A CONVERSATION ANALYSIS: TEACHERS TALK AT PRINCE OF THE
SEA INTERNATIONAL CRUISE SHIP TRAINING CENTER YOGYAKARTA
Rismalla Ma'im Olam
Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa
Abstract: This research explored the dynamics of dialogues among teachers in Prince of
The Sea International Cruise Ship Training Center, Yogyakarta. Talking among teachers is
a crucial component of an institution. Dialogues among the teachers serve a role model
to the students due to enhance their speaking ability. The research used conversation
analysis (CA) as the approach. The study used qualitative framework of transaction,
exchange, move, and speech act to analyze the conversation.
Keywords: Teachers, Dialogues, Prince of The Sea, Conversation Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Talking among teachers is a crucial component of an institution. This
approach aids educators in comprehending how language is used by teachers to
facilitate learning and maintain classroom order. Cazden (1987) made the
observation that both teachers and students use spoken language to convey
their lessons and demonstrate their language proficiency.
Language acquisition in a training center is thought to be influenced by the
teacher. Due to their greater ability to set a good example for the students,
teachers can have a direct and indirect impact on their co-workers. Furthermore,
the finest teachers in the class require good English-speaking ability when they
are talking to each other.
This study looked at the teacher interaction one another in Prince of The Sea
International Cruise Ship Training Center Yogyakarta. Prince of The Sea
International Cruise Ship Training Center, is one of the cruise ship training center
in Yogyakarta that focusing on teaching job seekers of Hospitality and Cruise
Ship. This college offers English for Specific Purpose (ESP) classes, which
concentrate on English for Occupational Purposes (EOP).
Teachers are supposed to have good control over their discourse when they
are teaching and serving as role models for student language use. However,
educators often restrict their students' ability to talk by posing questions that
achieve learning objectives but hinder the participants from expanding on their
conversation. Teachers should be a role model for the students by always try
speak English well with a good manner. The problems of this research were how
does the interaction among the teachers in Prince of The Sea International Cruise
Ship Training Center?
LITERATURE REVIEW
The goal of the study method known as conversation analysis (CA) is to
comprehend the composition and arrangement of naturally occurring discourse.
CA was created in the 1960s by sociologists Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff,
and Gail Jefferson. Its main objectives are to examine spoken communication
dynamics, investigate the use of oral language in everyday encounters, and
provide an explanation for how people behave in talks. According to Markeee
(2007), conversation analysis employs fine-grain analyses, frequently of rather
brief conversational samples, to focus on ordinary, daily communication. It is
better to know what can make a conversation. Based on Cook (1989) as cited in
Cutting (2002), a conversation is a discourse mutually constructed and
negotiated in time between speakers; it is usually informal and unplanned.
CA is a method for studying social interaction, specifically how people
manage conversations. Here is the overview of the framework that used to
analysis the conversation by Sinclair and Coulthard (1975):
Transaction: This refers to the overall purpose or goal of an interaction.
Exchange: A sequence of turns taken by speakers during a conversation.
Move: A speaker’s contribution to a conversation that advances the
interaction.
Speech Act (SA): An utterance that performs an action, such as
requesting, promising, or apologizing.
These elements help researchers analyze the structure and function of
conversations in various contexts. CA is used in research to understand
communication pattern, analyze social interaction, cross disciplinary studies, and
practical application (Hutchby, 2019). The researchers use audio or video
recordings of natural conversations, transcribe them in detail, and analyze them
to understand the underlying social norms and conversational mechanisms
(Rutakumwa et. al, 2020).
METHODOLOGY
This research used Conversation analysis (CA) as the approach. The aim of
using CA as the approach of the study was to investigate the construction of the
interaction. This research presented qualitatively used framework of transaction,
exchange, move, and speech act. The data collected in the form of spoken or
written dialogues among the teachers named Ms Imel and Mr Harris in Prince of
The Sea International Cruise Ship Training Center Yogyakarta. The researcher
record the data used audio recording.
FINDINGS
Data Collection
Ms Imel : Hi Mr, How’s life?
Mr Harris : I’m fine, Ms. Thank you. And how about you, Ms?
Ms Imel : I’m absolutelly fine. (look at Mr Harris’ hand)
What’s the book do you bring?
Mr Harris : Oh, this one? I want to give back this book to the
library this afternoon.
By the way, what’s your favorite type of book?
Ms Imel : I love reading about different cultures.
Mr Harris : Where do you read books?
Ms Imel : I read books at home, sometimes in the library.
Mr Harris : What’s the most interesting book you have ever
Ms Imel : read?
I think that would be fiction books written by J.K.
Ms Harris : Rowlings
Ms Imel : And how about you?
Ms Harris : I like science books, Ms.
Hei, 07.25 am, let’s go to the class.
All right then.
Data Analysis
Transactio Exchange Move Speech
n Act
Ms Imel : Hi Mr, How’s life?
Greetings
Mr Harris : I’m fine, Ms. Thank you. And how about
you, Ms?
Ms Imel : I’m absolutelly fine. (look at Mr Harris’
hand) What’s the book do you bring?
Mr Harris : Oh, this one? I want to give back this book
to the library this afternoon.
Mr Harris By the way, what’s your favorite type of
book?
Ms Imel : I love reading about different cultures.
Mr Harris : Where do you read books?
Books
Ms Imel : I read books at home, sometimes in the
library.
Mr Harris : What’s the most interesting book you have
ever read?
Ms Imel : I think that would be fiction books written
by J.K. Rowlings
And how about you?
Ms : I like science books, Ms
Harris
Ms Imel : Hei, 07.25 am, lets go to the class.
Ms : All right then
Harris
Transaction
Transaction refers to the overall purpose or goal of an interaction (Sinclair and
Coulthard, 1975). Transaction is a segment of a conversation with a specific
subject or focus. First, Ms. Imel and Mr. Harris greeted each other with a
conversation about Mr Harris borrowed a book from the library. Then they talked
about their favorite books, which was the topic of their conversation. The subject
of their conversation is favorite book.
Exchange
Exchange is about sequence of turns taken by speakers during a
conversation. It often refers to the structure of turns taken by speakers, such as
in adjacency pairs, where one person’s utterance prompts a functionally
dependent response from another (McPheat, 2022). Exchange in Ms Imel and Mr
Harris conversation are greetings, favorite books, and farewell.
Move
Move is about the speaker’s contribution to a conversation that advances the
interaction. Drew (2023) stated that this was related to turn-taking, indicating
changes in speakers or actions within the conversation that progress the
interaction. The speech act in the Ms. Imel and Mr. Harris conversation moved to
three exchanges.
Speech Act
These are actions performed through words, such as requests, promises, or
apologies, which are defined by the speaker’s intentions and effects on the
listener (Sinclair and Coulthard, 1975). The speech acts in the Ms. Imel and Mr.
Harris conversation include assertive, directive, expressions, declarations, and
directive. Yule (1996) stated that a speech act is any activity carried out by using
an utterance. It is understandable that when someone speaks, it produces
not only grammatical words but also performs certain activities.
CONCLUSION
This study used Conversation Analysis (CA) to investigate the construction of
interactions between teachers, specifically Ms. Imel and Mr. Harris at Prince of
The Sea International Cruise Ship Training Center in Yogyakarta. The research
used a qualitative framework of transaction, exchange, move, and speech act to
analyze the conversation. Transaction refers to the overall purpose of an
interaction, while exchange involves the sequence of turns taken by speakers.
Move refers to the speaker's contribution to the conversation, which advances
the interaction. Speech acts in the conversation include assertive, directive,
expressions, declarations, and directive. The study highlights the importance of
understanding the turn-taking system in interactions.
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