Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unit i
LECTURE-2
INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY Cont.
SCOPE OR APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECTNOLOGY
Based on its applications, biotechnology is divided into the following five main branches:
1. Animal Biotechnology
2. Medical Biotechnology
3. Industrial Biotechnology
4. Environmental Biotechnology
5. Agro- Biotechnology
1. Animal Biotechnology
OBased on the science of genetic engineering to produce transgenic animal and to perform cloning.
OTransgenics
Transfer of specific genes from one organism to another.
The foreign DNAthat is transferred to the recipient can be from other individual of the same
species or even from unrelated species.
Cloning
Process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or
artificially
Used to produce multiple copies of mammals
Transgenic and cloned animals can be used to produce therapeutic proteins (in eggs, milk,
blood or
urine), which are used to treat human diseases include hormone, antibodies,
vaccines, growth
factors and clotting factors etc.
Deals with animals and formation of animal hybrids with
increased growth rates and enhanced
resistance to diseases.
2. MedicalBiotechnology
Use of living cells and cell materials to research and
production of pharmaceutical and diagnostic
products that helps in treating human diseases.
Sub divisions of medical biotechnology are:
a) Recombinant DNA Technology: Used in large
scale production of honones, antibodies,
enzymes, proteins etc.
Uniti
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
b) Gene Therapy: Use of DNA to supplement or alter
genes within an individual cell as a therapy
to treat disease.
engineering and materials methods, and
) Tissue Engineering: Use of acombination of cells,
suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors toimprove or replace biological tissues.
chemical
d) Biosensors: An analytical device that converts a biological response into a physical,
and electrical signal. Used in diagnosis of diseases, detection of pathogens in food, food
processing and sustainable food safety.
3. Industrial Biotechnology
Studies the methods of using biotechnology for producing and processing materials, bioenergy,
chemicals and also pharmaceutical products.
It has several applications in production of the following compounds:
a) Bioplastics: Used for the production of disposable items such as packaging, crockery etc.
b) Enzymes: Used in industrial processes such as baking, brewing, detergents, fermented products,
pharmaceuticals, textiles, leather processing etc.
c) Clinical Diagnostic Agents:
Glucose oxidase for estimation of glucose
Urate oxidase for estimation of uric acid
Creatinase for estimation of creatinine
d) Biofuels: Energy derived from renewable plant and animal materials. Examples: ethanol.
biodiesel etc.
e) Fine Chemicals: Microorganisms are used for the production of fine chemicals like antibiotics
(streptomycin, tetracycline), amino acids (glutamic acid, lysine), vitamins (riboflavin), organic
acids (citric acid, lactic acid) and solvents (acetone, butanol) etc.
D Metabolites: Microorganisms are used in the production of secondary metabolites line
pigments, alkaloids, toxins etc.
4. Environmental Biotechnology
Applications of processes for the protection and restoration of the quality of the environment.
Used to detect, prevent and remediate the emission of pollutants into the environment in a number
of ways:
a) Bioremediation: Use of microorganisms to remove or detoxify pollutants.
b) Waste water and industrial effluents: Sewage treatment plants utilize microorganisms to
remove pollutants fromn waste water.
Unit I
PharmaceuticalBiotechnology
c) Environmental detection and monitoring: Biological methods are used to detect pollution and
for continuous monitoring of pollutants.
d) Biosensors: Used for quantitative measurement of pollutants with extreme precision.
5. Argo-Biotechnology
It is a combination of tissue culture and genctic engincering.
Itdeals with the devclopment of transgenic plants with following advancements:
a) Genetic manipulation
Genetically modifiedcrops produce more yield than their unmodified counterparts.
It is possible to introduce beneficial genes into plants so that the derived crop has more
nutritional value
b) Climate resistant pants
Argo-biotechnology gives plants which have the ability to grow in a wider range of
environments.
c) Disease resistant plants
V Biotechnology involves making plants more resistant to disease, pests and chemicals.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Consists of the combination of two branches which are pharmaceutical science and biotechnology.
Pharmaceutical biotechnology covers the applications of both industrial and medical biotechnology.
Involves using microorganisms, macroscopic organisms, or hybrids of tumor cells and leukocytes:
V To create new pharmaceuticals
To create safer and/or more effective versions of conventionally produced pharmaceuticals.
Types of biotech based pharmaceuticals
Many biotech pharmaceuticals are similar to proteins that healthy to human bodies to perform nomal
functions. In addition to gene therapy drugs, there are following major types:
1.Cytokines
Interferons (a-2a, B-2a)
Interleukins (Interieukin-2)
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
Granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor (G-CSF)
2. Enzymes
Altephase (Plasminogen activator)
Cyanophycin
Polyglutamic
acid
poly-L-Isine Epsilon
acids
Polyamino 9.
Rapamycin
Cyclosporin
Immunosuppressors 8.
MonacolinK
Lovastatin Streptonigrin
Streptovaricin
Ancovenin
Clavulinic
acid
inhibitors Enzyme 7.
Disease) Crohn's (treatment
of Infliximab
cA2 MOAb
rejection) muromonab-CD3
system immune (treatment
of MoAb
antibodies Monoclonal 6.
Cholera
Ebola
HepatitisB
Vaccines 5.
hemophila
B) treatrment
of (for Factor
IX
hemophilia) treatment
of Antihemophilic
(forfactor
factors Clotting 4.
hormone growth human Recombinant
anemia) treatment
of (for alfaEpotein
Lispro /
Hormones 3.
disease) Gaucher's treztrment
of Imiglucerase
(for
fibrosis) sti(PulmOZYTne
c cyfor Dorrasea
Biotechnology Pharmacevtical
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Unít I
Immunomodulators Therapeutic Anticarncer
Monoclonal enzyIAes
drugs
antibodies
Phage display
Stem cell
Bacteriophages
Microbial
Diagnostic Immuno
enzymes SupresSors therapy polymers
Minerals
Recomtbinant Excipients
vaccines
Amino acids
Recombìnant
Harmones PHARMACEUTICAL -Vitamnins
Carotenoids
Antibiotics Anticancer PHARMAGEYICAL RIQIECHÑOLOGY Microbial
agents
pigments
Antiviral Microbial Adjuvants Drug
agents pigmenÉs delivery
Cosmetics
Biosensors Plant cell Drug
'. culture
Biopharming fherapy
Clotting Polyunsaturated
factors R fatty acids
Animal cell Cytokines
lines
Figure 1: Pharmaceutical Applications of Biotechnology
