tkï iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ'
lkakka.r wkqiaurK 28 jk foaYkh lrñka fcHIaG uydpd¾h iqÔj wurfiak úiska
i|yka l< lreKls' Tyq uydpd¾h kdro j¾Kiqßh i|yka l< fo jeks lKavdhu
ksfhdackh lrk flfkls' tkï w;S;fha § lkakka.r m%;sixialrK úiska zOkd;aul
iudchla o iudc mßj¾;khla o we;s lsÍug m%Odk n,mEula lrk ,o nj ms<s.kakd kuq;a"
f.da,ShlrKh jQ ksoyia fjf<| fmd< wd¾Ólhlska hq;a j¾;udk ikao¾Nh ;=< tajd wod<
fkd jk nj i,lkZ lKavdhfï flfkls'
fcHaIaG uydpd¾h iqÔj wurfiak mejiQ mßÈ zwo yeu foaYmd,k mlaIhla u"
wOHdmkhg iïnkaO yeu ixúOdkhla u" rdcH fyda fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ieu jD;a;Sh
iñ;shla yd hï wOHdmkhla ,enQ yeu mqoa.,fhlau" ksoyia wOHdmkh iudc iqnidOk
ueÈy;a ùula fia i,ld th iq/lSug fmruqK f.k isák igka mdG lr u; ;nd f.k
lghq;= lrhs' tfy;a iuia; jYfhka rg;a" foaYmd,k mlaI yd tajdg iïnkaO YsIH
jHdmdr;a ksoyia wOHdmkh ms<sn|j l;d lrñka ld, f>daId kxjkafka ta ixjdofha §
wdpd¾h lkakka.r kï jQ mqrdjD;a;h Bg ysñ ;ek fkd;nñks' wdpd¾h lkakka.rhkaf.a
Wmka Èkfha § Tyq wkqiaurK lrk lsisÿ úYajúoHd,hla fyda ixúOdkhla .ek ud oel fyda
wid ke;s kuq;a Tjqyq ish,af,da ksoyia wOHdmkh wdrlaId lrkakd jQ f>daIdldÍ igka
lrefjda fj;s' tfyhska fla' tÉ' tï' iqu;smd, uy;d Tyqf.a History of Education in Sri
Lanka ^1796 -1965& lD;sfha i|yka lrk mßÈ zwdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r wo
wu;l lrk ,o mqoa.,hl= jkjd muKla fkd j ksoyia wOHdmkfha orejka úiska Tyqf.a
oelau wmd¾:j;a fldg" ÿ¾ÈYdk; fldg iy wv jYfhka úkdY fldg we;af;a hZ hkakh'
b;sydifha irou Bg;a Tíng .uka fldg we;' fldfrdakd jix.; iufha" iuia; ore
mrïmrdjg wysñ jQ wOHdmk wjia:dj wju lr .ekSu i|yd" wvqmdvq ueo fyda l< yels j
;snQ ¥ria: wOHdmk Wmldr u.ska orejkag w;aje,la ùug lem ù isá nyq;rhla .=rejrekag
n,mEï lrñka lghq;= l< jD;a;Sh iñ;s kdhlhkaf.a l%shd l,dmh" fï fÄojdplh ;j;a
fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s lrhs' tu kdhlhka ish¨ fokd lkakka.rhkaf.a ksoyia wOHdmkfha
m%;s,dN ,enqjka jQ kuqÿ" .=re whs;js dislï m%uqL;ajfha ,d i,ld ;uka ,o ksoyia
wOHdmkfha m%;s,dN fmr<d wkd.; mrïmrdjg mjrd §u fjkqjg" wysñ lsÍug fmruqK
.ekSu lkakka.rhkaf.a ksoyia wOHdmk b;sydihg b;sß l< oreKq u iroula fkd
fj;aoehs m%Yak lsÍug isÿ j we;' fï fYdaldka;fhka .uH jkafka wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a
lsÍfuka t;=ud n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ ;ukaf.ka Tíng is;k" ;ukaf.a hq;=lï iy j.lSï
,dxlSh cd;shg;a bka Tíng;a ,nd §ug iQodkï mrd¾:ldó mqrjeishka ìys lsÍug
lkakka.r wOHdmk m%;sixialrK wfmdfydi;a ù o" tfia ke;s kï mYapd;a lkakka. r
hq.fha j.lSï" lkakka.r m%;sixialrKj,ska fmdaIKh jQ mrïmrdj úiska meyer yßk
,oafoa o" tfia;a ke;s kï mgq foaYmd,k kHdh m;% wìhi cd;sl kHdh m;%h fo jeks
;ekg m;a ù o hk nyqúO m%Yak iuQyhhs'

Tyq Y%S ,xflah cd;shg odhdo l< ksoyia wOHdmkh hkq l=ula o@
lkakka.rhkaf.a wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, flakaøSh m%fõYh ú.%y lsÍfï § tjl mej;s
iudc wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k miqìu o tjl mej;s wOHdmk wjia:d yd idlaIr;d uÜgu o
wu;l fldg" wo mj;akd iudc wd¾Ól foaYmd,k ;;a;aj fuka u wo mj;akd wOHdmk
wjia:d yd idlaIr;d uÜgu mokï lr .;a ú.%yhl ksr; ùu" lkakka.rhkaf.a
m%;sixialrKj,g lrk meyeÈ,s widOdrKhls' tu m%;sixialrKj, uQ,sl Wmdhud¾.sl
m%fõYh ù ;snqfKa wOHdmk wjia:d jeä lsÍuhs' 1930 .Kkaj, § mdi,a hd hq;= jhia iSudfõ
isá msßif.ka wvlg;a jeä ixLHdjla yd .eyekq <uhskaf.ka y;frka ;=kla muK mdi,a
wOHdmkfhka neyer j isáhy'
tod mej;s iudc wd¾Ól foaYmd,k jHQyh ;=< tu wjia:d wysñ ùug n,mE úIu;d
iEfyk m%udKhla ;sì‚' wdpd¾h iaj¾Kd chùr úiska 1989 Tlaf;dan¾ 13 jk Èk meje;ajQ
fojk lkakka.r iure foaYkh¦ zwOHdmk wjia:dfõ jHdma; lsÍu - fkdksñ l¾;jHhZ"
u.ska m%ldY lrk ,o mßÈ wdpd¾h lkakka.r iQÍka bÈßm;a l< m%;sm;a;s fndfyduhla u
m%dfoaYsl iudc wd¾Ól ckjd¾.sl yd wd.ï fío jYfhka iunr;dj ì| oeuQ" Y; j¾Ihlg
jeä ld,hla mej;s hg;a úð; wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s flfrys oelajQ m%;sl%shdjla n÷ úh' Wiia
hhs iïu; bx.%Sis mdi,a yd foaYSh NdId udOHfhka fok ,o wju nyqck wOHdmkh
hkqfjka mej;s oaú;aj wOHdmk l%uh" wOHdmk n, jHQyh ;=< mej;s l%sia;shdks wdêm;Hh"
rg ;=< mej;s úIu iudc wd¾Ól j¾Okh" rfÜ ksß; È.g yd W;=re foig ysñ ù ;snqKq
jeä jdisodhl ;;a;aj yd hg;a úð; wd¾Ólfha wjYH;d hk lreKq" 1931 § ,dxflah
m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka fj; mejrE Wreu úh' tf;la kd.ßl bx.%Sis mdi,aj,g iSud ù ;snQ
oaú;Shsl wOHdmk myiqlï jvd idOdrK wdldrfhka fn§ hEug u. mE§u" 1940-47 ld,h
;=< Èjhsk mqrd .ïno m%foaYj, uOH uyd úoHd, 54la msysgqùfuka wfmalaId lrk ,È'
Tyqf.a wruqK jQfha znd,xYfha isg úYajúoHd,h olajd ksoyia wOHdmkh §uhsZ'
fuu ikao¾Nh ;=< lkakka.rhkaf.a wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, flakaøSh yrh úuid
ne,Sfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka" Tyq úiska rdcH uka;%K iNdjg bÈßm;a lrk ,o úfYaI lñgq
jd¾;dfõ i|yka my; ixl,amhhs' tkï ‘fï rfÜ m%N+ mka;sh iy Okj;=kaf.a m%fõ‚
nqla;shla j mej;s wêl ñ, f.jd ,nd .; hq;= jQ wOHdmkh fï rfÜ wkd.;fha WmÈk
ieu ÿmam;a orejl=g u wvq ñ,lska w;am;a lr .; yels whs;h s la njg;a uqød ;nk ,o
lxpqlhlska hqla; j jid ;enQ .%ka:hla f,i wm olakd ,o wOHdmkh wd.u" cd;sh" iudc
mka;sh" l=,h wd§ wfkal úO fNaoj,ska f;dr j ieug lshúh yels újD; ,smshla njg m;a
l< yels ù hhs fï f.!rjkSh iNdjg m%ldY l< yels kï Bg .fvd,ska f.dv f.dvkexjQ
frdauh lsß.reçka ksudjg m;a lrk ,oafoa hehs mejiQ T.iagia wêrdchdg o jvd wdvïnr
úh yelafla h'’
lkakka.r pß;dmodkh ,shq wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ysgmq f,alïjrfhl= jYfhka
lghq;= l< fla' tÉ' tï' iqu;smd, uy;dg wkqj" iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r úiska wrUk ,o
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK m%Odk jYfhka wÈhr follg fnod fjka l< yels h' ta kï 1931 isg 39
olajd jQ m<uq jeks wÈhr yd 1939-1946 olajd Èfjk fojeks wÈhrhs' ñka uq,a wÈhr úOdhl
lñgqjg iSudiys; n,hla ;snQ ld,h fõ' fuh iq¿ m%;sixialrK wjêh f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
fï m%;sixialrK w;ßka ixl,amhla jYfhka jvd;a u jeo.;a jkafka 1932 § yÿkajd fok ,o
ykafoiai jHdmdrh f,i jvd;a fyd¢ka m%p,s; .%dóh wOHdmk jevigykhs' th .%dóh
iudchg yd wd¾Ólhg wod< m%fhdackj;a m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï w;aoelSï idudkH wOHdmkh iuÕ
tl;= lf<a h'
uydpd¾h kdro j¾KiQßh úiska mj;ajk ,o foaYkfha § Tyq i|yka l< zixj¾Okh
i|yd wOHdmkh hk ixl,amfhys iudrïNhZ" fuu wjêfhka iksgy q ka l< yels h'
meyeÈ,s f,i u lkakka.rf.a ¥ro¾YS Ñka;kh .ïno ck;dj flfrys Tyq ;=< jQ ie,ls,a,
fudkjg meyeÈ,s lrhs'
fuys fo jeks wÈhr f,i ie,lsh yelafla 1939 isg 1946 olajd jQ ld, mßÉfþohhs'
fo jeks wÈhf¾ B<Õ i;a jir ;=< .ïno mdi,a 250lg wêl ixLHdjla olajd jHdma; j
.sfha h'
ta;a kshÕh" uef,aßhd jix.;h yd fo jeks f,dal hqoaOh ksid we;s jQ jHikldÍ ;;a;aj
ksid m%;sixialrK uyd mßudKfhka jHdma; lsÍug lkakka.rhkag fkdyels jQ nj
i;Hhls'
lkakka.rhka úiska y÷kajd fok wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ms<sn| j úYd, jYfhka
lreKq ,sheù we;' wdpd¾h Wmd,s fiaor úiska 27 jeks iure foaYkfha § bÈßm;a lrk ,o
lreKq ixlaIsma; j fufia h'
1' nd,dxYfha isg úYajúoHd,h olajd wOHdmkh ksoyia úh hq;= h
2' oaú;Shl" fcHaIaG yd m%dfhda.sl wOHdmkh hkqfjka mdi,a ;=ka j¾.hla msysgqùu
3' m%d:ñl uÜgu i|yd iajNdId b.ekaùfï udOHhla" lksIaG oaú;Shl uÜgu i|yd
oaúNdId fyda bx.%Sis udOH mdi,a yd fcHaIaG oaú;Shl uÜgu yd Wiia wOHdmkh
i|yd bx.%Sis udOH mdi,a y÷kajd §u
4' fkajdisl myiqlï iys; uOH uyd úoHd, yd Wiia oaú;Shl wOHdmkh i|yd
m%fõYh jeä lrkq jia YsIH;aj l%uhla m%;sia:dmkh
5' wd.ñl wOHdmkh y÷kajd §u
 6' widlaIr jeäysáhka fjkqfjka jeäysá wOHdmkh i|yd rd;%S mdGYd,d myiqlï
ie,iSu
7' .=rejreka i|yd udisl jegqma l%uhla wdh;k.; lsÍu
8' úIhud,d yd úNd. foaYh
S lrKh lsÍu
9' iajdëk úYajúoHd,hla msysgqùu
rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ wkque;sh ,eîfuka miq 1944 Tlaf;dan¾ udifha § fï wOHdmk
m%;sixialrK y÷kajd fok ,È' tfy;a m%;sixialrKj,ska fhdað; m%dfhda.sl mdi,a l%uh
l%shd;aul fkd ú‚'
;j o 1944 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska mdi,a hEu iqidOH lsÍfï l%shdj,shla we;s
flß‚' mdi,a ixLHdj" fiajfha ksr; .=rejreka ixLHdj" m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh
iïmQ¾K lrk ixLHdj ie,lsh hq;= f,i jeä úh' 1944 - 48 ld,h ;=< w¨;ska mdi,a
ydrishhla f.dv kÕk ,o w;r mdi,aj,g we;=¿ jk YsIH ixLHdj ñ,shk 1'2lg wdikak
úh'
tfy;a fláfhka lreKq lSfuka Tíng f.dia lkakka.r iQßka ;=< ;snq mq¿,a oelau
ú.%y lsÍug ug ,eî we;s ld,h lsisfia;a m%udKj;a ke;' tfy;a 25 jeks iure foaYkh
meje;ajQ wd¾' tia' ueo.u uy;df.a foaYkfha i|yka lreKqj,ska lSmhla muKla Wmqgd th
wjOdrKh lsÍug leue;af;ñ'
ueo.u uy;d i|yka lrk mßÈ zmiqld,Sk wOHdmk ixfYdaOlhka úiska l%shdjg
ke.Sug jEhï l< woyia fndfyduhla ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNd
jd¾;dfõ ^f,aLkh XXIV 1943& wka;¾.; ù ;sfí' wjdikdjlg jd¾;dj m< lsÍfuka miq
wdpd¾h lkakka.rhkag wOHdmkfha kshuqjd f,i lghq;= lsÍug fkdyels úhZ'
cd;sl taldnoaO;dj j¾Okh lsÍu flfrys wOHdmkhg we;s N+ñldj ms<sn| j o Tyq
tu jd¾;dfõ i|yka fldg we;' ieu wdldrhlska u fn§ we;s rgl Tyq tu jd¾;dfõ
igyka l< lreKq yqjd oelaùu w;sYfhka jeo.;a h'
zwfma uQ,sl wjYH;dj jkqfha ck.ykh we;s úúO fldgia tla cd;shla fia noaO lsÍu
h' úúO wd.ñl" ckjd¾.sl" NdIduh iïNjfhka hq;a msßila tl u rgl Ôj;a ùu ,xldjg
iqúfYaI jQjla fkd fõ' wm jeks úúO j¾.hkaf.ka ieÿï ,;a ck.ykhlg;a" tl u
cd;shla f,i tl u ú{dkhla j¾Okh lsÍu wmyiq ldßhla fkdjk nj b;sydih úiska
fmkakqï lr we;' we;a; jYfhka u wm ixialD;sfha oekgu;a wm yg fmdÿ jQ úYd,
ixrplhka we;' wOHdmk j¾Okfhka ,;a W;af;ackh hgf;a cd;sl taldnoaO;djla ms<sn|
wjêhla oekgu;a wm w;r f.dvkef.ñka mj;S' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh wkd.; ieliSfï §
wm úiska fuu fmdÿ ixrplhka j¾Okh fldg ck.ykh ms<sn| woyia fmdaIKh lsÍu l<
hq;=hsZ'
zwm wfmalaId lrk cd;sl;ajh ixia:dms; úh hq;af;a" wjfndaOh iy bjid ord .ekSfï
O¾u;d u; h' wm jeks fujka úúO;ajhlska fyì iudchl fjk;a wdldrhlska we;s
jkafka cd;sl iu.sh fkd j" cd;sl wjq,ls' tla j¾.hla úiska wfkld flfrys oelaú h hq;=
bjid ord isàu" wfkla cd;Ska flfrys o" wod< úh hq;= nj ie,ls,a,g Ndck lrkq oelau
wfma m%d¾:khhs' we;a; jYfhka u fuh bjid ord isàu wfma mqrjeishkaf.a ,laIKhls'
fuu Èjhsfka úúO ck fldÜGdi fndfyda ld,hla ßis fia iduldó j ñ;%;ajfhka Ôj;a ù
we;' bjid oeÍfï yelshdj;a" ieu cd;shla w;r u iduh we;s lsÍfï wNs,dIh;a" kj
wOHdmk jHQyh u.ska lrk úúO b.ekaùug W;af;aclhla fõ hehs wfmalaId lruq’ ^úfYaI
ldrl iNd jd¾;dj" XXIV" msgqj 10" 1943&'
 ueo.u uy;d idrdxYhla f,i Wmqgd oelajQ my; fldgi o b;d jeo.;a fõ' tkï
ziudchlg b;d u wjYH mqoa.,hd jkqfha" kj wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK §ug yels" tajd yuqfõ
;uka úiska u úi÷ï fidhd .; yels mqoa.,hd h' m%;sNdj wjq¿jk .sks mqmqr lsisjla fkd j
ks¾udKYS,s;ajfha .sks mqmqrhsZ ^úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj" XXIV" msgqj 12" 1943&'
fujka oelaula iys; j ksoyia wOHdmkhla wdrïN jQ rgl thg yd;amiska u úreoaO
úIudpdr ixialD;shla ks¾udKh jqfha flfia o@ wo wm uqyqK fok .eUqre wjqf,a uQ,h
fld;k o@ ta i|yd f.k tk ;sridr úi÷u l=ula o@
ta ms<sn| idlÉPdjg fmr wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r hq.fha isg fï olajd
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ioyd .;a W;aidy yd wOHdmkfha jeo.;a ikaêia:dk ms<sn| j
idrxYhla fuys igyka lsÍug leue;af;ñ'

wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r hq.fha isg fï olajd isÿ jQ wOHdmk
m%;sixialrK yd ikaêia:dk
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK

j¾Ih m%;sixialrKh m%;sM,h

1931 ykafoiai úIhud,dj foaYSh keUqrejlg

.%dóh jDmD;sh yerùfï m%h;akhls' 6"7"8 isiqka
i|yd Ôjk l=i,;d" fi!LH
wOHdmkh" ;u m%foaYh .ek
bf.kSu yd fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh'
w;ayod ne,Su id¾:l jQ fyhska
mdi,a 253lg jHdma; flßKs' uOHu
mdi,a úIhud,djg fuu úIhhka
y÷kajd fok ,È'

1942 ,xld úYaj- fld<U msysá YS% ,xld úYajúoHd,h

úoHd, wd{d msysgqùu
mk;

1950 wOHdmk Oj, m%d:ñl wjêfha ldhsl j¾Okh o

m;%sldj fyd| mqreÿj, wjYH;dj o
m%dfhda.sl jevj, wjYH;dj o
wjOdrKh flß‚'

1952 úYajúoHd,h
fmardfo‚hg
f.k hEu

1956 43 yd 48 1957 isg úIh .K we;s lsÍu iy

pl%f,aL l%shdldrlï we;=<;a lsÍu
1959 úfoHdaoh iy
úoHd,xldr
úYajúoHd,
msysgqùu

1960 wxl 5 ork mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu iy fmdÿ

wdOdr ,nk úIhud,djla ish¨ mdi,aj,g
mdGYd,d yd y÷kajd §u
wNHdi úoHd,
^úfYaI úê
úOdk& mk;
1961 wxl 8 ork
ud¾;= WmlD; mdi,a
yd .=re úoHd,
úfYaI w;sf¾l
úêúOdk mk;
1961 cd;sl wOHdmk ² fÊ' B' chiQßh m%Odk;ajfhka
fldñIu msysgqùu
msysgqùu ² 1964 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj
u.ska fhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍu

1963 ld¾ñl ld¾ñl iy jd‚c wOHdmkh

wOHdmk ms<sn| fhdackd bÈßm;a úh'
fldñIka iNd
jd¾;dj

1966 ² idudkH yd 1967 fn!oaOdf,dal udjf;a

ld¾ñl úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh
wOHdmk msysgq ùu
m%;sixialrK
fhdackd
ms<sn| Oj,
m;%sldj
² lksIaG
úYajúoHd,
wdh;k
msysgqùu
1971 Wiia wOHdmk ² jD;a;Sh wNsuqL úYajúoHd,
m%;sixialrK mdGud,d weröu
^Tiaukaâ Wod(- .=re jD;a;sh" j;= md,kh
chr;ak
jd¾;dj&
wxl 1 ork ² ;ks úYajúoHd,hla msysgqjd"
1972
úYajúoHd, uKavm l%uh we;s lsÍu
mk;

1972 wOHdmkfha ² mdi,g we;=¿ ùfï jhi 6 lsÍu

kj u. ² m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIh y÷kajd §u
m%ldYkh ² cd;sl iy;sl m;% mÍlaIKh
mokï lr .;a y÷kajd §u
mdi,a
m%;sixialrK

1977 Towards
relevance in
education
jd¾;dj ksl=;a
lsÍu
^fndaf.dv
fma%ur;ak
jd¾;dj&
1978 ² mdi,g we;=M ùfï jhi 5 lsÍu
² m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIh fjkqjg
;dlaI‚l úIh y÷kajd §u
² cd;sl iy;sl m;% mÍlaIKh
fjkqjg w'fmd'i ^id'fm<&
kej; y÷kajd §u

1978 wxl 16 ork ² ;ks úYajúoHd, ixl,amfhka

úYajúoHd, bj;a ùu
mk; ² fld<U" fmardfo‚h" le,‚h"
Y%S chj¾Okmqr" fudrgqj"
hdmkh úYajúoHd, uKavm
² úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIu
msysgq ùu
1981 Oj, m;s%ldj ² wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd-
idudkH" úYajúoHd, iy ;D;Sh
² mdi,a m¾Io l%uh y÷kajd §u
² cd;sl mdi,a ixl,amh
² udKav,sl wOHdmk ks,Odß
;k;=r fjkqjg l,dm wOHdmk
wOHlaI ;k;=r we;s lsÍu

1985 wxl 28 ork cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh msysgq ùu

cd;sl wOHdmk u.ska úIhud,d iïmdokh ysñ
wdh;k mk; wdh;kh njg m;a ùu

1987 m<d;a iNd cd;sl mdi,a yer wka mdi,a

l%uh md,kh m<d;a iNdj,g mejÍu

1990 ;reKhka
ms<sn| ckdêm;s
fldñIka iNd
jd¾;dj ^1 jeks
ieis jd¾;dj&

1991 wxl 19 ork ² wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s ckdêm;s

cd;sl wOHdmk fj; fhdackd lsÍug cd;sl
fldñIka iNd wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj
mk; msysgq ùu
² 1992" 2003" 2016 m%Odk jd¾;d
ksl=;a lsÍu

1993 úIhud,d
m%;sixialrKh

1995 cd;sl wOHdmk

fldñIka
iNdfõ idudkH
wOHdmkh
ms<sn|
fhdackdj,sh
1997 wOHdmk wjqreÿ 6-14 wksjd¾h wOHdmk
m%;sixialrK fr.=,dis mek ùu
j¾Ih
1998 m%d:ñl ² 1-5 fY%a‚ wjê ;=klg fn§u
wOHdmk ² ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla
m%;sixialrK y÷kajd §u
² fi,a,ï iy úfkdaockl jev"
 l%shdldrlï" wiqka.; jev f,i
bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo
f;hdldr ùu

1998 oaú' w'$103 wxl ² úIhh ixLHdj 4 isg 3 olajd

ork 1998' wvq lsÍu
04' 09 Èke;s ² ish¨ isiqka idudkH oekqj;a nj
98$15 pl%f,aLh hk mÍlaIKh iu;a úh hq;= ùu
wkqj 2000 isg
úYajúoHd,
m%fõY
ks¾Kdhl
fjkia lsÍu
1998 1998'12'30 Èke;s jeä NdId .Kkl m%ùK;dj we;s
rdcH mßmd,k rcfha fiajlhkag Èß §ukd f.ùu
pl%f,aL 29$98

2007 ED/0/12/06/ mdi,a úIhud,dj E5 wdlD;sh wkqj

15/01 wxlhe;s ixfYdaOkh
2006'03'07
Èke;s
pl%f,aLh

1947 isg u Èh;a jQ by; i|yka wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yd ikaêia:dk úiska" 21 jeks
ishjig uqyqK Èh yels mqrjeishka m%udKj;a ixLHdjla ìys lsÍu;a" ;ukaf.ka Tíng
ys;k" orejka yd ñksiqka ;ekSu;a ta i|yd wjeis ksmqK;d fuka u jqjukdj o we;s
.=rejreka" úoaj;=ka" wOHdmk{hka yd foaYmd,lhka ixj¾Okh lsÍu;a isÿ lrk ,oafoa o
fl;rï kSri jqj;a lgql i;Hh kï zke;Z hkakhs'

Tyqf.a tu n,dfmdfrd;a;= bgq ù ;sfí o@

wOHdmkfhka ,nd ÿkakd jQ wjia:d yd oekqï iïNdrh ;=< wdl,amj,ska msßmqka"
;ukaf.ka Tíng ys;k mqrjeishka" .=rejreka" úoaj;=ka" wOHdmk{hka yd foaYmd,lhka
f.dvke.Sug ta mq¿,a jQ wjia:d iu;a ù weoao@ fkdtfia kï isÿ jQfha lkakka.rhka
fkdis;+ f,i ks¾Ok mka;sfha W.;=ka" m%N+ mka;sh iy Okj;=ka njg m;a ùfï l%shdoduh
muKla o@ tfia u whs;Ska muKla u b,a,k" ;ukaf.a hq;=lï yd iudc j.lSu fo jeks
;ekg oeuQ" ;SrKd;aul m%;sY;hla w;g zn,hZ yqjudre ùu muKla o@
1947 § ìkaÿfõ isg ks¾udKh l< BY%dh,h ÈhqKq rgla ùu;a" 1947 § ksoyia wOHdmkh
;yjqre l< Y%S ,xldj f,dalh bÈßfha nxfldf,d;a rdcHhla njg m;a ùu;a" 1948 § ksoyi
,efnk úg wdishdfõ cmdkhg muKla fo jeks jQ wd¾Ólh ;snqKq Y%S ,xldj fï ;ekg weo
jeàu;a isÿ jqfKa flfia o@ thg n, mE idOl fudkjd o hkak ms<sn| miq úmrulska f;dr
j wmg fï w¾nqofhka .e,úh yels o@ mq¿,a jQ wOHdmk wjia:dj,g iu.dó f,i m%.;sYS,s
wdl,am ixj¾Okh fkd jqfKa ukao@
 wmf.a f;areï .ekSug wkqj" p¾hd úoHdjg wod< wd¾Ól úoHdj" udkj úoHdj" iudc
úoHdj" ufkda úoHdj iy foaYmd,k úoHdj u; mokï jQ uQ,O¾u wkqidrfhka t<eô
ks.ukj,g wkqj kï j;auka iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k w¾nqohg mokï jqfha¦
² oelaulska f;dr jQ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh( ksoyiska miq j o úfYaIfhka 1977ka miq j o
fï rg md,kh l<" oelaula fkdue;s foaYmd,lhka nyq;rhlf.a yd mgq mlaI
foaYmd,kh fï w¾nqofha uq,a u idOlhhs
² foaYmd,k yr moaO;s ;=< mj;sk nrm;< W!k;dj( nyq;rhla foaYmd,lhka ck;djg
j.lshk wjxl ksfhdað;hka fkdùu
² jxpdj yd ÿIKh( foaYmd,kfhka ,enQ jrm%ido yryd wh:d f,i Okh Wmhd .; yels
w;sYhska ¥Is; jHdmdrhla njg foaYmd,kh m;a j ;sîu
² jerÈ wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s yd l<ukdlrKh( wmkhk wodhu wdrlaId lr fkd .ksñka"
wdkhk úhoï wmkhk wdodhï wNsnjd hñka" tu mr;rh mshjd .ekSug wkd.;
mrïmrdj W.ig ;nñka iSud rys; Kh .ekSu
² rdcH fiajh ;=< ks,OdÍjd§ msßySu( .=Kj;a fiajhla j mej;s rdcH fiajh wld¾hlaIu
iy ¥Is; ùu yd foaYmd,khg hg ùu
² ck;djf.a yr moaO;sj, W!k;dj( hq;=lï yd j.lSï fo jeks ;ekys ,d whs;sjdislï
muKla u; mokï j" ck;dj n,.ekaùu fjkqjg hefmk ukilg yqre lrùu u.ska
ÿmam;alu yd kQ.;alu foaYmd,k jdish i|yd kv;a;= lsÍu
tfia kï by; ish¨ ldrKdj, fmdÿ idOlh foaYSh yd f.da,Sh wNsfhda. ch .;
yels" ksmqK;d fuka u M,odhS mqrjeishka ìys lsÍug w;HjYH" wdl,am ;yjqre l< yels
wOHdmk l%uhla fyda miq j isÿ l< hq;= j ;snQ wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ksis l,g fj,djg
isÿ fkd lsÍu h' fufia isÿ ùug n, mE tla m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha rdcH wOHdmk
m%;sm;a;shla fjkqjg jßka jr udre jk rchhkaf.a wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍug
;snQ keUqre ùuhs' tfia u YsIH jHdmdr yd jD;a;Sh iñ;sj,ska t,a, jQ foaYmd,k
mlaImd;s;ajh u; mokï jQ úfrdaO;d h' tfia kï fï ish,a,g u úi÷u Y%S ,dxlSh cd;sh
jYfhka is;d lrkq ,nk .=Kd;aul wOHdmk m%;sixialrK h'
 fygla we;s rgla Wfoid wo b,a,k wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fudkjd o@

fyg oji fjkqfjka fï rfÜ b,a,k wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ms<sn| j l;d lsÍfï §
f.da,Sh ;;a;ajhka fkd i,ld yer" tu wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ms<sn| j l;d l< fkd yels
h' tkï f.da,Sh wd¾Ól w¾nqoh fuka u f.da,Sh jix.; w¾nqoh o we;=¿ ikao¾Nh ;=< fuu
m%;sixialrK foi mq¿,a f,i ne,sh hq;= j we;' thg fya;=j fldfrdAkd jix.;h úiska
iuia; f,dalh u lrljd w; yer ;sîuhs' m%xY cd;sl laIqø Ôù úfYaI{fhl= fuka u mßir
jdÈhl= yd udkj jdÈhl= jQ miq l,l weußldfõ ydj¾â úYajúoHd,fha m%cd fi!LHh yd
ksj¾;k úoHdj ms<sn| uydpd¾hjrhd njg m;a jQ ßfka vqfndaia 1950 § l< wk;=re
weÕùula kï wkfmalaIs; fõ,djl" wkfmalaIs; wdldrhlska iajNdj O¾uh úiska wmg
m%;sm%ydr fokq we;sZ njhs' 2019 § tu ;;a;ajh t<eô‚' zñksia j¾.hdf.a wê wjOdkï p¾hd"
tkï mdßißl úkdYh" jk úkdYh" m%;sÔjl T!IO Ndú;h" ffcj úúO;ajh fjkia lsÍu"
ridhksl ¥IKh yd kd.ÍlrKh" ck.yk j¾Okh" ;sridr mßir iSudj,g wNsfhda.
lrñka mj;ajdf.k hk wêmßfNdackjd§ Ôjk rgdj ksid mdßißl jix.;j,ska Tíng .sh
mdßißl úkdY cd,hla ñksid úiska ;uka fj; le|jd f.k we;Z'
iajdNdúl jHik f,i wm y÷kajk .xj;=r" kdh hEï wdÈh iajdNdúl fkd jk nj
f;areï f.k we;af;a lSfhka lS fokd o@
fuu lgql i;Hh yuqfõ" wOHdmkh hkq" fï iuia; wNsfhda. Tiafia udkj ixy;sh
;u meje;au wdrlaId lr .ekSug w¨f;ka u bf.k .; hq;af;a flfia o hkak ms<sn|
.eUqre miq úmrula lsÍuhs' wm uqyqK fok f.da,Sh wNsfhda. yuqfõ" wm ys;k yeá" wmg
oefkk yeá" wm yeisfrk yeá .ek kej; is;d ne,Su wksjd¾h jkafka h'
tfia kï wkd.; Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh iy wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, § b,lal l<
hq;= jkafka fï wdldrfhka f,dalh foi kj udkhlska n,k udkj ixy;sh ms<sn| j
ixfõ§ j ys;k orejl=" jeäysáhl=" mqrjeishl=" ìys lsÍu f.dvke.Suhs' Nla;u
s ;a yd
Yla;su;a Y%S ,dxlslhka f,i wmf.a fm%!V b;sydihg jvd fyd| wkd.;hla" kQmka
mrïmrdjg b;sß lsÍuhs' ta yer fjk úl,amhla wmg b;sß ù ke;s nj fï fudfydf;a u;la
lsÍu uf.a hq;=luhs'
fujka miqìula ;=<" tkï f.da,Sh jix.; fuka u f.da,Sh wd¾Ól w¾nqoh yuqfõ
fjkia úh yels" fjki l<ukdlrKh l< yels" ;udf.ka Tíng ys;k" orejka" ñksiqka"
;ekSug kï ta i|yd ksmqK;dj fuka u jqjukdj o we;s mqrjeishka" .=rejreka" úoaj;=ka"
wOHdmk{hka yd foaYmd,lhka fï ìu úiska b,a,d isákq ,efí' tu ksid hq.fha
wNsfhda.hg Wr Èh yels mq¿,a wdldrfha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ms<sno l;sldjlg fyd| u
fydardj fuhhs'
tu miqìu ;=< wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu fyda úIh m: fjkia lsÍfuka Tíng hk"
fvd,¾ Wmhd .ekSfï tl u mrud¾:fhka úfoaY .; lsÍug wjYH jk udkj iïm;
b,lal fldg f.k muKla fkd j" bka Tíng .sh udkj yr moaO;s o by<ska Tijd
;efnk .eUqre ;,fha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK b;sydih úiska b,a,d isà'
ud o l¾;D uKav, idudðlhl= jk" .fõIK iÕrdfõ ;sia kj jk l,dmhg mdol jQ
zkj f,djg .e<fmk M,odhS mqrjeishl= ìys lsÍu Wfoid rg b,a,k wOHdmk
m%;sixialrKZ keue;s msgq ishhlska iukaú; jQ úfYaI l,dmhg zYsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh
iy ,dxflah idïm%odhsl wOHdmk WreuhZ hk f;audj hgf;a ,smshla imhñka tys l¾;D
uKav, idudðl" fld<U ffjoH mSGfha ffjoH wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wxY m%Odks"
uydpd¾h f.dañkao fmdkakïfmreu th meyeÈ,s lf<a fufia h'
ziuia; jYfhka .;a l, wo ,xldfõ mj;sk wOHdmk l%uh iqúfYaI ,dxlsl
wjYH;djka y÷kd .;a" Bg iß,k udkj iïm; m%j¾Okh lrk" f.da,Sh wOHdmk
m%jK;dj, idOkSh wx.hkaf.ka fmdaIKh jQ wOHdmk l%uhla fkd fõ' wo mj;skafka
ngysr hg;a úð; iufha ì%;dkHhka ìys l< wOHdmk l%uhhs' th wo ngysr rgj, mjd ta
wdldrfhka u l%shd;aul fkd fõ' ta rgj, o wo YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkhg uq,a ;ek §
;sfí' tfyhska wm úYajdi lrk YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh jvd;a ióm jkafka tod wm i;= jQ
wfma u wOHdmksl Wreuhg ñi ì%;dkHh úiska wm u; megjQ" Tjqka úiska u oeka m%;slafIam
lrkakd jQ" tfy;a wm úiska ;ju;a mj;ajd f.k hkakd jQ h,a mek .sh mdi,a wOHdmk
l%uhg fkd fõZ'
zwm úYajdi lrk YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh hkq l=ula o@ fuu ixl,amhg moku
jkafka zbf.kSuZ hk mofha ks¾jpkhhs' ;;ald,Sk w¾:l:kj,g wkqj bf.kSu hkq
zwjfndaOh" w;ayod ne,Sï iy w;aoelSïj,ska /ia lr .; hq;= l=i,;djla úkd flkl= úiska
;j flfkl=g iïfma%IKh l< yels wuqøjHhla fkd fõZ'
zbf.kSu .=rejrhl=f.ka YsIHhl=g ksIal%sh j .,d tk wuq øjHhla kï" YsIHhka
lKavdhula mka;s ldurh ;=< isr lr" ld,igykla u.ska ksÍlaIKh lrk ,o ld,
jljdkqj wkqj .=rejrhd úiska YsIHhkag fokq ,nk foaYk igyka ud,djlg tlS bf.kSu
,>q l< yels h' tfy;a by; w¾:oelaùï wkqj th tfia fkd úh hq;= h' tfia kï YsIH
flakaøSh wOHmkh yd j;auka mka;s ldurh l=ula úh hq;= o@ by; w¾:oelaùu wkqj" ienE
bf.kSu" YsIHhd iy ;j;a YsIHhka iy .=rejrhd tla j lr f.k hkq ,nk iqixjdohlska
iy ta yd ne÷Kq YsIH w;ayodne,Sï" w;aoelSï yd l%shdldrlïj,ska tlS YsIHhd ;=< cks; jk
udkisl $ nqoaêuh yd ldhsl l=i,;dj,g yd wdl,amuh $ Ndjuh fjkilg ;=vq fok
l%shdoduhla úh hq;= h' wo wm mdi,a ;=< we;s mka;s ldurh" tjka .=re-YsIH ixjdod;aul
w;ayod ne,Sug yd w;aoelSï ckkhg fld;rï f.dapr o@
tfia f.dapr ùug kï YsIHhka l=vd lKavdhï jYfhka mka;s ldurhla ;=< w;ayod
ne,Sï iy w;aoelSï idlÉPd lr .=rejrhdf.a u.fmkaùu hgf;a ;u nqoaêuh" ldh l=i,;dj
yd wdl,amuh j¾Okhla <Õd lr fok mßirhla we;s úh hq;= h' tfy;a wo mka;s ldurh"
.=re YsIH f;dr;=re iïfma%IKhg ñi" .=re YsIH ixjdod;aul nqoaê l=i,;d wdl,am
j¾Okhlg t;rï iqÿiq fkd fõ' fuu mßirh ;jÿrg;a mj;ajd f.k hEfuka zlg mdvïZ
bf.kSu Woa§mkh lr ;d¾lsl nqoaêh fudg lrk wOHdmk rgdjla fmdaIKh fõ' wkd.;
rgg wjYH jkafka inqoaêl l=i,;d iy wdl,amj,ska ikakoaO Y%u n,ldhla kï fuu mx;s
ldurh jyd fjkia úh hq;= u h'
zfuu ;¾lhg m%;s;¾lhla jYfhka iuyreka mjikafka YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh ;=<
.=rejrhd fn,ySk fõ hkakhs' th iïmQ¾Kfhka idjoHh h' .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk l%uhla
;=< .=rejrhd ms<sfh, lr .;a igyka YsIHhd fj; .,d hEug i,iajhs' ;jÿrg;a YsIHhdg
fkdf;afrk fldgia fõ kï YsIHhdg tajd iúia;r j meyeÈ,s lsÍu .=rejrhd úiska isÿ
flf¾' bkamiq YsIHfhdaa .=rejrhd ÿka igyka mdvï lr úNd.hg mdvï l< oE kej;
m%;srEmKh lr;sZ'
zkuq;a YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmk l%uhla ;=< .=rejrhd YsIHhka iu. idlÉPd l< hq;= -
w;ayod ne,sh hq;= zbf.kqï W;af;aclZ ksmojhs' tu W;af;acl hkq YsIHhka úiska yodrd
idlÉPd lr wjfndaO lr .; hq;= ,sÅ; uqøs; ,sms f,aLk" m%dfhda.sl ixisoaëka f.k yer
olajk jd¾;d fyda YsIHhka úiska w;ayod ne,sh hq;= l%shdldrlï úh yels h' Tõyq l=vd
lKavdhula jYfhka .=rejrhd úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk W;af;ac w;ayod n,;s' tfia
w;ayod ne,Sï yd idlÉPd lsÍïj,g .=rejrhd Rcq j odhl fõ' tys § YsIHhka jerÈhg
wjfndaO lr .;a hula fõ kï fyda YsIHhka yg wjfndaO lr .ekSug wiSre hula fõ kï
tajd .=rejrhd úiska myod § ksjerÈ lrkq ,nhs' tfia u .=rejrhd mdvï ks¾foaYh" bf.kqï
b,lal yd bf.kqï m, YsIHhka úiska idlaId;a lr f.k we;a oehs ksr;=re j we.hSulg
,la lrhsZ'
by; meyeÈ,s lsÍfuka .uH jkafka YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkfhka .=rejrhdf.a
ld¾hNdrh fn,ySk jkjdg jvd ;jÿrg;a m%n, ù" jvd;a ks¾udKYS,S yd wdiajdockl .=re
jD;a;shlg u. mEfok njhs'
YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh yd idïm%odhsl ,dxlSh wOHdmkh" wo mj;akd wOHdmk l%uh
fkd fõ' wo mj;skafka ngysr hg;a úð; iufha ì%;dkHhka ìys l< wOHdmk l%uhhs' wo
ngysr rgj, mjd" hg;a úð; iufha mej;s wOHdmkh" ta wdldrfhka u l%shd;aul fkd fõ' ta
rgj,a oeka YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkhg uq,a ;ekla § we;'
mer‚ Y%S ,xldfõ mej;sfha .=re flakaøSh wOHdmkhg yd;amiska u fjkia jQ wOHdmk
l%uhls' tys § .=rejrhd YsIHhdf.a l=i,;d y÷kd f.k" YsIHhdg yeoEßh yels lvq Ys,am" ÿkq
Ys,am" jdß Ys,am" lDIs Ys,am wd§ úúO Ys,am b.ekaù h' th w;sYhska YsIH flakaøSh jkafka"
tla tla YsIHhdf.a wjYH;d tl f,i i,lk" tl b.ekaùfï yd bf.kSfï rgdjlska ish¨
YsIHhka ieySulg m;afõhhs úYajdi lrk one size fit all wOHdmk l%shdj,shlg b÷rd u
fjkia j hñka tla tla YsIHhdf.a wOHdmksl úNjhka yd fjk;a jqjukd tmdlïj,g wkq
j .<md Æ ksid h' lkak.rhkaf.a ykafoiai l%uhg mdol jQfha o fï ixl,amh nj uf.a
f;areï .ekSuhs'
—tfyhska by; meyeÈ,s l< YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh jvd;a ióm jkafka tod wm i;=
jQ wfma u wOHdmksl Wreuhg ñi ì%;dkH wêrdcHjd§ka wm u; megjQjd jQ" Tjqka úiska u
oeka m%;slafIam lrkakd jQ" tfy;a wm úiska ;ju;a mj;ajd f.k hkakd jQ mdi,a wOHdmk
l%uhg fkd fõ'˜
by; wm úiska f.dv k.k ,o ;¾lj,g wkqj zfjkia úh hq;= jQ kuq;a fjkialula
isÿ fkd jQ Ydia;%hla f,i wOHdmkh furg ;=< m%p,s; ù ;snqK nj fkdryilsZ' tjka jQ
;;a;ajhla u; fuf;la isÿ fkd jQ tu wOHdmk m%;sixialrK lsÍfï ld¾hNdrh miq.sh
jir jk úg wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ¥ria: wOHdmk rdcH wud;HxYh úiska ie,iqï lr
;sì‚' ta ms<sn| j .fõIKh iÕrdjg úfYaI ,smshla ilia lrñka tu rdcH wud;HxYfha
f,alï wdpd¾h Wmd,s fiaor úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o wOHdmk m%;sixialrK" t f,ig u
j;auka wOHdmk weu;s;u= d hgf;a o bÈßhg f.k hEug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
fï m%;sixialrKj,g uQ,sl mrud¾: ^lreKq& yhla we;' tkï"
^i& rfÜ ixj¾Okhg l%shdldÍ odhl;ajhla Èh yels mqoa.,hl= ìys lsÍu [active contribution
to national development]
^ii& jevg yqre l=i,;d iys; jev lsÍug leu;s mqoa.,hl= ìys lsÍu [effective and efficient
work oriented person]
^iii& jHjidh ukilska fyì /lshd ìys l< yels mqoa.,fhl= ìys lsÍu [person with
entrepreneurship mind]
^iv& rgg wdorh lrk mqoa.,hl= ìys lsÍu [patriotic person]
^v& udkj .=KO¾u msß mqoa.,hl= ìys lsÍu [good human being]
^vi& wjfndaOh" i;=g" tluq;l
= u msß ;Dma;su;a mjq,la we;s lsÍu [happy family]
fuu lreKq u; mokï jQ úIhud,dj fldgia y;rlska hqla; h'
^i& Ydia;%Sh moku [scholarship]
^ii& M,odhs mqrjeisfhla [productive citizen] iy ta i|yd jQ l%shdldrlï mdol wOHdmkh
[activity based education]
^iii& tla j jev lsÍfï yelshdj" tkï lKavdhula ;=< lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj [teamwork]
iy
^iv& Ñ;a;fõ.S ixj¾Okh [emotional development]
fuys § fudähq, l%uhlg wkqj ie,iqï lrkq ,nk fuu wOHdmk lghq;=" YsIH
flakaøsh mokula u; lsÍug ie,iqï fldg we;'
tys § úIhud,dj fldgia ;=klg fn§ we;'
^i& w;HjYH bf.kqu [essential learning]
^ii& iajhx bf.kqu [self-learning]
^iii& wu;r j úIh ud,dj [extra curriculum]
fï wkqj ndysr l%shdldrlï wkqj jD;a;Sh me;a;g keUqre jk wOHdmkhlg <uhska
fhduq lsÍu fuys wruqKhs' fuh m%Odk jYfhka 1-13 jirj,g fyj;a idudkH wOHdmkhg
wod< j
isÿ lrk nj wdpd¾h Wmd,s fiaor mjid we;' tfy;a 12-13 fY%a‚j, fuka u"
úYajúoHd,j, o iu.dó f,i mdGud,dj, fjkialï isÿ úh hq;= j mj;S'
tu l,dmhg u úfYaI ,smshla m< lrñka cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a
wdpd¾h iqks,a chka; kjr;ak fhdað; kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, moku ú.%y lrhs' Tyq
i|yka lrk mßÈ zwfma rfÜ" wjqreÿ fooyia mkaishlg tyd isg mej; tk úYsIag
wOHdmkhla ;snq‚' tfy;a ì%;dkH hg;a úð; iufha § ì%;dkHhkaf.a úIh uQ,sl"
kHdhd;aul lreKqj,g hg ù tu úYsIag wOHdmkh ydkshg m;a úh' 1948 jk úg wmg
b;sß jQfha bx.%Siska úiska furgg y÷kajd ÿka wOHdmkhhs' tfy;a wjqreÿ ye;a;E y;rlg
miq;a" wfma u wOHdmkhla furg l%shd;aul lsÍug wm wfmdfydi;a ù ;sfnkjd' ta ksid
j;auka wOHdmk l%ufhka t<shg tk mqrjeishdf.a fndfyda .eg¨ wmg olskakg mqMjka' 21
jeks ishjig .e<fmk w¨;a mrïmrdjla wmg wjYH j ;sfnkjd' ta mrud¾:h bgq lr
.ekSug" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska cd;sl wruqKla fmroeßjhs 2022 jif¾ w¨;a
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd lrkq ,nkafka' ks¾udKYS,s;ajh" kfjda;amdok Ñka;kh
iy jHjidhl;aj uki hk lreKq wdjrKh jk f,i wOHdmkh §ug wm lghq;= lrkjd'Z
tu m%;sixialrK ;=< 21 jeks ishjig f.dvk.k" kj f,djg .e<fmk M,odhS
mqrjeishd ms<sn| Ñ;a; rEmh l=uk wdldrhla .; hq;= o@

zwfma rfÜ oekg ;sfnk wOHdmk l%uh Tyq y÷kajkjd 3R (Reading, wRiting,
aRithmetic) wOHdmk l%uhla lsh,' w¨;ska ys;kak" m%Yak lrkak jf.a foaj,a tys we;=<;a
keye' úis tla jk ishjfia wjqreÿ 22l=;a miq fldg we;s miqìul mrK l%uhg bÈßhg hd
fkd yels nj Tyq ms<s.kakjd' zmrK cx.u ¥rl:khla oeka .e<fmkafka keye' oeka ´fka
iaud¾Ü ¥rl:khla' wka;¾cd,hg hkak" mska;+r .kak" nexl= lghq;= lrkak jf.a ish,a,
lrkak oeka iaud¾Ü ¥rl:kh wjYHhs' wog .e<fmk úÈyg ta fjki lrkak kï by; lshQ
3Lj,g ;j;a foaj,a tl;= fjkak ´k' talg iólrKhla yo,d ;sfnkjd ^1 jk rEmh&'

by; lshQ 3Rj,g 3L tl;= fjkak ´k¦ ta jf.a u 2C;a tl;= fjkak ´k¦ ta ú;rla
uȦ 5DL tl;= fjkak;a ´k' fï lshmq lreKq ish,a, imqrd,k orejl= ;uhs úis tla jeks
ishjig .e<fmk orejl= f,i wm úYajdi lrkafka'
idudkH wOHdmkh ^general education& wjika j t<shg tk orejdg ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.
fyj;a wruqKq yhla Tjqka fuys § y÷kd f.k ;sfnkjd ^2 jeks rEmh&'
 wOHdmkfhka t<shg tk orejdg ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. yh" wms fldgia kjhlg fjka
lr,d ;shkjd ^3 jeks rEmh&'

w¨;a wOHdmk m%;sixialrK" 21 jeks ishjfia orejdf.a mej;sh hq;= l=i,;d fudkjd
o hkak y÷kd f.k ;sfnkjd ^4 jeks rEmh&'
 B<Õg iudc l=i,;dj, § wm lreKq yhla hgf;a l;d lrkjd'
² ;ud ;ud j y÷kd .ekSu
² ;ud j l<ukdlrKh
² wka wh j f;areï .ekSu
² wka wh iu. Okd;aul l<ukdlrK iïnkaO;d f.dv k.d .ekSu
² mßirh iu. iïnkaO;d f.dv k.d .ekSu
² j.lSulska hq;= j ;SrK .ekSu

neÆ ne,aug u" ixl,amSh jYfhka b;d m%Yia; uÜgul mj;sk fï ish¨ ie,iqï
i|yd" .eUqßka is;d n,d lghq;= lr we;s njg lsisÿ ielhla fkdue;' tajd lkakka.r
o¾Ykhg o fnfyúka wkql=, h' tfy;a wNsfhda.h jkafka wm wo uqyqK § we;s iudc
wd¾Ól foaYmd,k w¾nqoh yuqfõ by; ish¨ oE fï ìu u; h:d¾:hla njg m;a lrkafka
flfia o hkakhs'
 tla me;a;lska bkaOk ysÕh fya;= fldg f.k i;sfha Èk my ;=< u mdi,a mj;ajd
f.k hEug we;s fkdyelshdjhs' wks;a w;ska .;a l, ud¾. .; wOHdmk l%u uÕska
b.ekaùfï § we;s ù ;sfnk ;dlaIKsl úIu;d iy wvq¨yq~qlï fuu m%;sixialrKj,g
fudk wdldrfhka n,mdú o hkakhs' ta w;r u mdg mlaI lkakdäj,ska fuu m%;sixialrK
foi ne,Sug jD;a;Sh iñ;s kdhlhka fuka u YsIH jHdmdrh lghq;= lsÍug fndfyda bv we;s
njg iel my< lsÍug isÿ fõ'
ta w;r u fuu idOkSh m%;sixialrK iudc .; lsÍfï §" w;HjYHfhka u noaO lr
.; hq;= md¾Yajlrejkaf.a wjfndaOh fuka u f;areï .ekSu úúOdldr njg ielhla ke;'
thg fya;=j úúO iudc ia;rj,g fuu m‚úvh §u;a" fok m‚úvh ta ta iudc ia;rj,g
f;areï .; yels wdldrhg ikaksfõokh lsÍu;a" nrm;< wNsfhda.hla ùuhs' ta i|yd fuu
m%;sixialrKj,g iu.dó f,i tu ikaksfõokh lsÍug úoHq;a iy uqøs; udOH fuka u
n,mEï l< yels iudc ia;r fhdod .ekSfï nrm;< W!k;djla we;s nj meyeÈ,s j fmfkk
w;r" ta njg wk;=re weÕùfï iudc j.lSula o wm i;= j mj;S'
udkj ixy;sfha iajNdjh u fjkig m%;sfrdaOh oelaùuhs' fujka ;;a;ajhla ;=< mj;sk
wOHdmk l%uh fjkia úh hq;af;a wehs@" fjkia l< hq;af;a lskï wdldrfhka o@" tys wjidk
wruqK fuka u ÈYdk;sh ;Skaÿ jkafka l=uk wdldrhg o@" hkak b;d fyd¢ka ikaksfõokh
fldg" fmdÿ ck;djf.a nh" iel" wúYajdih yd lkiai,a, iukh lrk wdldrfhka l%shdldÍ
f,i yd il%sh f,i tu lghq;= fufyhúh hq;= h' fkdtfia kï isÿ jkq we;af;a ldnksl
fmdfydr lDIsl¾udka;hg w;a jQ brKu nj mqfrdal:k lsÍu ms<sn| j" lsisfjl=;a ud yd
WrK fkdúh hq;= h'
;j o fudk ;rï fyd| m%;sixialrK ;=< jqj;a" úfYaIfhka mfya YsIH;ajh jeks
ixfõ§ lreKq ldrKd yuqfõ fuu m%;sixialrKj,g wNsfhda. lrkq we;af;a áhqIka mka;s
meje;aùu ;ukaf.a Ôúldj lr .;a iudc ia;rfha fm!oa.,sl .=rejreka h'
tl me;a;lska .;a úg iuia; l%ufha u fjkila b,a,k" tkï system change hk
woyia bÈßm;a lrk il, úO iudc ia;rj, fldgia jqj o tu fjki ;udg n,mdk
wjia:dfõ § is;kq we;af;a fjkia wdldrhg h' ufkda úoHdfjka m%ldY jk mßÈ thg
fya;=j m%Yakh ;ukaf.a jQ úg flkl= is;k wdldrh;a" m%Yakh fjk;a whl=f.a jQ úg is;k
wdldrh;a tlsfklska fjkia ùuhs'
wfkla jeo.;a wNsfhda.h kï" .=rejrekaf.a ufkdaNdjh m%;sixialrKj,g iudka;r f,i
ia:dk.; lrkafka flfia o@ hkak h' nyq;rhla .=rejreka m%;sixialrKj,g tfrys fj;s hs
hk ixl,amh fuhska woyia fkd fõ' tfy;a ta ms<sn| ksYaÑ; ;SrKhla .ekSu i|yd wjYH
m¾fhaIK o;a; wm i;= j mj;S oehs ug oeä úYajdihla iys; j lsj fkdyels h'
fï ;;a;ajh ;=< fulS jQ fjkig uqyqK §ug isÿ jk úúO iudc ia;r tys
md¾Yajlrejka fuka u f.!rjkSh fldgialrejka njg m;a lr .ekSfï oejeka; wNsfhda.h
ch .ekSug wjYH ikaksfõok iy Wmdhud¾.sl m%fõYh n,OdÍka" foaYmd,k{hka iy
úoaj;=ka i;= j mj;sk nj o wjOdrKh l< hq;= j we;' wOHdmk m%;is xialrK i|yd jk
jevms<sfj< ;=<" m%;sixialrK l%shdodufha jeo.;a u fldgila f,i" fuu Wmdhud¾.sl
ikaksfõokh ia:dk .; l< hq;= j u we;'

mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< 1-13 jir ms<sn| j isÿ jk m%;sixialrKj,g wu;r j wjOdkh fhduq
úh hq;= mq¿,a Ñ;%fha wfkla fldgia fudkjd o@
^i& mq¾j <ud úh ixj¾Okh yd m<uq jeks Èk 1000
^ii& iuia; wOHdmkfha fldgila f,i fmr mdi,aj, N+ñldj
^iii& wOHdmk wka;¾lrKh yd úfYaI wjYH;d iys; orejka
^iv& wOHdmk m%;sixialrKhg" ¥ria: wOHdmkfha odhl;ajh yd wNsfhda.
^v& wOHdmkh yd fi!LHh w;r iïnkaOh
^vi& fm!oa.,sl wOHdmk wdh;k" úYajúoHd,
^vii& úfoaY úYajúoHd,j, wOHdmkh ,nk orejka
^viii& hdjÔj wOHdmkh ;=< jeäysá wOHdmkh-wOHdmk jD;slhkaf.a wLKav jD;Sh
ixj¾Okh fjk u wxlhls
^ix& iuia; wOHdmkfha fldgila f,i m¾fhaIK N+ñldj
by; ish¨ lreKq .ek .eUqßka i|yka lsÍug ,eî we;s ld,h u| fyhska jvd;a u
jeo.;a hhs ug yefÕk lreKq lSmhla .ek fláfhka ioyka lsÍug leue;af;ñ'

(i) mq¾j <ud úh ixj¾Okh yd m<uq jeks Èk 1000

orejl= fjkqfjka hï wdfhdackhla lrkafka kï" jeä u wjOdkh iy jeä u nr
oeñh hq;= u ld,h m<uq Èk 1000hs' thg fya;=j orejl=f.a fud<h ixj¾Okfhka ishhg
wiQjla iïmQ¾K fjkafka m<uq jeks wjqreÿ ;=k ;=< ksid h' fï ksid wOHdmk
m%;sixialrK ;=< iqúfYaI u wdfhdackhlg ,la úh hq;af;a mQ¾j <ud úhhs" tfia;a ke;s
kï m<uq jk r;a;rka Èk odyhs' fuhg fya;=j orejl=f.a nqoaêuh yd ldhsl j¾Okhg th
jeo.;a jk ksid h' fï ld,fha § ouk wä;d,u Yla;su;a f,i f.dv keÕ=j fyd;a
orejkag id¾:l j ;ukaf.a wOHdmkh lr f.k hkakg yels fjhs' fi!LHh me;af;ka .;a
l, fï jk úg;a m%Yia; uÜgfï odhl;ajhla fi!LH fomd¾;fïka;=fõ" úfYaIfhka u
mjq,a fi!LH ld¾hdxYfhka isÿ lrkq ,efí' tfy;a fuu l%shdj,shg foujqmshka o
f.!rjkSh md¾Yjlrejka fia m;a lr .ekSfï il%sh l%shdoduhl W!k;djla mj;S' ukao h;a
responsive care giving jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nk m%;spdrd;aul /ljrKh hkq orejdf.a ix{d
ldf,daÑ; j yd fhda.H f,i ksÍlaIKh lsÍu;a" tu ix{d f;areï .ekSu;a ta ix{dj,g
m%;spdr olaùu;a jk neúks'
orejl= i|yd uq,a <ud úh /ljrKh §u" mQ¾jfhka ieliQ kS;s Í;s mokï lr f.k"
ks¾foaY wkqj l< fkdyels h' foujqmshka fï yd iïnkaO úoHd;aul ixl,am wjfndaO lr
.; hq;= w;r Tjqkaf.a tÈfkod ud msh mqreÿj,g úoHd;aul ixl,am we;=<;a lr .; hq;= h'
orejka ms<sn| /ljrK rgd" foujqmshka tlsfkldg wkqj fjkia jk ksid Tjqka ish orejka
iu. oekg mj;ajk wka;¾l%shd .ek m<uq j l,amkd lr n,d fojkqj ;u rgdj,g
.e<fmk mßÈ orejka ms<sn| ;ukaf.a /ljrK l%u ilia lr ixj¾Okh lr .; hq;= h'
tfy;a fuu ksmqK;dj l%uj;a j foujqmshka fj; ,nd §fï m%udKj;a ;sridr l%ufõohla
wOHdmk l%uh ;=< fyda fi!LH moaO;sh ;=< fyda ke;'
fï ms<sn| mq¿,a j i|yka lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jk kuq;a" ug wjYH jkafka
fuu ixl,amh ms<sn| ;SrKd;aul jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍuhs' mfya YsIH;ajh" idudkH
fm< iy Wiia fm<g;a jvd jeämqr u wdfhdackhla l< hq;= jkafka m<uq jeks wjqreÿ ;=k
ms<sn| j h hkak kej;;a wjOdrKh lsÍuhs'
fud<fha ixj¾Okh W;af;ackh lsÍu by< m%;s,dN iys; wdfhdackhls' m<uq Èk
1000 ;=< orejdf.a fud<fha ixj¾Okh jeäÈhqKq lsÍug orK W;aidyh we;a; jYfhka u
,dxlSh cd;sh fj; l< yels by< u wdfhdackhhs' m¾fhaIK idlaIs fmkakqï lrkafka
orejdf.a fud<h j¾Okh ioyd jeh lrk ieu remsh,a foiShlgu remsh,a 1800l
m%;s,dNhla ,efnk njhs'
^ii& iuia; wOHdmkfha fldgila f,i fmr mdi,aj, N+ñldj
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yuqfõ fmr mdi,aj, N+ñldj ms<sn| j wmf.a ia:djrh meyeÈ,s
lrñka" z.fõIKZ iÕrdfõ ;sia kj jeks l,dmfha m< l< tka' tï' ud,d wd¾' o is,ajd
uy;añhf.a ^úY%du,;a Wm mSGdêm;s" cd;sl wOHdmk úoHd mSGh& ,smsh wkqidrfhka lreKq
lsysmhla Wmqgd oelaùug leue;af;ñ'
ta wkqj zoejeka; iudchg mqoa.,fhl= m%fõY lrjk rejka fodrgqjZ f,i fmr mdi,
y÷kd f.k we;' ;j o fldiaj;af;a wßhúu, ysñ ^fn!oaO <ore wOHdmk o¾Ykh 1990" 53
msgqj& Wmqgd olajñka zfmr mdi,lska flfrkafka ;u orejd kùk fi,a,ï nvq f.dvla
w;rg heùu fkdfjhs' bx.%Sisfhka lúhla lSug mqreÿ lsÍu o fkd fõ' tajd b;du;a w;sf¾l
foa h' fmr mdi, hkq áhq g ßhla fkd fõ' l= v d <uhs k a fi,a , ï lrk ;ek h' iudc
iïnkaO;dj y÷kd .kakd ;ek h' udkj wOHdmkh thhs' oejeka; iudchg mqoa.,hl=
m%fõY lrk rejka fodrgqj thhsZ hkqfjka tu ,smsfha i|yka fõ'
;j o zmQ¾j mdGYd,Sh <uhskaf.a wOHdmkh ljr wOHdmksl yd ixialD;sl
m%;sm;a;shlg jqj o wjYH mQ¾j wjYH;djlsZ" hkqfjka zÈú meje;au i|yd bf.kSuZ kï
hqfkiaflda jd¾;dfjka o m%ldYs; ùfuka tys jeo.;alu ukd j meyeÈ,s fõZ' 1990
iema;eïn¾ 26 jeks Èk ksõfhdala k.rfha /ia jQ rdcH kdhlhska úiska z<ud meje;au"
iq/lshdj iy wOHdmk ixj¾OkhZ i|yd lrk ,o úYaj m%ldYkh wkqj ms<s.kq ,enQ uQ,sl
wOHdYh jQfha zuq,a <ud úh" fid÷re" fl<s fof<ka" i;=áka iy bf.kqfuka .; lsÍug
ie,eiaúh hq;=Z njhs'
1997 Y%S ,xldfõ kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a o uq,a <ud úh wOHdmkh ms<sn| oeä
wjOdkhla fhduq fldg we;' tys § jhi wjqreÿ 3-5 jhie;s <uhskag jvd;a hym;a
wOHdmkhla §u i|yd fmr mdi,a ixLHdj jeä lsÍug o ks¾foaY lr we;'
Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a <ud úh ixj¾Ok uOHia:dk ms<sn| cd;sl ix.Kkhg wkqj fmr
mdi,a 19"668la we;' tfia fj;;a Y%S ,xldfõ fmr mdi,aj,ska nyq;rhla fm!oa.,sl
ysñldr;ajh u.ska l<ukdlrKh lrkq ,nk w;r fndfyda foujqmshkag tu úhoï ord
.; fkdyels h' fuu fmr mdi,a fndfyda ÿrg kshdukh fkd jk w;r m%ñ;s.; o fkd
fõ'
fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a fyg b,a,k kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ;=< fuu fmr mdi,a
kshdukh fuka u tajdfha iïm;a odhlhkag ksis mqyqKqj ,eîu uyd mßudKfhka mq¿,a l<
hq;= nj wjOdrKh lrkq leue;af;ñ'

^iii& wOHdmkfha wka;¾lrKh yd úfYaI wjYH;d iys; orejka

Wla; ldrKh iïnkaOfhka o .fõIK ;siakj fjks l,dmhg m¾fhaIK iy
ixj¾Ok wdh;kfha ìfkda,s fyar;a fuKúh úiska wmf.a ia:djrh u; mokï j ,shQ
,smshla wkqidrfhka lreKq lsysmhla bÈßm;a lsÍug leue;af;ñ'
zf,dalfha Ôj;a jk ish¨ u orejkag wOHdmkh ,eîfï iudk whs;sjdislï we;'
tfy;a úfYaI wjYH;d iys; orejkag wOHdmkh §fï § úúOdldr wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK
fok nj fkdryils'Z
zwdndê;lu" ÿmam;alu iy wdka;sl nj ksid u Tjqka iudch ;=< fkdi,ld yefrk
w;r" Tjqkaf.ka fndfyda fokd Tjqkag we;s wjia:d ms<sn| j o oek fkd isá;s' tfuka
u fujeks orejl= i;= úh yels yelshdj .ek o fndfyda fokdg .eUqre jegySula o
ke;Z'
 le,‚h úYajúoHd,hg wkqnoaO j msysgqjd we;s zwh;sZ ^Ayati& uOHia:dkh" úfYaI
wjYH;d we;s orejka i|yd" Tjqkaf.a Wmßu yelshd lrd <Õd ùug wjYH kùk úoHd;aul
ueÈy;a ùï l%u yd úfYaI{ oekqu weiqßka fi!LHh yd wOHdmksl fiajd imhk wdh;khls'
fuu wdh;kh iïm;aodhlhska mqyqKq lrk ia:dkhla f,i o lghq;= lrk w;r Bg wod<
m¾fhaIK i|yd flakaøSh ia:dkhla f,i o lghq;= lrhs' fujeks wdh;k rg ;=< mq¿,a
lsÍfï wjYH;djla we;'
Y%S ,xldj ;=< úfYaI wOHdmk wjYH;d iys; orejka i|yd we;s wOHdmksl úl,am
ms<sn| j i|yka lsÍu fuys § jeo.;a nj uu úYajdi lrñ'
1' úfYaI mdi,a ^Specialised schools&( úfYaI wjYH;d wOHdmkh i|yd jk mdi,a hkq
idfmalaI jYfhka oeä wdndO iys; orejka i|yd jk mdi,a fõ' tajd nd,dxY" m%d:ñl"
my< oaú;Shsl iy by< oaú;Shsl jYfhka uÜgï y;rlska iukaú; h'
oDYHdndê;" Y%jKdndê; yd YdÍßl fyda udkisl wdndO iys; orejkag úfYaI mdi,a ;=<
wOHdmkh fok w;r" fuu mdi,aj, orejkag úfYaI úIhud,d Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka
b.ekaùï lghq;= isÿ lrhs'
2' idudkH wOHdmk mdi,a ;=< úfYaI wOHdmk tall ^Special education units within
mainstream schools& msysgqjd we;' idudkH mdi,a ;=< u msysgqjd we;s úfYaI orejka
ioyd u jQ úfYaI wOHdmk tallhl § Tjqkg wOHdmkh Èh yels h'
3' idudkH wOHdmk mdi,aj,g wkqnoaO úfYaI iïm;a uOHia:dk ^Special resource centres
attached to mainstream schools&' wdndê; orejka idudkH mka;sj,g we;=<;a ù jeä
ld,hla wOHdmkh ,nk w;r" úfYaI fiajd ,nd .ekSu i|yd i;shlg lSm j;djla
úfYaI iïm;a uOHia:dkj,g meñ‚h yels h' fuu jevigyka u.ska" l:k wmyiq;d"
Táiï" Ñ;a;fõ.Sh ndOd" Y%jKdndO" oDYHdndO" bf.kSï wdndO" wjOdk W!k;d iy wê
l%shdldß wl%u;d ^ADHD& jeks wdndO iys; orejkag wjYH iydh ,efí'
4' idudkH mdi,a wOHdmkh ;=< wka;¾lrK wOHdmkh ^inclusive mainstream schools&' úfYaI
wjYH;d wOHdmkh" idudkH mdi,aj, o imhkq ,efí' uDÿ wdndê; orejkag idudkH
mdi,g we;=<;a j bf.k.ekSï lghq;= l< yels h'
fufia ;dlaI‚l j fok wOHdmk wjia:d w;ska hï idOkSh uÜgula wOHdmk
l%ufõoh ;=< ;snqK o" fujka whg fjkia fldg fkd i,lk" iuia; iudch u úfYaI
wjYH;d ñ;%YS,S iudchla olajd Tijd ;eîfï mq¿,a wdl,amuh fjkilg wjYH moku
wmf.a wOHdmk l%ufhys ;yjqre lsÍu" wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, wvx.= úh hq;= h' ;j o
úfYaI wjYH;d wOHdmksl jevigyka yd Bg iudka;r ks;H iy idudkH wOHdmk
lafIa;%fha wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk úIhud,d Ndú; flreK o" mqyqKq .=rejreka" WmlrK fyda
bvlv ie,ls,a,g f.k" bf.kqï l%u kùlrKh lsÍu o b;d jeo.;a h'

^iv& wOHdmk m%;sixialrKhg ¥ria: wOHdmkfha odhl;ajh yd wNsfhda.

fï iïnkaOfhka wms wOHdmk m%;sixialrK" újD; úYajúoHd, iy ¥ria: wOHdmk
m%j¾Ok rdcH wud;HdxYfha w;sf¾l f,alï Ô' tï' kS,a .=Kodi uy;d iu. idlÉPd
lf<uq' t;=udf.a meyeÈ,s lsÍug wkqj" fuf;la l,la ¥ria: wOHdmkfha úúO fldgia
idudkH wOHdmkh hgf;a iq¿ jYfhka l%shd;aul úh' tfy;a ¥ria: wOHdmkh" idudkH
wOHdmkfha wdkqIdx.sl ldrKdjla njg m;a lr f.k" ta fjkqfjka u ¥ria: wOHdmk
tallhla uE;l § msysgqjk ,o nj i|yka lf<a h'
 úfYaIfhka u f;dr;=re ;dlaIK f,dalfha ÈhqKqj;a iu. mß.Kl" geí" wka;¾cd,h"
iqyqre ÿrl:k jeks kùk ;dlaI‚l Wmdx. o tÈfkod Ôú;hg w;HjYH j ;sîu;a iu.
¥ria: wOHdmkhg hï fõÈldjla ta Tiafia f.dvke.S ;sfí' tfy;a fldúâ 19 jix.;
;;a;ajh iuÕ u;= jqKq miqìu o ¥ria: wOHdmkh jvd;a m%p,s; lsÍu flfrys n,md ;sfí'
2013 wjqreoafoa wOHdmk wu;HdxYfha f;dr;=re ;dlaIK YdLdj u.ska ze-;lai,djZ hk
ud¾..; l<ukdlrK bf.kqï moaO;sh wdrïN lr we;' hï m%udKhla <uhskag wjYH
bf.kqï udOH tys wka;¾.; úh' w¨;a wOHdmkh m%;sixialrKj,g;a fhdod .; yels mßÈ
Tjqka th jeä ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lr ;sfí' th w;:H ^virtual& mka;s ldurhla jeks h' mka;s
ldurh ;=< isÿ jk fN!;sl l%shdj,sh w;:H f,i mka;s ldurfhka neyer j isÿ fjhs'
Zoom, Microsoft Team jeks kùk ;dlaI‚l m%fõY o Bg we;=<;a lr ;sfí'
Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk mdi,a 10"165g u ta ta mdif,a kñka bvla fjka lsÍug lghq;= lr
;sfí' Y%S ,xldfõ fuyd fldfka isák orejl=g ,xldfõ tyd fldfka isák .=rejrhl=f.a
foaYkhla jqj;a fmr ie,iqï lr meje;aùfï bvlv bka Wod fjhs'
kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK" fudähq, l%uhla hgf;a lsÍug wfmalaIs; ksid Bg wkq.;
jk fia ze-;lai,djZ wka;¾.;h ieliSug lghq;= lr ;sfí' meh 10l fudähq,hla
.;fyd;a th iïmQ¾K lrk YsIHhdg iïNdrhla ysñ fjhs' fudähq,hg wod< wka;¾.;h
orejdg mdif,ka ,enqK;a" fudähq,hg wod< bka Tíng we;s ndysr lreKqj,ska orejdf.a
ksïj<¨ mq¿,a lsÍug wjia:dj ;sfí'
zúfYaIfhka u fï wka;¾.; ks¾udKh lsÍfï § NdId ;=fkka u hq;a jevigyka
ks¾udKh flf¾' .=rejrhdg wu;r j wod< lafIa;%j, m%ùKhkaf.a oekqu óg ,nd .kakg
lghq;= lr ;sfí' lDIsl¾uh .ek l;d lrf;d;a ta lafIa;%fha úoaj;=kaf.a {dkh-odhl;ajh
Bg ,nd .kakg lghq;= flf¾' úIhhg wu;r j" Bg iu.dó lreKq rdYshl oekqu fï
¥ria: wOHdmkh iy wka;¾cd,h Wmfhda.s lr f.k YsIHhdg imhd §u flfrys miqìu
ielfiñka ;sfí'
rfÜ ieu wOHdmk fldÜGdihla u wdjrKh jk f,i mj;sk mß.Kl uOHia:dk
107la fï kj m%;sixialrKj,g fhdod .ekSu i|yd m%dfoaYSh iïm;a uOHia:dk f,i
ixj¾Okh lsÍug lghq;= lr f.k hñka ;sfí'
fï jif¾ mdi,a 215l wOHdmk m%;sixialrK kshuq jHdmD;sh wdrïN lsÍug kshñ;hs'
ta mdi,aj, .=rejreka yd úÿy,am;sjreka mqyqKq lsÍu isÿ flfrkafka;a iajhx bf.kqï
Tiafiahs' ta i|yd ¥ria: wOHdmk flakaøh Tiafia úYd, odhl;ajhla orñka bÈßhg;a l<
hq;= j ;sfí' wmf.a fuu ikaksfõok l%shdoduh ze-;lai,djZ" hQ áhqí kd,sldj yd zkeKiZ
we;=¿ vhf,d.a rEmjdysksfha we;s wOHdmk kd,sld 08la u.ska oekg l%shd;aul fjhs'
wjdish wju lsÍug ¥ria: bf.kSfuka wOHdmkh §ug .kq ,nk W;aidy m%YxikS h
jqj o" rfÜ úúO m%foaYj, äðg,a myiqlïj, mj;sk wiudk;d ksid iudkd;au;dj rlsñka
idOdrK j wOHdmkh §fï ,d nrm;< .eg¨ u;= fjkjd'
wOHdmkh jrm%idohlg jvd whs;shla h hk woyig tlÕ jk wms" wvq myiqlï yd
jrm%ido iys; fuka u wjodkug ,la úh yels orejkag" COVID-19 lrk ,o n,mEu
iqúfYaI f,i ie,lsh hq;= nj úYajdi lruq' COVID-19 ksid muKla fkd j bkaOk
w¾nqoh ksid o iudcfha mj;sk wiudk;d jvd;a ;Sj% ù we;' .ïno iy wvq myiqlï iys;
m%foaYj, <uhska jeks wvq jrm%ido iys; jQ m%cdj iy wjodkï iys; lKavdhï ^wdndO iys;
orejka jeks& i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fuka u m%uqL;djla fï iudc jHdmdrfha § Èh hq;= h'
fuu miqìu ;=< jix.;h fya;=fjka fyda fjk;a lsisÿ fya;=jla ksid fyda fuf,i
wiudk;d mq¿,a jk ld, mßÉfþohl §" iudkd;au;djg ^equality& tyd f.dia idOdrK;ajh
^equity& ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' tfy;a h:d¾:h óg fndfyda fjkia nj;a u;= ù we;s
wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd iudc w¾nqoh yuqfõ lkakka.r hq.hg fmr ;snq jrm%ido ,;a iudc
ia;rj,g jeä jdis ,efnk ;;ajhla ks¾udKh fjñka mj;sk njg wk;=re weÕúh hq;= h'

^v& wOHdmkh yd fi!LHh w;r iïnkaOh

wOHdmkh yd fi!LHh w;r we;s fjka l< fkd yels iïnkaO;dj wka ljrodg;a jvd
fyd¢ka biau;= jQfha fldfrdakd w¾nqoh lrK fldg f.k h' fuys § fi!LHh hkq ldhsl
yd udkisl fi!LHh hk fol u nj wjOdrKh l< hq;= j we;' fï ms<sn| j §¾> jYfhka
fuu foaYkfha È lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd fõ' tfy;a ir, j u;= lsÍug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka fi!LH lafIa;%h yd wOHmk lafIa;%h oekg jvd taldnoaO j lghq;=
l< hq;= njhs' th lkakka.r Ñka;khg fnfyúka u iïnkaO ixl,amhla nj o wjOdrKh
lrkq leue;af;ñ'
^ix& wOHdmk jD;a;slhkaf.a wLKav jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh
´kE u jD;a;shl f.!rjhg fyda m%ñ;shg ksfIaOkSh n,mEï t,a, jkafka
iq¿;rhlf.ks' wOHdmk jD;a;slhkag o fuh j,x.= h' tfy;a tys nrm;< ldrKh jkafka
fï iq¿;rh úiska nyq;rh hgm;a fldg zwkq.; lr .ekSugZ we;s iu;aNdjhhs' iduhg
leu;s" .egqï" kskaod wmydij,g wlue;s fï nyq;r u;h hg lsÍu ;=< isÿ jk w.;sh o
iq¿ mgq fkd fõ' tfia kï tu ksfIaOkSh m%jK;dj mrdch lsÍug Tjqka n,.ekaúh hq;= h'
th fohdldrhlska l< hq;= h' tlla kï jD;a;Sh n,.ekaùu yd fm!oa.,sl fm!reIfha
n,.ekaùuhs'
Y%S ,dxlSh .=re mrïmrdjg o 1977ka miq j iudcfha fmdÿfõ isÿ jQ iodpdrd;aul
msßySu" mqoa., uQ, m%;s,dN yd yr moaO;sj, Ldokfhka iyuq,ska u úhqla ; ùug fkd yels
jqj o" ;ukaf.ka Tíng is;k" ;u jD;a;Sh uyck fiajh nj is;k nyq;r .=re m%cdj;a Y%S
,xldfõ ;ju;a isák nj uf.a fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSuhs'
iudchg il, wdldrfha jD;a;slhka" úoaj;=ka ìys lrkafka fï .=re m%cdjhs' tfia kï
Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh wNsudkh yd iudc ms<s.ekSu ffjoHjreka" bxðfkarejka" wdpd¾h"
uydpd¾hjreka" úYajúoHd, lÓldpd¾hjrekag by<ska flfia fj;;a iu uÜgfï fyda ;sìh
hq;= h' ta ioyd wOHdmk jD;a;slhkaf.a wLKav jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh ioyd l%uj;a yd mq¿,a
jev ms<sfj<la" wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,g iu.dó j Èh;a úh hq;= h'
Y%S ,dxflah wOHdmk jD;a;slhkaf.a ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j l,ska i|yka l< .fõIK
úfYaI l,dmhg wïmdr .=re jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkfha l<ukdldßkS tÉ' tï' wd¾'
fldals,d kkaokS m%shka;s uy;añh úiska imhk ,o ,smsh ta ms<sn| j fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd
fohs'
zwOHdmk jD;a;slhkaf.a wLKav jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh" wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ
muKla fkd j .=re jD;a;slhkaf.a o j.lSuhs' oekg jD;a;Sh iñ;s u.ska lrkafka .=re
whs;sjdislï ms<sno j ueÈy;a ùuhs' tfy;a jD;a;sl ixúOdkj, ld¾hNdrh óg fjkia h'
WodyrKhla f,i rcfha ffjoH ks,Odßkaf.a ix.uh ffjoHjrekaf.a jD;a;Sh iñ;shhs'
tfy;a Y%S ,xld ffjoH ix.uh hkq tys jD;a;sl ixúOdkhhs' ta u.ska jir mqrd" b;d úYd,
l%shdldrlï lrkafka Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh oekqu fmdaIKh lsÍughs' fujka l%shdldrlï .=re
jD;a;shg o Tjqkaf.a oekqu yd ksmqK;d hdj;ald,Sk lsÍug wjeis hZ'
wOHdmkh
zwOHdmkh hkq úhqla; ixl,amhla neúka ta i|yd meyeÈ,s ks¾jpkhla iemhSu wmyiq
h' tksid u wOHdmkh hkafkys tla woyila muKla wka;¾.; fkd fõ' bf.kSu"
b.ekaùu" we.hSu" ri ú£u" mqyqKqj wd§ úúO woyia iuqodhla fï ;=< .eí ù we;'
wOHdmkh hk moh uq,ska u ì£ wdfõ ,;ska NdIdfjks' —msg;g weo .ekSu˜ hk w¾:h e-
ducere ,;ska jpkh ;=< we;' ieu mqoa.,hl= i;= j u hï hï ld¾hhka lsÍug wod< j
úNj Yla;shla we;s w;r wOHdmkfha ld¾hNdrh jkafka fulS ieÕù we;s Yla;sh fy<s
fmfy<s lsÍuhs' j¾;udkfha fuu úNj Yla;sfhka ñksiqkaf.a ixj¾Okh ù mj;skafka 5]
fyda 10] hehs mejfik ksid" wOHdmk mrud¾:h ;j ;j;a mqM,a úh hq;= nj ksiel hZ'
ls%IaKuQ¾;s" wOHdmkh ú.%y lrk wdldrh wkqj" wOHdmkh hkq fmd;a m;aj,ska úIh
lreKq bf.kSu fyda lreKq lg mdvï lsÍu fyda muKla fkd fõ' fmd;a m;aj,ska
lshefjk lreKq i;H fyda wi;H oehs úuid n,d wjfndaO lr .ekSu wOHdmkhhs' ta wkqj
wOHdmkh hkq m%dfhda.sl l%shdj,shla f,ig o ye¢kaùug mq¿jk' wOHdmkh ,nkakka f.a
is;eÕs y÷kd f.k ta wkqj WÑ; m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSï ,nd §u Tiafia Tjqkaf.a wfmalaId bgq
lr .ekSug u.fmkaùu wOHdmkh f,i w¾:l:kh l< yels h' ñksidf.a ldhsl" udkisl"
iudchSh" ixialD;sl" iodpdrd;aul iy wdOHd;añl jYfhka ieu wx.hla u
mßmQ¾K jkakd jQ iunr ixj¾Okhla we;s lsÍu wOHdmkfha ld¾hNdrh f,i ye¢kaúh
yels h'
wOHdmkfha uQ,sl mrud¾: wkqj m%udKd;aul j mqoa.,hd úNd. iu;a lrùug mqyqKq
lsÍu muKla fkd j" mqoa., .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh iïnkaO j o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj"
j¾;udkfha § o wjOdrKh jk lreKls' fï wkqj mqoa.,hdg fuka u iudchg o wod< jk
cd;sl wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu ms‚i" mqoa.,hdg iy iudc lKavdhïj,g iydh ùu
.=Kd;aul wOHdmkhl j.lSu h'
wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh
.=Kd;aul wOHdmk ixj¾Okh .ek flfrk ixjdohl § kef.k uQ,sl m%Yakh" .=Kh
hkafkka l=ula woyia lrkafka o hkakhs' jHdmdßl f,dalhg wkqj .=Kd;aul nj ^quality&
hkq Ndú;h i|yd WÑ; nj iy y÷kd .;a wjYH;d ;Dma; lsÍug we;s yelshdjhs'
úis tla jeks Y; j¾Ifha fuu l=i,;d ,nd §u i|yd Y%S ,dxlsl ikao¾Nfhys isák
wOHdmk jD;a;slhka flf;la ÿrg iQodkï o hkak wjOdkhg .; hq;= ud;Dldjls' fï
wkqj wOHdmk jD;a;slhka i;= úh hq;= ksmqK;d fudkjd o hkak ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;= h'
wfma rfÜ wOHdmk jD;a;slhkaf.a ixj¾Okh hk ud;Dldj .ek wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍfï § m%:ufhka isyh
s g kef.kqfha wOHdmk jD;a;slhka ljqreka o hkakhs' úYajúoHd,
uydpd¾hjreka" wdpd¾hjrekaf.a isg fkdfhl=;a wOHdmk wdh;kj, fiajfha kshq;=
wOHhk ld¾h uKav,j, ish¨ u idudðlhka wOHdmk jD;a;slhka f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
tfy;a yq§ ck iudcfha § wOHdmk jD;a;slhka f,i wjOdkh Èkd f.k we;af;a o Y%S
,dxlsl wOHdmk moaO;sh iïnkaOfhka jeä odhl;ajhla imhkafka o .=rejreka iy
úÿy,am;sjreka h'

.=re jD;a;Sh ksmqK;d

ksmqK;djla hkq hï ld¾hhla lsÍu i|yd we;s olaI;djhs' olaI;dj hkq hula ms<sno
we;s oekqug jvd .eUqre ;;a;ajhls' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha" .=re w;afmd;aj, i|yka jk
mßÈ —ksmqK;djla jYfhka woyia flfrkafka oekqu" l=i,;d iy wdl,am iy jákdlïj,
ixl,khlg h' ksmqK;djl fuu wx. ish,a, u fyda iuyrla úúO wkqmd;j,g ;sìh yels
h' fï wkqj iuyr ksmqK;d" l=i,;d ÈYdjg jeäfhka nr jQ tajd úh yels w;r ;j;a iuyr
ksmqK;d oekqu fyda wdl,am ÈYdjkag jeäfhka nr jQ tajd úh yels h˜' flfia jqj o
ksmqK;dj hk moh úúO mqoa.,hka úúO wdldrfhka w¾:olajd we;s nj m¾fhaIK
idys;Hfha § meyeÈ,s fõ'
1974 fmdÿ rdcH uKav, jd¾;dj .=rejrhl= i;= úh hq;= ksmqK;d my; oelafjk mßÈ
meyeÈ,s lr we;'
—olaI .=rejrhl= ùug <ud ixj¾Okh ms<sn| oekqu" b.ekaùu i|yd fhdod .; hq;= øjH"
wod< l%u Ys,am ms<sn| oekqu wjYH fõ' tfuka u Tyqf.a l=i,;d fuka u b.ekaùu"
YsIHhskag$m%cdjg Wmfoia §u yd iïnkaO úh hq;= h˜ ^fmdÿ rdcH uKav, jd¾;dj" 1974&'
úis tla jeks Y; j¾Ih wdrïN jkafka widudkH f,i isÿ jk ;dlaI‚l ÈhqKqj;a
fõ.fhka isÿ jk ikaksfõokh;a iuÕ h' kj ;dlaI‚l l%ufõohla fjf<| fmd< lrd
meñŒug fmr fjk;a l%uhla fidhd .kq ,efí' fufia fõ.fhka fjkia jk f,dalfha
Ôj;a ùu i|yd" /lshdjl fh§u i|yd iy bf.k .ekSu i|yd úis tla jeks Y; j¾Ifha
;sìh hq;= ksmqK;d f,i ks¾udKYS,S nj iy kfjda;amdokh" úpdrd;aul Ñka;kh iy .eg¨
úi£u" ikaksfõokh" iyfhda.s;dj" f;dr;=re l<ukdlrKh" ;dlaIKh M,odhS f,i Ndú;
lsÍu" jD;a;Sh iy Ôjk l=i,;d" ixialD;sl iïm%cdkkh hk ksmqK;d úia;r l< yels h'
wfma rfÜ .=rejre f.!rjdkaú; ;k;=rla N=la;s úÈ;s' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh ksmqK;d
ms<sn| j .eg¨ mj;S' wOHdmkh .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh ioyd .=rejrhd ;u jD;a;sh ms<sn| j
ksmqKhl= ùu" mdi,a ;=< .=re p¾hdj ms<sn| j¾;udk ikao¾Nfhys mj;sk b;d yÈis
wjYH;djls'
.=re jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh
.=re jD;a;shg msúfik mqoa.,hska úúO úYajdi" iodpdr" w.h iy fm!reI .;s
,laIKj,ska hqla; jk neúka Tjqka ;=< .=Kd;aul .=rejrhl= jYfhka l%shd lsÍug wjYH
jk oekqu" yelshd" ms<s.ekSï fuka u .=re fm!reI .;s ,laIKj,g ÈYdkq.; ùug wjYH
moku we;s lrkafka .=re wOHdmkfhks' b.ekaùu i|yd f;dard .kakd mqoa.,hkag bf.kqï
b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh fufyhùu i|yd wjYH jk oekqu" l=i,;d" wdl,am ,nd §fï wruq‚ka
l%shd;aul lrkakd jQ iuia; l%shdj,sh" .=re wOHdmkh f,i ye¢kaùug mq¿jk' fï ksid
f,dalfha ish¨ u rgj,a" .=rejreka fiajhg n|jd .ekSfï §" jD;a;Sh jYfhka ÈYdNsuqL lrk
w;r ^mQ¾j fiajdia: .=re wOHdmkh& fiajfha kshq;= j isáh § o jD;a;Sh jYfhka ixj¾Okh
lrhs ^wLKav .=re wOHdmkh&' fjkia jk f,dalhg idfmalaI j fï ixj¾Ok rgd Y%S ,xldj
;=< m%udKd;aul j isÿ fõ oehs ksis we.hSulg ,la l< hq;= h'
fiajfha kshq;= .=rejrekaf.a o jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh jeo.;a jkafka" mQ¾j fiajdia: .=re
wOHdmkh u.ska muKla .=rejrhl= mßmQ¾K j ilia l< fkd yels ksid nj m¾fhaIK
u.ska wkdjrKh ù we;' ukao h;a mQ¾j fiajdia: mdGud,dj, § .=rejrhdg id¾:l
m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqjla Èh fkd yels h' W.kajkafka flfia o hk w;aoelSu .=rejrhd ,nd .;
hq;af;a b.ekaùfuka u h' jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh jeo.;a jkafka" jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj u.ska
.=rejrhdf.a /lshdfõ ;;a;ajh iy jD;a;Sh ;Dma;su;a Ndjh o by< hk ksid h' hï lsis
wOHdmk moaO;shl .=Kd;aulNdjh ;SrKh jkafka tu moaO;sfha fiajfha kshq;=
.=rejrekaf.a .=Kd;aulNdjh wkqj h' fï fya;=j ksid f,dalfha ish¨ u rgj,a .=re
wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrhs'
.=rejreka i|yd jk jD;a;Sh olaI;d w;am;a lr .ekSfï ud¾.h .=re wOHdmkh f,i
cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu ^2009& fmkajd § we;' .=re jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh hkq ;ud i;=
oekqu m%fhda.sl j isiqkag ,nd fokafka flfia o@ hkak ms<sn| j .=rejrhd bf.k .ekSu
h' fï wkqj id¾:l j ;u ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍug wjYH w;aoelSï" Yla;Ska iy Ndú;h
ms<sn| j oekqj;a lsÍu iy ixj¾Okh lsÍu .=re jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh f,i w¾:oelaúh yels
h' úis tla jeks Y; j¾Ifha .=re jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okfha § ksYaÑ; fkd jk" wkdrlaIs; iy
fkdokakd wkd.;hla i|yd" tkï wêixlS¾K hq.hla i|yd .=rejrhd ;ud úiska u iQodkï
úh hq;= h' fï wkqj j¾;udkfha .=rejrekaf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh w¾:olajd we;af ;a .=re
wOHdmk wdh;khlska ,nd .kakd Wmdêhlg miq hï lsis mdi,l fiajh lrk w;r;=r ;u
jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh iïnkaOfhka isÿ lrkq ,nk wkjr; ls%hdj,shla f,ihs'
Y%S ,xldfõ .=re wOHdmkh iy .=re iy;sllrKh 1870 idudkH mdi,a msysgqùu;a
iu. wdrïN ù we;' j¾;udkfha § .=re mqyqKqj fok wdh;k rdYshla mj;S' f.da,Sh
jYfhka we;s jk .=re wOHdmkh kj m%jK;dj,g iu.dó j" YS% ,xldfõ fiajfha kshq;=
.=rejreka i|yd mj;akd jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok mdGud,d ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï §
fmkS hkafka" m%Odk jYfhka WmdêOdÍ .=rejreka i|yd mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud
mdGud,dj iy wOHdmkm;s Wmdê mdGud,dj fld<U" fmardfo‚h" kef.kysr iy hdmkh
hk úYajúoHd, u.ska o újD; úYajúoHd,h u.ska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska o
mj;ajd f.k hk njhs' fuu mdGud,dj, m%Odk wka;¾.;h jkafka wOHdmkh ms<sn|
Ydia;S%h oekqu .=rejrhdg §uhs ^cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj" 2014&' fuu
jd¾;dj wjOdrKh lrk wdldrhg Wmdê fkd jk .=rejreka i|yd mj;ajkq ,nk
wOHdmkfõ§ mdGud,dj,ska o fï whqßka u m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq lr we;af;a .=rejrhdg
Ydia;%Sh oekqu §u iïnkaOfhks'
m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj úoHd iy .‚; wOHdmkh i|yd n|jd .kq ,nk fndfyda
.=rejreka" ksis jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okhla fkdue;sj" mdi,a i|yd ia:dk.; lrk nj Y%S ,xldfõ
j¾;udk wOHdmk moaO;sfha ;;a;ajh msßlaid lr n,d ne,Sfï § o wkdjrKh ù we;' ta
w;ßka fláld,Sk fiajdia: .=re mqyqKq ieis meje;aùu uQ,sl jYfhka isÿ lrkafka .=re
uOHia:dk iy l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd, u.sks' wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh i|yd
fiajfha kshq;= .=rejrekag oekqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d" w.hhka iy jákdlï ,nd § .=Kd;aul
.=re mrmqrla ìys lsÍu i|yd fuu fiajdia: .=re mqyqKq ieis hdj;ald,Sk úh hq;= h' Y%S
,xldfõ .=re wOHdmkh yd ixj¾Okhg wod< wêidOkSh wruqKq ms<sn| j cd;sl uÜgfï
tlÕ;djla fkdue;s ùu ÿ¾j,;djls' wdh;k lsysmhla yqol,dj fï iïnkaOfhka lghq;=
lrk neúka tAjd ish¨ u wdh;k iïnkaO jk ixhqla; cd;sl m%;m s ;a;shlska u.fmkajk
iïnkaëlrK jevigyklska hq;= moaO;shla njg m;a lsÍu wjYH j ;sfnk nj furg m%lg
wOHdmk{fhl= jk wdpd¾h Ô' î' .=Kj¾Ok 2012 § mejiS h' .=Kd;aul wOHdmkh
l%shdj,shla i|yd fiajdia: mqyqKq ieis u.ska .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍfï §" .=rejrhd fl;rï
ÿrg .=Kd;aul j ixj¾Okh lsÍug yels o hkak ms<sn| j fidhd ne,sh hq;= h'

úÿy,am;s jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh

Y%S ,dxlsl wOHdmk moaO;sfhys" úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh" t;rï
wjOdkhg ,la ù we;s ldrKhla fkd fõ' fndfyda úg isÿ jkafka kj pl%f,aLhla ksl=;a jQ
úg l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h fyda m<d;a wOHdmk ld¾hd,h u.ska ta ms<sn| j oekqj;a lsÍu
mu‚' fï fya;=j ksid úÿy,am;sjreka" .=Kd;aul wOHdmk moaO;shla ks¾udKh lsÍug
W;aidy orkjdg jvd pl%f,aL wkqj jev lrñka ;udg jvd by< ia;rj, isák ks,OdÍkag
j.lSug W;aidy oeÍu ñi" ;udf.a mdif,a .=rejreka iy tys bf.kqu ,nk orejka
iïnkaOfhka j.ùug W;aidy ork njla fkd fmfka' Y%S ,dxlsl m¾fhaIK idys;H foi
úu¾Ykd;aul j ne,Sfï § o meyeÈ,s jkafka úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh
iïnkaOfhka m¾fhaIKd;aul oDIaá fldaKhlska ne,Sug W;aidy f.k fkdue;s njhs'
 j¾;udk Y%S ,xldfõ úÿy,am;sjreka i|yd wod< jk jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok mdGud,d
l%shd;aul lrk m%Odk wdh;kh jkafka cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg wkqnoaê; wOHdmkh
kdhl;aj ixj¾Ok yd l<ukdlrK mSGhhs' fuu wdh;kh u.ska mj;ajkq ,nk mdGud,d
ie,l+ úg" Èjhsfka wïmdr jeks wE; ÿIalr m%foaYj, isák úÿy,am;sjrekag" mdGud,dj,g
iyNd.sùu úYd, .eg¨jla njg m;a ù we;' .uka wmyiq;dj" fkajdisl j isàug we;s
wleue;a;" uQ,Huh .eg¨ fuys § m%uqL jk w;r fuhg wu;r j fuu mdGud,d i|yd
iyNd.s;ajh iïnkaOfhka úÿy,am;sjrekag lsisÿ wNsfm%arKhla o ke;' fï fya;=j ksid
wïmdr jeks ÿIalr m%foaYj, úÿy,am;sjreka jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduq jkafka w,am
jYfhks' miq .sh fldúâ jix.; ;;a;ajh hgf;a §" YS% ,dxlsl wOHdmk moaO;sh ud¾..;
wOHdmkh i|yd fhduq ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i fuu mdGud,d i|yd fhduq jk ixLHdj by<
f.dia we;s nj meyeÈ,s j oel .; yels h' fuh ud¾..; wOHdmkfhys wm fkd olsk
fyd| me;a; nj ms<s.; hq;= h' mdi,a orejka i|yd ud¾..; wOHdmkh kqiqÿiq jqj o jeäysá
wOHdmkfha § th fndfyda m%fhdackj;a whqßka fhdod .; yels nj fjk;a rgj, wOHdmk
moaO;s wOHhk lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s fõ'
,xldfõ wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ienE f,ig u M,odhs ùug kï fuu úYd, Ñ;%h
wu;l l< fkdyels nj wjOdrKh l< hq;= h' ta wkqj .=rejrhd;a" .=re jD;a;sh;a f.!rjkSh
yd m%Yia; uÜgulg Tijd ;nk ck iudcfha;a" .=re mrïmrdfõ;a" YsIH mrïmrdfõ;a ufkda
Ndjfha ;SrKd;aul fjkila l< hq;= u h'

^x& iuia; wOHdmkfha fldgila f,i m¾fhaIK N+ñldj ia:dk.; lsÍu

<uhs Wm;ska u m¾fhaIlfhda fj;s' Tjqka úuis,su;a h' fï ksid Tõyq Wmka od isg u
f,dalh .fõIK lsÍug lghq;= lr;s' th werfUkafka ujf.ka Wrd .kakd uq,a u lsß ì÷j
u.sks' <uhskag ieu fohla u oek .ekSug jqjukd h' hula okakd ljqreka fyda yuq jQ úg
fuka u olsk yeu foa u .ek Tjqyq m%Yak lr;s' iuyr <uhskag fi,a,ï nvqjla yuq jQ úg
W;aiql jkafka th .<jd ne,Sug h' hula l%shdldÍ jkafka flfia oehs fidhd ne,Sug h'
úoHdj hkq fuhhs' f,dalh .ek úuis,su;a úoHd{hka hkq" <uhska iajdNdúl j lrk foh
u" jD;a;slhka f,i l%uj;a j lrk Woúh ùuhs' fï khska n,k l, yeu <ufhl= u
m¾fhaIlfhls¦ úoHd{fhls' tfy;a m¾fhaIlfhda m%Yak weiSfuka Tíng .uka lr;s' Tjqyq
m%Yakj,g ms<s;=rla fyda úi÷ula ,nd .ekSu i|yd m¾fhaIK úêl%u u; msysgd fkdfhla
ksÍlaIK ,nd f.k tajd .ek wOHhkh lr;s' ta u; msysgd ks.ukj,g t<efU;s ' ta u;
isoaOdka; o f.dv kÕ;s'
fï ksid <ud ld,h f.jk ieu flfkl= u m¾fhaIlhl=" .fõIlhl= lsÍu jvd;a
myiq h' tfy;a wmf.a wOHdmk l%uh ;=< fuh fl;rï isÿ fõ o@ Wiia fm< flaj, yd
iduQysl jHdmD;s" fï i|yd ;snQ uyÕ= wjia:djla úh' tfy;a tu jHdmD;sj,g jqj o"
iuia; mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< taldldÍ jákdlula ,eî ;snqKd oehs fyda tajdfha jákdlu
f;areï f.k ;snqKd oehs fkd oksñ' tksid foda uE;l § flaj, jHdmD;s" úIhud,dfjka
bj;a lr ouk ,È'
úYajúoHd, moaO;sh ;=< jqj o m¾fhaIK i|yd m%udKj;a wjOdrKhla ;sfí hhs uu
úYajdi fkd lrñ' tmuKla o fkd fõ' fndfyda úg m¾fhaIK ksnkaO ksu jkafka o" Wiia
ùug iqÿiqlula f,i iSudiys; wruqKla wkqj muKls'

m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Okh" kfjda;amdok yd ;dlaI‚l mßj¾;kh

kQ;k mYapdoa ld¾ñl oekqï wd¾Ólh" wd¾Ól j¾Okh" kfjda;amdok iy foaYSh
m¾fhaIK Odß;dj w;r ióm iyiïnkaO;djla meyeÈ,s j fmkakqï lrhs' úYajúoHd,
mokï lr .;a m¾fhaIK" tjeks wd¾Ól jYfhka wod< kfjda;amdok i|yd jvd;a M,odhS
Odjlh ù we;' tys m%;Ms ,hla jYfhka" kjH m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok (R&D) W;af;ackh
lsÍu i|yd" úYajúoHd, rdcH wdfhdack m%fhdackhg .ekSu" f.da,Sh ;,fha ;r.ldÍ j
isàug rgla i;= úh hq;= ;SrKd;aul wjYH;djls' fuu f.da,Sh m%jK;djg wkql+, j hñka"
fndfyda by< fmf<a wdishdkq úYajúoHd, zb.ekaùfï úYajúoHd,j,Z isg zm¾fhaIK
úYajúoHd,Z olajd mßj¾;kh ù we;'
kfjda;amdokh i|yd ks¾udKd;aul oelaula fuka u tu oelau idlaI d;a lr .ekSug
m%udKj;a nqoaêuh m<,la iy .eUqrla we;s mqoa.,hka ìys lsÍu i|yd" Y%S ,xldfõ Wmdê yd
mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmkfhys" m¾fhaIK iy kfjda;amdok uQ,sl wx.hla njg m;a lrkq jia
iqiudo¾YS fjkila ^paradigm change& wjYH fõ' fldúâ jix.;fhka fyd|g u neg lE
wmg wd¾Ólh h<s ia:djr lsÍug fuka u cd;sl wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsÍu;a Wmdhud¾.sl
jYfhka jeo.;a lafIa;%j, ;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd;a kjH m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok
odhl;ajh w;HjYH u h' Wmdhud¾. hkq .;sl f,dalhl mek kÕsk wjia:d .%yKh lr
.ekSuhs' ukao" úoHd;aul wjia:d ieu úg u mqfrdal:kh l< fkd yels neúks' tu ksid
t<fUk úNj yd wjia:d fuka u kj woyiaj,g m%;spdr oelaùfï kuHYS,SNdjh iy tu
wjia:d w; fkdyer .%yKh lr .ekSu" id¾:l;ajh i|yd b;d jeo.;a fõ' ksoiqkla
jYfhka" fldúâ-19 jix.;h úiska fy<sorjq l< kQ;k oekqfï W!k;d" ;ju;a .fõIKh
fkd l< úIh lreKq ms<sn| m¾fhaIK i|yd fmr fkdjQ úrE wjia:d ks¾udKh lr § we;'
zm¾fhaIK úYajúoHd,j,gZ" oekqu ks¾udKh lsÍu iy fnod yeÍu i|yd jk" uQ,sl iy
jHjydßl m¾fhaIK u; l%shd lrk w;r u" l¾udka; iuÕ iyfhda.s;dfjka" nqoaêuh
foam< W;amdokh i|yd" m¾fhaIKj,ska W;amdokh jk oekqu M,odhS f,i Ndú; lsÍug
wejeis hka;%K ieliSug iy jd‚clrKh i|yd oekqu $ ;dlaIKh yqjudre lsÍug o
mshjr .; yels h'
kjH ksIamdok iy fiajd njg mßj¾;kh l< yels" wOHhk yd m¾fhaIK
úYsIag;ajfhka hq;= j fufyh jk taldnoaO - wka;¾ úIhdkqnoaO - nyqúO úIhdkqnoaO
m%fõYj, jákdlï oduh ia:dms; lsÍu wruqKq lr .;a Wiia wOHdmkh m%;sixialrK" Y%S
,xldj ;=< jyd we;s l< hq;= h' tfy;a fï i|yd fjk;a rgj, mj;sk iyfhda.s;d hka;%K
wkqlrKh lsÍu muKla fkd iEfyhs' Y%S ,dxflah ;;a;ajhkag jvd;a .e<fmk wdo¾Yhla
f,i" úYajúoHd, yd l¾udka; iyfhda.s;djg" N+f.da,Sh" ixialD;sl yd iudc-wd¾Ól idOl
n,mdk wdldrh .eUqßka úYaf,aIKh fldg .<md .; hq;= h'
úYajúoHd, iy l¾udka; w;r kfjda;amdok iyfhda.s;djka" ish¨ md¾Yajlrejka i|yd
wfkHdakH jYfhka m%fhdackj;a iy ,dNodhS wNHdihla f,i m%j¾Okh l< hq;= w;r"
nqoaêuh foam< iy /lshd wjia:d ks¾udKh lsÍu fuka u Odß;d$yelshd f.dvke.Sfï
lghq;= o Bg we;=<;a l< hq;= h' tneúka Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kj, m¾fhaIK kHdh
m;%hg m%fhdackj;a jk mßÈ kfjda;amdok iy ;dlaIK ixj¾Okhg iy jHdma;shg
myiqlï ie,ish yels jQ o m%fhda.sl úi÷ï fj; fhduq jkakd jQ o úoHd;aul" wd¾Ól"
iudÔh iy ixúOdkd;aul wx.j,ska hq;a nyqúO l<ukdlrK rduqjla ieliSu wjYH fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ úYajúoHd," m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Okh l%shd;aul jk kfjda;amdok
udOHia:dk njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug iydh ùu i|yd" Y%S ,xldjg kfjda;amdok mßir moaO ;s
m%fõYh wkq.ukh l< yels w;r th fndfyda m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Okh wkqo;a rgj,
wd¾Ólhkays id¾:l j l%shd;aul lr we;' kfjda;amdok mßir moaO;shl m¾fhaIK ys;ldó
oelaula iy ixialD;shla o myiqlï i,ik ffk;sl iy kshduk rduqjla o" uq,H iy udkj
m%d.aOkh fuka u há;, myiqlï iy iydh olajk wjidk mßYS,l fjf<|fmd< o"
kfjda;amdokh fõ.j;a lsÍu i|yd tla j l%shd lrhs' iuia;hla f,i iuia; kfjda;amdok
moaO;sh i,ld ne,Sfuka" kfjda;amdok l%shdj,sfha iyfhda.s;d iy wka;¾ mrdh;a;
iajNdjh ukfia ;nd .ksñka" Y%S ,xldjg" ;r.ldß iy jdis iys; ia:dkhla ks¾udKh l<
yels lafIa;%j," ksIamdok in|;d W;af;ackh lsÍug iy fmdaIKh lsÍug"
fyd| u l%u y÷kd .ekSug yels fõ'
m<uq mshjr f,i" m¾fhaIK m%uqL;dj u.ska" wd¾Ólh m%;sjHqy.; lsÍu i|yd wjYH
m¾fhaIK lafIa;% .eUqßka i,ld n,d y÷kd .ekSfuka mYapd;aa fldúâ-19 m%;sidOk
l%shdj,shg iydh úh yels h' WodyrKhla f,i fi!LHh" fmdaIKh" wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj"
wdkhk wdfoaYkh iy wmkhk m%j¾Okh lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
;dlaI‚l kfjda;amdok u.ska¦ ud¾..; l%shdldrlï" mßir ys;ldó jev" jeäÈhqKq l< rg
;=< ksIamdokh" iQ¾h$iq<x$Woï jeks iajdNdúl n,Yla;s m%Nj mßj¾;kh lsÍu jeks kj
lafIa;% o .fõIKh l< hq;= h' ;j o idlaIs u; mokï jQ cd;sl m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï §
flakaøSh ld¾hNdrhla bgq lsÍug úYajúoHd, Èßu;a l< hq;= h'
fojkqj" fuu wdh;k iy tajdfha m¾fhaIK m%;s,dN" f.da,Sh jYfhka ;r.ldÍ j mj;sk
mßÈ" f.da,Sh bÈß oelaula iys; m¾fhaIK iy kfjda;amdok udOHia:dk ks¾udKh lsÍu by< u
m%ñ;sj,g wkql+, j iy f.da,Sh úIh m:hkag wkqnoaO j kùk;u m¾fhaIK isÿ lsÍu wjYH
fõ' lS¾;su;a m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok ridhkd.dr" úoHd wdh;k iy jHdmdßl jHjidh iuÕ
l%shdldÍ iïnkaO;djla we;s lr .ekSfuka úYajúoHd,j,g" l¾udka;j,g iy cd;sl
ixj¾Okhg ;j;a jákdlula tla l< yels h'
fuu mßj¾;kh i|yd wdfhdack u.ska iïm;a jeä lsÍu" olaI;d fidhd .ekSu iy
Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu" fyd| u m¾fhaIlhka n|jd .ekSu fuka u r|jd ;nd .ekSu iy w;HjYH
jHQyd;aul fjkialï lsÍu ms<sno j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' tfia u úYsIag;ajfha .=Kd;aul
m¾fhaIK uOHia:dk msysgqùu iy iyfhda.s;dfjka m¾fhaIK i|yd wruqo,a /ia lsÍu"
cd;Hka;r m%odk i|yd ;r. lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu iy mß;Hd. yryd m¾fhaIK
wruqo,a jeäÈhqKq lsÍu o b;d jeo.;a fõ' úfYaIfhka jeä jeäfhka cd;Hka;r m¾fhaIK m%odk
,nd .ekSug yd iqrlaIs; lsÍug Wmldr lsÍu i|yd úYajúoHd, uÜgñka fjk u —m¾fhaIK
m%odk ixj¾Ok" iydh iy l<ukdlrK fomd¾;fïka;=jla˜ ;sìh hq;= h' ;j o" w¾:j;a
n,mEula i|yd" l%shd;aul lsÍug mokï jk uyd mßudK m¾fhaIK jHdmD;s jgd" m¾fhaIK
mokï jQ ;j;a mYapd;a Wmdê jevigyka ;sìh hq;= h'
Y%S ,xldfõ Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kj, oekqu W;amdokh i|yd m¾fhaIK Yla;su;a
lsÍu wjYH fõ'
m¾fhaIK m;%sld m%ldY lsÍfuka o m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok wOHhk m%j¾Okfhka o
Wiia ùï i|yd muKla m¾fhaIK lsÍfuka o Tíng f.dia" jd‚clrKh flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;= h'
m¾fhaIKj,ska ks¾udKh jk kj oekqu" ck;djg m%;s,dN f.fkk jHdhduhla" tkï
iudchg iy wd¾Ólhg m%fhdackj;a lghq;a;la úh hq;= h'
úYajúoHd, mk; u.ska fï hka;%Khg mj;sk ndOl bj;a lsÍug iy nqoaêuh foam<
W;amdokhg" kfjda;amdokhg iy jd‚clrKhg ;=vq fok m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Okh i|yd
myiqlï ie,iSug mj;sk ysveia wduka;%Kh lsÍu wjYH fõ'
m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha isg cd;sl" l,dmSh iy cd;Hka;r uÜgñka m¾fhaIKj, n,mEu
wjOdrKh w;HjYH fõ'
;j o úfoaY rgj, m%Yia; uÜgfï wruqo,a m%odkh lrk wdh;kj,ska" ;r.ldÍ uÜgñka
Èkd .kakd wruqo,a ,xldjg f.k tafï §" oekg we;s ks,Odßjd§ jeglvq¨ jyd bj;a l<
hq;= h'
 by; lS miqìu fyd¢ka f;areï f.k" bÈß wNsfhda. ch .ekSu i|yd iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ'
lkakka.rhka tla whl= fkdj" ish oyia .Kkska lkakka.r ,d b,a,d isák hq.hl wm isák
nj;a fyd¢ka f;areï .; hq;= h' Y%S ,dxlSh cd;sh f,i wm uqyqK § we;s ish¨ w¾nqoj,ska f.dv
tafï taldhk l%shdud¾.h jk kj f,djg .e<fmk M,odhs mqrjeishl= ìys lsÍu Wfoid wejeis
;udf.ka Tíng is;k" oekqu" l=i,;dj" wdl,am tla jQ ksmqK;dj fuka u jqjukdj o we;s
.=rejreka" úoaj;=ka" wOHdmk{hka yd foaYmd,lhka we;=<;a jk mqrjeishka ìys lsÍug yels
mq¿,a wdldrfha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ms<sno l;sldjlg fyd| u fydardj fuh nj wjidk
jYfhka wjOdrKh lrñ'
ujq ìu iu. Ôú; o Èkjuq'
  
úfYaI ia;=;sh wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal=" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK
yd ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ysgmq wOHlaI yd m¾fhaIK ie,iqï yd ixj¾Ok mSSGfha
ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,ag ;=udg
uq,dY%

1' iqu;smd, fla' tÉ' tï' 1968 zY%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkfha b;sydih 1976-1965Z' ;siai
m%ldYlfhda' foysj,'
2' chùr iaj¾Kd 1989 zwOHdmk wjia:d jHdma; lsÍu - fkdksñ l¾;jHh"Z Tlaf;dan¾ 13"
wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r wkqiaurK foaYkh 1989'
3' j¾KiQßh kdro 2008 Tlaf;dan¾ 16" zj¾;udk ikao¾Nh ;=< lkakka.r Wreuh Wiia
wOHdmkh ms<sn| rdcH N+ñldjZ' wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r wkqiaurK
foaYkh 2008'
4' uydpd¾h wurfiak iqÔj 2017 Tlaf;dan¾ 13" zffjoH wOHdmkh iy lkakka.r
o¾YkhZ' wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r wkqiaurK foaYkh 2017'
5' ueo.u wd¾' tia' 2014 Tlaf;dan¾ 13" zmYapd;a lkakka.r hq.fha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK
ms<sn| iudf,dapkhZ' wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r wkqiaurK foaYkh 2014'
6' m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" 2022 ckjdß-ud¾;=" zkj f,djg .e<fmk M,odhS
mqrjeishl= ìys lsÍu Wfoid rg b,a,k wOHdmk m%;sixialrKZ' .fõIK" 39 jeks
l,dmh' n;a;ruq,a,'
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uydpd¾h w;=, iqu;smd, fld<U úYajúoHd,fha ffjoH mSGfhka 1980 § ffjoH Wmdêh
,nd .;af;a h' miq j Tyq fld<U úYajúoHd,fha ffjoH mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kfhka mjq,a
ffjoH úoHdj ms<sn| ffjoH úYdro Wmdêh ,nd .;af;a h' 1996 § uydpd¾h iqu;smd,
tx.,ka;fha rdclSh ufkdaÑls;ail úoHd,fha idudðlhl= f,i iqÿiqlï ,eî h' Tyq 2004 §
,kavka úYajúoHd,fhka wdpd¾h Wmdêh ,nd .;af;a h'
fyf;u Y%S ,xldfõ m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kfha ks¾ud;D yd .re wOHlaIjrhd jk
w;r" 2020 isg yka;dfka cd;sl uQ,sl wOHhk wdh;kfha iNdm;sjrhd o fõ'
Tyq 2021 wfma%,a olajd tx.,ka;fha lS,a úYajúoHd,fha ffjoH úoHd mSGfha ufkda ffjoH
Ñls;aidj ms<sn| uydpd¾hjrhd jQ w;r wo olajd tys iïudks; uydpd¾hjrfhls' tfia u
,kavkfha lsx.aia úoHd,fha o ufkda Ñls;aid wdh;kfha f.da,Sh udkisl fi!LHh ms<sn|
iïudks; uydpd¾hjrfhls' fya Y%S ,xld fld;,dj, wdrlaIl úYajúoHd,fha ffjoH mSGfha
ufkdaÑls;aidj iy ffcj ffjoH m¾fhaIK ms<sn| ndysr uydpd¾h f,i o lghq;= lrhs'
f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkfha .sksfldk È. wdishd l,dmh i|yd jQ udkisl fi!LHh ms<sn|
l,dmSh úfYaI{ lKavdhfï idudðlfhla o fõ'
ì%;dkH ufkdaÑls;aid iÕrdj hkq rdclSh ufkdaÑls;ail úoHd,hg wh;a jk" flaïì%Ê
úYajúoHd, uqøKd,h u.ska udisl j m%ldYhg m;a flfrk iÕrdjls' 1853 isg fï olajd tys
l¾;D uKav,hg m;a jQ tl u Y%S ,dxlslhd o Tyq fõ'
Tyq 2018 § Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl úoHd moku úiska m%odkh lrk ,o úoHdj iy ;dlaIKh
m%j¾Okh lsÍu iy ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jQ úYsIag kdhl;aj iïudkfhka msÿï ,enqfõ h'
;j o Tyq úiska wdrïN lrk ,o m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok wdh;khg zúoHd yd ;dlaIKfha
m%.ukh i|yd cd;Hka;r iyfhda.s;djfha úYsIag;ajhZ iïudkh o ysñ úh' 2001 iy 2009"
2010" 2011" 2012" iy 2013" 2014" 2015" 2016 j¾Ij, § Tyqf.a m¾fhaIK m%ldYk i|yd Y%S
,xld cd;sl m¾fhaIK ljqkais,fhka msßkuk ,o ckdêm;sf.a iïudkh ysñ úh'
uydpd¾h iqu;smd,g tlai;a rdcOdksfha" Y%S ,xldfõ iy ol=Kq wdishdkq ikao¾Nhkays m%uqL
úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK ms<sn| mq¿,a mrdihl úfYaI{ oekqula iy m<mqreoaola we;' m¾fhaIK
wdpdr O¾uj,g wu;r j" fyf;u udkisl fi!LHh iy ksjqka m¾fhaIK hk lafIa;%j,
cd;Hka;r j ms<s.ekSulg ,la jQ wfhls' fuu lafIa;%j, m¾fhaI K m;%sld 100lg jeä
m%udKhlg o" flaïì%Ê úYajúoHd, uqøKd,h yd Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd, uqøKd,h u.ska m<
lrk ,o .%ka: 15lg jeä m%udKhlg o Tyq odhl ù we;'
Tyq .%ka: rplhl=" fuka u m%ùK ldjH iy .S; rplfhla o fõ'