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KCSE HISTORY 3.
4.
Dating the fossils and artifacts.
Recording the findings.

PAPER 1 How the study of history and government

REVISION KIT Inspires a sense of patriotism in a

learner
1.It enables one to be
loyal to his country. 2.helps
one to be patriotic to his

Pre-History country
3It helps one to develop positive attitude
This refers to the study of past events before towards his country
writing was developed.(Unrecorded history)

History
Is the study of mans past events in relation to his
environment. SOURCES OF HISTORICAL
KNOWLEDGE ON PRE-HISTORY

1. Oral traditions
2. Anthropology
3. Artifacts / fossils / archaeology
4. Language of the people / linguistics
5. Genetics

Why East Africa is regarded as the

cradle of mankind.

1. Presence of many archaeological

sites around L- Vitoria and R / Valley
area.
2. The presence of savanna
grasslands found in Kenya favored
hunting as a means of survival by
man e.g. forests.
3. Existence of permanent rivers
which provided water for use by
man.
4. Warm tropical climate which was ideal
for man’s existence.
5. Geographically, Africa of which Kenya is
part was centrally located, making it
possible for the early man to spread to
the other parts as the continents were
drifting.

Sources of History of the E. African Coast.

1. Swahili histories and Chronicles.

2. Periplus of the Erythrean sea.
3. Ptolemy’s Geography
4. Christian Topography
5. Accounts of Arab travellers.
6. Graeco Roman documentary
7. Natural history of Pliny.

Sources of History on Kenyan

communities.

1. Oral traditions (Folk tales / stories / myths

/ legends, songs, proverbs, riddles and
tongue twisters).
2. Archaeology / artifacts.
3. Written records e.g. books.
4. Linguistics.
5. Genetics.
6. Anthropology (myths and legends).
7. Geology.
8. Rock painting.

How archaeologists obtain information

on the history of Kenya.

1. Locating Historical sites.

2. Excavating or digging the site.
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1. Intermarriage which strengthened

relationships
2. Population increased as they migrated in
to the region.
PEOPLES OF KENYA UP TO THE 19TH 3. Some Bantus adopted Islam from the
CENTURY Cushites.
4. Some Bantus copies some customs
э Kenya was 1st occupied by the from the Cushites, like circumcision
Khoisan stock who spoke a and age- set system.
language with a
5. Some Cushites copied crop growing
‘clicking’ sound.
э Their remnants were absorbed in from the Bantu.
the Rift valley as Okiek / Dorobo 6. Some Cushites were absorbed /
assimilated by the Bantu.
э The others included Athi, Gumba, Onguye
7. They traded with each other.
and Okuro. Origin, Migration and 8. The Cushites displaced the Bantu
from Shungwaya.
settlement of the people of Kenya 9. They fought each other for control of
resources / increased warfare, hence
э Kenya has three main loss of lives.
communities; Cushites, Nilotes
and Bantu.
э The Cushites are Southern and Eastern. NB/ Their main economic activity was
э They came from Ethiopian Highlands. Pastralism / Livestock keeping / animal
э They (Southern) include Sanye or keeping
Dahallo in Kenya.
э The Eastern include Borana, Somali, The Bantu
Oromo/Galla, Gabra, Rendile,
Burji/Surji,
and Shaggila / Dasenech. э They originated from around Eastern
Nigeria and Cameroon
Reasons for migration of Eastern Cushites

1. Internal conflicts over leadership and

control of resources.
2. External attacks from their
neighbouring communities.
3. To look for better grazing fields and water
for their livestock.
4. Spirit of adventure / exploration / curiosity
5. Outbreak of natural epidemics e.g. human
and animal diseases.
6. Outbreak of natural calamities e.g.
drought
7. Population pressure, hence they had
to look for land for settlement

Results of their migration and settlement

into Kenya

1. Intermarriage which
strengthened relationship with
other communities.
2. Exchange of cultural activities and
practices / Some communities were
absorbed / assimilated. e.g. Bantu
copied some customs from the
Cushites like circumcision and age-set
system, and also taboo against fish
eating among some Bantu
communities.
3. Intensified warfare, hence many
deaths over control of resources
and raids.
4. Displacement / redistribution of the
population e.g. the Bantu were
displaced from Shungwaya.
5. Increased trading activities.
6. It led to the spread of iron working in
the region.
7. The Cushites formed alliances with
other groups to help them overcome
their enemies.
8. They learned the art of mixed farming from
the Bantu.
9. It led to Population increase in the areas
in which they settled.
10. It led to the emergence of new
communities.

Results of interaction between the

Cushites and the Bantu in Kenya in the
pre-colonial period.
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highlands (Congo Basin).

э They then moved to DRC before э They fall in three main groups: plain,
further movement towards E. Africa. highland and river-lake
э They then settled around Western side э The names were coiled from the
of L. Victoria in Uganda. environment in which they
э From here, they split into two groups; settled.
one entered Kenya from the western э The plain Nilotes include- Iteso, Maasai,
direction
Njemps, Turkana, Samburu
and settled in the Western region of
Kenya. They came to be referred to as э The highlands Nilotes include Sabaot /
Western Bantu; and they include; Kony
Abaluhya, Abakuria and Abagusii. / Bok / Bongomek, Turgen, Marakwet,
э The other group moved southwards Elgeiyo, Pokot, Kipsigis, Nandi etc
into Tanzania, through Kilimanjaro
area along э The river lake Nilotes include Luo.
the Coast up to Shungwaya in э The Nilotes originated from around R. Nile
in Southern Sudan in a region called
Modern Somalia before Taita hills. Bar-el-
э Some entered Kenya through Gazen.
Kilimanjaro area while others entered
from the э They entered Kenya through the area
Eastern side / Coast from Shungwaya.
э They settled along the coast while of L. Turkana. Reasons for migration
others penetrated into the Central
region of the
country / around Mt. Kenya.
э At the Coast, they include Mijikenda while
at the Central include Agikuyu, Akamba
etc.

Reasons for their migration

1. There was population pressure and

hence need for land for settlement.
2. They migrated to look for land for
cultivation
3. They needed land for grazing their
livestock, thus additional pastures
and water.
4. Internal conflicts forced some of
their communities to migrate.
5. External attacks from their neighbours
especially Galla / Oromo, forced them to
migrate for security / External pressure.
(MAIN) This affected them in
Shungwaya.
6. Outbreak of natural calamities e.g.
floods killed some of them, thus
prompting them to migrate.
7. Outbreak of natural epidemics e.g.
diseases killed them and their
livestock, thus forcing them to
migrate.
8. They migrated to satisfy their spirit
of adventure / curiosity / exploration

Results of their migration (Bantu)

1. Displacement of some communities

/ Redistribution of population.
2. Intermarriage with other communities
3. Expansion of trade with their
neighboring communities
4. Cultural exchange with the other
communities / Assimilation of some
communities by the others e.g. Bantus
learned the art of circumcision from
them and taboo against fish eating.
5. It led to pressure over land, hence
conflicts and warfare
6. Intercommunity conflicts led to loss of
lives and destruction of property
7. Other communities learned some
agricultural practices from the
Bantu.
8. They spread the knowledge of iron
working to different parts of Kenya.
9. Enrichment of language with word
borrowing.

Nilotes
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1. Population pressure, hence look for land

3. Used for territorial expansion.
for settlement
2. Internal conflicts forced some of
Bantu
their communities to migrate for
security.
Social organization
3. External attacks from their
neighboring communities.
1. They practiced circumcision,
4. They migrated to satisfy their spirit
some for boys and others for
of adventure / exploration / curiosity.
both boys and girls.
5. Natural calamities e.g. floods which
2. They believed in a universal
killed them, thus forcing them to
God.
migrate.
3. They had diviners and medicine
6. Natural epidemics e.g. disease and
people.
famine which killed them and their
4. They sang and danced during
livestock, thus forcing them to migrate.
ceremonies.
7. Desire for greener pasture and water
for their livestock / overstocking,
hence they were looking for new land Political Organization
for grazing and water.
1. They were ruled by councils of
8. They migrated to look for land for
elders
cultivation and cattle rearing.
2. They had decentralized forms of
9. Those near water bodies needed new
government
fishing areas.
3. Councils of elders settled
Results of the migration and settlement of disputes, presiding over
the Nilotes into Kenya religious ceremonies, declaring
war and peace, sound warning
1. It led to increase in population in the when disaster stroke,
areas where they settled. spokesperson of their
2. It intensified conflicts for resources communities, decided on inter-
for resources control tribal marriages, set dates for
3. Intermarriage with the other communities social functions.
4. Exchanged cultural practices with 4. Some had hereditary leadership.
other communities / It brought about
assimilation of some communities Economic Organization
5. It resulted in to displacement of
some communities / redistribution 1. Traded with their neighbouring
of population. communities
6. It led to enhancement of trade 2. They Cultivated and grew crops
with the neighboring like millet.
communities 3. They practiced livestock keeping
7. Some adopted agricultural skills like cattle.
and practices from their 4. They fished along rivers and
neighboring communities. lakes
8. It enriched the language spoken in the 5. They made crafts like Pottery and
area / region. basketry
6. They did iron working for
Ways of interaction between Kenyan tools and weapons.
societies in the 19th Century 7. They practiced hunting and
gathering for wild animals
1. War fare / Raiding and fruits
2. Trade 8. They also practiced cattle
3. Intermarriage raiding from their
4. Cultural exchange / activities e.g. language neighbouring communities
/ Sporting activities.
Agiku
SOCIO-ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF yu
KENYAN COMMUNITIES IN THE 19TH CENTURY Social

Reasons why Kenyan communities 1. The family was the smallest

fought against each other during the pre- social unit.
colonial period. 2. Related families formed a
clan (Mbari) which lived in
1. Competition for land for cultivation / defined area.
settlement. 3. They marked
2. Competition for water / pasture. initiation by
3. To demonstrate their military power. circumcision both
4. To raid for cattle. boys and
clitoridectomy for
Functions of warriors among Kenyan girls.
societies in the 19th C. 4. They joined age sets after
initiation (riika and mariika),
1. Defending the community. and they were taught about
2. Raiding for property the values of the society.
5. They believed in the
existence of a creator God
whom they referred to as
Ngai. They believed he lived
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on top of Mt. Kenya.

6. They had diviners who
interpreted God’s message.
7. They had medicine men &
women (Mundu Mugo)
8. They had sacred places /
shrines for worship,
prayers and offerings e.g.
Mugumo tree.
9. They believed in ancestral
spirits, and hence poured
libations to appease them.
10. Marriage was important, but
exogamous.
11. They had division of labour
according to gender and age.
12. They had generation sets-Mwangi
and Maina.
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What they borrowed from the

Gumba
.
1. Age-set system
2. Taboo against fish eating.
1. They practiced Crop growing e.g. millet
3. Breeding of cattle
4. Circumcision / Clitoridectomy 2. They also practiced livestock
5. Hunting and gathering keeping e.g. sheep
6. Iron working and smelting 3. They learnt Iron working for tools and
weapons.
4. They conducted barter trade with
neighbors
Economic
e.g. Maasai.
5. They made traditional crafts e.g.
baskets and pottery.
6. They hunted and gathered for
wild animals and fruits.
7. They collected honey from
forests for traditional brew.
Political

1. They had a
decentralized system of
government.
2. They had clans and sub-clans
(Mbari) living in the same ridge.
3. A clan or ridge was under a
spokesperson (Muthamaki).
4. They were ruled by councils of elders
(Kiama).
5. The councils of elders
performed various
tasks including
religious,
administrative and
judicial.
6. There existed 2 generation sets
(Mariika ): Mwangi and Maina,
with each performing
leadership skills for a period of
time.
7. They had a class of warriors
for defense, directed by
councils of elders.
8. They had other leaders like the
prophets , priests and diviners
who played important political
role in the society.
9. Some individuals rose to the
position of political importance
in the 19th Century as a result
of exemplary contribution to
the society and wealth
acquired.

Functions of Councils of Elders among the

Agikuyu.

1. It settled disputes / Maintained law and

order.
2. It made laws for the community.
3. It punished law breakers / Acted
as court of appeal.
4. It declared war and peace.
5. It presided over religious
functions like blessed
warriors before going for
war.

meru

Social

1. Related families formed a clan

e.g. Igembe , Tigania , Tharaka
, Imenti , Mwimbi and Chuka
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which were mostly found on

ridge tops (Mwiriga).
2. In some cases, individual ridges
combined to create larger units
especially during period of war.
3. Marriage was important and exogamous.
4. There was a system of age-
sets ( Nthuki) based on
circumcision of both boys
and girls after which they
were grouped on to.
5. After circumcision, the
young boys joined the
warrior class (Ramare)
for defence.
6. After marriage, a woman looked
for an elderly lady who would be
her mid-wife, and the former
could give her gifts oftenly.
7. Male children underwent several
stages before they were
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8. The stages ensured upright behaviour,

instill courage, enhance devotion to the
community etc.
9. They believed in a supreme God
(Murungu / baba wiitu)- the Sun /
creator.
10. They believed in the existence of
ancestral spirits who watched over the
living.
11. They gave sacrifices, libation and
offerings to their God.
12. There existed a class of medicine
people who treated the sick and
cleansed the people who became
unclean through their bad behaviour.
13. They also had prophets (Aroria)
including Raiboni who had the ability
to foretel the future.
14. Construction of houses was done by
ladies.

Economi
cs

1. They cultivated land and grew crops like

millet
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2. They also grew crops e.g. millet

2. They kept livestock e.g. goats. 3. They hunted and gathered for wild
3. They traded with their neighbours. animals and fruits
4. Iron workers and they made tools 4. They made crafts e.g. baskets and
and weapons pottery.
5. Some of them did hunting & 5. They iron worked for tools and weapons
gathering, which they learnt from
the Athi.
6. Made crafts e.g. baskets and pottery
/ Made leatherworks e.g. sandals.

Political

1. Basic political unit was the family head

by the father.
2. They had a decentralized
government structure / They were
ruled by senior councils of elders
(Njuri Ncheke).
3. Several related families formed a clan
headed by a clan council of elders
(Kiama).
4. Councils of elders settled disputes,
deliberated on day to day activities
administered justice, solved
disputes.
5. Njuri Ncheke solved land and inheritance
disputes, presided over major social /
religious functions, acted as court of
appeal,
advised warriors, negotiated peace, and
made laws.
6. They had warriors who defended
the community, provided by age-
sets.
7. Religious leaders like Raiboni or
prophets influenced political
administration.
8. Their system of government alternated
between two organizations namely Kiruga
and Ntiba every 14 years and each had
its own army regiment.

Akamba

Social

1. The family was the smallest social unit.

2. They had clans formed by related families
3. Marriage was exogamous.
4. One who violated the norms of the
community e.g. murdered was
banished.
5. They had age-sets formed by boys
who were circumcised together.
They also circumcised girls.
6. They had creator God (Mulungu)
7. They prayed through ancestral spirits
8. They offered sacrifices
9. They had herbalist and medicine men
and women
10. They had sacred places /
shrines, mostly under fig
trees/baobab.
11.They had ceremonies where they sang
and danced.
13. Daily prayers were said by the family
head. 14.Games like gambling were also
popular in
the community.
14. They believed that God existed in 3
forms: Mulungu Mumbi (creator), Mulungu
Mwalwangi (diviner) and Mulungu (giver).

Economic

1. They kept livestock e.g. cattle

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6. They were bee-keepers for traditional brew.

7. They traded with their
neighbouring communities.

Political

1. The basic political unit was the clan,

formed by related families
2. They were ruled by council of elders
/ Decentralized system of
government.
3. They had age-sets and age-grades,
which provided warriors for defense.
4. They had junior elders / Anake,
Intermediate
/ medium elders /
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Nthele, full elders / Athumia ma kivalo and

2. They had hereditary clan
Senior most elders / Athumia ma Ithembo.
chiefs (Omugambi), who were
5. They also had clan elders.
a crown (chindogote).
6. The retired elders advised senior elders
3. They had a decentralised
on important matters affecting the
system of government.
community
4. They were ruled by councils of elders.
7. Councils settled disputes
5. The councils of elders solved land
8. They had a military group (kivalo)
disputes and maintained law and order.
which was disbanded after war.
6. Abagambi presided over
9. In the 19th Century, certain
religious ceremonies.
personalities acquired political status
7. The age-sets provided warriors for defense.
and were referred to as chiefs
8. Cattle bomas were used as military ground
following amassing of wealth from
for training.
trade.
9. There were ritual like diviners,
Functions of councils of elders among medicine men and healers who
the Akamba. played political roles.

1. They prepared the youth for war / Declared

war and peace.
2. They presided over religious and
other rituals.
3. They were the custodians of the
social code of ethics among the
Akamba.
4. They offered advice to the people when
need arose.
5. They ruled the community / Settled
disputes.

Abagusii

Social

1. Several related families formed a clan.

2. Initiation was marked by circumcision
for boys and girls.
3. The initiated boys formed age-sets
4. They believed in creator God (Engoro)
and mankind (Ebirecha)
5. They offered sacrifices
6. They had special people like diviners,
seers called Omuraguri
7. Marriage was exogamous.

Economic

1. They kept livestock e.g. cattle

2. They practiced land cultivated for millet
3. They practiced fishing along rivers and
lakes.
4. They hunted and gathered for wild animals
and fruits.
5. They practiced Iron working for weapons
and tools.
6. They made crafts e.g. baskets.
7. They raided for livestock from
their neighbouring communities.
8. They traded with their neighbours like
the Luo and the kipsigis.

Factors that influenced the Abagusii to

become crop farmers by the beginning of
the 19th Century.

1. Possession of iron and iron working skills.

2. Settlement in areas with suitable climate.
3. Existence of indigenous crops.
4. Fertile soils in their areas of settlement.

Political

1. The basic political unit was the clan,

formed by related families
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2. Settling disputes.

Mijikenda

They fall under 9 clans, namely: Ribe, Rabai,

Jibana, Giriama, Chonyi, Kambe, Digo (kwale),
Kauma & Duruma.

Social

1. The smallest social unit was the family.

2. They were organized in clans formed
by related families.
3. They formed age sets after
circumcision.
4. They believed in the existence of one
God- Mulungu.
5. They offered sacrifices to appease
Mulungu
6. They made prayers directly to Mulungu.
7. Priests presided over ceremonies
and rituals.
8. Other people such as prophets,
medicine men and diviners (Wafisi)
played an important role in the
society.
9. They believed in ancestral spirits
who guided families and mediated
between them and Mulungu.
10. The elderly members of the society
imparted societal values and norms to
the youths.
11. Labour was divided according to
gender as men built the houses and
children looked after domestic
animals.
12. Social ceremonies were marked with
songs and dance.
13. They practiced exogamy.

Economic

1. They cultivated land and grew crops

e.g. yams
2. They made crafts e.g. baskets and
pots.
3. They kept livestock e.g. goats.
4. They fished along rivers and lakes.
5. They barter traded with their neighbours.
6. They hunted and gathered for wild
animals and fruits.
7. They also practiced iron working for
weapons and tools.

Political

1. They were organized in 4-6 clans with

many sub-clans.
2. Age-sets provided warriors for defense
3. They had councils of elders (Kambi) /
They had a decentralized system of
government.
4. Young men became members of age-
sets after circumcision and took part
in political activities.
5. The council of elders administered the
clan and was final court of Appeal
6. Council meetings were chaired by
headmen.
7. They lived in fortified villages
for security/defense.

Functions of Kambi.

1. Administration of the clan.

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3. Maintaining law and order.

4. It acted as the final court of Appeal on
judicial matters.
5. It presided over religious matters
and ceremonies.
6. It declared war on their neighbours.

Nilo

te s

Nan

di

Soci

al

1. The family was the smallest social unit.

2. They had age-sets; Maina, Korongoro,
Sawe, Chumo, Kipkoimet, Kaplelach,
Kimnyigei and Nyongi
3. Initiation was marked by circumcision for
boys and girls, and
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

thereafter the boys were grouped in to community and a council of elders

age- sets. / Arbitrated in inter-clan disputes.
4. They had ceremonies to mark change 5. He foretold what was to happen.
from one stage to another . This was 6. He was consulted on matters of
the saket ap Eito (Slaughter of a sacrifice and transfer of power from
bullock). one age group to another.
5. Marriage was polygamous and 7. Had ability to make rain.
exogamous. 8. Was the chief medicine man.
6. They believed in a creator God-Asis.
7. They prayed to God through ancestral
spirits.
8. They had a class of specialists
like prophets and medicine
people.
9. They had religious leaders, with Orkoiyot as
the overall.
10. Related families formed a clan
11. They had sacred places of worshipping
and offering sacrifices.
12. Education was informal and the
elders imparted knowledge in the
youths.

Economics

1. They were involved in hunting

and gathering for wild animals
and fruits
2. They were pastoralists, they kept livestock
like cattle
3. They cultivated land and grew crops like
millet
4. They traded with neighbouring
communities
5. They practiced iron working for weapons
and tools
6. They made crafts e.g. basket and pots
7. They raided their neighbouring
communities for cattle and land.

Political

1. The smallest political unit was the

family headed by the father who
handled internal matters like discipline
and inheritance.
2. They had a decentralized system of
government, headed by a council of
elders who acted as the highest court.
3. They had neighbour-hood political
units (Kokwet) under a council of
elders who handled matters affecting
the neighbour- hood.
4. The clan was 3rd under a clan council
of elders who dealt with grazing
rights.
5. They had age-sets which provided
warriors for defense of the
community against external
attacks.
6. By the 19th Century, the Orkoiyot
had become influential in both
spiritual and political affairs of the
community.

Functions of Orkoiyot.

1. Presided over religious ceremonies

and functions.
2. Advised council of elders on
matters of running of the
community.
3. Advised and blessed the warriors
before raiding or waging war.
4. Arbitrated in cases and disputes
between members of the
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9. Was the overall political leader,

hence a unifying factor in the
community.

Maasai

Social

1. The basic social unit was the

family comprising the father,
wife
/ wives and the children.
2. They had clans made up of related families
3. They had 2 groups; Purko
(pastralists) and Kwavi (Iloikop)
(cultivators)
4. They had age-sets / age-groups which
were made up of people who were
circumcised at the same period. They
circumcised
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

both boys and girls. 4. He advised councils of elders on

5. Believed in the existence of a matters pertaining daily running of
supreme God-Enkai, who was the the community.
creator of the universe. 5. He foretold what would happen in future.
6. They had religious leaders e.g. Laibon 6. He arbitrated in cases involving
who mediated between the people and councils of elders and members
Enkai. of different clans.
7. They offered sacrifices to God in special 7. He had the ability to make rain by
places / celebrated the Eunoto ceremony communicating with the spirits of
that marked graduation from the ancestors.
moranhood to junior elders. 8. He was consulted when disasters
8. They believed in the existence of like drought struck.
ancestral spirits whom they
revered.
Luo

They originated from Pubungu / Pakwach

before entering Kenya.
Economic
Economic
1. They practised hunting and gathering
for wild animals and fruits
2. They were nomadic pastralists, believed
that all the livestock on earth belonged to
them.
3. The Kwavi cultivated land and grew
crops. They acquired this practice from
the Agikuyu.
4. They raided for livestock and land
5. They acquired trading from the Agikuyu
6. They made crafts like baskets
7. They Iron worked for weapons and tools
8. They mined red ochre and salt.

Political

1. They were divided into semi-

independent units each with its leader,
pastures, animal brand and watering
units.
2. They were ruled by councils of
elders consisting of rituals
leaders and clan heads.
3. The duties of councils of elders
included maintaining law and order,
declaring war etc.
4. They had age sets that performed
leadership roles in the society in
turns.
5. They had a class of warriors
(morans) who defended the
community and carried out raids.
6. Oloiboni was the most important ritual
leader, and later (19th century)
influenced political matters.
7. They had a decentralized
system of government.
8. They had ritual leaders to preside
over religious functions and advise
the community during crisis.
9. They went through 4 stages: boyhood (1
Laiyak), Warrior hood (1 Imuran), Junior
elder and Senior elder.
10. They later had Oloibon as their
overall political leader.

Functions of Oloibon.

1. He presided over religious functions

like offering sacrifices.
2. He advised and blessed warriors
before war/declared war.
3. He administered Maasai land/ he acted
as a unifying factor.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. They traded with their

3. Expansion of agriculture in the
neighboring communities like
region due to demand of
the Abaluhya.
agricultural produce by Somalis.
2. They made crafts like pots.
4. Increased conflicts over control of
3. They adapted cultivation of land for
resources.
crops from the Bantu.
5. Displacement and redistribution of people
4. They kept livestock for skins and milk.
in the areas where they settled.
5. They did fishing along rivers and lakes.
6. Cultural exchange e.g.
6. They learnt iron working from the Bantu.
communities borrowed Islam
7. They also practiced hunting and gathering.
from Somali.
7. Assimilation of some communities
e.g. Oromo.
8. Some of them adopted crop farming
Social
practice when they settled along
1. Family was the basic social potential areas like river valleys.
unit; headed by the father
Social
(Jaduong).
2. Related families formed a clan
1. Related families formed a clan
3. They were polygamous and
exogamous in marriage
4. They had a class of specialized people
like prophets.
5. They had special worship places / Shrines
6. They believed in a creator God-Nyasaye
7. They believed in life after death
and reincarnation
8. They believed in good and bad spirits.
9. They had religious leaders who
possessed a spirit-Juogi.
10. Initiation was marked by removal of 6
lower teeth for both men and women.
11. After initiation, one could marry
12. They offered sacrifices
13. They had ceremonies where they sang
and danced.

Political

1. They were organized in clans, made up

of related families
2. The clans formed a larger territorial
unit (Gweng) which was self-
governing.
3. Each clan was governed by a council of
elders
4. The council administered justice and
served as court of appeal
5. They had a system of chieftainship
(Ruoth) who administered with help of
council of elders
6. There were ritual experts e.g.
diviners who played different
political roles.
7. Family affairs were under a
lower council called Doho
comprising of several male
heads.
8. There was a class of warriors for
defense (Thuondi) with Osumba
Murwayi as the leader.
9. They had a decentralized system of
government, with a military leader
(Osumba Murwayi)

CUSHITES

Somali

Results of the migration and settlement of

Somali in to Kenya.

1. They intermarried with the other

communities around their areas
of settlement.
2. There was expansion of trading activities
with their neighbours.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. They had age-sets 8. They also practised land cultivation in

3. They marked initiation by circumcising crops like millet.
their boys and girls.
4. They had supreme God-Waq. BORANA
5. They had religious leaders who
presided over religious Social
functions.
6. They later adopted Islam. 1. The nuclear family was the smallest
7. They believed in the existence of social unit headed by the father.
ancestral spirits. 2. They had clans formed by related families
8. They had special places of 3. They also had the camp, made up
worship/shrines. of unrelated families, led by most
9. Marriage was exogamous and senior married man.
polygamous. 4. They had age-sets made up of
10. Property was inherited by the eldest son, boys circumcised at the same
and then shared with the others. time.
11. They had ceremonies in which they 5. They also had age-grades ranging
sang and danced. from infancy to old age having its
own rights and duties.
Their religious practices.

1. They believed in God whom they

referred to as Waq.
2. They had religious leaders.
3. They had ancestral spirits.
4. They had sacred places for worship.
5. They later embraced Islam in the 16th
Century.

Political

1. They had a decentralized system of

government based on clans made
up of related families
2. Each clan was independent of each
other but could come together to
face a common enemy
3. The clan was headed by a council of
elders
4. The council of elders had duties like
presiding over assemblies, maintaining
law and order etc.
5. They had an overall chief (sultan)
but his powers did not supersede
those of the council of elders.
He was mainly a negotiator between
different clans as well as confirming a
new a Sultan in to office as a formality
6. They had age-set system which provided
warriors for defense of the community
against external attacks and acquiring
wealth for them.
7. Each age-set performed specific
political duties for a period of time.
8. With the introduction of Islam,
the council of elders was
replaced by Sheikhs as
community leaders.
9. With the introduction of Islam, their
political system was then based on the
Islamic or Sharia law.

Economic

1. They were nomadic pastoralists and

kept camel.
2. Their staple foods was camel meat.
3. They traded with their
neighbouring communities.
4. They made crafts e.g. baskets.
5. They hunted and gathered for wild
animals and fruits.
6. They fished along rivers and lakes.
7. They iron worked for weapons and tools.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

6. There existed other special people

who were respected like medicine
people and prophets. CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICA AND THE
7. They worshipped a powerful God- OUTSIDE WOLD UP TO THE 19TH CENTUARY.
Wak/Waq to whom they offered
individual and family prayers. -The early visitors to the East African Coast
8. The head of the family offered sacrifices included Egyptians, Phoenicians (from
at every new moon. Lebanon), Indonesians, Turks, Romans,
9. They had religious shrines where Syrians, Greeks, Indians, Chinese, Persians,
they offered prayers and Arabs, people from Burma, Thailand, Spice
sacrifices. and Malaysia.
10. They believed in ancestral spirits The earliest included Egyptians,
who protected the living. Indonesians, Romans, Persians, Syrians,
11. They had patrilineal system of Phoenicians, Greeks, Chinese, Arabs,
inheritance, by the 1st born who shared Indians.
with the younger ones.
12. Marriage was polygamous and Evidence.
exogamous.

Economic

1. They were nomadic pastoralists /

Kept livestock like camel, sheep,
goats and cattle.
2. They traded with their neighbours
like the Pokomo and Mijikenda.
3. They did hunting and gathering for
wild animals and fruits to suppliment
locally produced foodstuffs.
4. They made crafts like baskets and pottery.
5. They iron worked for weapons and tools.
6. They raided for cattle which earned
the community additional wealth.
7. They did fishing for those who settled
around rivers and lakes
8. Those who lived in watered areas
cultivated and grew crops like
millet, sorghum and yams.

Political

1. Related families formed a clan which

was the basic political unit.
2. They had a centralized system of
government.
3. They also had a council of elders
4. The council of elders maintained law and
order, enforced rules, regulated behavior
of the clan members, made decisions
concerning war and peace; and their
decision was final
5. They lived in a camp with the senior
married man recognized as the head,
who enforced laws and settled disputes
within the camp.
6. They were divided in to 2 groups /
halves for effective
administration.
7. Each half was administered by a leader
called Kallu.
8. The position of Kallu was hereditary and
he had both political and religious
duties.
9. Kallu settled major inter-clan disputes.
10. He also administered with the help of
the council of elders.
11. They had a class of warriors who
defended the communities
against external attacks and
organized raids against
neighbours.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. It enabled them to use the compass point

in
1. The Graeco-Roman Documentary locating direction.
which makes direct references to 2. It facilitated the construction/use of boats.
the East African Coast. 3. It enabled them to develop/apply the
2. The Book- Periplus of the Erytherean Sea, skills of map reading.
written during the 1st Century AD by a
Greek Merchant; it talks about the Organization of the trade between the
people and places along the East African Arabs and East Africa.
Coast.
3. The writings by a Greek Scholar-Claudius э Foreign traders came to the East
African Coast using dhows or sailing
Ptolemy (Geography). In this book, he ships which
made reference to the East African Coast relied on monsoon winds for travel.
(AZANIA) and the trade along the Coast. э They exchanged their goods with the
4. The Swahili Chronicles (Histories) written Coastal goods at various market Centres
like Sofala.
by the Coastal people, based on the Oral э Major exports from the Coast included
Traditions. Gold, Ivory, Slaves, Rhino horns, Tortoise
5. Natural History written by a Roman shells,
Geographer and Historian- Pliny about Honey, Bee wax, Coconut Oil etc.
trade between the Coast and India. э Gold came from Sofala and Kilwa.
6. Arab travelers e.g. Al-Mosudi, Al-Idrisi э Imports included Cotton clothes from
India, Silk, Weapons from Middle East.
and Ibn Batuta wrote about places they э Mode of trade was barter.
visited at the East African Coast and э The Coastal rulers organized the trade
intermarriage along the Coast line of E. from within their Coastal
A.
7. Archaeological sites along the East
African Coast also have evidence in
form of artifacts e.g. Pottery; this is
evident at Gedi and Kilwa by Dr Kirkman
and Chittick (Archaeologists).
8. Christian topography of Cosmos
Indico Pleatustes.
Types of evidence about contacts
between the Kenyan Coast and the
outside world up to the 1200AD.

1. Archaeological e.g. ruins, coins etc.

2. Written e.g. Ptolemy’s Geography.
3. Presence of crops indigenous to the
other parts of the world.
4. Linguistics.

Arabs.

Reasons for the coming of the early

visitors.

1. They wanted to trade and control the

Indian Ocean trade.
2. Some came as political / religious
refugees.
3. They came to spread their religion-Islam.
4. They came to establish settlements.
5. They also came for exploration / wanted
to find out about the resources along
the coast.

Factors that facilitated their coming.

1. Accessibility of the Kenyan Coast via

Red sea and Indian ocean.
2. Knowledge of boat making / sailing
ships / dhows.
3. The monsoon winds which
powered their dhows on to the
Coast.
4. Marine technology, as the compass
was developed to help them locate
direction of travel.
5. Deep natural harbours to dock their
ships at the East African Coast.

How the knowledge in marine

technology facilitated the coming of the
early visitors to the Kenyan Coast.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

towns.
э Major markets were Europe, India, China 8. The people were divided in to Muslims
and the Middle East. and Africans.
9. They were ruled by Imams /
Results of the trade between the East Sultans / Sheikhs.
African Coast and the outside world. 10. They were independent political entities.
11. They minted and used their own
1. Many Africans were converted to Islam. coins / money.
2. New crops were introduced at the E. 12. The people wore woven and silk
African Coast. clothes / Practised spinning and
3. Growth of towns and city-states. weaving.
4. Rise of a class of rich merchants.
5. Decline of local industries as the locals Reasons for the decline of the coastal city
tasted foreign goods. states after 1500.
6. Destruction of wildlife due to continued
search for Ivory. 1. Corruption by the Portuguese, hence
7. Warfare due to slave trade. loss of revenue.
8. Introduction of currency as a 2. Constant warfare between the
medium of exchange. Portuguese and the Coastal
9. International relations were introduced towns.
between E. Africa and the outside world. 3. Invasion of the Coastal settlements by
10.Exposed E. Africa, hence colonization. the Zimba, who
11.Trade routes later developed in to main
roads.

City States.

э This is a town or a city with its own

government responsible for its own
affairs
independent of any external influence.
э Such city States were introduced at the
East African Coast by the Arabs.
э They included Mombasa, Kilwa,
Pemba, Sofala, Malindi, Pate,
Zanzibar etc.

Factors for the growth of the coastal city

states by the 19th Century.

1. Lucrative India Ocean Trade based on

items like slaves, gold and iron.
2. Favorable climate in terms of plenty
of rainfall.
3. Fertile soil which encouraged
the development of
agriculture.
4. Good deep natural habours which
made the docking of ships easier.
5. Monsoon winds which ensured
cheap transportation for traders.
6. Actual settlement of people at the
coast with urban cultures i.e living in
clustered settlements.
7. Rise of Islam in Arabia encouraged
Arab settlement at the coast.
8. Defensive site / security e.g. Islands
9. Wealthy and powerful sultans who
controlled trade and set up competitive
commerce and took pride in building
cities.
10. Strong centralized governments
based on sharia law encouraged
the growth of some of them like
Malindi.

Characteristics of the City States.

1. Kiswahili was the language.

2. Islam was the religion.
3. They ate oriental foods / Spices.
4. Arabic and Persian architecture was
used in construction of houses.
5. Trade was the main economic activity /
India ocean trade.
6. The also practiced spinning and
weaving.
7. They fished on the Indian Ocean.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

merchants / States to pay taxes to

disrupted the economic activities. Portugal
4. Increased conflicts between city states.
5. Drought spell hindered economic
activities.
6. Conflict between the Mazrui
and Bussaidi families over
leadership.
7. Taxes levied from the coastal
settlements by the corrupt Portuguese
administrators weakened the
economic base of the city states.
8. Rivalry between European nations over
the control of the trade along the coast /
European colonization of the region and
their desire to control trading activities.
9. Outbreak of diseases e.g. in Gedi.
10. Exhaustion of commodities like Gold in
Sofala.

Results of the interaction between the

people of the Kenyan Coast and the
Arabs.

1. Some people along the Kenyan Coast

were converted to Islam.
2. The Arabs introduced Islamic culture
/ architecture to the Coastal people.
3. The Arabs introduced new crops which
were later adopted by the coastal
people.
4. Introduction and demand for imported
crops led to the decline of traditional
industries.
5. Some communities like the Akamba
resorted to Long Distance Trade in
search for commodities.
6. There was an increase in population as
many traders settled at the coast.
7. The Arabs established city states / towns
at the coast.
8. The Islamic law (sharia) and system
of administration was introduced by
the Arabs at the coast.
9. There was the development of
Kiswahili language as a result of the
interaction between Arabs and
coastal people.
10. Intermarriage between Africans
and Arabs led to the emergence
of Waswahili people.

The coming of

the Portuguese.

Reasons for their

coming.

1. They came to control the Indian

Ocean Trade / They came to trade
with the Coastal towns.
2. They came to find the sea rout to India.
3. They came for exploration of the East
African Coast.
4. They came to look for the Legendary
Christian king Prester John and form
an anti-Muslim alliance with him.
5. They came to protect their trading
interests/ create a trading empire at
the East African Coast.
6. They came to make the place a
refilling station where they would
obtain fresh supplies e.g. fruits.
7. They wanted to force the wealthy Coastal
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

8. The place was strategic for the protection

of Portuguese ships against the Turks
and the Egyptians in the region.

Their Conquest.

1. Their conquest started in 1487, when

Bartholomew Diaz came to find the sea
rout to India.
2. Vasco da Gama then came to Malindi
in 1498.He revealed to the King
about the wealth of the E. African
Coast.
3. The King then sent troops to capture
the control of this Coast for the
wealth.
4. The first one came in 1500 led by Pedro
Alvares Cabral and tried to capture
Sofala.
5. The second one came in 1502 led
by Vasco da Gama. He conquered
Kilwa and forced the Sultan to pay
tribute to Portugal.
6. Another troop was sent in 1503 under
Ruy Laurenco Ravasco. He attacked
Sofala, Mafia, Zanzibar, and forced the
Sultan to
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

pay the tribute he had agreed.

4. They were responsible for good
7. Francisco d’ Almeida came with
governance on behalf of the Viceroy
another fleet in1505.He conquered
based in Goa-India.
Sofala, Kilwa and Lamu.
8. Between 1506 to 1507, Tristao da
Reasons for the decline of their rule.
Cunha came with another fleet. He
attacked Oja, Brava, Socotra, Pate and
1. Competition from other European powers
Lamu.
like the Dutch, French, Germans and the
9. By 1509, most of the important towns,
British, which reduced their profits
North of the Ruvuma had fallen under
2. Coastal communities were
the Portuguese rule, but resistances
assisted by Persians, Turks and
continued.
the Omani.
10. By 1589, all the settlements were under
3. Delays in reinforcement due to long
the Portuguese rule.
distance.
11. In 1593, they built Fort Jesus.
4. Tropical diseases affected and even
12. They were later challenged by the
killed most of them.
Dutch, British and the French.
5. They had corrupt officials who
squandered the taxes and other gains
Why they built Fort Jesus.
from the coast.
6. Trade at the coast declined and
1. Act as a hiding place against attacks
therefore the Portuguese saw their
from their enemies.
control as a liability.
2. Used as a base for sending
7. Their settlements at the Coast
expeditions against resisting
were attacked by the Zimba
communities of the coast.
people, thus making their life
3. Used it for storage of armaments /
difficult (Looting and Killing).
items before transportation.
8. Harsh Portuguese hash rule made
4. Used as watch tower to see attackers
the Coastal communities to resent
from a distance.
and resist against the Portuguese.
5. To be used as an administrative base
9. Shortage of personnel for
by the Portuguese.
administration and defense as
6. To be used as a store for trade items.
Portugal was small with a small
7. To be used as prison for war captives.
population.
Reasons for their success.

1. They had superior weapons like

canons as compared to the Coastal
communities.
2. They had a well-trained army / they
organized surprise attacks and fought
with determination.
3. Disunity and rivalry between the
coastal towns had made the divided
and weak while the Portuguese
fought as a united force
/ people.
4. They got reinforcement from Goa,
India, Mozambique and Portugal.
5. The Portuguese formed alliances with
some coastal towns like Malindi .
6. Constant raids of coastal states by
interior communities like the Galla /
Oromo and the Zimba further
weakened them.
7. The Turks and the Persian navies in
the Indian ocean were too weak to
offer any help to the coastal
communities.
8. The construction of forts by the
Portuguese e.g. fort Jesus enabled
them to sustain their control over
the area.
9. The harshness of the Portuguese
administrators made the Africans
to submit to their rule.

Functions of their captains

1. Collect taxes from the coastal rulers.

2. To impose import and export duties.
3. To suppress any form of resistance
or rebellion.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. The Mazrui wanted to be independent.

10. Forcible union of Portugal and Spain
between 1580-1640 led to their neglect
of their
possessions at the East African Coast.
11. Shortage of essential supplies like food.
12. Fall of fort Jesus in 1698 after 33 months
siege by Oman Arabs.

Impact of their rule.

1. They built Fort Jesus for defense

purpose which later became a tourist
attraction.
2. Their harsh and cruel manner of
suppressing rebellions led to loss of
lives.
3. They introduced new food crops
which are staple foods for many
Kenyans.
4. Constant rebellion against the
Portuguese rule interfered with the
trading activities leading to its
decline.
5. The coastal towns that resisted the
Portuguese rule were destroyed
and left in ruins / destruction
of property.
6. They educated the coastal people
on how to use animal manure in
farming thus increasing crop
yields.
7. Some words borrowed from
Portuguese language enriched
Kiswahili language.
8. The Portuguese imposed heavy
taxation which impoverished the
coastal people.
9. They fostered good relations between
the
E. African coast and India.
10. The heavy taxation they
imposed on the coastal people
hindered economic
development along the coast.

Establishment of Oman Rule.

э The Oman Arabs took over the control of

E. Africa from the Portuguese.
э The Mazrui , Nabahan and Busaidi
families provided the rulers.
э Coastal communities resisted the
Oman because the later wanted tax
levied on
trade.
э In 1741, Mohammed Ibn Azthman al-
Mazrui was appointed as new governor
of Mombasa.
э He failed to recognize the new Imam
of Oman-Ahmed bin Said al-Busaidi.
э Ahmed revenged by having him
murdered.
э In 1806, this then caused a struggle
between the al- Busaidi and al- Mazrui
families.
э Sayyid Said took over as the new
Imam (Busaidi family), at the age of
15 years,
supported by the British.
э In 1817, he captured Pate.
э In 1822, he captured Pemba and Brava.
э In 1823, he captured Bajun Islands.
э In 1837, He captured Mombasa.
э In 1840, he moved his capital from Muscat
to Zanzibar. Causes of conflicts

between the Mazrui and Busaidi

1. To expand control over Mombasa.

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. Mombasa had fought against the

Portuguese and did not want to be ruled
by another foreigner.
4. To control trade.
5. The Mazrui of Mombasa were aware of
the problems facing the ruler of Oman /
civil war.

Reasons why he moved his capital.

1. Zanzibar had a pleasant climate as

Muscat was a desert / hot and dry.
2. Need to control the towns of E. African
Coast more effectively.
3. Deep harbors for docking their ships.
4. Zanzibar was strategically located to
the mainland and other
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

towns thus easily defensible. agriculture.

5. Fertile suitable soils for cloves and 5. Sayyid said encouraged settler farmers
coconuts. from Oman & Zanzibar
6. Need to exploit trade potentialities
between the E. A. C and the outside
world.
7. Clean and soft drinking water.
8. The people of Zanzibar had been loyal
to him throughout the struggle.

Contributions of Sayyid Said to the

community of Kenyan Coast in the 19th
Century.

1. He introduced glove growing.

2. He introduced the Indian coins /
Rupees, making trade easier.
3. He encouraged foreign trade with the
coastal inhabitants.
4. He ensured peace and stability both
at the coasts and the interior.
5. He encouraged Arab and Swahili traders
to venture in to the interior.
6. He attracted Indian Banyans to trade
and act as money lenders.
7. He signed commercial treaties
with foreign nations like USA,
France, Germany and Britain.

Factors that influenced Sayyid Said to

develop agriculture in Zanzibar in the 19th
Century.

1. Zanzibar had favorable climate for

clove growing.
2. Availability of slave labour.
3. Availability of fertile soil.
4. Availability of deep natural habours which
would promote trade in agricultural
products.
5. Availability of market.
6. Availability of unoccupied tracts of land in
the mainland.

Reasons why Oman rulers were interested

in establishing their control over Kenyan
coast.

1. Expand their commercial empire.

2. To establish political control over
Kenyan coast.
3. To assist in ending Portuguese rule.

Reasons for the decline of the Omani rule

1. Civil wars in Oman.

2. Rebellion by Coastal towns
especially Mombasa.
3. Threats of

Persian invasion

Effects

1. Plantation agriculture was established.

2. Clove growing started.
3. Slave trade intensified.

Factors that favoured the development of

plantation agriculture

1. Sayyid Said’s interest in

development of the overall
economy of East African possession
2. Sayyid Said’s policy- cut one, plant 3
3. Suitable soils for cloves and coconuts
4. Adequate rainfall which favoured
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

6. Availability of slave labour / transport

by water.
7. Availability of unoccupied land
8. High demand for cloves and farm
produce in Arabia and Europe.
9. There already exited trade in
agricultural products.
10. Good deep natural harbours.

Why slave trade intensified along the

Kenyan Coast after the establishment of
plantation agriculture.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. There was internal demand for slave

labour in clove plantations in Pemba, 1. Declaring slave trade illegal
Zanzibar, Malindi etc. 2. Prohibiting slave trade
2. Demand for slave labour in the French 3. Naval patrol on high Seas to arrest
sugar plantations in the islands of slowing ships.
Reunion and Mauritius. 4. Signing treaties
3. Slaves were needed as porters in the
ivory trade in which India, Britain and Reasons for the failure of anti-slavery
USA participated. activities before 1873
4. Porters were needed for
transportation of agricultural goods in 1. Slave trading was very profitable and
Malindi. merchants were prepared to risk
5. Slaves were needed to work as capture
domestic workers and soldiers in 2. There were only a few British ships to
Arabia. patrol the coast
3. Sayyid Said did not want to stop
Effects of the development of plantation slave trade, as he knew it would
agriculture make him unpopular-with his
subjects who used slave labour in
1. The economy of the Coast grew clove plantations.
2. Slave trade intensified, with the 4. The French twisted the law by
appointment of TIPU TIP giving passports to slaves (free
3. Warfare intensified in the region due to immigrants scheme)
the weapons got from trade 5. No attempt was made to penetrate inland
4. Militarization of the interior of East Africa. and stop slave trade
5. Attracted European interest,
hence colonization
6. Farming and farming skills improved
with the arrival of Arab farmers.
7. Trade expanded with new and more
goods from trade.
8. Food sufficiency
9. Population expansion
10. Emergence of wealthy
merchants 11 Development of
urban centers.
12. Opened up the interior of East Africa
13. Indigenous people were
rendered landless and became
squatters as their land was
grabbed for plantation

agriculture. Why British were

against slave trade

1. Britain was getting industrialized and

she wanted people back on the farms
in Africa for cheap raw materials.
2. The slaves could also be a market for
their (British) products.
3. Machines were preferred as they
required less human labour.
4. Many writings influenced the idea, e.g.
Dr. David Livingstone who termed the
trade as in-human.
5. Influence from British economists e.g.
Adams Smith who argued that free
people could perform better than
slaves.

Consequently, they signed treaties

with the Sultan of Zanzibar in a bid to
end slave trade and slavery

1. 1822, Moresby Treaty was signed

to stop slave trade.
2. 1845, Hammerton treaty was
signed to stop slave trade between
the E. African Cost and Oman.
3. 1873, Frere Treaty was signed by
Sayyid Barghash to stop slavery.

Methods used to abolish slave trade

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

act its source. э It involved the Yao, Nyamwezi, Swahili,

Mijikenda, Akamba Baganda, and
Factors that facilitated the spread of Arabs.
Islam in East Africa. э The Akamba organized caravans that led to
the coast weekly.
э They also set up markets.
1. Through trade. э They organized themselves into hunting
2. Arab migration and settlement along and trading parties.
the Coast led to the conversion of э Some of the centers in Kenya
included Taveta, Mbooni Hills, Elureko
local Bantu. in Wanga &
3. Establishment of Islamic education. Miazini near Ngong.
4. Some local people became Muslims to э The goods from the interior
avoid enslavement. included ivory / Tusks, Bee wax,
Rhino horns,
5. Islamic religion did not conflict animal skins / hides, tortoise shells,
with African indigenous religions Gold and slaves.
and cultural practices. э From the coast, were had iron axes
and hoes, utensils, silk, beads etc.
Characteristics of Islamic culture at the э The Khartoumers (Egyptians & Sudanese)
also participated in
East African Coast by 1500AD.

1. Dressing depicted Islamic as

women wore buibui and men
wore Kansu.
2. Sharia was used in the administration
of justice.
3. Adoption of Islamic titles like Sheikhs.
4. Adoption of Islamic religion.
5. Utensils comprised of porcelain bowls
and water jars.
6. Architecture was influenced by
Arabic designs.
7. Learning was done in madrasa using
Arabic language.

Impact of Islam on the people of Kenya.

1. Replacement of indigenous religions /

Spread of Islam.
2. Development of a system of leadership.
3. Introduction of Islamic culture like mode
of dressing.
4. Introduction of Islamic law / Sharia.
5. Introduction of Arabic architecture.
6. Introduction of new crops.

Effects of slave trade on the African

communities of Kenya.

1. The people live under insecurity and

fear.
2. There were many deaths during the
capture of slaves.
3. Loss of skilled labour e.g. Iron smiths
/ Decline in traditional industries.
4. Destruction of property during raids for
slaves.
5. It led to human suffering e.g. burning
of houses to acquire slaves.
6. Displacement of some communities.
7. Promoted interaction between
Kenyan communities like the
Akamba and Agikuyu.
8. Change of social roles as most men
were targeted for slavery / separation
families.
9. Establishment of freed slave’s
settlements at Frere town and
Bagamoyo after the abolition, hence
regain moral status by Africans.

Long distance trade

э This trade developed between the coast

of the East Africa and the interior.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

10. There was depopulation as many

the Africans were captured / sold as slaves.
11. It opened up the interior, thus leading
L.D.T. to colonization.
12. Trade routes later developed in to roads
Route and highways.

involv

ed

1. Mombasa-Mijikenda-Taita Taveta,
to Kilimanjaro & Victoria, another
branch from Taita Taveta to Galana
river-Mt. Kenya region to Western parts
of Kenya.
2. Bagamoyo-Tabora-Buganda-Ujiji-Zaire.

Factors that favoured.

1. Existence of enterprising merchants eg

the Indian Banyans who gave credit to
traders.
2. Natural habours ensured safe
docking of vessels and fueling and
off-loading supplies.
3. Introduction and use of guns for
protection, slave raiding and hunting.
4. Personal initiative by Sayyid Said
as he encouraged Arab traders to
organize caravans to the interior.
5. Roles played by prominent leaders like
Chief Kivoi of Akamba.
6. Local trade existed which provided a
base upon which the Indian Ocean
trade was built.
7. High demand for the goods from the
coast by consumers from foreign
countries.
8. High demand for slaves in the 19th
Century to be used in the farms and as
porters.
9. Availability of items of trade from the
East African Coast and foreign
countries.
10. Establishment of trade routes linking
the interior and the coast.

Effects on the people of Kenya.

1. Some trading centres developed in to

towns
e.g. Lamu.
2. In certain areas, slave raids
caused suffering, insecurity and
loss of lives.
3. Traders paved way for European
colonization.
4. Inter-community trade promoted
cultural interaction e.g. Swahili
language and Islamic religion.
5. There were intermarriages
between communities.
6. Some people got a lot of wealth and
became very powerful people, some
rising to position of importance e.g. Chief
Kivoi.
7. New crops were introduced in the
interior, hence more food production.
8. People were introduced to
money economy, thus making
transactions easy.
9. African slave labour led to
development of plantation
agriculture along the coast.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Factors that favored the growth of the

I.O.T. / IT

1. East Africa had trade links with the Far

East before this period.
2. Well established regional trade in
East Africa.
3. Sayyid Said encouraged foreign traders to
the East African
4. Arab & Swahili traders were given the
flag of the Sultan to ensure security.
5. Uniform levy of 5% by the Sultan along
the Coast.
6. Sayyid said introduced copper coins
from Indian people to replace silver
currency, Maria Theresa Dollar & the
Spanish crown. He also employed
Indian Banyans as money lenders.
7. Availability and demand for goods
8. Physical features of the East African coast
e.g. deep harbours attracted foreigners to
trade
9. Existence of wealthy merchants
10. Establishment of trade routes and markets.
11. The Sultan’s identification of the
British as the sole trading
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

agents overcame rivalry.

5. Some people were converted to
12. Having secure and sound trade
Islam by Muslim traders.
policy, Sayyid Said established links
6. People were introduced to money
with foreign countries e.g. America.
economy thereby making transaction
easy.
How the long Distance traders acquired
7. African slave labour led to the
slaves
development of agriculture along the
coast.
1. Exchange with other goods / Buying
8. There was depopulation as many
slaves from Africans.
Africans were captured / sold as slaves.
2. Raiding.
9. It caused untold suffering / misery as
3. Enticement and gifts.
people were raided / captured as
slaves.
Factors that favoured the participation
10. It opened up the interior for colonization.
of Akamba in long distance trade
11. Trade routes later developed in to roads
and highways.
1. Unsuitable environmental conditions
as the region was dry and infertile. Organization of the I.O.T.
2. They were strategically / centrally
located between the coast and the
interior.
3. Existence of entrepreneurs like Chief
Kivoi who encouraged trading
activities among his people.
4. They had much experience in local and
inter- community trade.
5. There was high demand for some of
their commodities of trade.
6. They were skilled iron workers and
hunters.
7. There existed well established trade
or caravan routes.
8. There existed the items of trade.

Reasons for the decline of the

importance of Akamba in long distance
trade in the 19th century

1. Competition from better organized Arab

and Swahili traders
2. Constant raids from Oromo and Maasai.
3. Their trading partners e.g. Agikuyu
and Aembu became reluctant as
they considered the Akamba as
slave traders.
4. The decline of elephant population
5. The fight against slave trade.
6. Colonial intrusion eg the British
colonization of the interior.

Roles of Sayyid Said

1. Signed treaties with various European

nations for trade.
2. Established Zanzibar as a market centre
for international trade.
3. Organized Indian Banyans for finance.
4. Provided security.

Effects of the Long Distance Trade on the

people of East Africa in the 19th Century.

1. It led to the settling of people in

urban centres that were developed
along trade routes.
2. It led to the emergence of wealthy
class of people along the coast / in the
interior of Kenya. / Emergence of
kings and kingdoms.
3. It led to the acquisition of foreign / new
goods through trade / decline of
traditional industries.
4. People acquired / cultivated new
crops leading to increased food
production.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Effects of the IOT (trade between E.

1. It was conducted between the East African Coast and the outside world).
Africa Coast and the outside world eg
from China we had Porcelain bowls
and silk.
2. The traders included Greeks,
Romans, Arabs, Indians and
Coastal people.
3. Africans controlled the trade
between the interior and East
African coast.
4. Middlemen were used in the trade
5. From East African Cost, we had gold,
ivory, slaves etc.
6. From outside we had ironware,
glassware, cloves, guns, spices, silk
etc.
7. It was conducted in commercial centers.
8. The method of trade was mainly barter.
9. Ivory was got by hunting elephants
and slaves were mainly war
captives.
10. At the coast, trade was controlled
by Muslims of Asian origin.

Factors that contributed to the

development of trade between the East
African Coast and the outside world by
1900.

1. Availability of trade items and those

from outside.
2. The E. African coast had trade links
with the Far East long before the
reign of Sayyid Said.
3. Sayyid Said signed treaties with
Britain, France, America and
Germany, which gave foreigners the
right to trade with the coastal towns.
4. Sayyid Said allowed these European
nations and America to open
consulates in Zanzibar.
5. Existence of the long distance
trade provided the base for the
trade.
6. Sayyid Said improved the monetary
system to facilitate trade by introducing
small copper coins from India, Maria
Theressa dollars and the Spanish crown.
7. High demand for trade goods from the
East African Coast and those from
outside.
8. Accessibility of the Kenyan Coast by
sea / Indian Ocean.
9. Presence of enterprising merchants at
the Coast and outside.
10. Improvement of transport system
especially the building of strong
sailing ships.
11. Existence of monsoon winds which
facilitated movement of sailing
ships.
12. Establishment of specific trade
routes and markets like Zanzibar
and Mombasa facilitated the
movement and exchange of goods.
13. Presence of natural harbors at the coast
for docking their ships.
14. Relative political stability at the Coast.
15. Advancement of ship building in
Europe was an added advantage to
the traders as it facilitated travel.
16. Support given to the traders by the
sultan of Zanzibar / Availability of
credit facilities from the Indian
Banyans and wealthy merchants.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Social

1. Intermarriages between the E.

African communities and the
Arabs, hence emergence of
Swahili people.
2. Emergence of Swahili culture.
3. Construction of stone houses /
Architecture / urbanization.
4. New ways of dressing as women
wore buibui and men wore
kanzus.
5. Convertion of Africans to Islam
and Christianity.
6. Depopulation of the coast / loss of
lives / slavery
7. Change of social roles as families
were separated.
8. Destruction of property.
9. Inter-community conflicts.
10. Some people became wealthy as a
result of trade.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Political
4. He wrote and published the first
Kiswahili dictionary.
1. Establishment of the Arab city states
5. He trained the first catechists who later
2. European interest in the coast
on spread the gospel.
developed.
6. He encouraged other missionaries to
3. Increased warfare and corruption
4. Growth of chiefdoms under come to Kenya.
successful traders. 7. His exploration of Kenya led to the opening
5. Opened the interior of East up of the interior for more missionary
activities before returning to Germany In
Africa for European Economic 1853 due to ill health.

1. Over-exploitation of East African b. Johann Rebman

resources
2. Use of currency was introduced
3. Emergence of successful traders e.g.
Sayyid Said and Tippu Tip.
4. Commercial companies e.g. British
East Indian Company were formed.
5. Wealth increased along the E. African
coast.
6. New crops were increased.

Reasons for the decline of the I.O.T.

1. Coming of the Portuguese

2. Attacks from the man-eating Lions
3. Decline of gold supplies from the
interior.
4. Abolition of slave trade.
5. European invasion of the E. African
coast.
6. Rivalry between Arabic ruling dynasties
e.g. Mazrui and Busaidi.
7. Introduction of legitimate trade.
8. Rivalry between coastal towns e.g.
Malindi and Mombasa.

Spread of Christianity by 19th Century

э This was done by Christian missionaries

e.g. Church Missionary Society (CMS).
The White
Fathers (WF), African Inland Mission
(AIM), Holy Ghost Fathers (HGF), Church of
Scotland Mission(CSM), United Methodist
Church (UMC), Presbyterian Church of
Scotland (PCOS), African Inland Church
(AIC), Consolata Fathers (CF), The Mill Hill
Fathers, Seventh Day Adventists (SDA),
Quakers/Friends Mission (FM) & Church of
God Mission (COGM).

Reasons for the coming of the

missionaries

1. To spread Christianity
2. To spread formal education and
western civilization
3. To stop slave trade and slavery / To
start legitimate trade
4. To fight Islam
5. For adventure / Exploration.

Missionary work

This was achieved by Dr John Ludwig Krapf,

Johann Rebman, Jacob Ehardt and Thomas
Wekefield.

a. John Ludwig Krapf

э He came in 1844.
1. He built a mission church at Rabai in
1846.
2. He converted people to Christianity.
3. He translated the New Testament into
Swahili.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э He came in 1846 and confirmed that Challenges to the missionaries

there was snow on Mt.
Kilimanjaro.
э With Krapf, he established mission
centres in Kenya.
э He was the 1st European to see the
snow- capped peak of Mt Kilimanjaro,
before
returning to Germany in 1873.

c. Jacob Erhardt

. He came in 1848

1. He drew the map of East Africa, though it

was not accurate
2. He converted Kenyans to Christianity
3. He founded mission stations with Krapf
and Rebman.
-He left back home in 1855.

Contributions of the early missionaries in

the field of education.

1. They set up schools / encouraged

Africans to go to school.
2. They taught Africans how to read / write.
3. They taught the Africans vocational
skills.
4. They translated the bible in to
local languages.
5. They wrote books / dictionary.

Factors that favoured the early

spread of Christianity in E. Africa in
the 19th Century.

1. Existence of already established trade

routes / railway linking the coast and
the interior facilitated their movement.
2. The use of African guides and porters
made their movement and
transportation of their luggage easy.
3. The learning of local languages by
the missionaries facilitated their
activities among different
communities.
4. The translation of the bible and other
Christian literature to Kiswahili and
other local languages made the
religion accessible to many African
communities.
5. Training of African catechists and
other religious leaders assisted in
spreading Christianity.
6. The discovery of the cure of some
diseases like quinine for treating
malaria fever reduced the number of
death cases among the missionaries.
7. Support and protection given to
them by some African
communities promoted their
activities.
8. Support from church organizations in
Europe enabled them to carry out their
activities.
9. The existence of displaced people like
freed slaves also helped in spreading
Christianity.
10. The establishment of mission
stations which were used as bases
for operation.
11. Support and protection from the
colonial government.
12. Establishment of mission stations
which were used as bases of
operation
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. Hostility from believers of the

traditional religions who saw them as
threats to their beliefs and cultural
practices.
2. Desertion by porters while they were
in the interior / jungles of Africa
3. Opposition from leaders of Islamic
faith and those who had been
converted to Islam.
4. Theft of their supplies like food,
medicine and clothes.
5. Harsh tropical climate together with
tropical diseases.
6. Attacks by wild animals like Lions.
7. Inadequate personnel to
carry out missionary
activities.
8. Shortage of supplies like food and
medicine.
9. Rivalry among different Christian groups.
10. Slave traders were hostile to them as
they were a threat to their activities.
11. Hostility from African rulers who
often identified them with
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

colonialism and loss of their traditional 3. They built hospitals which were used to
authority. improve the health of people.
12. Lack of common language to
facilitate communication with
Africans.
13. Limited transport and
communication facilities.
14. The vastness of the area to be
covered by individual
missionaries was a challenge.
Reasons for the establishment of
mission stations in Kenya

1. To work as homes for the needy

where the Africans were converted.
2. To serve as centers where Africans
could be taught basic literacy to
enable them read the Bible and be
preached to.
3. To teach the Africans new methods
of carpentry, farming and
masonry.
4. To train African Catechists who would
in turn facilitate the spread of
Christianity.
5. To act as centers to spread Christianity.
6. To serve as health centers where
basic health services were provided to
Africans as they were preached to.
7. To serve as centers for the pacification
of Africans to promote European
colonization.
8. To serve as bases where
European missionaries could
operate from.
9. Existence of churches where preaching
was done.

How mission stations promoted the

spread of Christianity

1. They were homes for the needy,

where Africans were converted.
2. To serve as learning centers, where
learners were preached to.
3. They were health centers as the sick
were preached to.
4. African catechists were trained
there and hence spread the
gospel among Africans.
5. Existence of churches where preaching
was done. Reasons for the failure of
the Portuguese attempt to introduce
Christianity to the Coastal people
before 1500-1700 AD.

1. Harsh and cruel administration by

the Portuguese.
2. They were anti-social as they failed
to mix freely with the locals / they
lived in segregated settlements.
3. Islamic dominance at the Coast had
taken root.
4. Rebellion from the local people.
5. They never made any attempt to
spread Christianity.
6. Christianity was not accommodative
to the African culture as compared to
Islam.

Results of the coming of missionaries

to Kenya.

1. Many Africans were converted to

Christianity.
2. They built schools where Africans
were taught how to read and write.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

4. They introduced new crops and

farming methods.
5. They introduced new vocational
skills e.g. carpentry.
6. They translated the bible in to local
languages.
7. They undermined the authority of the
African leaders.
8. They drew the map of the interior of
the Great Lakes region which
inspired many explorers to come to
Africa / opened up the interior /
Exploration.
9. They influenced their governments
to take interest in the region which
later led to colonization.
10.They introduced Western culture
which undermined the African
culture.
11.They wrote the first Swahili
dictionary and grammar book.
12.They established settlements
for the freed slaves and gave
security to the destitute.
13.They helped in improving in
transport system by developing
roads
connecting their stations.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

14.They promoted disunity among

1. Right to life.
the people of different
2. Right to equality and freedom
denominations and non-
Christians Vs. Christians. from discrimination.
3. Right to Human dignity.
15.Independent churches developed
4. Right to freedom and security of the person.
afterwards. 16.New architectural designs
5. Right to freedom from slavery, servitude
were introduced. 17.African nationalism
and forced labour.
developed to fight for
6. Right to privacy.
independence.
7. Right to freedom from conscience,
religion, belief and opinion.
8. Right to expression.
9. Right to freedom of the media.
CITIZENSHIP
10. Right to access information.
11. Right to freedom of association.
. Citizenship is a legal right of a
12. Right to political rights.
person belonging to a particular
13. Right to assembly, demonstration,
country.
picketing and petition.
14. Right to freedom of movement and
Ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen
residence.
15. Right to protection right to property.
There are two ways: Birth and registration.
16. Right to clean and healthy environment.
17. Right to economic and social rights.
1) Bir 18. Right to language and culture.
19. Right to freedom to found or start a family.
th 20. Right to consumer rights.
21. Right to fair administrative action.
Condit 22. Rights of arrested persons.
23. Right to fair hearing
io ns: 24. Rights of persons detained, held in custody
or imprisoned.
1. If the father or mother was / is a Kenyan 25. Right to fair labour practices.
citizen on the day of his 26. Right to access justice
/ her birth.
2. A child gauged to be below 8 years NB/ The social rights of a Kenyan citizen
and whose nationality or parentage include:
is not known.
3. A Kenyan citizen by birth but had lost 1. Right to health care services
citizenship by acquiring another which are of reasonable
country’s citizenship.
standards.
2. Right to housing facilities which are
2) Registration accessible and adequate.
3. Right to have adequate food which is
One can apply to become a Kenyan citizen of acceptable quality.
under the any of the following conditions. 4. Right to regular supply of water which
is clean and safe.
Conditions: 5. Right to appropriate social
security to persons who are
1.A person who has been married to a Kenyan unable to support themselves
citizen for at least 7 years. and their dependents.
2.A person who has lawfully resided in
6. Right to accessible formal education
Kenya continuously for 7 years.
in order to promote literacy.
3. A non-Kenyan child who has been adopted
7. Right to embrace culture /
by a Kenyan citizen.
language of one’s choice
regardless of his/her background.
Reasons for revocation of citizenship by
8. Right to clean environment /
registration. sanitation which is free from
pollution.
1. If the person registered has been
convicted of treason or an offence 1. Right to life, which guarantees that all
whose penalty is at least 7 year
people have a right to live from the
imprisonment.
2. During war, he or she may have sold time of conception.
out Kenya’s secrets or even assisted
the enemy. Conditions under which it can be taken away
3. If one is imprisoned for 3 years or
more within the 1st five years after 1. When defending one’s life or country
registration. incase of war.
4. If the registration is fake or obtained 2. When defending one’s property against
through unfair means. violent attack.
3. When the life of law enforcement officer is
in danger when
Reasons for revocation of Kenyan citizenship acquired
by birth 4.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. If citizenship was acquired through fraud /

apprehending criminals.
false representation.
2. If it is discovered that the person was 8 years Abortion can be done under emergency
and above, when 5. treatment or if the life of the mother is in
found in Kenya. danger based on opinion of a trained
3. If the
person nationality
becomes / parenthood of the
known health professional / mercy killing.
6.
and reveals that he/s was a citizen of If one is found guilty of an offence
another country. 7. punishable by death e.g. murder,
treason and robbery with violence.
When preventing the escape of lawfully
detained person. When preventing a
person from committing a crime.
Rights of a citizen
8. When suppressing a riot / rebellion / mutiny.
Rights are powers of free action.
They are legal claims that universally
belong to all people from the time they 2. Right to Human dignity
are born regardless of their place of
origin, sex, tribe, age, political affiliations This guarantees every individual’s dignity
or beliefs. to be respected and protected. Ridicule
and embarrassment of a person is
The rights / freedoms of a citizen. unlawful.

3. Freedom of expression, which

guarantees all Kenyans the
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

freedom to seek, receive or impart Under-age and same sex marriages are
information. not allowed.

9. Right to assembly, demonstration,

Can be deprived when:- picketing and petition.

1. If one makes untrue or malicious э Freedom to assemble and

participate in peaceful
utterances about another demonstration and even
(Defaming). present petitions to public
2. If one publishes seditious documents authorities.
or reveals governments secretes. э But the demonstrators should not
interfere with the peace of the others
3. If one incites others against the
government or other people.
4. Commenting on matters that are
already in court.
5. When one publishes pornographic
material.

4. Freedom of Association, which

provides all the citizens the freedom to
form, join or participate in activities of
an association of any kind.

Can be deprived when:

1. When one is a convicted criminal

2. A suspected criminal and in custody.
3. When maintaining law and order.
4. Controlling the spread of a
contagious disease
5. During curfew or state of emergency.
6. When one is of unsound mind.

5. Freedom of conscience,
religion, belief and opinion,
which gives a citizen the freedom to
manifest any religion or belief
through warship, practice, teaching
or observance, including the day of
worship.

Can be deprived when:

1. If it is being used to cause

hatred among people.
2. If it is not registered
3. If it is going or teaching
against humanity and African
norms.
4. Devil worshipping is not allowed.

6. Right to clean and healthy

environment, which guarantees a
citizen the t is responsibility to ensure
that our environment is clean.

7. Right to language and culture,

which guarantees a citizen the
freedom to use the language, and to
embrace the culture of his choice.

8. Right to family, which guarantees an

adult with the freedom to marry a
person of the opposite sex.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

10. Political Rights.

6. When transferring suspected
person to another country
The right to make political choices e.g.
(deporting a suspect)
forming and joining political parties.
7. Controlling spread of a disease.
8. When one is a minor.
11. Freedom of the media.
9. When one is a Vagrant.
This is the print and electronic media etc.
16. Freedom from slavery, Servitude
Media owners and those who work for the
and forced labour
media, freedom to operate without being
paralyzed for their opinion.

Can be deprived when:

1. One is not allowed to incite others

to violence / hate speech.
2. No one is allowed to
publish obscene
information /
pornography.
3. No one is allowed to reveal state
secrets / confidential
information.
4. No one is allowed to spread false
information / rumours /
defamation.
5. Wrongful access to information
/ hacking classified
information.

12. Access to information.

This give all individuals right to access

information held by the state and others,
which affects the nation.

13. Protection of Right to property

A citizen can own property individually

or as a group anywhere in Kenya.

Can be deprived when:

1. If illegally acquired
2. In need for use by the government/public
e.g. for construction of a road.
3. Administrative intervention
e.g. distributing to the
neglected like children.
4. When one defaults to pay debt e.g. loan.

14. Right to fair labour practices.

This gives the workers the freedom to

enjoy fair remuneration, reasonable
working- conditions, join or participate in
trade union activities and right to go on
strike.

15. Freedom of movement and residence

This gives an individual the freedom to

move and reside anywhere in the
country.

Can be deprived when:

1. Areas of state security e.g. state house.

2. Private farms
3. During state of emergency (curfew)
4. During crisis, an area can be declared a
no-go zone.
5. By the government to compel one to
attend court proceedings.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

inspectors on duty.
This right gives an individual the
freedom not be held as a slave or
perform forced labour.

Can be deprived when:

1. One is convict
2. One is a culprit / court order or sentence
3. Paying for goods or services
4. As part of communal or civic
commitments
5. Under lawful detention, he may
be asked to clean his
environment.
6. Member of armed forces, in the course
of his or her duty.
7. During war.

17. Right to Privacy

This guarantees an individual the right

not to have himself, herself, his or her
home or property searched, or his or
her possession seized.
Information pertaining one’s family or
private life should not be revealed
unnecessarily, or private communication
interfered with.

Can be deprived when:

1. One is of unsound mind

2. Drug addict
3. One has an infectious disease
4. One is suspected to have
committed, about to commit, or
caught committing an offence
5. Court of law orders for one to be held
in custody.
6. One is a minor / under 18 yrs.
7. If one is a vagrant.
8. If one is a convicted criminal.
9. To prevent illegal entry of persons in
to Kenya.

18. Freedom and security of the person.

This guarantees an individual the right to

protection from being detained without a
good reason and without trial, and from
being subjected to physical or psychological
torture, corporal punishment or cruel and
inhuman treatment.

Can be deprived when:

1. Religious law takes course e.g. Sharia

for Islam
2. Customary law takes course e.g.
traditional
/ cultural

19. Equality and freedom from

discrimination

This gives an individual the freedom not

to be discriminated on whatever
ground. All persons are equal before the
law.

Can be deprived when:

1. When law enforcers are to arrest a

criminal
2. When public officers e.g. tax
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. When one has infectious diseases.

4. When law requires special
standards or qualification.
5. When customary law is applied.
6. When one is of unsound mind.
7. When one is immoral e.g. rapist.
8. If one is a non-citizen.

20. Economic and social rights.

Include Right to health care services,

Accessible and adequate housing,
freedom from hunger, clean and safe
water, social security and education.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

21. Consumer rights

11.To have the assistance of an
interpreter if the accused person cannot
Consumers have a right to reasonable-
understand the
quality goods and services, and information
language used at the trial.
to enable them gain from it, right to
12.To have trial begin and concluded in
protection of their health, safety and money,
the shortest time possible.
and compensation in case of loss or injury
13.If convicted, to appeal to, or appeal for review
arising from use of products with defects.
by a higher court.
14.Right to remain silent when being tried.
26. Rights of persons detained, held in
custody or imprisoned.
22. Fair administrative action
This person retains all the rights contained
This is the right to efficient, lawful,
in the Bill of Rights except those that are
reasonable and procedurally fair
impractical under the circumstances.
administrative action.
This individual has a right to an order of
habeas corpus (a suspect should not be
23. Access to justice
detained beyond a certain given time before
being
A reasonable fee will be charged, if required
for judicial justice.

Sheltering criminals, bribing law enforcers,

aiding a criminal from arrest, concealing
criminal acts, and lying to help culprits to
evade punishment are acts against this
right.

24. Rights to arrested persons.

1. The arrested should be informed in a

language he understands of the reason
for his / her arrest.
2. To remain silent and be informed of
the consequences of remaining
silent.
3. Right to get legal assistance from a
lawyer.
4. Right to refuse to be forced to make
a confession or admission before a
trial as this could be used against
the person.
5. Right to be held separately from
persons serving jail terms.
6. Right to be brought before court of
law within 24 hours after arrest.
7. Right to be informed of the charges
one is facing.
8. Right to be released on bond or
bail pending trial unless there are
good reasons for refusal to be
released.
9. Right not to be remanded in custody
for an offence that is punishable by a
fine only or by prison term not
exceeding 6 months.

25. Fair hearing for an accused person

1. One is innocent until proven otherwise.

2. Have adequate time and facilities to
prepare a defense.
3. A public / camera trial before a court.
4. To be informed of the charges.
5. To be present when being tried.
6. To be represented by an advocate and to
be informed of this right immediately.
7. To remain silent and not to testify during
the proceedings.
8. To be informed in advance, of
the evidence the prosecution
intends to present, and to
have reasonable access to the evidence.
9. To challenge the evidence.
10.To refuse to give self-incriminating
evidence.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

protection of the marginalized.

sentenced by court of law). He should be 11. One should support good governance;
e.g. by paying taxes.
treated in humane manner

Responsibilities of citizens

1. Participate in all democratic

process in the country like
elections and referendum to
ensure good governance.
2. Obeying the laws of the land so
as to enhance peace in the
society.
3. Contribute positively one’s views
on issues affecting the
community like taking part in
debates.
4. Promotes rule of law by report law
breakers and those intending to
break the law to the police.
5. To promote and protect the rights
and freedoms of all people in the
society for harmonious co-existence.
6. Maintain high moral and ethical
standards in the society / fights
corruption / promotes proper utilization
of resources for all.
7. Participate in community
development activities to improve
the welfare of the people in the
community.
8. Paying tax to the government to
ensure smooth financial operations.
9. Take care of the environment to
promote healthy living.
10. To contribute to positive development of
the country through hard work,
regardless of the work one is doing.
11. Ensure proper use of public and
private facilities and property
/ taking care of the environment for a
healthy living.
12. Be mindful of other people’s welfare, like
helping the disabled, the aged, the
children and the less fortunate in the
society.

Values of a good citizen

1. He /she should be patriotic to the country.

2. One should take part in activities that
foster national unity, including
economic activities.
3. One should participate in democratic
process either as a contender or a
voter.
4. One should protect human dignity;
e.g. should discourage mob justice.
5. One should respect social justice;
e.g. protest against grabbing of
public land.
6. One should observe equity by
respecting the interests of every citizen,
regardless of age, gender, ethnicity or
race.
7. One should respect inclusiveness in
the society, thus the whole
community should be consulted for
views concerning them.
8. One should respect equality of all
citizens.
9. One should respect human rights.
10. One should ensure that there is no
discrimination against any member or
section of the population and ensure
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

12. One should maintain high integrity

in the society; e.g. by desisting
from unethical practices like
corruption.
13. He/she should ensure
transparency and accountability,
especially the civil servants.
14. He/she should support the
government by taking part in
projects that ensure sustainable
development.

NATIONAL INTEGRATION
National integration is the process of bringing
together people of diverse backgrounds in a
country.
It leads to National Unity.

Importance of national

integration

1. It promotes rapid social and

economic development in a country
/ enables people to develop a
country.
2. Promotes peaceful co-existence of
different ethnic groups and races in a
country.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. It helps limit suspicion and enhances 2. It provides protection to all individuals

security. against any form of discrimination / Bill
4. It enables people tackle problems together. of rights.
5. It enhances political stability in a country. 3. It provides for a unitary government.
6. Promotes collective responsibility
among citizens in a country.
7. It makes Kenya to speak with one voice
in international fora like UNO.
8. It attracts foreign investment.
9. It unites Kenya and hence earning
herself recognition and can be invited
to take part in international activities
like peace keeping missions or being
chosen as a headquarters of an
international agency e.g. UNEP.

National unity

Factors that promote national unity

1. The unitary constitution provides

for equality of all Kenyans before
the law.
2. One government which is recognized by
all Kenyans and thus, runs the affairs of
the country, hence promoting unity.
3. The institution of the presidency
which is recognized by the
constitution as the spokesperson and
the international representative of all
Kenyans.
4. One education system promotes unity
through the use of one curriculum in all
public schools, use of one medium of
instruction, common national
examinations, Centralized training and
deployment of teachers and existence of
national schools. Teaching of subjects like
History and Religion as well as drama and
music activities in schools also promotes
national unity.
5. The economic growth that includes
equitable distribution of resources like
schools and health services and provision
of water, urbanization where people live in
unity regardless of their backgrounds,
employment opportunities and use of
common currency.
6. Use of Kiswahili and English as
official languages enables
Kenyans to interact freely and with
ease.
7. Existence and commemoration of
national activities like national
holidays, agricultural and other
shows as well as games and sports.
8. The mass media, thus modes of
communication that are used to pass
information to a large number of people
at the same time. They include
newspapers, magazines, radio and
television. They enable all Kenyans
from any part of the country to
contribute to national debates before
decisions of national importance are
made.
9. Various symbols of national unity like
the national anthem, loyalty pledge,
Coat of arms as well as National
philosophies promote a sense of
belonging, thus unity.

How the constitution promotes national

integration

1. It guarantees equal opportunity to all

Kenyans.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Symbols of national unity

1. The national flag

2. The national anthem
3. The coat of arms
4. The public

seal

Importance of

National unity

1. It creates unity for national development

2. It promotes peaceful co-existence
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. It promotes patriotism and nationalism 9. Suspicion, fear and

4. It enhances communication as it involves
an official language poor relations Peaceful
5. It promotes political stability
6. It eliminates suspicion methods of resolving

Factors that may limit national unity conflicts

1. Tribalism / racism / nepotism / ethnicity. a) Compromise

2. Religious conflicts and fanatics
may lead to differences between . Each party involved has to
individuals. sacrifice something to bring peace.
3. Discriminatory law e.g. based on gender
4. Party membership / affiliations b) Arbitration
which may lead to
discrimination based different This is used to solve conflict out of
parties.
5. Political ideologies / intolerance of court Advantages of arbitration
divergent political views and
ideologies.
6. Greed on the side of political
leaders (corruption)
7. Ignorance arising from lack of
information.
8. Poverty which may lead to vices like
theft can cause disunity.
9. Irresponsible utterances by political
leaders.
11. Misuse of power by leaders for their own
gains disunite the people.

CONFLICT RESOLUTION.

A conflict is a disagreement between two

people or groups (dispute) Conflict
resolution is the process of settling a dispute
/ discord / disagreement when it occurs.

Causes of conflicts

1. Religious differences.
2. Nepotism
3. Tribalism
4. Racism
5. Party loyalties
6. Irresponsible statements by leaders /
abuse of office by leaders.

Levels of conflicts

1. Individual vs. individual

2. Individual vs. group
3. Country vs. country / State vs. state
4. State vs. group
5. Group vs. group
6. State vs.

individual

Effects of

conflicts

1. Many deaths as a result of war.

2. Destruction of property during violence.
3. Displacement of people /
internally displaced persons.
4. Insecurity as people lose trust in each
other.
5. It undermines national unity
6. Enmity and hatred erupts among people
7. Violation of people’s rights and freedoms
8. Economic setbacks / Lack of
development in the society
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. It is flexible as one chooses the time to

Violent ways of solving conflicts
meet.
2. One can choose his / her own arbitrator.
3. It is private and confidential / no publicity. a) Subjugation
4. It is fast as one chooses the time.
5. One chooses his / her rules. э One side loses and another one wins
э Order can come from above-for one
side or both to stop hostility or else
c) Mediation force be
used.
This is used to solve conflicts from э May not be effective since mistrust
and hostility may continue.
political factors e.g. between political
parties or international conflicts
leading to signing of agreements.

e) Negotiation / Reconciliation

э Agreeing on issues, but not necessarily

with facts

f) Collaboration

Agree and co-operate and work together

g) Isolation/

avoiding /

accordance Keep the

two parties separate

h) Legislation

Passing of legislations by parliament to

criminalize certain activities

i) Administrative machinery

э Like the Chief or DO

j) Litigation / Court system.

э It involves the use of a legal panel to

listen to the 2 parties and make a
judgment.

l) Problem solving

э Trace and deal with the root

cause of the conflict Process of

solving conflict by

mediation

1. Accept that conflicts do exist

2. Diagnosing the conflict to establish
the nature and causes
3. Examine the causes and symptoms
critically (grievances)
4. Determine how far the conflict has
advanced i.e. depth and stand of
the parties involves.
5. Manage the conflict by:
э Defining the problem and
presenting all the possible
solutions available
э Implement the solution
э Follow up to see how effective
the solution is.
э Evaluate i.e. reasons for failure or
success
NB. If in court, court procedures have
to be followed before prosecution is
reached / done.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

b) Policing 4. It should be durable and rigid, thus

not easily changed or tampered
c) Armed forces with.
5. It should be elastic or flexible to adapt to
the changing needs of the society.
CONSTITUTION & CONSTITUTION MAKING 6. It must be able to protect the
A Constitution is a set / collection of fundamental rights and freedoms of the
agreed principles, rules and regulations citizens.
that guide a government and the 7. It should take care of all groups in
government in their duties, the society.
responsibilities and limits of their
freedoms. Types of constitution

Composition of a constitution 1. Unwritten

2. Written
1. Structure of a government.
2. All rules pertaining to the head of state.
3. Composition, powers and functions
of parliamentary law.
4. Composition of the executive organ of
the government.
5. Composition of the judiciary with powers
of courts.
6. Duties and rights of citizens.
7. Guarantee of fundamental human rights.

Factors that determine the

formation of a constitution

1. Historical background of a country

2. Geographical factors e.g. it has Islands.
3. Religious beliefs of the people e.g. if
to incorporate Islamic Sharia.
4. Racial composition.

Functions / Importance of a constitution

1. It provides a legal ground for

making a country’s laws.
2. It spells out powers of government and
its relationship to the governed.
3. Rights and duties of citizens are defined
by the constitution.
4. It ensures equality of all citizens.
5. It is a symbol of unity.

The constitution as a fundamental law of

the country

1. All the other laws are either dependent

or limited by it.
2. It prescribes the form, administration
and body politics of the country
3. It determines the relationship among
organs and institutions of government
and between the citizens and their
government.
4. It guides the direction that should be
taken in case a contradiction arises
between it and any other law of the
land.

Characteristics of a good constitution

1. It should contain clear and

realistic provisions for its
amendments
2. Its content is clearly defined / it should
be definite and spell out its contents in
a simple language.
3. It is comprehensive, thus covers all
aspects of government.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

a) Unwritten
1. It provided for a Governor General who
was the Head of State on behalf of the
This kind of constitution contains laws,
Queen.
customs and traditions which may be written
2. It provided for an independent
in various places or may not be written at all
Judiciary to ensure justice and prevent
e.g. British constitution.
corruption.
3. It set up a Judicial Service
b) Written
Commission to appoint Judicial
Officers.
It is documented
4. It provided that, the Governor in
consultation with Regional Authorities
Advantages
and the Prime Minister, appointing of
Chief Justice.
1. It is not easily altered by selfish persons
5. It provided for seven regional
for their own interests.
governments and whose power included
2. In case of a crisis, it provides a clear
land, education, health and the police.
guideline on the procedure to be
followed.
3. It is usually rigid as it recognizes
the fundamental rights in the
country.
4. It is good for a newly formed state to start
in an orderly manner.
5. It recognizes all the people in
the country, regardless of their
status.
6. It unites the people as it is made after
a thorough consultation.

Its demerits / disadvantages

1. It is too rigid for amendment.

2. It gives the judiciary too much power.
3. The procedure to amend is slow and
costly.
4. It is too detailed to be understood by
the ordinary people.

Sources of Kenyan Law.

1. Custom of parliament / Standing orders

and other regulations.
2. Conventions and practices.
3. Statutes / Acts of parliament.
4. Customs / Ancient or traditional practices.
5. Precedents / Application of
accepted principles to a situation.
6. The common law.

Roles of Kenyan constitution in governing

of the country

1. It spells out the rights of citizens of Kenya

and enables them to know what is
expected.
2. It spells out the duties, responsibilities
and limits of those in power, thus the
leaders can only act according to the
provisions of the constitution.
3. It ensures equality of all Kenyans
irrespective of their status.
4. It is the basis of all legislations in the
country. Any law that is contrary to
the constitution is rendered null and
void
5. It spells out the structure of the
government and outlines the
functions of each arm.

The independence constitution

This constitution was formulated during

the 2nd Lancaster House Conference of
1962.

Its features / provisions

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

6. It comprised rules and fundamental

rights of citizens. and Asian settlements in Kenya as
7. It provided for the establishment of workers and Europeans as
the Public Service Commission and missionaries and traders and game
the Central Land Board to ensure hunters.
5. The commissioner-Eliot chances invited
fair and effective governance.
many settlers to come and settle in
8. It provided for the Tenure of Office
Kenya to enable the pay for the railway
of the Judges and the Attorney
construction.
General.
9. It provided for the Multi-Party
I. East Africa order in Council (1905)
democracy where the party with the
majority in parliament formed the
1. It enhanced the office of the commissioner.
government.
2. It changed the title from
10. It defined the amendment procedure
such that special majority of two third commissioner to ‘Governor and
majority required to change the commander in-chief’
constitution. 3. It gave the Governor & Commander-in-
11.It provided for the separation of powers Chief power to appoint judicial officers.
4. LegCo was set up and Executive Council.
for the three arms of government.
12.It was bi-cameral / provided for
two chambers of parliament, 1920, Kenya was declared a British Colony.
Senate and House of
representatives . Devonshire White Paper (1923)
13.It provided for the position of the
Prime Minister as the head of It declared Kenya an ‘African territory’ and
government. interests of Kenyan were paramount.
• Governor became president in 1925 with
NB. The senate authorized declaration of the following powers.
state of emergency, approved constitutional i. He could initiate legislation
amendment and approved bills. on finances
ii. Could suspend and remove
Constitution making in Kenya members other than the ex-
officio members.
• This started from the time when the iii. Could prolong or dissolve the LegCo.
British annexed Kenyan in 1885.
• They ruled Kenya through the imperial • In 1948, Royal instructions were
British East Africa Company (IBEAC) which issued to increase representation
was started by Sir William Mackinnon. in the LegCo.
• Anglo-German agreement of 1886 gave • 1944, Eliud Mathu was nominated to the
Tanganyika to Germany & Kenya to legCo.
Britain. Anglo-German agreement of • 1946, Walter Fanuel odede followed.
1890 (Heligoland treaty) gave Uganda to • In 1946, KAU (Kenya African Union
Britain as they (Germans) took was formed as a political party.
Heligoland (a small Island in Europe). • In 1954, Littleton constitution was set up
and it recommended for a multi-racial
Role of the company government with African election to the
Leg-co.
1. Maintain law and order • 1958, African representation in the
2. Appoint administrators LegCo was increased by the Lenox
3. End slave trade Boyd constitution.
4. Promote legitimate trade
5. Collect taxes . 1st Lancaster House Conference -1960

• When the company failed, the • From the conference, 4 Africans were
Europeans formed the appointed as ministers.
colonialists Association in 1902 to handle administrative issues I. 2nd Lancaster House
Conference 1962
in Kenya. 1. Set up the necessary administrative
• Between 1923-1954, there were bodies in the protectorate.
several constitutional developments 2. Had authority to make laws
as Africans struggled for more 3. Had authority to establish courts of law
representation in the legislative 4. He was answerable to secretary of
council (LegCo). state in London.

I. East African order in Council II. East Africa Order in Council (1902)
(1897)
1. This empowered the commissioner
• This set up the office of the to divide the country into
commissioner, appointed by the provinces and districts for the
Queen. purposes of administration.
• This was the office charged with 2. He could also hire and sack public
the establishment of a system of servants
administration. 3. He established a central government
system.
Its role
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

4. The Kenya-Uganda railway facilitated

the increase of European The independence constitution

was set up. Stages in

constitution making.

1. Debate over contentious issues.

2. Collecting of public views.
3. Civic education.
4. Convening constitutional conferences.
5. Drafting of the constitution.
6. Referendum.
7. Enacting of the constitution.
8. Promulgation of the constitution.

The process of Constitution making in

Kenya.

1. The members of parliament start by

debating over contentious issues ie
what include and what to change.
2. The collection of views from the citizens
on the same follows.
3. Civic education is then conducted
to enable the citizens understand
what it means.
4. A constitutional conference is then held
to discuss the ideas from the public.
5. The constitution is then drafted by
experts to ensure it is properly
done.
6. A referendum is then conducted where
the citizens are given a chance to vote
for or against the draft constitution.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

7. If it is approved by the electorate, it - P the Vice President would over for 90

is then enacted by the parliament. r days within which, elections would
8. The constitution is the presented to the e held.
people by the president, thus si - 12 MPs would be appointed by
the president to replace the
promulgation. d specially
e elected members of House
CONSTITUTION AMENDMENTS SINCE n Representatives.
t
INDEPENDENCE 1964 1969
- The post of the Prime Minister was w
replaced with an executive - All members of the ECK
president. would be appointed by the
o president.
- Post of vice president was also
created and he/she would be u
appointed by the l 1974
president d - Voting age was reduced from
- Powers by the regions in the 21 to 18 years
regional government were b - Age for presidency was
reduced as financial e lowered from 40 to 35 years.
support from the Central government d - Kiswahili became official
was denied to them. ir language in parliament.
e
1965 c
- Approval for state of
emergency to be declared was tl
reduced from 65% y
to a simple majority of the MP’s e
- Period to seek parliamentary l
resolution over state of
emergency e
was extended from 7 to 21 days. c
- Regional Assembly was replaced t
with provincial councils.
e
d
b
1966 y
- Common wealth citizens became t
legible for Kenyan citizenship, h
unlike
before when they were entitled to it. e
- A member of parliament who was p
jailed for 6 months of more was to e
forfeit his
o
seat.
- An MP who missed 8 consecutive p
sessions without permission from l
the e
speaker, he would also lose his seat.
- An MP who defected from the party .
that sponsored him / r was to forfeit - If
his seat
t
and seek fresh mandate on his h
new party’s ticket. e
- The president was empowered
to appoint / dismiss senior civil p
servants at r
will. e
- President was empowered to detain s
a citizen without trial, if
he/she was i
perceived to be a threat to d
state security. e
- President could control the freedom n
of press.
ti
- Unicameral house was adopted with
the merger of the two houses. a
l
1967 s
- Cleared the interpretation of sec-42A, e
thus it meant that one’s actions could
be a
taken to mean actions that he/she had t
forfeit a seat (parliamentary) by virtue f
of supporting a different party. e
ll
1968 v
- Abolished all provincial councils. a
- All candidates for general elections c
were to be nominated by registered a
political
parties. n
t,
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

7
Pr ofi ci en cy in bo th En gli sh an d Ki sw ah
ili w as re qu ire d fo r qu ali fic ati on to st an
d as a pa rli a m en ta ry ca nd id at e.

197
5

Th e Le gis lati ve an d fin an cia l rep ort s

we

197
7

197
9

198
2

198
5

198
6

198
8

199
0

199
1

199
6

199
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

r w ourt’s verdict.
e a
h
a i - Court of Appeal was established,
following the collapse of East
l l African
l i Community& East African Court of
o . Appeal.
w - T - Chief Justice became judge of court
h of Appeal and high court.
e e
d
P
r - Public officers were to resign 6
t e months in advance to qualify for
o s parliamentary
i
d candidature.
b e
n
e t
- Kenya became a one-party
c state, (Section 2A of the
q o constitution was
u u amended)
l
o d - Office of the chief secretary was
created as head of public service.
t
p
e a
d r
d - High court could handle election
o
i n petitions.
n - High court judge appointed to court
e of appeal could continue hearing
l cases he
E e
c / s was handling in High Court.
n t - Membership of the Public
g i Service Commission was
o increased to 15,
l n including the chairman and vice
i o chairman.
s f - Acquisition of citizenship for
h f anyone born in Kenya after
e 11/12/1963.
, n
d
e
t r - Removal of security of tenure of
h s offices of AG, Controller & Auditor-
, General and
o
u o Chief Secretary.
g t
h
h e
r - Removal of security of tenure of
w judges of high court and chairman
t i of
h s public service commission.
e - Police could hold a capital offence
e , suspect for 14 days.
y
c
o
c u
l - Security of tenure for office of
o d AG and Controller & Auditor
u General-
c Reinstated.
l o
d n
t
e
b s
e t
a
d g
a - Multi-partism was re-introduced.
e i
n - Security of tenure of president
b was limited to 2 terms of 5 years
a a each
t f - A presidential candidate must attain
t 25% votes cast from five of the
e provinces to
d e be declared the winner.
r
i
n 5 - Parliamentary seats were increased
from 188 to 210
E y
n e
g a
l r
i s
s
h f
r
o o
r m

S c
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

- Political parties were to nominate the

MP’s (Nominated).
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

- Coalition government was official languages.

introduced.
- Leader of runners up party 3. Citizenship
became officially head of
opposition in
. Dual citizenship is legalized.
parliament
19 4. The Bill of Rights
98
- The new constitution would be based э It comprises 26 rights and freedoms of
on the principles of democracy,
accountability, human rights, citizens.
people’s participation and social 5. Land and Environment
justice.
20 э All land in Kenya belongs to the people of
01 Kenya collectively as a nation,
- Constitutional review commission communities
was set up to work on a draft and individuals.
constitution. э Therefore the land is clarified as
public, community and private.
20
08 - Grand coalition was introduced in 6. Leadership and integrity
government, with post of PM and
two
deputies
.
2010, the new legal matters are handled in accordance
constitution was promulgated by the with the law.
then president Mwai Kibaki.

How the National Accord and

Reconciliation Act, 2008 affected the
composition of the government.

1. It created a coalition government.

2. It created the office/position of the
Prime Minister.
3. It created the offices/positions of
the two deputy prime ministers.
4. It increased the number
of ministers/cabinet
ministers.

According to this new constitution, we

have the following key changes:

1. Reduction of the president’s executive

powers.
2. Devolution of power to the regions by
the creation of national and county
governments.
3. Creation of the senate and the national
assembly, thus two chambers of
parliament.
4. Establishment of the Judicial Service
Commission which shall promote and
facilitate the independence
and accountability of the judiciary for
efficiency.
5. Only two ways of becoming a Kenyan
citizen are recognized, thus by birth
and registration. Dual citizenship is
also legal.
6. Creation of the Land Commission
which will ensure effective land use
and settle land disputes in the
country.
7. Expansion of the citizens’ Bill of Rights to
guarantee equal representation for either
gender in all governance structures and
increased citizen’ participation in
democratic governance.
8. Recognition of the Kadhi Courts as a
Subordinate court in the Judicial
system.
9. The constitution can only be
amended by parliamentary
approval.
10. It provides for the rule of law, thus all
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

11. The separation of powers between

the Executive, Legislature and
Judiciary.

Chapters of the new constitution.

1. Sovereignty of the people and

supremacy of the constitution

э The power belongs to the people

and it shall be exercised according
to the
constitution.

2. The Republic

э Kenya is a sovereign republic divided

into counties.

э Kiswahili is a National language, while

English & Kiswahili are
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э This comprises the guidelines for

state officers.

7. The Legislature

э It has a bicameral type of legislature:

National assembly (representing the
people of the constituencies-290 seats).
э Minimum of 47 seats for women,
12 nominated members to
represent the
youth, persons with disabilities and
workers.
э The Speaker is an ex-officio member of the
national assembly. The Senate represents

the counties.

э It has 47 members elected by

registered voters of the county.
э 16 women are nominated by the
political parties.
э 1 male and 1 female represent the youth.
э 1 male and 1 female represent
persons with disabilities, and the
speaker as the
ex-officio member.

8. Representation of the people

э It provides guiding principles to the

electoral process.

9. The Executive

э This arm of gov’t executes law

and implements gov’t policies.
э It comprises the President,
Deputy President, and not fewer
than 14 or
more than 22 cabinet secretaries
(ministers), Secretary to the cabinet
and Director of public prosecution.
э It should reflect the regional and
ethnic diversity of the people of
Kenya.

10. The Judiciary

э This comprises the law courts and

the judicial officers.

11. Devolved Government

э Kenya is divided in to 47 counties, with

a County Assembly and a County
Executive.

12. Public finance

э A Consolidated Fund has been

established in which all the
money
received by the national government
is paid.
э A commission on Revenue Allocation is
also in place to make
recommendations
concerning the basis for equitable
sharing of national revenue.

13. The public Service

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

DEMOCRACY & HUMAN RIGHTS

. It deals with employing competent Democracy
civil servants.
Means government of the people, for the
14. National security people and by the people. It is based on
political, social and economic aspects.
э The organs of national security
include Kenya Defense Forces, The Types of democracy
National
Intelligence Service and the National
Police Service. a) Direct / Pure
э They are supervised by the
National Security Council. People directly run the government e.g. Athens.

15. Commissions and

Independent Offices

They are 10

commissions:

1. The Kenya National Human Rights

and Equality Commission
2. The National Land Commission
3. The Independent Electoral and
Boundaries Commission
4. Parliamentary Service Commission
5. Judicial Service Commission
6. Commission on Revenue Allocation
7. Public Service Commission
8. National Police Service Commission
9. Teachers Service Commission
10. Salaries and Remunerations Commission

16. Amendment of the constitution

э It stipulates that amendments can be

done by 2 third majority votes in
parliament.
э Others amendments can be done by a
referendum with 20% of registered
voters in
24 counties.
э The other way of making an amendment
is by a simple majority of the citizens
voting in the
referendum.

Thus the parliamentary initiative and the

popular initiative.

17. General provisions

э This is a guideline on the enforcement

and the interpretation of the constitution.
э Any citizen can go to court if he / she
feels the constitution has been
contravened or it
is faced with a threat of contravention.

18. Transitional and consequential

provisions

э The timetable for implementing the

new constitution must be adhered to.
э The parliament should enact legislation
to govern particular matters,
otherwise any
citizen can go to court for the same and
the Parliament can be dissolved by the
president on advice by the Chief Justice.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Ways of applying
5. It promotes patriotism where people feel
they are part of the government, and this
Referendum
reduces the desire of those who would
like to remove it.
All adult voters express their view on issues
6. It promotes peaceful co-existence
within a country as well as with other
through ballot. Initiative
countries.
People initiate legislation and pass on to

legislature to endorse. Recall

Elected officials are removed from office by

the voters by vote of no- confidence

Plebiscite

Obtain a direct vote on matters of policy or

political importance from the people.

Advantages

1. The laws made are welcome by all the

people in a short time.
2. Promotes patriotism as the people
feel they own the government
decision- making process and the
laws they pass.
3. They understand their own laws better
and hence obey them easily.

Disadvantages

1. Only suitable in small states with a

small population.
2. Not easy to succeed since it is
difficult to mobilize all the people.

b) Indirect / representative

э The people govern through

elected representatives. Ways of
applying

1. Parliamentary democracy
2. Presidential democracy

Advantages of representative
democracy.

1. The people elect leaders of their own

choice.
2. The supreme power is vested in the hands
of the people.
3. The people can recall their leaders.
4. It is easy to make decisions.
5. The elected leaders are accountable to
the people / People are able to air their
grievances.

Advantages of democracy

1. It is popular as the government is elected

by the people, hence it can not afford to
ignore them.
2. In a democratic country, anyone can rise
to power as all people are equal before
the law.
3. It develops initiative and sense
of responsibility in people.
4. It balances the liberty of the people
and the power of the state where the
later makes laws based on the
consent of the former who willingly
obey them.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

on human rights
Disadvantages of democracy

1. It promotes dictatorship by majority.

2. It encourages class struggle and
corruption.
3. It encourages the government to be slow
and wasteful.
4. It promotes elections that are not based
on merit.
5. It may encourage incompetence.
6. It is the elected majority who rule.
7. It may enable bad leaders can sail
through by corruption.

Principles of democracy

1. Freedom of speech, debate and equality.

2. Participation of the people in
their government.
3. Open and accountable mass media.
4. Economic democracy.
5. Equality before the law.

Human rights

э This refers to the powers of free action

by human beings
э They are basic to survival and are
contained
in bill of rights. Why it is important to

respect human rights.

1. It promotes human dignity as the

rights of the people are observed.
2. It promotes unity among the
people by encouraging
harmonious co- existence.
3. It promotes the rule of law by
enhancing justice / good
governance in the society.
4. It promotes respect for the
other people’s cultures by
appreciating cultural diversity.
5. It promotes democracy as other
people’s opinion / views are
respected.
6. It promotes tolerance by
accommodating other people’s
views and ideas.
7. It promotes international relations by
observing conventions / treaties on
human rights.
8. It promotes development by
creating enabling / conducive
environment.
9. Rights justify special treatment of
minority / disadvantaged
communities.
10. It provides guidance to state
organs regarding the exercise of
State power.

Its principles / charter

1. Equality for the sovereign member

states.
2. All members to obey the charter.
3. International conflicts to be settled
amicably.
4. No use of force against others.
5. Should support and assist the UN.
6. Non-member states should not

go against the UN. UN Charter

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. All human beings are born free and equal

2. No discrimination under any
circumstances
3. Right to life, liberty and security
4. No one should be enslaved.
5. No torture, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment
6. Recognition of all as a person before the
law.
7. All are equal before the law and are
protected by the law.
8. We are all outfield to right of
redress if wronged.
9. No arbitrary arrest, detention or exile
10. Right to a fair and public hearing
11. We are innocent unless proved guilty.
12. Right to protection of law against
attacks on our privacy, home
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

or correspondence.
3. Trade unions
13. Freedom of movement
4. Journalists
14. Right to enjoy asylum in other countries
5. Religious organizations.
15. Right to nationality
6. Associations and special commissions
16. Right to marry and start a family
e.g. women’s groups, business, Law
17. Right to own property individually and
Society Kenya etc.
in association
18. Freedom of thought, conscience and
religion The Kenyan Bill of Rights
19. Freedom of opinion and expression
20. Freedom of peaceful assembly These are the rights of an individual by virtue of
and association being a human being. They are contained in the
21. Rights to take part in the governance of international covenant on civil and political
the nation rights.
22. Right to social security
23. Right to work and free choice of
employment
24. Right to rest and leisure
25. Right to enjoy a fair standard of living
26. Right to education
27. Right to participate in cultural life
of community
28. Right to international order (peace
and stability)
29. We all owe duty to our communities.

Why the UN Charter on Human Rights was

formulated by the UNO.

1. To bring about international

cooperation in fostering and
promoting respect for human rights
and fundamental freedoms for all
people without discrimination based on
race, language, gender or religion.
2. To avoid repetition of atrocities
which were committed against
innocent people during the 2nd
World War like to the Jews.
3. To preserve the dignity of individuals
and their communities.
4. To promote social justice and potential
for all human beings.
5. To show that subjecting people to
inhuman treatment / conditions as
in prisons or concentration camps
is a violation of their inalienable
rights.

Importance of the UN charter on HR.

1. It promotes the establishment

and maintenance of peace and
security.
2. It enhances the promotion of
good governance.
3. It enables the promotion of development.
4. It helps in eradicating poverty.
5. It facilitates the prevention of terrorism.
6. It helps in conflict prevention
7. It helps in Peace-making
8. It facilitates humanitarian assistance.
9. It has also contributed positively to the
promotion of the rights of the women
and their empowerment.
10. It works for the championing the rights

of the vulnerable groups Bodies that

monitor human rights

1. Police / law enforcement officers

2. Lawyers and judges
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

5. Older members of the society-aged

60 years and above
Specific groups of the people in Kenya
and how the rights are applied to
-Fully participate in the affairs of the society.
them.
-Pursue their personal development.
-Live in dignity and respect, and be free
1. Children
from abuse.
-Receive reasonable care and assistance
They should enjoy all the
from their immediate family members & the
-Survival rights,
state.
-Developmental rights,
-Rights of protection,
6. Rights of the arrested persons
-Rights to participation.
1. One is innocent until proven otherwise.
2. Persons with disabilities.

They should enjoy the following rights:

-Treated with dignity and respect
and be addressed and referred to
not in a manner that is
demeaning.
-Access educational institutions and
facilities for persons with disabilities that
are integrated in to the society to the
interest of the person.
-Reasonable access to all places, public
transport & information.
-Use the sign language, Braille or any
other appropriate form of communication.
-Access materials and devices to
overcome constraints arising from the
person’s disability.

3. Youth- between age 18-35 years

-Access to relevant education & training.

-Opportunities to associate, be
represented and participate in political,
social, economic and other spheres of
life.
-Access to employment.
-Protection from harmful cultural practices
and exploitation.

4. Minorities and the marginalized

groups.

-The marginalized are those Kenyans

who are disadvantaged by
discrimination on ground like race, sex,
pregnancy, marital status, health
status, ethnic or social origin, colour,
age, disability, religion, conscience,
belief, culture, dress, language or birth.
-They include a community of relatively
small population, a community that has
remained outside the integrated social &
economic life of Kenya to preserve their
unique culture, a community which has
chosen to retain and maintain a traditional
and livelihood based on hunting or
gathering, and Pastoral persons and
communities, whether nomadic or settled.
-They participate and are represented in
governance and other spheres of life.
-To be provided with special opportunities
in education and economic fields.
-Special opportunities for access to
employment.
-Freedom to develop their cultural
values, language and practices, but not
the negative cultural practices that
hinder development.
-Should have reasonable access to
water, health services & infrastructure.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. Have adequate time and facilities to 1. They are universal –they apply equally to
prepare a defense. all human beings
3. A public / camera trial before a court.
4. To be informed of the charges.
5. To be present when being tried.
6. To be represented by an advocate and to
be informed of this right immediately.
7. To remain silent and not to testify during
the proceedings.
8. To be informed in advance, of the
evidence the prosecution intends to
present, and to have reasonable
access to the
evidence.
9. To challenge the evidence.
10.To refuse to give self-incriminating
evidence. 11.To have the assistance of an
interpreter if the accused person cannot
understand
the language used at the trial.
12. To have trial begin and concluded in
the shortest time possible.
13. If convicted, to appeal to, or appeal for review
by a higher court.

7. Detained, held in custody or

imprisoned.

-They should be subjected to human

treatment in accordance to the
International Human Rights
Convention.
-However, they have the duty to be
responsible and obedient to the
regulations of the department of
correctional services.

How the Bill of Rights protects the rights of

individuals.

1. It states that every individual has a right

to life.
2. It guarantees liberty of all citizens
by forbidding enslavement,
detention or imprisonment without
trial.
3. It protects the individual from all forms
of torture and inhuman treatment.
4. It guarantees the protection of
private property and allows
Kenyans to own property anywhere
in the country.
5. It protects individuals’ freedom of speech
and expression.
6. It protects individuals’ freedom
of Conscience and religion /
worship.
7. It gives Kenyans the right to move freely
throughout the country and to reside in
any part of the country. Kenyans are
protected from being expelled from the
country.
8. It guarantees the individual against
any form of discrimination on the
basis of colour, creed, gender,
religion etc.
9. Guarantees free basic rights-education,
food and shelter.
10. Provides for the freedom of assembly
/ association.
11. It protects individuals from
arbitrary arrest, search and entry
into one’s property without his
consent.

Characteristics of Human Rights

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. Are indivisible- One cannot be applied

while the other one does not exist.
3. Have limitations- One should respect
the rights of the others.
4. Derogation- may be suspended under
certain circumstances.
5. One can only enjoy them as long as he
is not interfering with others’ rights
and freedoms
6. They are a precondition for peace and
stability and form a basis for
development
7. They are enshrined in the constitution.

Aspects of rights

1. Political
2. Economic
3. Social

Classification of Human rights

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

6. Good food
I. Civil and political rights

э These are the rights that provide a

secure space for individual to pursue II) Developmental rights
their values
and interests These facilitate the child’s development of the
э They limit interference in personal lives.
E.g. right to vote, think and have access mind, body and soul.
to
information. 1. Right to compulsory education up to
secondary level to equip him / her with
II. Social, Economic and cultural rights skills, habit and values which are
necessary for life.
э They require the state to take specific 2. Play and leisure to enable the child to be
action to facilitate their enjoyment
э This is through honest physically fit and have
administration, equitable
distribution of resources and
appropriate policies e.g. right to own
property, work start and found a family,
and education etc.

III. Solidarity rights

э These rights focus on the whole country.

э They require the state to pursue
policies that do not destroy natural
resources or
waste financial resources e.g. right to
clean and healthy and sustainable
environment, peace and development

Social rights of an individual in Kenya.

1. Health care which are of

reasonable standards.
2. Housing facility which is accessible
and adequate.
3. Adequate food which is of good quality.
4. Regular supply of water which is clean
and safe.
5. Appropriate social security to
persons who are unable to support
themselves and their dependents.
6. Access formal education in order to
promote literacy.
7. Embrace culture/language of one’s
choice regardless of his/her
background.
8. Clean environment/sanitation which is
free from pollution.

Rights of a child

э A child is anybody below the age of 18

years э They are contained in the UN
convention on the rights of a child which was
put forward in
1990.
э For the Kenyan child, the rights are
contained in the Children’s Act of
2001.

Classification of rights of a child

i. Survival rights

These are necessary for the survival of the

child e.g.

1. Right to life
2. Name and identity
3. Good medical care
4. Good clothing
5. Good shelter
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

a healthy mind.
take steps to secure appropriate redress
3. Access to information to help the child
where necessary.
grow in to a responsible person.
6. It investigates or researches a matter in
4. Social security
respect of human rights, and make
5. Parental care, love and protection
recommendations to improve the
functions of the state organs.
III) Rights to protection

These help to protect the child against

neglect, discrimination and cruelty e.g.

1. Protection from exploitation e.g. child

labour
2. Disaster e.g. famine, war etc
3. Sexual abuse
4. Discrimination
5. Abuse, neglect and drugs

IV) Rights to participation

These promote the child to take part, and

be heard thus right to express themselves.
E.g.

1. Association
2. Thought and opinion
3. Contribution
4. Not make wrong decision
5. Their feelings should be allowed to
influence the direction of
development.

V) Others

1. Right to adoption.
2. Special protection and assistance.
3. Practise their religions and beliefs.
4. Protection and assistance to refugees.

The Kenya National Human Rights and

Equality Commission (KNHREC)

Objectives.

1. To protect the sovereignty of the

people.
2. To ensure secure observance by all
state organs of democratic values and
principles.
3. To promote constitutionalism.

Its functions.

1. It promotes respect for human rights and

develops a culture of human rights in the
Republic.
2. It promotes gender equality and
equity generally and coordinates
and facilitates gender
mainstreaming in development.
3. It promotes the protection and
observance of human rights in public
and private institutions.
4. It monitors, investigates and reports
on the observance of human rights in
all spheres of life in the Republic,
including observance by national
security organs.
5. It receives and investigates
complaints about alleged abuses of
human rights and
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

7. It acts as the principle organ of the Categories of the treaties signed

state in ensuring compliance with
obligations under treaties and 1. Europeans Vs. Africans.
conventions relating to human rights. 2. Between various European powers.
8. It investigates any conduct in state
affairs, or any act or omission in public Course
administration in any sphere of
government, which is alleged or э It was mainly between the British & Germans
suspected to be improper. э The German leader (Karl Peters)
9. It investigates complaints of abuse of signed treaties with the East African
leaders to
power, unfair treatment, manifest administer certain areas in the region.
injustice or unlawful, oppressive, unfair э Misunderstanding them arose, which
or unresponsive official conduct. resulted into the formation of a
commission
10. It gives a report on the results of
to settle the boundary dispute.
investigations in the conduct of
state affairs.

ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN KENYA

Scramble and Partition of East Africa

Why the British were interested in Kenya

in the 2nd half of the 19th Century.

1. They wanted to gain access to

Uganda to control the source of
R. Nile for their interests in Egypt.
2. They came to look for market for
their manufactured goods.
3. They wanted to use Kenya as an
outlet for Surplus capital
investment.
4. They wanted to protect missionaries
and other British Nationals who
were already settled in Kenya and
Uganda.
5. To prevent Kenya from being colonized
by other European powers.
6. Imperialism / expansionist policy / For
prestige / national pride as this would
add to her advantage as a great nation
/ National pride, as they felt that power
rested in the number of colonies.
7. Public opinion which favoured
the acquisition of colonies by
governments.
8. They came to stop slave trade and
establish legitimate trade.
9. They came to control the fertile Highlands
for their agricultural benefit.
10. They came to establish strategic
stations along the coast to safeguard
their interests in India.
11. They wanted to spread her civilization.
12. They came to secure settlement for
their surplus population.
13. They saw Kenya as a source of
Raw Materials.

Fighting tactics

1. Scorched earth policy

2. Horn of a cow
3. Tortoise shell
4. Guerilla
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Anglo-German which made it difficult for the British to

apply indirect rule.
agreement (1886)

Terms

1. Sultan got 16km (10 miles) coastal strip

and the Islands of Zanzibar, Pemba,
Mafia, Lamu, Kismayu, Brava, & and
towns of Merca and Mogadishu.
2. Coastline of Witu & the area between
R. Umba & R. Ruvuma would be
German.
3. Britain took the area between R-Umba &
R. Juba to the North.
4. The Western boundary was not defined
hence Uganda was left for whichever
power got there first.

э The treaty failed to address the

issue fully, and hence another
treaty was
signed.
э The main reason for the 2nd one was
the continued conflicts between the
British &
Germans over Uganda/Western region.

Anglo-German

(Heligoland) treaty-

1890 Terms

1. Germany recognized Uganda as a

British Sphere of influence.
2. Germany abandoned her claim of
Witu, and Britain gave her
Heligoland (small Island in North
Sea).
3. Germany got a strip of land on Lake
Tanganyika and purchased the
Coast of Tanganyika from the
Sultan.
4. The Sultan of Zanzibar retained the
16km Coastal strip.
5. Germany got access to the port of
Zanzibar.
6. Zanzibar and Pemba came under the
British.
7. Western boundaries of both Uganda
and Tanganyika were defined.

British occupation of

Kenya Methods used

1. Use of military attacks against

the unfriendly communities / use
of expeditions / force.
2. Signing of treaties between the colonial
agents and the African leaders /
agreements / collaborations /
diplomacy.
3. Established administrative posts
or operational bases in the interior
from where they operated.
4. Use of missionaries to pacify
Africans through preaching.

They used direct rule in Kenya for the

following reasons:

1. Most communities in Kenya did not have

centralized systems of administration,
thus the British appointed chiefs.
2. There were many ethnic groups
with diverse socio-cultural systems
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. Most communities resisted the

British rule and so they had to be
controlled directly.
4. There was an existing system of
direct rule used by the Imperial
British East Africa Company on which
the British built their administration.
5. The British had enough administrators.
6. The British also had enough
funds to pay for the direct
administration costs.

Company Rule

э The British used the Imperial

British East Africa Company
(IBEAC) to rule.

Its roles
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. It was to establish administration posts

/ maintained law and order / Levying company rule failed.
and collecting taxes
2. It was to conduct and Response by Kenyans
organize legitimate trade э They accepted them at first, but
with local communities. later some of them started
3. It discouraged slave trade. resisting them.
4. It was to suppress African resistance э The resistances were in two ways:-active
and passive.
against the British.
э Others collaborated
5. It was to promote spread of э Resisters included Nandi, Bukusu,
Western civilization / Secured British Agiriama & Somali.
sphere of influence. э Collaborators included Maasai, Wanga.
6. It also provided information about the э Others posed mixed reactions, thus
E. African interior. some sections resisted as others
collaborated
7. It built the Kenya-Uganda railway. e.g. Akamba, Agikuyu and Luo.
8. It pioneered the construction of roads
/ improved infrastructure. Why the Kenyan Communities resisted the
establishment of colonial rule.
Its achievement
1. Some communities had established
1. It quelled local aggression. strong socio-political systems which
2. It laid basis of local administration they were not willing to allow
by establishing forts e.g. Fort foreigners to destroy.
Smith 2. Those communities which were
3. It developed rubber industry in the interior militarily superior to their neighbours
4. It pioneered the building of roads to believed that no other race /
facilitate transport. community could defeat them and
5. It secured freedom of several thus resisted.
slaves / Discouraged slave trading 3. Some communities’ socio-economic and
and encouraged legitimate trade. political set ups were strong enough to
6. It built the Kenya-Uganda railway. sustain resistance.
4. Wanted to protect their independence
Why the British used company rule in against foreign invaders.
Kenya. 5. Some of the communities were
encouraged by their religious leaders to
1. The company was familiar with the area. resist. Such leaders promised their
2. The British lacked a clear policy on people that they would receive
the administration of colonial supernatural protection against fire
possessions. arms.
3. They lacked enough personnel. 6. Most communities under estimated
4. They lacked sufficient the military strength of the British.
funds/inadequate funds. 7. They were against the land alienation of
their land.
Why the British used indirect rule in 8. They were opposed to the payment of
Kenya. taxes
/ Kipande system / Lack of
1. They had inadequate personnel to political representation.
be stationed in all parts of the 9. They were opposed to government policy
country for administration. of destocking.
2. Shortage of funds for administrative 10. They were opposed to forced
costs.
labour on European farms.
3. They were not conversant with the region.
11. Racial discrimination by the British.
4. They wanted to spend minimally for
maximum profit. Why they were defeated.
5. They wanted to avoid direct confrontation
with the Africans. 1. Lacked unity, hence were defeated easily.
2. They had inferior weapons.
How it was done in Kenya 3. They had little knowledge about the
British fighting tactics.
1. Among the Wanga, Mumia was made 4. They had been weakened by
paramount, and his appointees were catastrophes like famine.
also 5. Their leaders lacked adequate
re pl a c ed g ra d u a ll y. organizational skills of
2. A m o n g
chiefs th e A k a m b a,
they
from appointed certain mobilizing the people.
The British used treachery when
dealing with some communities /

prominent families e.g. Chief Kivoi, and

also used the council of

6. elders (Nzama) which also failed.

3. Among other individuals, the British also collaboration by some.
found prominent
7. They were demoralized when many
individuals e.g. Karuri wa Gakure of North soldiers were captured and killed.
Agikuyu.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Problems it encountered
8. The British used ruthless methods
to suppress the resistance, like
1. Shortage of funds to finance / capital
Scorched earth policy.
to run its day to day activities.
9. The Kenya-Uganda railway facilitated
2. Poor transport facilities infrastructure,
fast movement of British troops.
which hampered trade between the
interior and the coast.
Factors that facilitated the establishment
No navigable rivers.
of colonial rule in Kenya.
3. Co-ordination between colonial office in
London & the offices on the spot was
9. Some African leaders collaborated
poor.
with the British eg the Mumia of the
4. The company lacked experienced and
Wanga.
trained administrators.
10. Some African leaders were ignorant of
5. There was mismanagement of funds by
the true implication of the protectorate
the company officials / corruption.
treaties which they signed with the
6. Continuous resistance / rebellion
British.
by some Africans communities
11. The British had superior military
7. Competition / rivalry from the German
weapons compared to African
East Africa Company.
communities.
8. Hot and dry tropical climate with
12. European missionaries who were already
tropical diseases e.g. malaria.
operating in Kenya persuaded some
9. The area was too vast for the few officials
African leaders to accept European rule.
to manage.
They also persuaded their home
governments to come and protect them.
. In 1895, Kenya was then declared
13. There was disunity among the Africans.
British Protectorate after the
14. Some African communities had
been weakened by civil wars,
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. The forested and hilly terrain which

diseases and slave trade. made it difficult for the soldiers to move
15. The Europeans had worked out their swiftly.
strategies of occupation during the
Berlin conference. They also agreed to
co-operate to deal with Africans.
16. The discovery of quinine reduced the
European mortality. This made it possible
for them to stay in Kenya and impose
their rule.
17. European traders persuaded their
governments to acquire territories
which they considered as their
commercial spheres.

Nandi

Resistan

ce 1895-

1906

Factors for their rise

1. Adoption of the institution of the

Orkoiyot- Barsabotwo, thus unity.
2. Military organization-The age-set
system ensured continuous supply of
soldiers & a standing army.
3. Strong economic base- mixed
farmers- fertile soil and reliable
rainfall.
4. Raiding earned them wealth inform
of foodstuffs and livestock.
5. Contact with the other communities
exposed them to new ideas, crops
and tools for agriculture.
6. They had able leaders e.g. Koitalel
Arap Samoei who provided the right
direction.

Reasons for their resistance

1. Physical appearance of the whites.

The pink skin complexion and way of
dressing was strange and the Nandi felt
they were devils who needed immediate
expulsion.
2. Land alienation by the British / Wanted
to protect their land wealth which they
had acquired through raiding.
3. They did not want strangers to
pass through their territory,
following Kimnyole’s prophesy.
4. Nandi unity under Koitalel as they had
won many battles under his leadership.
5. Need to safe guard their independence.
6. They had successfully raided / fought
their neighbours / intruders in the
past.
7. Nandi pride, as they were experiencing
notable success over their
neighbours. This made them
determined to safeguard their
community at all costs / They hated
foreigners.

Reasons for the Nandi long resistance

1. The use of guerrilla warfare made it

difficult for the British to defeat the
Nandi warriors with ease.
2. The prevalence of tropical diseases
reduced the efficiency of the British
army.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

4. The Nandi mixed economy ensured

their good and reliable food supply
for the soldiers / warriors.
5. They had well-trained, experienced and
disciplined army which enabled them
to face the British with confidence.
6. They had some knowledge of
weapon manufacturer by the
iron workers.
7. Their unity through ‘Orkoiyot’ gave
them courage to fight.
8. They had a systematic spy network,
thus could obtain needed
information for the struggle.
9. They had able leaders who provided the
right advice.

Reasons for their defeat

1. The British got reinforcements in 1905

from Indians, Swahili
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

and Somali fighters, and also the Maasai. for European settlers and public
2. The superiority of the British weapons works.
and tactics.
3. The scorched earth policy by the
British caused starvation and famine
among the Nandi
4. Natural calamities like Small pox left
them weak.
5. Lack of support from their
neighboring communities.
6. The British used Treacherous methods
e.g. 1905, they arranged for a
meeting with Kimnyole in which they
murdered him.

Results

1. The land that belonged to Nandi was

alienated for the White settlement as the
Nandi were pushed to reserves where
they could not carry out their farming
activities.
2. The Nandi lost their independence as
the British established their rule.
3. The Nandi were forced to live as
squatters on European farms where
they provided cheap labour.
4. There was massive loss of lives as the
British forces raided / carried out
punitive expeditions.
5. The Nandi lost property which was
either destroyed or confiscated by
the British, especially livestock and
hence famine broke in Nandi land.
6. The Nandi lost their military
superiority in the region as they were
subdued by the British.
7. The Nandi warriors were conscripted
in to colonial security forces.
8. There was an outbreak of
diseases in Nandiland, eg
smallpox.
9. There was security along the railway
as the Nandi were moved to
areas far from it / many British forts
were built in Nandi land.
10. The British confiscated
livestock belonging to the
Nandi and gave
to their enemies like the Maasai.

Agiriama

They were led by Mekatilili wa Menza &

Wanje wa Madorika. Causes

1. The British did not respect their culture

especially the police at Kitengeni who
raped the Agiriama women.
2. The British disrupted trade in Ivory by
taking over as middlemen.
3. They were opposed to forced taxation.
4. The Agiriam were opposed to forced
labour.
5. They disliked the British
appointed headmen who
collected taxes and recruited
labour.
6. They were forced to provide able
bodied men to join the king’s African
rifles who were to take part in the
World War I.

Conditions under which the war ended.

1. Agiriama were to offer labourers

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. Able-bodied men were to serve in the

king’s African Rifles.
3. The British would occupy all the land
to the North of R. Sabaki.

Roles of Mekatilili wa Menza

1. Encouraged the Agiriama to fight the

British by administering oaths for
unity (Mkushe Mkushe).
2. She presented the grievances of
Agiriama to British.
3. She rallied the Agiriama together
against a common enemy.
4. Her leadership highlighted the role of
women in the struggle for
independence.

Effects
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Effects
1. Mekatilili & Wanje were deported to Kisii.
2. Closure of Agiriama shrine at Kaya Fungo
1. Loss of human lives.
and opening of a new one at Mangea. 2. Their cattle were confiscated.
3. Agiriama lost their independence.
3. British divided them into Darod and
4. Many lives were lost.
Hawiye in 1890.
5. Property was destroyed.
4. Declaration of protectorate status as
6. Agiriama were disallowed to brew
the Somali lost their independence.
their traditional liquor.
COLLABORATIONS
Bukusu
Maasai
resistance.

Causes

1. They were being pushed by the

British to recognize Nabongo Mumia
(of Wanga) as the overall leader of
Abaluhya.
2. To safeguard their independence.
3. In 1894, the British demanded the
Bukusu warriors to surrender all their
guns.
4. Hated Swahili whom British employed in
their forces.

Effects

1. Land alienation as the Bukusu were

pushed out to reserves.
2. There was great loss of lives.
3. The Bukusu lost their sheep and cattle.
4. The Bukusu women & children were
taken prisoners.
5. The Bukusu lost their independence.

Somali resistance

They were led by Ahmed

Bin Murgan. Causes

1. They did not want to be dominated by

the Christian British.
2. The British interfered with their
pasture land and watering points.
3. The British were against the Somali
raiding activities against their
neighbours.
4. The British interfered with their nomadic
life style.
5. They had divided them into Italian and
British Somali/Spheres of influence
(Darod & Hawiye) in 1890.
6. Punitive expeditions sent by the
British to Somaliland were rejected
by the Somali.

. At first, the British were hesitant

in attacking and fighting the
Somali.

Why

1. It was demanding in terms of weapons

and military personnel.
2. It was time consuming as the Somali
were nomadic.
3. There was no justification since
they would only gain a small
territory.
4. There was no economic viability as
the region / land was infertile.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Reasons 6. Maasai economy was disrupted as

their livestock was reduced.
1. They had been weakened by
numerous animal and human
diseases e.g. pneumonia, cholera,
small pox and Rinderpest.
2. Natural calamities e.g. drought and
locust invasion which destroyed the
grass leaving behind a huge of loss of
livestock.
3. Severe famine caused by
natural calamities e.g. drought
leading to deaths.
4. Rise of Nandi as a strong power
was a threat as they raided the
Maasai.
5. Civil wars by the Purko & Kwavi
between 1850-1870 had
weakened the Maasai.
6. Lenana expected military support
against his brother Sendeyo of the
Loita Maasai.
7. Lenana needed food for his starving
Maasai
8. He was scared of the British following
the Kedong Massacre, in which Scottish
trader- Dick Andrew and two French
travelers gunned down about 100
Maasai warriors.
9. He wanted to consolidate his power and
his kingdom’s.
10. Maasai wanted help to get their women
and children back from the Agikuyu.
They had been left in custody of the
Agikuyu during 1891 famine.

o In return, the Maasai were rewarded

the confiscated livestock.
o Following the Kedong Massacre,
the Maasai had to seek peace.
o Maasai agreements of 1904 and 1911
sealed the good Anglo-
Maasai relation
o The 1904 agreement created
Maasai reserves of Laikipia plateau
and Ngong.
o 1911 treaty pushed the Maasai from
Laikipia to the South.

Benefits.

1. British supported Lenana

against Sendeyoin1894
succession disputes.
2. Maasai were protected against raids by
their neighbours.
3. Lenana was made the paramount chief.
4. Maasai were rewarded with the
cattle acquired from
uncooperative people
e.g. Nandi and Agikuyu.
5. The Maasai were employed as mercenaries
by the British.

Results of the collaboration

1. Lenana was recognized as the

paramount chief of the Maasai 1901.
2. The Maasai nomadic grazing habits
were curtailed.
3. The Maasai lost their independence.
4. Their land was alienated as they
were displaced.
5. Separation between the Loita & Ngong
of the Purko Maasai separated related
clans.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

7. They were rewarded with materials

things
e.g. grains and cattle conflicted from
the other communities.
8. Some Maasai were used as
mercenaries against other
resisting communities.
9. Their custom of cross-breeding
livestock with the Samburu was
stopped, which weakened their
stock.
10. The Maasai freedom to conduct their
rituals like the initiation was
restricted to only a 5- square-mile
reserve.

Wanga Collaboration

Reasons for their collaboration

1. Mumia wanted to acquire modern

weapons from the British which he
would use to fight against his
traditional enemies e.g. Bukusu and
Luo.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

independence.
2. He wanted the British to support him
to expand his territory.
3. He wanted to gain prestige for
associating with the British.
4. He wanted to get protection against his
traditional enemies like the Luo of
Ugenya and the Nandi.
5. He wanted to consolidate his power in
the whole of Western Kenya.
6. He was influenced by his neighbours
like the Baganda.
7. He wanted to benefit by trading with
the British.
8. He had a tradition of welcoming
strangers as he had worked with long
distance traders.
9. He realized the futility in resisting the
British after seeing how they had crushed
the Bukusu.
10. He was interested in European /
British civilization especially-
education and religion.

Effects of the collaboration.

1. Mumia was made the paramount chief

of the Wanga-1909
2. Some of his relatives were used as
agents of the British administration
and were deployed as chiefs to other
areas of Western Kenya.
3. Mumias / Elureko became the centre of
Colonial administration in Western
Kenya.
4. Mumia enjoyed trading activities
with British, with Mumias being a
major terminus for trade caravans to
Uganda.
5. Intensified hostility between Wanga
and other Abaluhyia communities.
6. The British assisted him to expand
his territory to Samia, Bunyala and
Busoga.
7. The Wanga acquired material benefits
like clothes and firearms from the
British.
8. The Wanga lost their independence.
9. Many people from the
community were converted to
Christianity.
10. He was assisted by the British to
subdue his enemies like the Luo of
Ugenya and other Abaluhya clans.
11. His Kingdom was used as a base to
colonize communities in Western
Kenya.
12. He provided the colonial administration
with vital information over appointment
of chiefs and headmen.

Benefits to the Kingdom.

1. Mumia was made the paramount Chief

of the region.
2. The kingdom was strengthened
using the British military support.
3. Wanga rulers / princes were used to
administer the surrounding
communities.
4. Wanga kingdom was expanded.

Similarities between the results of the

Maasai and Wanga collaborations.

1. The British recognized their leaders.

2. Both communities lost their
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. The people in both communities were

used as mercenaries.
4. Both communities got
material gains/rewards.

MIXED REACTIONS

Akamba

Reasons for resisting

1. They did not want to lose their

independence
2. The British cut down Ithembo Tree
(shrine) for a flag pole at Mutituni in
1891.
3. Company agents disrupted their long
distance trade.
4. Abuse of their culture by the British who
raped their women and
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

looted their property.

Resistors-Waiyaki
5. The British disrupted their peace
by continuously sending
wa Hinga Reasons
expeditions who caused deaths
and destruction of property.
for resistance
6. The British tried to stop them from
raiding their neighbors e.g. Agikuyu.
1. The Agikuyu feared loss of independence.
7. They were forced to provide labour for
2. The Agikuyu also feared loss of
public works.
their positions.
3. They were forced supply of grains to traders.
Resisters – Iveti, Kangundo / under Mwatu wa
4. Interference with their culture by the British.
Ngoma and Mwana Muka.
5. IBEAC raided Agikuyu for cattle and grains
6. Massive land alienation by the British
Reasons for their collaboration
7. Harassment and ruthlessness of the
British.
1. They had been defeated on various
occasions and hence, felt
Results of the mixed reaction
demoralised / Ruthlessness of the
British.
2. 1899 famine had weakened some
sections making them unable to
stage a meaningful resistance.
3. The missionaries had pacified some
sections of the Akamba.

Reasons for their defeat

1. Emergence of self-serving
opportunists who were interested in
enriching themselves by allying with
the British
2. They were highly segmented, hence
lacked proper co-ordination.
3. Famine of 1899 weakened them, hence
not able to fight against such strong
power like British.
4. Missionaries had pacified some
of their sections by undermining
their traditions and beliefs.
5. Disruption of Akamba trade and raiding
activities by the British cut off their
source of livelihood, thus weakening
them.

Effects of their reactions

1. The Akamba lost their independence.

2. The land of the Akamba was alienated by
the British.
3. Loss of many human lives during
the resistance.
4. Valuable property was destroyed and
looted.
5. Interference with Akamba culture as
the British brought in Christianity.
6. Introduction of taxation on the
Akamba which affected their
economy.
7. There was recruitment of Akamba into
king’s African rifles.
8. There was no more free food for the
British officials while on tour of
Kambaland.

Agikuyu

Collaborators-Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu,
Wang’ombe wa Ihura, and Karuri wa Gakure.

Reasons for collaborating

1. For personal wealth

2. Safeguard their position
3. Protection from their local enemies.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э Overall coordinator of colonial policies.

1. Animosity between
collaborating sections and the 2. Governor
resisting ones.
2. Land alienation by the British.
3. Some leaders who collaborated
rose to prominence.
4. They Agikuyu received Western
education and converted to
Christianity
5. Loss of lives as they tried to resist.
6. Triggered the emergence of home
guards.
7. Loss of independence as they were
ruled by the British.
8. Shifting of British from Fort Dagoretti
to Fort Smith and later Fort Hall due
to continuous raids by the Agikuyu.
9. Massive destruction and looting of
property.

Luo

Collaborators – Gem and Asembo

Resisters – Sakwa, Seme, Uyoma,

Ugenya and Kisumu Reasons for their

reaction (Resistance)

1. The Luo needed to protect their land.

2. The Luo feared losing their freedom.
3. The British had the habit of
attacking them for grains and
livestock.
4. Punitive expeditions sent by the British
and Mumia.

Reasons for their Collaboration

1. There was some influence from

the neighbors-Wanga for
benefits like education
2. There was need for assistance
against neighbours like Luo of
Seme, Uyoma, Sakwa etc.
3. They realized the futility of resisting
the British-from the experience with
the neighbors.

Effects of their reaction

1. Loss of independence by the Luo.

2. Loss of property through looting and
burning.
3. Loss of lives while trying to resist.
4. Hatred between collaborators and
resisters.
5. Leaders gained Western education
and religion.
6. African leadership was undermined
as it was replaced with British
administration
7. Luo land was alienated by the British.

COLONIAL SYSTEMS OF ADMINISTRATION IN

KENYA

Central and local government.

Hierarchy

1. Colonial Secretary

э Based in London.
э Political head of British administration.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э He represented British government in

the colony.
э He assented law before implementation.
э He was the overall in charge of the
colony / Head of executive council.
э He supervised the provincial
administration.
э He appointed administrators.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. Provincial Commissioners
LOCAL NATIVE COUNCILS (LNC-1922)
э He represented governor in the province.
э He implemented government policies in
the province. Objectives
э He supervised work of District
Commissioners , District 1. To encourage and develop a
Officers.
sense of responsibility and duty
4. District Commissioners among the Africans.
2. To provide a way for the educated
э He implemented government policies in Africans to air their view at district
the districts. level.
э He maintained law and order and 3. To restrict the Africans in their reserves.
security in the district. 4. To enable the government to contain
э He presided over district
advisory committees. the Africans properly.
э He coordinated work of District Officers
and Chiefs.

5. District Officers

э He implemented orders from DC’s.

э He co-coordinated work of the chiefs
э He maintained law and order in divisions.
6. Chiefs

a. They maintain public law and order.

b. They were also involved in hearing of
petty cases.
c. They also organized for clearing of roads
and footpaths.
d. They could also employ other
persons to assist them e.g.
messengers.
e. They assisted the European
DO’s in collection of taxes.
f. They controlled the brewing of
illegal liquor, cultivation of
poisonous plants and carrying of
weapons.
g. They mobilized African labour for public
work.
h. They convened public meetings.
i. They communicated directives from
the government.

7. Headmen

э They connected the government and

the people at grassroots
э They mobilized people for development
within villages.

Local government

It was aimed at involving the local people in the

running of the government

Functions

1. To provide legal forum for locals to

make decisions through committees
for their affairs.
2. To utilize local resources for development.
3. To link people with central government.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. It led to forceful displacement / loss

of land by some communities.
Achievements
Problems encountered
1. It restricted African political activities.
2. It provided basic social needs.
1. Tropical diseases e.g. small pox, jiggers
3. It maintained basic infrastructure.
etc.
4. It collected taxes.
2. Man-eating Lions in the Tsavo and other
wild animals.
Impact of the establishment of local
3. Heavy rains in some regions washed
government
away the rails.
4. Hostile communities stole materials.
1. It exploited local resources and
5. There was inadequate labour which led
initiatives in development.
to importation of workers from India.
2. It maintained law and order using a
6. Terrain across the highland plateau
small police force set up to in 1896.
caused engineering
3. It promoted development of
infrastructure and African welfare.
4. It arbitrated African
cases/disputes through District
African Courts.

Challenges

1. Shortage of trained and experienced

workers.
2. Poor transport and communication,
hence poor coordination.
3. Inadequate funds to run their activities.
4. Struggle/rivalry between locals and
settlers.
5. Racial discrimination.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN

KENYA DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD

Kenya-Uganda Railway

Reasons 1896-1901

1. To facilitate fast movement of troops to

the troubled areas in the interior for
effective administration.
2. To transport administrators in to
the interior for effective
administration of British East
Africa.
3. To facilitate the movement of
Christian missionaries to the interior
to spread Christianity.
4. The British wanted to control Uganda
as it was the source R. Nile.
5. They wanted to use it to exploit
resources in the interior.
6. To abolish slave trade and promote
legitimate trade.
7. To transport raw materials from the
interior to the Coast and manufactured
goods from the coast to the interior.
8. To obtain revenue from the interior
for administration.

How it speeded up colonization of Kenya.

1. It enhanced the transportation

of troops/administrators.
2. It opened up the country to
European settlement.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

problems which cost time to be solved. for money to run the administration
7. Shortage of basic supplies like
water especially in the Nyika
plateau.
8. Under-developed port facilities at the
coast also brought delays.

Consequences / Effects

1. It facilitated transport of goods and

people.
2. It led to the development of urban centers.
3. It opened up the interior for
economic development.
4. It facilitated the movement of traders
and promoted trade.
5. It led to the development of
other forms of transport and
communication e.g. road and
telecommunication.
6. It led to creation of employment
opportunities.
7. It was a major source of revenue for
the colonial authority
8. It encouraged the coming of settlers to
Kenya.
9. It promoted interaction between
different Kenyan communities.
10. It facilitated the building of industries.
11. It led to land alienation by the
British and thus, creation of
reserves for Africans

How it promoted economic development

in colonial Kenya.

1. It hastened the transportation of goods

/ services.
2. It promoted the growth of trade
/ commercial activities.
3. It opened the interior for better
farming / agriculture.
4. It led to the growth of industries / mining.
5. It led to the growth / development of
urban centres.
6. It created employment.
7. It led to the development of other means
of transport.

How the Kenya-Uganda Railway

contributed to the settler farming in
Kenya.

1. It provided cheap and reliable labour

network.
2. It opened up the Kenya Highlands for
settlers.

Settler farming in Kenya

Characteristics of African farming during

colonial period.

1. Subsistence crops were grown.

2. The Africans had no advisory and
other services.
3. They used the traditional methods of
farming.
4. Africans worked on their own farms.
5. They had small pieces of land.
6. It was characterized by overstocking.

Why the settlers came to Kenya.

1. There was need to exploit the land

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. There were large tracts of unoccupied

land
3. The Whites would be loyal to the
colonial government as opposed to
the Africans.
4. The governor Northey saw the need to
develop the highlands to meet
administrative costs.
5. The settlers would help to control
Asian immigration and influence in
Kenya.
6. The climate of the White highlands
was suitable for White settlement.

Factors that promoted / favoured

settler farming in Kenya.

1. The government snatched land

from Africans and gave to the
settlers and laborers and loans
by government.
2. Favorable climate / adequate temperature
and rainfall.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

/denying them the opportunity to

3. Fertility of the soil. grow cash crops.
4. Building and maintenance of various 3. Using the Kipande system
forms of transport e.g. roads.

How colonial government acquired land

for the European settlers.

1. Alienation of African land through

signing treaties.
2. Through legislation that allowed
Europeans to buy or lease land.
3. Forceful eviction of the Africans by
the colonial government.
4. Using missionaries to pacify the
Africans.
5. The British also used trading companies
like the Imperial British East Africa
Company.
6. They also used trickery / giving
gifts to the Africans in exchange
for land.

How colonial government encouraged

settler faming in Kenya.

1. European settlers were provided with

large tracts of land which were alienated
from the Africans through various land
legislations.
2. The colonial government came up with
ways to provide labour to the White
settlers.
3. Africans were forbidden from growing
some cash crops and keeping some
exotic animals to force them to seek
wage employment in settler farms.
4. Establishment of African reserves in
remote and unproductive areas to
deprive them of market or their
goods/produce.
5. The Northey circular of 1918-1919
required chiefs to supply a number of
labour recruits for settler farms and
government projects.
6. The government offered credit facilities
to settlers to develop
farming/extension services e.g.
development of agriculture
7. Establishment of agro-based
industries provided ready market for
their produce.
8. Development of transport and
communication system
facilitated settler farming.
9. The government ensured there
was protection to settlers against
possible African rebellion.

Why the colonial government

encouraged settler farming in Kenya.

1. To make Kenya a white man’s country.

2. To help finance the administrative
expenses of the colony.
3. To help pay for the construction
and maintenance of the railway.
4. To counter the Arab influence in Kenya.
5. The Kenya Highlands were
suitable for European settlement.
How European settlers got labour force.

1. Introduction of taxation by the

British government payable in
cash.
2. Forced recruitment / conscription
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

labour.
6. Use of labour as a punishment.
1. The wages provided by settlers were low.
2. Many did not like leaving their
families to go and work for
Europeans.
3. They hated the harsh conditions they
were subjected to by the settler
farmers.

Problems encountered by settlers.

1. Raids by locals whose land had been

taken.
2. Unwilling Africans to offer labour, there
was a shortage.
3. They lacked basic skills and
experience as many had not
practiced agriculture before.
4. The settlers were not familiar with
the seasons & therefore could not
predict when and what to plant.
5. Shortage of capital to invest in agriculture.
6. They were unable to market their
produce during the world wars.
7. There was inadequate transport &
communication network which
affected the movement of people &
goods.
8. Pests and animal & crop
diseases, hence high cost in
production.

NB / Crops cultivated included coffee,

wheat, sisal, tea and pyrethrum.

Why Africans were not allowed to grow

cash crops till 1937

1. African- grown coffee would be prone to

diseases which would spread to white
farms.
2. Africans could lower the quality as they
had neither knowledge nor skills.
3. Ensure labour for European farms.
4. To avoid unnecessary competition in
cash crop farming.

Features of African farming during colonial

period.

1. It was subsistence in nature /

for consumption.
2. It was communal in nature.
3. They used traditional methods of farming.
4. The Africans worked in their own farms.
5. They had small pieces of land.

Colonial

land

policies

Land

acts /

ordinanc

es

1. Indian acquisition Act -1896

According to this act, authorities could
take over land for
4. Alienation of African land / Creation
of African Reserves.
5. Use of squatter system, as the Africans
were encouraged to settle on in
European farms as squatters and were
given small plots of land in return for
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

7. Use of colonial chiefs and police / they

railway,
were threatened with imprisonment if
government construction and public utilities.
they did not provide labour
8. Presenting gifts or presents to Africans
2. Land Regulation Act -1897
like clothes and food in return for labour
It allowed the government to issue a
/ Labour was also exchanges for
certificate of occupation and a
manufactured goods.
lease of 99 years.
Why the African were against
3. East African Land Order in Council -1901
providing labour to the settlers in
It defined crown land as ‘All Public Land’
Kenya during colonialism.
which is not private

4. Crown Land Ordinance -1902

This allowed the government to sell or
lease crown land to Europeans at 2
rupees per 100 acres or rent at 15
rupees per 100 acres annually.

5. Maasai agreement -1904

The Maasai were pushed to Laikipia
and Ngong reserves.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

6. Four (4) more African reserves were 1. Kenyan highlands were to be

created in 1905-In Kikuyu and Nandi reserved for white setters alone.
areas. 2. Indians would elect 5 members to the
Legislative Council and also be
7. Reservation of highlands for white represented in the County Councils
settlers -1906 3. Racial segregation in residential
areas and restrictions on Indian
8. 2nd Maasai agreement -1911 immigrations were abolished.
It pushed out Maasai from fertile Laikipia 4. African interests were paramount.
reserves for European settlement. 5. The Colonial secretary would
strictly control the affairs of the
9. Crown land ordinance -1915 colony.
It preserved the White highlands 6. A missionary would be nominated to
exclusively for the White settlers. the Legislative Council to represent
The settlers were given a lease up to the Africans.
999 years. 7. The settlers would maintain
their superiority in Legislative
10. Kenya Annexation Order in Council Council.
1920. Africans were tenants of the
Crown even in reserves.

11. Land commission -1924

It fixed the boundaries of reserves.

12. Native Lands Trust Ordinance -1930

African reserves belonged to the
Africans permanently

13. Carter commission -1932

It fixed boundaries of the White
Highlands.

14. Kenya Highlands Order in Council -1939

It reserved white highlands
permanently and exclusively
for
Europeans.

Swynneton plan – 1945 –

consolidation and registration of
Africa Land with a view of better land
management.

Impact

1. The Africans lost their land to Europeans.

2. Most land was used for the
construction railway, European
settlement and missionary work.
3. The Africans were pushed to
reserves and they became
squatters.
4. Traditional structures were disrupted
by the situations in reserves.
5. Kipande system was introduced to
ensure labour supply.
6. Taxation was introduced.
7. Indians were denied access to
agricultural land.
8. Nationalism rose and grew in Kenya.
9. It increased European immigration in
to Kenya.
10. Land became a great source of
African resentment.

Devonshire White Paper -1923

э It was put forward by settlers and Duke

of Devonshire.
э It stopped the call for self-independence in
Kenya by settlers Terms
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Grievances of the Settlers in Kenya.

1. Opposed Indian call for equality
2. Justified segregation (racial) in all
1. They wanted Kenya highlands to
spheres as their culture was ‘superior’
be exclusively reserved for the
3. They argued that they would rather give
Whites.
into the African demands than to the
2. They wanted more independence
Indian though they had no moral right to
from Britain / Internal self- rule.
protect the interest of Africans.
3. They wanted restriction on Indian
4. They claimed to have legal right to
immigration in to Kenya.
the Highlands.
4. They never wanted Asians to be
represented in the Legislative
Effects of the Devonshire White paper.
Council.

Grievances of the Africans.

1. They wanted their land back.

2. They wanted the kipande and
squatter system to be abolished.
3. They wanted the Africans to be
represented in the Legislative
Council.
4. They wanted forced labour to be
abolished.

Its significance/results.

1. Africans benefited as Kenya was

declared an African territory and the
interest of the African became
paramount where there was racial
conflict.
2. It stopped the settlers
from declaring their self-
independence from
Britain.
3. The African problems more so, that
of land and labour were not
resolved.
4. The Indians were disappointed as
they were not allowed to settle in
the white Highlands and have
political rights with the Whites.
5. The Africans were represented in
the Legislative Council by a
missionary called Dr Arthur 1924.
6. The Indians were bitter and even
declined to take up their seats in
the Legislative Council or in
Municipal Council.
7. The Africans became more
enlightened politically and they
started forming political groups to
address their grievances.
8. It led to creation of Local Native Councils
in Kenya.
9. It intensified rivalry between the
settlers and Indians.

How it affected the Indians

1. Indians were not allowed to settle in

the highlands.
2. The government was inviting more
settlers to check on Indian
immigration into Kenya.
3. They called for direct and
adequate representation to
Legislative Council on common
roll.
4. They objected their separate
taxation from Europeans and
segregated education.

How it affected Europeans / settlers

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. It saved Kenya from being a White 4. Lack of planning of housing led

settler dominated colony. to poor drainage and sanitation
2. It reduced settler dominance. facilities.
3. European demand for self-government 5. Establishment of industries in urban
was rejected. centres led to pollution of the environment
4. It led to establishment of local which affected the health of the
native councils for Africans. inhabitants.
5. Dr. Arthur, a missionary was 6. Overcrowding especially in
appointed to represent the interests shanties/slums led to the outbreak of
of Africans in Legislative Council. diseases.
6. White Highlands were reserved for 7. There were many unemployed
Europeans alone. people who got involved in social
vices/crime.
URBANIZATION 8. Africans working in urban centres
received low wages which affected
Factors that favoured/influenced their standard of living / Africans were
urbanization in Kenya during colonial subjected to racial discrimination.
period. How the colonial government
controlled the migration of
1. Existence of administration centres. Africans to urban centres.
2. Existence of social amenities eg
mission stations. 1. Taking headcount of those who
3. Availability of minerals / mining were supposed to live in towns
activities / reserves.
/ industries. 2. Enacting strict rules about migrations in
4. Availability of security. to urban centres /
5. Agricultural activities.
6. Commercial activities / trading activities.
7. Availability of transport / communication.

Reasons for movement of Africans to

towns during colonial period.

1. The overcrowded / unproductive

reserves created by the colonial
government made living conditions
difficult / unbearable thereby
resulting into migrations to towns.
2. Availability of better social services
/ amenities / health centres
/ education provided in towns attracted
the Africans.
3. The taxes imposed on Africans forced
them to towns in search for jobs.
4. Availability of infrastructure / piped water
/ paved roads / electricity attracted the
Africans to towns as they hoped for a
better life.
5. Employment / job opportunities
attracted people to towns as they
were promised better wages.
6. Mistreatment / frustrations by the
labour / public workers forced them
to move to towns.
7. The wide spread poverty in rural areas
/ reserves caused untold suffering
thereby making them to migrate to
towns.
8. African entrepreneurs wanted to
take advantage of trade markets
in towns.

Problems faced by Africans in urban

centres during colonial period in Kenya.

1. There were inadequate housing

facilities to meet the demand of the
African people / it led to the
development of shanties/slums.
2. Increased population in urban centres
led to serious water shortage.
3. The social services provided to the
Africans were inadequate and of poor
quality.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Creation of African reserves.

3. Training African teachers who managed
3. Ensuring that only those who had
the ‘bush schools’.
specific activities to undertake in
4. Offering the necessary financial and
the urban areas lived there.
material support to make these schools
4. Introducing the Kipande system.
operational.
Consequences of urbanization in Kenya
NB-The Fraser Commission of 1908 had
during colonialism
recommended a racially segregated system
of education, Provision of technical education
1. It brought about interaction hence
to Africans, Maintenance of racially
exchange of ideas
segregated schools, more cooperation
2. It resulted in to end of differences
between the colonial administrators and the
between Kenya communities due to
Christian missionaries and appeals for grants-
contacts formed.
3. Welfare and associations were formed in-aid for mission schools.
4. Sports perfected relations between
In 1924, the Phelps-Stokes Commission
Kenyan communities
recommended a uniform
5. Africans got employed
6. Unemployment, hence poverty
7. Industries expanded
8. Slums developed for poor earners.
9. Erosion of African culture
10. Poor working conditions/remunerations
11. Kipande system became more strict
12. Change of traditional

division of labour

Education and Health

Education was offered by missionaries,

government then local councils and
community organizations e.g. Asians.

Its features

1. It was elementary-religion,
writing, reading, hygiene and
arithmetic.
2. It was industrial and technical in approach.
3. It was denominational.

Why Africans were not given academic

education during colonialism.

1. They were considered as lacking the

mental capacity to acquire academic
education.
2. To avoid competition with the whites for
job market.
3. To use them for manual job only.
4. To limit African political awareness.

Objectives of Missionary education

1. Impart agricultural skills in Africans

probably to promote settler farming.
2. To provide technical skills for Africans
to improve industrial knowledge.
3. To train Africans to spread Christianity.
4. To offer Africans skills to read the
Bible and do simple arithmetic.

How they fulfilled the objectives.

1. Designing a curriculum with emphasis

on agriculture, tailoring, masonry and
carpentry.
2. Establishing the first secondary
schools for Africans like Alliance-
1926, Kabaa- 1927, Maseno-1938
and Yala-1939.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

system of education in all government and

patron.
missionary schools, sufficient training for э It fought for alienated land, increase
teachers and related personnel be in African wages and abolition of
established by starting colleges and those Kipande.
schools be built in rural areas. э 1921, it was changed to Young
Kikuyu Association
Role of Africans in providing formal 2) East African Association (EAA)
education
э It was formed in June 1921 by
1. They started their own schools Harry Thuku and Abdalla
Tairavan from
2. They established colleges for
training teachers Kikuyu Association.
3. They paid fees which were used Harry Thuku was the
to run the schools and colleges.
4. They provided land for the construction chairman. Grievances-
of schools and colleges
1. They demanded for the return of the
5. They provided basic needs for schools
alienated land.
and colleges e.g. food.
6. They were trained as teachers and 2. They wanted the colonial government
heads of learning institution. to abolish hut / poll tax.
3. They demanded for the abolition of Kipande.
Health 4. They demanded for better working and
living conditions.
1. Health centers were set up-to eradicate 5. They demanded that the elections to
diseases, train medical personnel, and the legislative Council be done on a
improve health and hygiene for Africans common roll.
and Asians in towns. 6. They demanded for the abolition of
2. 1921 –Public Health Ordinance forced labour.
empowered medical department to 7. They demanded for more education
use preventive rather than curative for Africans.
measures. 8. They demanded an end to
3. 1949- Bureau of Medical Research compulsory destocking.
was set up as agency of East African 9. They demanded for the revocation of
High Commission. the colonial status.
4. 1951, King George VI hospital (Kenyatta) э Thuku sought assistance from Asians
was set up. to provide vehicles for transport and
5. Africans also used herbal medicine to publish
cure diseases. articles of EAA in newspaper.
э He also established contacts with Pan-
Africanists e.g. Dubois
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND THE э He travelled and publicized the
African problems abroad.
STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN KENYA
(1919-1963)
3) Kikuyu Central Association
Grievances of Kenyans between 1919-
It was formed in 1924-Joseph
1939
Kang’ethe (President) Objectives-
1. The Africans were unhappy as they
were not represented in Legislative
1.It advocate for growing of coffee
Council.
by Africans
2. Introduction of kipande system which
2. It worked towards resolution of
limited their movement was resented by
alienated African land.
the Africans.
3. To have laws written in Kikuyu.
3. Introduction of destocking policy
4. To pressurize colonial
/ undermining African culture.
government to abolish kipande
4. Landlessness after their land had
system.
been alienated by the British.
5. To pressurize colonial
5. Introduction of taxation was oppressive as
government to abolish racial
it made the Africans work for Europeans segregation.
against their will. 6. To respect African culture and customs.
6. The Africans were against the introduced 7. To agitate for the release
forced labour by the colonial of political prisoners.
administrators.
Grievances
7. They were meant to work for long hours
yet they were paid low wages. 1. Racial discrimination against the Africans.
8. The Africans were not allowed to 2. They wanted more educational facilities
grow cash crops and this denied for the Africans.
them the opportunity to participate 3. They wanted the Africans to be issued
in economic development of their with Land title deeds.
country. 4. They wanted lift of the ban on growing
cash crops by Africans
Methods used by the Africans in Kenya
in the struggle for independence.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. They used armed struggle against the

colonial administration.
especially coffee.
They wanted the laws to be translated in to
5.
2. They used strikes and boycotts as a Kikuyu language. They demanded for the
means of challenging the protection of Agikuyu customs especially
female circumcision.
6. They wanted more African
colonial power. representation in the Legislative
3. Use of trade unions to encourage their Council.
struggle among the
End to the Kipande system which
restricted the African movement.
7. Taxation which was imposed on the
workers.
4. They used representation in the Africans
Legislave Council.

8.
5. They used mass media to mobilize the
people.
6. They formed social organizations &
political parties to press for

9 .
c hange.
7. They used independent churches to
sensitize the Africans about their
political rights. 10. Forced labour which had been introduced
8. Africans sent petitions and delegations upon Africans.
to the governor & colonial office in 11. The release of Harry Thuku and the
London / International fora. other African nationalists who had been
arrested.
1) Kikuyu Association (KA) 12. Land problem, as the African land
had been alienated and left the
э It was formed 1920 Africans as squatters.
э Chief Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu &
Chief Koinange wa Mbiyu as 4) Kavirondo Tax Payers Welfare
Association (KTPWA)

э It was formed in 1921 by Jonathan Okwiri

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э It demanded for Paramount 7. Their demands were focused on welfare of

chiefs for Central and Southern
Nyanza the people.
э Kipande, forced labour, land, status
(representation to Legislative Council Achievements of these early political
for
Nyanza with an elected president), parties
Title Deeds for individual land.
1. They provided political education to
5) Ukamba Members Association (UMA) African communities / Re- awakened
masses by making them conscious of
It was formed in 1937 December by political situation in the country.
Samuel Muindi Mbingu & Elijah Kavula 2. They communicated
and its main issues were land, communities’ problems to
destocking. colonial government.
3. They defended African culture against
6) Taita Hills Association (THA) further erosion.
4. They fought for the welfare of workers.
-It was formed in 1938 by Daniel Mapinga

It was formed to fight for the return of

their alienated land, protest against
destocking policy, kipande system,
forced labour,
to be allowed to grow cash crops and
have equal rights with the Europeans

7) Coast African Association (CAA)

э It was formed in 1941 by Harry Stephen

and Francis Khamisi
э It demanded for:
1. Removal of uneducated chiefs.
2. Improved education for Africans.
3. Adequate health facilities.
4. Abolition of taxation.
5. Taxes collected from African
traditional drinks be used to develop
the rural areas.
6. Appointment of African administrators
7. Formation of co-operative unions
for Africans.
8. African representation of the Coastal
region in the Legislative Council.
9. Land alienation which affected the
Mijikenda.
10. Elevation of Shimo la Tewa to a high
school.

Problems faced by early political parties

1. Harassment by colonial government

2. Wrangles within the parties for positions
and ideologies.
3. Shortage of funds.
4. Mismanagement of funds due
to incompetence and
inexperienced leaders.
5. Disunity.
6. Collaboration with the colonists.
7. Criminalization and eventual banning of
the parties.

Characteristic of early political

parties / organizations in Kenya

1. They were led by missionary

educated Africans.
2. They had inter-regional co-operation.
3. They got materials and legal help from
Asians.
4. They were not after independence,
but against exploitation and
oppression.
5. They were ethnic based/lack
national outlook.
6. They had small membership.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

5. They publicized Africans grievances numeracy skills.

to international community. 2. To teach the Africans better farming
methods.
Factors that enabled the missionaries to 3. To train African as Catechists.
carry out their activities in Kenya by
1920

1. Construction of the Kenya Uganda

Railway made their movement
easier.
2. Political stability which provided a
conducive atmosphere for
missionary activities.
3. Lack of strong opposition from
other religions made the Africans
accept Christianity easily.
4. Establishment of churches,
schools and health centers
attracted Africans who became
converts.
5. Translation of the bible into
local languages enhanced
missionary activities.
6. The discovery of quinine which
was a cure for malaria facilitated
missionary work.
7. Some African rulers were friendly to
missionaries therefore they
supported missionary activities.
8. African converts became
evangelists, and thus spreading
Christianity.
9. Use of Swahili as a
language of
communication.
10. East African communities including
Kenya lacked well organized political
systems that were able to resist
missionary work.
11. Explorers reports about the region, e.g.
H.M. Stanley’s report about Uganda.
12. Christian teaching of equality.
13. Support from the colonial government.

Role of colonizers in the growth of

Christianity in East Africa.

1. They divided African into spheres of

influence and this allowed missionaries
to get different areas for their work.
2. They provided security for the missionaries.
3. They opened up the interior and
constructed Kenya-Uganda Railway
which facilitated the travel of
missionaries.
4. They invited the missionaries.
5. They maintained law and order.
6. They included the missionaries in
the government and this gave
them an opportunity for a greater
say.
7. They financed the missionaries.
8. They fought some African practices
like female circumcision and these
made the missionary work easier.
9. Colonial attitude of hostility and
oppression to the Africans made
them (African) turn to the
missionaries.
10. Communication system laid by
the government made their work
easier.

Objectives of Christian missionary

education during colonial time.

1. To teach Africans basic literacy and

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

4. To teach Africans basic technical skills.

5. To civilize / better methods
of hygiene. Independent
churches and schools

Factors behind their emergence

1. They were against

westernization influence by
Christian missionaries against
African Culture.
2. Inadequate missionary education.
3. Colonial domination and exploitation.
4. They viewed European
missionaries as colonial agents.
5. Devine calling him by some Africans.
6. Dissatisfaction with the interpretation of
the Bible.
7. To accommodate traditional practices
8. Little say in mission churches
(paternalism).
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. They adopted the use of drums

and African musical instruments
Reasons for the establishment of
in their worship.
Independent schools.
4. Different independent churches
adopted special attire for their
1. To provide more education
members.
opportunities for Africans / To provide
5. They adopted doctrines of mission
additional education opportunities for
churches.
Africans.
2. To preserve their cultural heritage/ values
Problems they faced
/ Identity
3. To create job opportunities for
1. Hostility from colonial government and
the educated Africans as
missionaries, hence the government
teachers.
looked for the slightest opportunity to
4. To address discrimination in the
close them down.
education system.
2. Internal wrangles among founder
5. To provide quality education to the
members for leadership positions
Africans.
and recognition.
3. Inadequate funds to finance their
Factors for the establishment of
operations.
independent churches.
4. The missionaries undermined these
institutions as they looked down upon
1. To develop worship patens which
them.
were relevant to their needs. 5. Splinter groups developed and this
2. To avoid being discriminated against in hindered the necessary unity
the mission churches. among the churches.
3. To preserve their cultural heritage 6. Inadequate trained personnel to run
which was being threatened by the schools and churches,
European missionary.
4. To provide a forum for cultural activities.

Results of the establishment of

independent churches.

1. African cultural practices and beliefs

were incorporated in church.
2. It gave African clergy an opportunity
of leadership in church.
3. Accelerated the spread of Christianity.
4. More Africans were trained as clergy.
5. It led to the establishment of
independent school.
6. It led to the formation of nationalism.

Characteristics of independent
churches and schools

1. They were founded by missionary

educated Africans.
2. They tolerated African cultural practices.
3. They were against patronizing attitude.
4. They co-operated with early political
parties
/ Associations.

Characteristics of independent churches

in Kenya during and after independence.

1. They were formed / started by the

Africans.
2. They accommodated African cultural
values
e.g. polygamy.
3. Africans held senior positions of
leadership in the churches / they were
led by Africans.
4. The churches worked closely with
African political parties.

Others

1. They valued Christianity and western

education but were against
westernizing influence by
missionaries.
2. Membership was purely African.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

leading to inefficiency and confusion.

1. The signing of the Atlantic Charter
7. Lacked support from fellow Africans
by Winston Churchill-British PM &
who preferred mission schools.
Franklin Roosevelt in 1941-which
8. Competition from mission-run
schools and churches for followers. advocated for independence for
states.
9. Forced to follow official syllabus and
2. The failure of the colonial government
become members of District
to reward the ex-soldiers of World War
Education Board
2 increased the agitation for
independence.
Independent churches and schools during
3. The experience of the ex-soldiers of
colonial period
the World War 2 made them realize
that the Europeans were not superior
1. Nomiya Luo Church by John Owalo -1910
hence they demanded for self-rule.
2. Dini ya Roho (Holy Spirit Church) -1927
4. Independence for former British
3. Joroho by Alfayo Odongo Mango- 1932
colonies like India, Pakistan and
4. Christian Universal Evangelical
Ghana inspired nationalists in Kenya
Union by Ishmael Noah- 1938
to demand for independence.
5. Acquisition of western education by many
Other leaders were: Eliot Kamwana,
Africans enabled them to understand
Charles Domingo & John Chilembwe.
political development at international
э Kikuyu Independent schools level
Association (KISA) was
established
-1929.
э Kikuyu Karing’a Educational
Association (KKEA) was also formed
-1930.

1. In Central we had churches like

Gituamba Independent church.
2. Mumboism of Luo & Abagusii -1920’s.
3. African Independent Pentecostal Church.
4. African Orthodox Church.

Problems faced by independent schools

1. Lack of trained teachers.

2. Shortage of funds
3. Inadequate facilities.
4. Leadership squabbles.
5. Threat with closure by the colonial
government / hostility from
government.
6. Competition from colonial government.

Effects of missionary work in the 19th

Century.

1. They represented Africans in the

Legislative Council.
2. They spread Christianity.
3. They condemned African practices
e.g. polygamy.
4. The missionaries also created
job opportunities.
5. They spread Western European civilization
and education.
6. They provided medical services
and constructed health centers.
7. They abolished slave trade.
8. They gave rise to independent
churches.
9. They improved agriculture e.g. with
new crops and new farming methods.
10.They introduction of formal /
western education.
11.They also led to the later colonization of
the region.

Political Organizations and

movements after 1945 / Factors that
hastened the struggle for
independence after 1945.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

party to reach more public.

and forcefully demand for independence. 7. Colonial harassment frustrated the effort
6. Realization by Britain that colonies of the officials.
were expensive to administer hence
the need to grant them self-rule / rise
to power of the British Labour Party.
7. Pan-Africanism movement
inspired the nationalists by
supporting and encouraging them
for independence.
8. The UNO was established and
advocated for African
nationalism.

Others

9. The return of Kenyatta -1946 and

his role of uniting the Kenyans.
10. The role of independent churches and
schools
11. The Mau Mau uprising forced the British
to realize the need for granting Kenya
independence.
12. The role of nationalists in demanding
for constitutional reforms.
13. Pressure from AEMO groups.
14. Support from Afro-Asian people and
solidarity organizations and socialist
states.
15. Political parties were legalized after
1945, which enhanced mobilization of
masses against colonial rule.The role
of independent churches and schools.

NB/ Some of the factors are external while

others are internal. Characteristics of

political parties formed in Kenya after

1945.

1. They had a national outlook as

membership was drawn from all parts
of the country.
2. Their main objective was to fight
for independence.
3. They were led by educated elites.
4. They were militant.
5. They had similar grievances eg
demanded for fair taxation, improved
workers’ conditions and return of the
alienated land.
6. They had large membership.
7. They were closely linked to independent
schools and churches.

Factors that undermined nationalistic

activities in Kenya between 1939-1963.

1. Inadequate funds to run their activities.

2. Disunity among the African
nationalists which affected
coordination and their
strength against colonialism.
3. Banning of political parties, KAU
members had to operate by hide and
seek.
4. Declaration of state of emergency
undermined movement among
member and officials.
5. Mass illiteracy, hence the civilians
did not understand and support the
activities of KAU.
6. Denial of mass media access to
publish and spread the ideas of the
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

8. Arrest and detention of their leaders

which demoralised the members.
9. Lack of cooperation by all
communities as some even
collaborated with the
colonial government.
10. Betrayal by the loyalists / home-guards.

Kenya African Study Union (KASU)

э Founded -1944 to assist Mathu Eliud,

to unite Kenyans to advance African
interests, constitutional reforms and
improve working and living conditions
for Africans.
э By Harry Thuku, Khamisi.
э KASU became KAU in 1946.
э Demands of KAU included; self-rule,
release political prisoners, more seats for
Africans
Legislative Council, return African Land, free
and compulsory quality education, stop
taxation, stop
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

forced labour and better working conditions.

Causes
Roles of KAU in the struggle for
1. Failure of the colonial government to
independence
fulfill their promises to the world war
veterans e.g. employment.
1. It united the Kenyans.
2. Loss of independence by
2. It mobilized people for mass movement.
Africans to Europeans.
3. It organized for military struggle (Mau mau).
3. There was growing unemployment and
4. Moral and material support to Mau Mau
deteriorating conditions of African
fighters.
5. Guidance and political guide to Eliud Mathu. workers especially in towns.
4. Africans reacted to the oppression by
colonial chiefs and police.
How KAU promoted nationalism in
5. Bitterness among Africans due to
Kenya between 1944- 1953.
land alienation which pushed them to
crowd in reserves as squatters.
1. It influenced colonial government
6. Refusal by the colonial government
to increase African representation
to grant them political reforms.
in the legislative Council.
7. Discrimination in the provision of
2. It opened up branches in various
social services.
parts of the country to educate
8. The police shooting on Uplands
Africans on the need to unite against
Europeans. Bacon Factory where the workers
3. It published its own paper ‘Sauti ya were on strike, killing and
Mwafrika’ to popularize its objectives wounding some, thus
throughout the country.
4. It supported Eliud Mathu who
was appointed to the
legislativeCouncil in various
ways.
5. It presented the grievances of the
Africans in international fora.
6. It supported activities of mau mau
freedom fighters by giving them moral
and material support.
7. It provided leadership for the
nationalistic struggle.
8. It laid down the foundation of
KANU which led Kenya to
independence.
9. It organized rallies on the rights of Africans.
10. It held discussions with colonial
government about Kenya’s political
future.
11. It supported trade Unions which fought
for nationalism.

Problems faced by KAU.

1. Betrayal by some Africans undermined

its activities / wrangles between
moderates and radicals.
2. Insufficient / inadequate funds hampered
its activities.
3. Opposition from the colonial government
/ settlers.
4. Repressive laws restricted its activities.
5. Arrest / detention of its leaders after
the declaration of the state of
emergency frustrated its members.
6. Lack of proper communication channels.
7. Banning of the party in 1953.
8. Ethnic division / fear of domination by
larger communities.
9. Lack of political awareness due to
illiteracy.

Role of Tom Mboya in KAU.

➢ He was the director of publicity in 1952

and exposed KAU’s policies.
➢ He became the treasurer of the party
in 1953 and thereby mobilized
financial
support for KAU.
➢ He made KAU have a national
outlook / Revitalized KAU.

MAU MAU
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

causing discontent. 6. Adequate weapons which helped them

9. The Olenguruone episode of 1949 to continue fighting.
which arose as a result of squatters’ 7. Some of the fighters were ex-service men
problem. The squatters occupying the and they were able to apply their military
scheme were evicted and taken to Yatta, experience from the 1st and 2nd world wars.
a semi-arid area, thus causing a lot of 8. The movement received material
discontent among the Africans. and moral support from
10. The closure of a vegetable factory at Independent African countries.
Karatina caused further discontent as it
led to unemployment and loss of revenue Results
to the vegetable suppliers.
11. The refusal by the colonial government to 1. Human deaths / Loss of human lives.
lift the ban on KAU turned the 2. Africans were arrested, detained and
association in to an underground injured.
movement to fight against colonialism. 3. Attracted the attention of
12. The Africans disliked the imposition of international community, hence
taxes and forced labour. pushed for independent
4. Speeded up nationalism.
э It was organized by nationalists 5. Power and influence of settlers was
including Jomo Kenyatta, Ramogi
Achieng Oneko, reduced.
Fred Kubai, Bildad Kagia, Kung’u 6. Destruction of property.
Karumba & Paul Ngei in 1952 (The 7. Strict rules by government to control
Kapenguria six). activities of African political parties
э Oathing was used to make were put in place.
participants to remain loyal and 8. Establishment of concentration /
honest and keep the
secrets of the movement. It also detention camps.
inspired courage.
э Asians and African merchants
paid protection fee (in Nairobi)
э Due to escalating violence and
assassination of leading
government
loyalists.
Tom Mbotela & Waruhiu wa
Kung’u, the governor Sir Evelyne
Baring declared state of
emergency on 20th October 1952,
and all the leading nationalists
were arrested and jailed for 7
years.

Problems faced by Mau Mau fighters.

1. The fighters lacked sufficient

transport and communication
facilities.
2. Cold temperature and diseases
which caused respiratory problems
to the fighters.
3. They faced attacks by wild animals.
4. They had a shortage of fighting
equipment.
5. There were divisions among the fighters
and leaders.
6. They lacked co-ordination as the
leaders had no training and their
activities were disrupted by the
colonial government.
7. They had disjointed recruitment process.
8. Some were forced hence, not committed.

Why mau mau lasted for long / What

facilitated the Mau Mau.

1. Oathing united the people and made them

for committed.
2. Guerilla warfare used by the fighters
made it difficult for the British
government to contain the rebellion.
3. Support from the civilians for food,
weapons and information.
4. It was led by able leaders.
5. Arbadares and Mt Kenya forests
provided good hideouts for the Mau
Mau fighters.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Agikuyu, Aembu & Ameru were evacuated

10. Destocking policy which forced the
from Nairobi , hence they became bitter.
Africans to reduce the number of
9. Declaration of state of emergency by
their livestock.
the colonial government.
11. Harassment by colonial administrators.
10. It cemented African unity.
Why Britain changed her attitude towards
NB/ The civilians supplied food to the fighters,
colonization of Kenya between 1945-1960.
supplied information and gave moral support.
1. Election of labour party in Britain in
1945, a sign of evaporation
Methods used by the colonial
/development of imperial spirit.
government to discourage the
2. Development of nationalist unrest after
activities of the Mau Mau.
world war 2.
3. Outbreak of Mau Mau.
1. Arresting / detaining the activists
4. Rise of USSR & USA, who were
in camps.
against colonialism.
2. Armed forces to suppress the
movement.
3. Killing / executing the activists.
4. Used traitors / spies to reveal hiding
places of the fighters.
5. Burning / destroying of houses of
the activists / Scorched earth
policy
6. Keeping them in concentration
camps to curtail their movement.
7. Banning the Kenya African Union (KAU).
8. Closing down the independent schools.
9. State of emergency was declared /
Curfews.
10. Torturing Mau Mau fighters.

Roles of political parties in the struggle for

independence.

1. They mobilized mass support for

the nationalists.
2. They united the freedom fighters.
3. They prepared nationalists who were
to take over leadership after
independence.
4. They provided moral and material
support for the Mau Mau fighters.
5. They presented grievances of
Africans in international fora.
6. They pressurized for constitutional
changes which hastened
independence.
7. They created awareness among the Africans
on their rights.
8. They pressurized for the release by
political prisoners.
9. They participated in the drafting of
independence constitution at
Lancaster House Conference.

Grievances of Africans after 1945

1. Land alienation by the colonial government.

2. Forced labour on the white settlers’ farms.
3. Kipande system which restricted the
African movement.
4. Racial discrimination in all spheres of life
5. Interference with Africans culture.
6. Poor social services especially in
the African areas like reserves.
7. Payment of taxes which was collected
with a lot of force and brutality.
8. Lack of political representation in
the Legislative Council for the
Africans.
9. Poor wages and working conditions
for the workers as they worked for
longer hours for little pay.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

5. Gaining of independent by India 1947 7. They made Kenya’s situation be

and China -1957. recognized abroad.
6. Colonialism proved expensive.
7. Formation of trade unions and Methods used by trade unions to demand
political parties in Kenya. for their rights.

Kenya African National Union (KANU) 1. Strikes

2. Boycotts.
э Formed in March 27th, 1960 by 3. Go slows / sit-ins.
former leaders of KAU
4. Demonstrations.
э They pressed for release of Jomo
Kenyatta and independence 5. Petitions / memoranda

Why Trade Unions were more active in

Urban than rural
Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU)
1. More money and wage labour was in towns.
It was formed in June 1960 by Ronald Ngala, 2. Easy mobilization since they were living
Daniel Moi, Masinde Muliro & Justus Ole in large numbers.
Tipis

Roles of KADU in the struggle for

independence.

1. It united the smaller communities in

Kenya.
2. It educated/mobilized Africans
against colonial dominion.
3. It pressed for the release of
Jomo Kenyatta.
4. It participated in the drawing up
of the independence constitution.

African Peoples Party (APP)

It was formed after the Lancaster House

by Paul Ngei to address Akamba
interests.

Trade Unions

It started in Kenya after 1914 to improve the

workers’ welfare Why trade Unions were

not formed in Kenya by 1914

1. Africans were denied the

opportunity by the colonial
administrators.
2. They had low purchasing power.
3. They were scattered, thus could not
come together.
4. Wage earning labourers were few.
5. There were few elites to provide
leadership.

Roles of Trade Unions in struggle for

Independent

1. They organized strikes and boycotts

to oppose the policies of the colonial
government.
2. They provided relevant training ground
for potential nationalist leaders.
3. They contributed money to political
parties and enabled them to sustain the
struggle for independence.
4. They sensitized workers on the
importance of joining political parties
that struggled for independence.
5. They filled the vacuum created by
the proscription of political parties in
1952.
6. They mobilized people to support
nationalist struggle.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. Leadership by educated in towns and

4. Mass media facilities in towns hence Construction Workers Union.
more political awareness
5. Most economic, social and political Role of women in struggle for independence
injustices were suffered by town
dwellers. э Prophetess Moraa in Kitutu.
6. Town dwellers were mixed up
hence no language or cultural
barriers.
7. Rural labour was scattered unlike
in towns where it was
concentrated.

Problems faced by Trade Unions

1. Harassment by which settlers and

colonial government.
2. It had insufficient funds to run its
activities.
3. Constant wrangles among
leaders which weakened the
movement.
4. Ignorance of the people on the role of
trade unions and hence did not support
it.

Causes of the 1947 African workers

strike in Mombasa.

1. There was unequal payment of salaries

and wages.
2. There were Poor working conditions.
3. There was high rate of inflation.
4. There was disrespect of African
workers.

African

Workers

Federation

(AWF) Its

demands

1. Salary fairness for all races

2. Respect for African workers
3. Sufficient allowances
4. Short working hour

Kenya Federation of labour (KFL)

э After state of emergency in 1960,

many workers were deported
э Trade unions therefore
joined/merged to KFRTU (Kenya
Federation of
Registered Trade Unions)
э 1953, it was joined by Kenya local
government workers union (KLGWU),
with
Tom Mboya as General Secretary.
э In 1955, it was changed to KFL
The Trade Unions that

joined to form the K. F. L.

1.Transport and

Allied Workers union.

2. Tailors, Tent and Sail makers and
Garment Workers Union.
3. Local Government Workers Union.
4. Night Watchmen, Clubs and Shops
Workers Union.
5. Domestic and Hotel Workers Union.
6.East African Federation of Building
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э Syotume wa Kithuke of Ukambani used

Kilume dance.
э Mekatilili wa Menza led the Agiriama 1913.
э Mary Muthoni fought for release of
Harry Thuku- 1922.
э Independent churches and schools
were established by women to
advocate for the
welfare of Africans e.g. Legio Maria.

Contribution of women

1. They took part in the armed

resistance where some of them
were leaders e.g. Marshall
Muthoni.
2. They raised funds for supporting
political activities.
3. They provided moral support to the
freedom fighters to go on
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

with the fight. election of eight Africans to the legislative

4. They demanded for the release of the Council.
detained / arrested freedom fighters 5. Establishment of an advisory council
like Harry Thuku. to discuss government policies.
5. They supplied arms and food to 6. Elections on common roll basis / The
the freedom fighters in their government provided for elections
hideouts. of 8 Africans to the Legislative
6. They acted as spies for the Council.
freedom fighters. 7. A system of African elections to be
7. They took part in oathing / they done every two years.
administered oaths of secrecy.
8. They kept their homes intact as Results of the Lyttelton constitution
men continued with the struggle.
9. They endured pain and suffering 1. An Executive Council was replaced
inflicted by the colonial government by multi-racial council of ministers
for the sake of liberation. 2. Eight African members could be elected
to LegCo.
Constitutional changes leading to 3. Certain property qualification and
independence 1954-1963. other educational requirements
were specified for African
1. Littleton constitution of 1954 led to the candidates.
appointment of the 1st African minister 4. Multi-racial elections were allowed.
and nomination of other African leaders 5. There were separate electoral rolls
to the Legislative Council. for Africans, whites and Asians.
2. 1957, we had the 1st all races 6. Europeans were given more seats in
elections and Africans were elected the LegCo. 148-Afs, 3 Hindus, 3
in the 8 constituencies. Muslims, 1 Arabs.
3. Lenox Boyd constitution gave more seats 7. There were 29 electoral members as
to the Africans from 8 to 14 members. opposed to 30, nominated
For the 1st time, more Africans were
elected to the legislative Council.
4. The 1st Lancaster House conference of
1960 gave Africans more seats in the
legCo. African representation increased
from 14 to 33 members.
5. In 1960, state of emergency was lifted
and Africans were allowed to form
countrywide political parties. KANU and
KADU were formed.
6. The 2nd Lancaster House Conference
of 1962 drew the independence
constitution and Kenya was to
become a majimbo / federal state.
7. In 1961, the 1st General elections were
held and KANU worn but refused to form
government until the release of Jomo
Kenyatta.
8. KANU and KADU formed a coalition
government with Ngala and Kenyatta as
the two leaders of Government.
9. June 1963, Kenya attained
independence with Kenyatta as the
1st Prime Minister.

Lyttelton

constitution - 1954 It

proposed / Reforms:

1. Establishment of a multi-racial
council of ministers
representing the three races.
2. The ban on formations of political parties
by Africans was lifted as they were now
allowed at district level.
3. B.A. Ohanga was appointed the
first African minister for
Community development &
African affairs.
4. Each race to elect their own
representative to the Legislative
Council /
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

members.
8. Government allowed Africans to form э In Oct. 1957, Boyd replaced Lyttelton
political parties. before he visited Kenya- with
9. It established advisory council to recommendations
э Special membership to leg-co 4 from
discuss government policies each race elected by other members to
10. 1957 elections were held in 8 LegCo.
constituencies. э The number of African ministers was to
11. African Elected Members Organization
was founded. be doubled. Results of Lennox Boyd

NB/ The formation of a multi-racial constitution.

government/society was allowed.
(MAIN) 1. African elected members were increased
from 8 to 14.
Founder members of AEMO 2. There was to be election of 14 Africans
to the LegCo, not representing the
1. Daniel Arap Moi. constituencies.
2. Masinde Muliro 3. Setting a commission to review
3. Lawrence Oguta and recommended the abolition
4. James Muimi / James Nzau of racist laws.
5. Tom Mboya 4. The council of ministers was enlarged to
6. Ronald Ngala 16.
7. Benard Mate 5. Africans were allowed to form
8. Oginga nationwide political parties.

Odinga

Demands

of AEMO

1. It demanded for a majority elected

African representation in the
Legislative Council.
2. That every African of 21 years and
above be allowed to vote regardless of
education or income.
3. They demanded that registration
of voters to be done on common
roll / universal suffrage.
4. They called for an end to the
state of emergency.
5. They demanded the Kenya highlands to
be opened to all races.

Roles of African elected members of

parliament during the struggle for
independence in Kenya. (AEMO)

1. They demanded for the release

of detained / imprisoned African
nationalists.
2. They networked with Pan-
Africanists to hasten the
achievement of independence.
3. They aired / presented African
grievances in international fora.
4. They formed political parties /
movements to demand for
independence / rights of
Africans.
5. They popularized Kenyatta, thereby
making him acceptable as a national
leader.
6. They took part in the writing of the
independence constitution during the
2nd Lancaster house conference.
7. They enlightened / educated the
Africans on the need to struggle
for independence.
8. They advocated for increased African
representation in the Legislative
Council.

Lennox Boyd Constitution -1958

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1st Lancaster House Conference -1960 *LATEST HIGH SCHOOL NOTES*

*0714497530* (Mr
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1. All adults above 40 years were allowed Physics form 1--4
to vote. Agriculture form 1--4
2. The LegCo was expanded to 65 Business form 1--4
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3. 4/12 members of council were Africans (a History form 1--4
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4. Africans were allowed to form 4 Geography
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5. The Bill of rights would be included in Homescie
the constitution nce f1--4
6. All property taken by Europeans would I.R.E studies f1-4
be compensated.

2nd Lancaster house Conference -1962

It was convened on 12th Fe-1962 to

draw an independence constitution
and reconcile KANU & KADU.

Its provisions

1. The country was to be divided into 6

regions with an assembly for each.
2. The Parliament was to have 2
chambers – senate and house of
representatives
3. The Post of prime minister as
head of government was created.
4. Governor General was to be head of
state and commander in- chief for
armed forces.
5. Elections were to be held after 5 years,
with requirements for voter or
candidate defined.
6. The constitution could only be amended
by at least 2/3 majority in the House of
Representatives (2 thirds).
7. The Monarch had special powers which
she exercised through governor
general.
8. Central Land Board was formed to handle
land issues.
9. It provided for the protection of the
minorities’ rights.
10. It created an independent and
impartial judiciary.
11. It created Commissions incharge of
various responsibilities.
12. It contained a detailed bill of rights.
13. Kenya was to have a multi-party
system, with KANU and KADU
forming a coalition government.

Asians involved in the struggle for

independence in Kenya.

1. A. M. Jevanjee
2. Pio Gama Pinto
3. M. A. Desai
4. Makhan Singh

NB/ Parties in Kenya between 1960-1963

were KANU, KADU, APP (African People’s
Party and NKP (New Kenya Party)
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

French notes on 12/12/1964.

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LIVES & CONTRIBUTIONS OF KENYAN LEADERS

Jomo Kenyatta 1892-1978

э He worn as Kamau Ngegi in 1892 in

Gatundu- Kiambu.
э He was baptized as Johnstone in
1914, after circumcision in 1913.
э He wore Maasai belt with ornament
called Kinyatta.
э From 1924, he developed interest
in political activities of James
Beauttah
and Joseph Kang’ethe.
э In 1927, he became secretary of Kikuyu
Central
Association. His role in the struggle for

independence in Kenya.

1. He was one of the founder members of

KCA which fought for rights of Africans in
Kenya.
2. Started KCA newspaper ‘Muiguithania’ in
which he talked about the grievances of
the Africans.
Later he did it in his book-facing Mt-
Kenya.
3. During his study in Britain -1929-46,
he presented the plight Africans in
Kenya in many international
meetings.
4. He became president of KAU in 1947
and transformed it into a mass party.
5. In1961, elected into LegCo and
attempted to reconcile KANU & KADU.
6. 1962, led KANU delegate to
Lancaster House Conference to
work on independence
constitution.
7. 1963, elections earned him post of 1st Pm
8. He was African spokesman and
representative.
9. He mobilized and attended
conferences for Kenyan Africans.
10. He organized political campaigns
and meetings.
11. He became the 1st president of Kenya
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Problems of Kenyans at Independence

1. Split within KANU due to his policy

on land as he compromised with the
whites.
2. Kenya did not have enough
funds for development.
3. Poverty, ignorance and disease were a
serious problem.
4. Shortage of manpower.
5. Poor transport and communication
network.
6. Existence of banditry (shifter
menace) in North Eastern Frontier
District Kenya also shifted attention
from economic development.
7. Political assassinations of Pio Gama
Pinto in 1965, Tom Mboya
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

seminars in various parts of the country

in 1969 and J. M. Kariuki in 1975 to educate he workers / leaders.
posed a challenge to his regime.

TOM MBOYA

1. He was born on 15/08/1930 in Thika

2. He married in 1953 and 1961
3. In 1952, Kenya Local Government
Workers Union (KLGWU) was formed
and he became its acting treasurer.
4. He condemned colonial injustices in
Kenya.
5. In Oct-1953, he was elected the
Secretary of Kenya Federation of
Registered Trade Union (KFRTU) & KFL.
6. In 1957, he formed the Nairobi
People’s Convection Party (NPCP) to
fight for Kenya’s independence.
7. In 1957, AEMO was formed with
him as secretary.
8. In 1958, he joined other nationalists
to reject the Lenox Boyd
constitution.
9. In 1958, he represented Kenya at the
PAFMECA (Pan-African Freedom
Movement of East and Central Africa) in
Ghana where colonialism was
condemned.
10. He affiliated KFRTU to the international
confederation of Free Trade Unions
(ICFTU) in USA and the British Trade
Unionism, thus strengthening Trade
unionism thus strengthening Trade
unionism in Kenya which fought for
African Rights.
11. In 1959, he boycotted the
Legislative Council and demanded for a
constitutional conference.
12. 1960, he attended the 1st Lancaster
House Conference.
13. He was among the founder
members of KANU, with him as
secretary in 1960.
14. He pressed for the release of
Jomo Kenyatta and other
detainees.
15. 1962, attended the 2nd Lancaster
house Conference.
16. 1957, was elected MP for Nairobi.
17. He developed the social, economic
and political master plan ‘sessional
paper NO. 10’ in 1965.
18. He was short dead on
05/07/1969 by Nahashon Njenga
outside a chemist along Moi
Avenue.

His roles in the development of trade

union movement in Kenya.

1. He was instrumental in the formation of

trade union movement.
2. He served as a leader in trade union
organization both locally and
internationally.
3. He organized protests / demonstrations
against the arrest and harassment of
trade union members / workers.
4. He liaised with international trade union
organizations where he gained
knowledge / experience of running trade
unions.
5. He solicited for funds to finance
the activities of trade union
movement in Kenya.
6. He organized trade union courses /
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

7. He agitated for better terms / conditions

for workers.
8. He attended courses on
industrial relations abroad
where he gained knowledge
on labour relations.

Ronald Gideon Ngala

1. Ngala was born 1923 at Gatari-Giriama

(Kilifi District).
2. In 1943, he became a member of the
Coast African Association through
which he expressed the problems and
hopes of the Mijikenda people.
3. He also mobilized the Mijikenda in to
forming pressure group called the
Mijikenda Union, through which they
pressurized for their grievances to be
heard by the colonial government.
4. In 1955, he formed MADU (Mombasa
African Democratic Union) which
agitated for independence.
5. In 1957, Ngala was elected to LegCo
for Coast rural constituency, the
position he used to air out the
problems of
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

the coastal communities. 5. In 1957 election, he was elected to

6. He became treasurer of AEMO, the LegCo to represent Nyanza.
and pressurized for
constitutional reforms for the
Africans.
7. He joined by Mboya they went
to London to press for
constitutional reforms.
8. In 1958, He became the minister for
labour, social security and adult
education.
9. He participated in 1st Lancaster House
which gave Africans more seats in
legCo.
10. In 1960, he refused post of Treasurer
when KANU was formed.
11. He was a founder member of KADU
which advocated for Majimbo at
the1st Lancaster House conference.
12. In 1961, He became the minister
for education and leader of
government business.
13. He attended the 2nd Lancaster House
Conference in 1962 where he pressed for
regional government while KANU opted
for a strong unitary government.
14. In 1964, led KADU members to dissolve
and join KANU.
15. He died in an accident on Mombasa Nairobi
road in 1972.

His contribution to the struggle for

independence in Kenya.

1. He mobilized the Mijikenda on to

forming a pressure group-The Mijikenda
Union.
2. As a member of AEMO, he pressurized
for more constitutional reforms for
Africans.
3. In 1955, he mobilized people from
Mombasa to form Mombasa African
Democratic Union.
4. He was instrumental in the formation of
KADU to defend the interests of the
minority African groups against possible
domination by KANU. He became the
president of the party.
5. He and Mboya led the African delegation
which attended the 2nd Lancaster House
Conference to discuss the independence
constitution.
6. He supported and called for the
release of the detained nationalists.
7. In May 1963, KADU under Ngala
formed the 1st independence
government.

Jaramogi Oginga Ajuma Odinga

1. He formed the Luo Thrift and Trading

Co- operative which was registered in
1947. He used Achieng Oneko’s paper,
Ramogi to promote the activities of the
Luo Thrift and Trading Co- operative and
print anti- government information.
2. In 1950, he attended a KAU
meeting in Kisumu where he
discussed about political events in
the country.
3. He linked up with Kenyatta where he
agreed that the Luo and the Agikuyu
would work together.
4. In 1953, he travelled to India where he
met
J. P. Nehru. He was arrested when he came
back but later released.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

6. With other elected members, they

formed the African Elected Members
Organization (AEMO).
7. He demanded for the release of the
detained political leaders and lifting of
the state of emergency.
8. He was a founder member of the
Kenya independent movement
(KIM) which fought for
independence for Kenya.
9. He denounced the provisions of the
Lyttelton constitution.
10. In 1958, he raised alarm about
Kenyatta’s condition in prison.
11. In 1960, he participated in the first
Lancaster House conference to discuss
the country’s independence.
12. When KANU was formed in 1960, he
was elected the vice president of the
party.
13. In 1961, he with other leaders
visited Kenyatta in Lodwar and
resolved to promote unity among
Africans.
14. In 1962, he participated in the 2nd
Lancaster House Conference which
paved way for Kenya’s independence.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

15. After 1963 election, he was appointed 1. The attempted military coup of 1st
the minister for Home Affairs. Aug, 1982.
16. 1964, he became the Vice President of 2. Constant criticism over his one Party
Kenya. state of governance.
17. 1969, he was put under house arrest by 3. Freezing of donor fund by the World Bank
Kenyatta’s government following and IMF.
violence in Kisumu when Kenyatta went 4. Opposition from political parties e.g.
to open Nyanza Provincial Hospital. FORD.
18. 1982, he was expelled from KANU 5. Ethnic clashes in some parts of the
19. In 1991, he formed Forum for country / cross border cattle
Restoration of Democracy (FORD) rustling.
20. The Party split and he remained in K- 6. Political assassinations.
(Ford- Kenya) 7. Detention and torture of some
21. In 1992, he lost to Moi as political activists.
presidential candidate. 8. Corruption
22. He was the MP for Bondo and the 9. Weakened economy / inflation.
opposition leader till his death in 10. HIV pandemic.
1994. 11. Strained diplomatic relations.
23. In 1990, he successfully agitated for 12. Natural disasters like famine and floods.
return of multi-parties.

Daniel Toroitich arap Moi (KAPKORIOS)

1. He was born 02 / 09 / 1924 in

Kuriengw’o in Baringo
2. In 1955, he was nominated to LegCo
for Rift valley after Ole Tameno
resigned
3. In 1957, he was elected MP for R.
Valley.
4. In 1959, he was the 1st African leader
to visit Kenyatta in prison-Lodwar.
5. In 1962, he participated in 2nd
Lancaster house conference.
6. In 1960- he was chairman of KADU
7. In 1961- He bacame the minister
for education
8. In 1963, MP for Baringo North and
president of Rift valley regional
Assembly
9. In 1964, he initiated dissolving of KADU
to join KANU
10. In 1966, he was elected as KANU
VP for Rift valley
11. In 1967- he became the VP
12. In 1968, he became leader of
Government business.
13. In 1978- he became president.
14. After winning 1979 elections,
he toured all parts of the
country to reconcile Kenyans.
15. He expanded educational facilities
in the country, changing the
educational system from 7:4:2:3 to
8:4:4 in 1984.
16. He started the Nyayo Philosophy of
Peace, Love & Unity.
17. He retired as president in 2002-
after elections won by Kibaki
against Moi’s choice-Uhuru
Kenyatta.

His roles in education development in

Kenya between 1979 and 2002.

1. Introduction of 8-4-4 system of education.

2. Introduction of school milk /
feeding programme in 1979.
3. Expansion of primary / secondary
schools.
4. Increase of public university.
5. Expansion of tertiary institutions.
6. Introduction of cost-sharing in education.

The challenges he faced as president.

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Professor Wangari Maathai

16. They continued till 1993 when
э Was born to Muta Njugi and Lydia the political prisoners were
Wanjiru as a 3rd born on 1st April, 1940 released.
in Ihithe village 17. In Sept 1998, she started the Jubilee
in Nyeri. 2000, which campaigned for the
э The family relocated to Nakuru in 1943. cancellation of heavy debts owed to rich
э She went back to Ihithe where countries by the poor ones.
she enrolled for her primary school.
э In 1957, she joined St Cecilia 18. She fought against corruption
(currently Loreto GHS) for her especially grabbing of public land and
secondary education.
э She got a scholarship to US for a destruction of the environment.
Bachelor of Science degree in 1960 19. In 2004, she became the 1st
before pursuing a African woman to win the Nobel
Masters degree in Biological Science in Prize.
US.
э She then started working at the 20. She won it for her contribution to
University college of Nairobi as an sustainable development, democracy
assistant researcher and peace.
in micro-anatomy. 21. In 2002 elections, she won as an MP for
э In 1967, she went to Germany for her Tetu constituency on a NARC ticket.
Doctorate degree before returning in
1969. 22. 2003, she became the assistant
э In May 1969, she got married to minister for Environment, Natural
Mwangi Maathai.
Resources and wildlife till 2005.
э In 1971, she was the 1st woman from East
and Central Africa to obtain a Ph.D.
э In 1977 while working at the Nairobi
University, she campaigned for her
female
colleagues to be paid same salaries with
their male counterparts.
э In 1977, she separated with Mwangi
and divorced in 1979.

1. She was a member of the Red Cross

before becoming its Director form
1973- 1980, among other
organizations.
2. In 1977, Wangari and the other NCWK
(National Christian Council of Women
of Kenya) planted 7 trees at Kamukunji
in honor of the historical community
leaders.
3. This marked the birth of the Green
Belt Movement.
4. In 1979, she became the Vice chair
of the NCWK before becoming the
Chair in 1980 till 1987 when she
retired.
5. This earned her popularity as the
movement joined pro- democracy
movement against the oppressive KANU
gov’t in the 2nd half of 1980s.
6. In 1989, she learnt that KANU gov’t was
planning to construct a skyscraper as
Times Media Trust Complex at Uhuru
Park.
7. She wrote letters to several
government officials and got support
from many people.
8. In 1990, the proposal was cancelled.
9. In 1992 with other pro-democracy
advocates, she met and came up with a
group which they called Forum for
Restoration of Democracy (FORD).
10. They confronted the gov’t on suspicion
that some members were targeted for
assassination.
11. This confrontation earned her several
arrests which attracted the attention of
the International Community.
12. She also joined and supported the
group Release political Prisoners
which had been formed by women
whose sons had been arrested
together with Maathai.
13. They presented a petition to the AG
and camped in a corner at Uhuru Park on
a Hunger
strike, which came to be known as
Freedom Corner.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

23. She remained vocal on matters

concerning environmental preservation FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE
and human rights till her death on 26 / GOVERNMENT OF KENYA.
09 / 2012 at Nairobi Hospital, due to
ovarian cancer.

Her roles in the liberation of women in

Kenya.

1. She was a member of the Kenya

Association of University women
and championed the cause of
women education.
2. She championed the liberation of
women when she was most active
member of the National Christian
Council of women.
3. As a chairperson of the National
Christian Council of women, she
geared towards unifying all women
groups in Kenya.
4. She did various researches on
ways to alleviate challenges
experienced by women like
access to medication, safe water and
energy.
5. She organized community-
based seminars where
women openly discussed
their socio-
economic issues.
6. She gave massive support to a
group of women who had formed
the ‘release political
prisoners’.
7. She spoke on behalf of women in the
UN special sessions in the General
assembly.

Her roles / significance on

environmental conservation in Kenya.

1. She was a board member of

Environmental Liaison Centre which
facilitated the participation of NGO’s
in the work of UNEP.
2. As a member of the National
Christian Council of Women in Kenya
(NCWK), she encouraged the planting
of trees.
3. She helped in the establishment
of the Green Belt Movement
which involved women in tree-
planting to conserve the
environment.
4. She mobilized women to plant more
than 20 million trees which would
provide a solution to some of their
problems.
5. She opposed the establishment of
Times Media Trust complex in
Uhuru Park which would destroy
the recreational park.
6. She addressed the UN on
several occasions on issues
affecting the environment.
7. In 2004, she won the Nobel
prize for her role in
environmental conservation.
8. She championed for the preservation
of Karura forest.
9. She used her position as the
Assistant minister for Environment
to formulate policies aimed at
preserving the environment.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Electoral Process in Kenya

Methods of voting in Kenya since

independence.

1. Mlolongo (Queuing).
2. Acclamation.
3. Secret ballot.

They are two types General and

By-elections. General

э These are held after 5 years.

э They comprises presidential,
Parliamentary (National and
County
Assemblies).
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Reasons for elections.

-administration of the elections in an
impartial, neutral, efficient, accurate and
1. It gives Kenyans an opportunity to choose
accountable manner.
new political leaders.
2. It enables Kenyans to exercise
Regulations on elections
their democratic right.
3. They offer alternative ideas of running
1. The constitution of Kenya
the government through different
-This stipulates that Kenya is a
political parties’ manifestos.
Sovereign Republic and all the Sovereign
4. It is a constitutional requirement.
Power
5. They make elected leaders /
belongs the people who may exercise it
prospective leaders work hard to
either directly or through their
ensure that they are re-elected /
democratically elected leaders.
elected.
2. The National Assembly and the
Presidential Election Act.
Causes for 2007 post-election violence.
-This explains the steps to be followed when
registering voters,
11. Irregularities in the voters’ registers.
-Names of some registered voters were
missing in the register- about 30%.
-Kenyans in the diaspora were not given an
opportunity to vote.
-Some of the names of the voters in the
register were deceased.
-Women were under-represented in the
voters’ register.
2. Imbalanced distribution of
registered voters among the
constituencies due to unfair
demarcation.
3. Several cases of cheating with
inflated numbers of votes in the
strongholds of the main
political parties.
4. Exclusive strongholds as some
electoral areas were reserved for
certain political parties.
5. Defective methods of vote tallying and
relaying of information which was not
done
transparently.
6. Incompetence of the Electoral
Commission of Kenya officials.
Even the Chairman-Samuel Kivuitu stated
that it was impossible to tell who won both
Parliamentary and Presidential elections.
7. Integrity in the results as some of the
crucial election documents were not
signed by
some officials as required, eg Form 16A.
8. Composition of Electoral Commission of
Kenya.
This was evident in the manner in
which the officials were appointed,
unlike before.

Principles of electoral system in Kenya.

1. Freedom of citizens to exercise their

political rights.
2. More than 2/3 of the elective public
bodies must not be of the same gender.
3. Fair representation of people with
disabilities.
4. Universal suffrage based on
the aspiration for fair
representation and equality of
vote.
5. Free and fair elections based on:
-secret ballot.
-absence of violence, intimidation, improper
influence or corruption.
6. There should be an independent
body conducting the electoral
process.
-transparency.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

process in order to ensure smooth / fair

nominating elections.
candidates, polling and counting of votes
and other related processes.
3. The Local Government Act.
-This gives the procedure and rules for
conducting elections for county, municipal
and town councils.
4. The Election Offences Act.
-It lays down the election offences and
penalties. For example bribing voters,
threatening voters, voting more than once
of causing violence during campaigns or
on the polling day.

Requirements for political parties in

Kenya.

1. They should reflect a national outlook

as prescribed by an Act of parliament.
2. They should have a
democratically governing
body.
3. They should promote and uphold
national unity.
4. They should abide by the
democratic principles of good
governance, promote and
practise democracy.
5. They should respect the rights of all
persons to participate in political
process.
6. They should respect and
promote human rights and
fundamental freedoms and
gender equality and equity.
7. They should promote the principles
of constitution and rule of law.
8. They should subscribe to and observe
the code of conduct for political
parties.

Prohibitions for political parties.

1. Being founded on religious, linguistic,

racial, ethnic, gender or regional basis
or seek to engage in advocacy of
hatred on any such basis.
2. Engaging in or encouraging violence
or intimidating supporters of other
parties.
3. Establishing or maintaining a
paramilitary force, militia or
similar organization.
4. Engaging in bribery or other forms
of corruption.
5. Accepting or using public resources to
promote its interests or its candidates in
elections, except as it is provided by an
Act of Parliament.

Functions of Independent Electoral and

Boundaries Commission.

1. It continuously registers citizens as

voters.
2. It draws the boundaries of
constituencies/wards in all parts of
the country in order to ensure
equitable representation of the
people.
3. It regulates nomination of candidates
by political parties so as to ensure
proportional nomination of members.
4. It settles electoral disputes other than
petitions arising from the electoral
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

5. It registers all candidates who

intend to contest for positions
during elections / announces and
provides an election timetable.
6. It educates voters on their
rights/importance of participation in
elections so as to make informed
decisions.
7. It monitors/observes the
elections in order to ensure
transparency/honesty.
8. It regulates the amount of money spent
by candidates/political parties to
prevent some candidates from
influencing the voters.
9. It develops code of conduct for
candidates/parties participating
in elections with the view of
checking malpractices.
10. It ensures compliance with the
electoral laws by all parties involved
in order to
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

promote free and fair elections. voters in the

11. It distributes/transports
electoral materials to all polling
stations.
12. It appoints election officials.
13. It announces election results and declares
the winners.

Ways of becoming a member of parliament

in Kenya.

a) Election.
b) Nomination
c) By virtue of holding office of AG
and Speaker.

Process of election

1. Voter and civic education

2. Registration of voters

It is done by the Independent Electoral and

Boundaries Commission of Kenya (IEBC).

Qualification of a voter

1. A citizen of 18 years and above

2. One must have lived, done business,
owned land or employed in the
constituency five
(5) months in the last year before
elections.
3. One should not have been convicted of
election offence during preceding five
years.
4. One should have an original ID or
passport which is valid and in good
condition.

Why a registered voter may not vote.

1. When in custody.
2. When he is insane / of unsound mind.
3. If he presents himself in a
constituency where he is
not registered.
4. When discovered to have registered more
than once.
5. When he does not have an ID or
has a defective ID on the voting
day.
6. When his name does not appear in
the voter’s register.
7. When he is time barred / late.

3. Nomination of candidates

This is County, parliamentary or

presidential nominations.

э Party nominations
э Presentation of nomination papers
э Commencement of campaigns
/ elections. Requirements for

nominations

1. Parliamentary candidates

1. One should be a registered voter.

2. One should be literate.
3. One should be nominated by a political
party OR for an independent candidate
to the National Assembly, be
supported by at least 1000 registered
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

constituency. For an independent

candidate to the senate, by at least
2000 registered voters in the county.
4. One should uphold good moral values.

Disqualification as candidate for National

Assembly.

1. If he / she in serving a prison sentence

of not less than 6 months as at the
date for registration or date of
elections.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. If he / she is of unsound mind. 7. If he / she has been found to have

3. Declared bankrupt by court of law. abused or misused state / public office.
4. If he / she is a member of the
county assembly. Conditions for an independent candidate
5. If he / she is a civil servant.
6. If he / she has not been a citizen of Kenya 1. He/she should not a member of a
for the last 10 years before date of political party for the last 3 months to
elections. the date elections.
7. If he / she has held office of the IEBC 2. He/she must be a registered voter.
within the last 5 years before the date 3. He/she must be literate.
of elections. 4. For candidates to the National
8. If he / she is found to have misused Assembly, he/she should have the
or abused public office at any given support of not less than 1000
time. registered voters in the constituency.
5. Candidates to the senate, should
How a member of parliament may lose have the support of at least
his / her seat.

1. Ceases to be a Kenyan citizen.

2. If he / she receives a prison
sentence exceeding 6 months or
death penalty.
3. If found to have committed an
election offence or his election has
been nullified by high court.
4. Resigns from the National Assembly
by writing to the Speaker.
5. If declared bankrupt by court of law.
6. If found to be of unsound mind.
7. If he / she defects / resigns from the
party that sponsored him.
8. Fails to attend 8 consecutive
sessions in a particular parliament
without permission from the
speaker.
9. If he / she was elected to
parliament as an independent
candidate and decides to join a
political party.

2. County.

a) He/she must be a registered voter.

b) He/she must be literate.
c) He/she must be nominated by a
registered political party, if she is
not contesting as an
independent candidate who is supported
by 500 registered voters in the ward.
d) He/she should be of sound mind.
e) He/she should not have been
declared bankrupt.
f) He/she should not be serving an
imprisonment sentence
exceeding 6 months.
g) He/she must have been a citizen of
Kenya for atlest 10 years preceding the
date of election.
h) He/she should not have held office of
IEBC within the last 5 years.

Disqualification

1. If he /she is a civil servant.

2. If he / she has, within the last 5 years
immediately before the date elections,
held office as a member of IEBC.
3. If he / she has not been a Kenyan citizen
for the last 10 years before the date
elections.
4. If he / she is of unsound mind.
5. If he/she is declared bankrupt by a court
of law.
6. If he / she is serving a prison
sentence of not less than 6 months.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2000 registered voters in the county.

1. Works at district level as
Presentation of nomination papers
election officer
э Presidential candidates present their 2. Links the people with
papers to the chairperson of IEBC. Commission Headquarters.
э Parliamentary and civic candidates
presents their papers to IEBC officials
in 2) Registration officers.
the constituency.
э Register voters at every constituency.
э They all pay a nomination
3) Returning Officers
fee to the IEBC. Campaigns
1. They are in charge of elections in
э This begins after the candidates a constituency.
have handed over their
nomination papers. 2. They set up polling booths in stations.
э It is done according to the electoral 3. They receive nomination papers form
code of conduct the candidates.
э They inform the police of an intended
rally for security purpose. 4. They distribute ballot papers
э Campaigns end 12.00am on the and boxes to all polling
eve of elections / 12 hours before stations.
the date
elections.

Polling

э Polling stations are opened at

6.00am to 6.00pm
э Presiding officers are in charge of the
polling stations
э A voter produces an original ID.
э Ballot papers are then placed in the
ballot boxes.
э Voters finger is marked with ink to
prevent 2nd voting.
э Lately, counting is done in the
polling stations.
э Presiding officer announces the results
before sending to the constituency
hall for
tallying before official compiling,
recording and announcement by the
returning officer.

By-

electi

on s

Reas

on s

1. Death of Member of Parliament

2. If an MP is declared bankrupt by court of law.
3. Imprisonment of MP for over 6 months.
4. Defection from the party that
sponsored him / her to another party
5. Resignation of an MP.
6. Ruled by court of law-not
validly elected / Nullification of
election results by court of law.
7. Change of citizenship
8. Missing 8 consecutive sessions
without permission from speaker
9. When elected as speaker of national assembly.
10. If a member is sentenced to death.
11. If a member is declared insane.

Elections officials

1) District Election coordinator

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

5. They supervise voting and 1. Ethnic loyalties / polarization / allegiance /

counting of votes. Tribalism / racism / Nepotism.
6. They appoint presiding officer in 2. Party loyalties.
each polling station. 3. Misuse of mass media.
7. They anannounce results in 4. Harassment of voters by rival groups.
the constituency after 5. Incompetent election officials.
tallying. 6. Partisan election officials.
7. Election violence and consequent chaos
4) Presiding officers that mar elections.
8. Gender insensitivity.
1. They are in-charge of each polling 9. Election rigging.
station 10. Fear instilled on candidates.
2. They conduct polls 11. Use of negative propaganda by
3. They ensure eligible voters vote candidates and supporters.
only once. 12. Inefficient distribution of election materials.
4. They assist illiterate voters 13. Corruption / Bribery of candidates and
5. They seal ballots boxes after their supporters.
counting and transfer them to 14. Illiteracy of some voters.
tallying stations
6. They maintain law and order in the
polling station.
7. They ensure fairness and
openness in the station.

5) Polling clerks

a) They check voters’

documents eg ID cards.
b) They confirm voters’
names in the voters’
register.
c) They issue ballot papers.
d) They assist the illiterate and
the disabled voters.
e) They put indelible ink on
voters’ fingers.
f) They direct the voters to the
ballot box and out of the
polling station.
g) They help in the counting
and sealing of ballot boxes.

6) Security personnel

э These are police officers assigned

duty to maintain law and order during
elections.
э They help the presiding officer to
maintain law and order.

7) Counting clerks

. They sort out the ballot boxes and do

the counting of the votes per candidate
before analyzing.

8) Party agents

. They represent the

parties/candidates in polling stations
or counting halls.

9) Observers

э These are neutral or non-partisan

people approved by the IEBC to
‘watch over’ the
elections.
э They write a report on the whole
exercise. Factors that may

interfere with free and fair

elections.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

15. Inadequate civic education. 2. It has 47 women, one from each county.
16. Inaccessibility of some polling stations
due to extreme weather conditions.
17. Communication problems
between headquarters and
polling stations.

FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT

э The government is formed after

elections of the president, the governors,
the senators
and MP’s
э The president then appoints the
cabinet secretaries. The County

Executive Committee

э This consists of The county Governor,

the Deputy County Governor (both are
elected) and Members appointed by the
County Governor with approval of the
Assembly.

When a County Governor can be

removed / leave office.

1. For gross-violation of the constitution or

any other law.
2. When there is strong belief that he
has committed a crime under
national or international law.
3. When found guilty of abuse of office or
gross- misconduct.
4. When he/she is Physical or mental
incapacity to perform.
5. When he/she dies.
6. When he/she resigns.
7. When he/she eases to be legible for
the office.
8. When he/she is imprisoned for at least
12 months.
9. When he/she is removed from the
office under the constitution.

Functions of the County Executive

Committee.

1. It implements county legislation.

2. It implements national legislation within
the county.
3. It manages and coordinates the
county administration and its
departments.
4. It performs any other functions
conferred on it by the constitution
or national legislation.
5. It prepares proposed legislation for
consideration by the county
assembly.
6. It provides the county assembly with
full and regular report on matters relating
to the county.

Structure and functions of the National

Government.

1) Legislature / Parliament.

Is falls into 2 categories: The National

Assembly and the Senate. National

Assembly

1. It has 290 members representing

the constituencies.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. It has 12 nominated members to

represent the special interests
including the youth, persons with
disabilities and works.
4. The speaker, who is the ex-officio member.

Functions

1. It represents the will of the people at

the national legislative level.
2. It deliberates and resolves issues of
concern to the people.
3. It makes, repeals and amends laws.
4. It has the power to enact legislation
that affects the nation and not the
county government.
5. It controls national revenue and
expenditure of the republic.
6. It reviews the conduct of the office of
the president, the deputy president
and other state officers, and if
necessary, initiates
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

their removal from office.

7. It approves the declaration of war э He / she is the chairperson of
the committee of the whole
and extension of state of house
emergency when declared.
э He / she performs the duties of the speaker
8. It supervises operations of state organs.
in
Senate.
his/her absence. The clerk
1. It has 47 members elected from the
э He is the Chief Executive of the
counties. Parliamentary Service
2. It has 16 nominated women. Commission
3. It also has 1 man and 1 woman
representing the youth. 1. He/she records minutes of
4. It has 1 man and 1 woman proceedings in the house, and
representing the persons with advises members on matters of
disabilities. procedure
5. It also has the Speaker as the ex- 2. He/she advices the speaker and
officio member. MP’s on matters concerning the
parliament
Functions

6. The members represent the counties

and protect the interests of the
counties and their governments.
7. They participate in the process of
law making by considering,
debating and approving bills
concerning counties.
8. They determine the allocation
of national revenue among
counties.
9. They exercise oversight of state officers
by considering and determining any
resolution to remove the president or
deputy president from power.

Speaker

His / her roles/functions.

1. He/she Chairs parliamentary sessions

during which he / she invites members
of parliament to contribute to
motions/debates.
2. He/she maintains order by
enforcing standing orders / rules.
3. He/she gives permission to members
who wish to be absent for eight
consecutive sessions/He/she marks
the register in parliament.
4. He/she swears in members of parliament
after elections before they can
participate in proceedings.
5. He/she is incharge of the general
administration of the National
Assembly.
6. He/she chairs the standing orders
committee which interprets the standing
orders of the National Assembly.
7. He/she declares parliamentary
seats vacant in order to pave way
for general/by-elections.
8. He/she receives and accepts letters of
resignation from members of
parliament who have left/defected to
other parties or joined parties.
9. He/she chairs the parliamentary
service commission which looks after
the welfare of the members.
10. He/she represents parliament in
international fora dealing with matters of
common interest.

Deputy Speaker
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. He/she records all notices of motion and business in parliament.

other matters handed in by the MP’s either
in the house or his officers and then 1. Seconding bills moved by cabinet
advises the speaker on order of secretaries.
parliamentary business.
4. He/she maintains response
with cabinet secretaries
concerning parliamentary
matters.
5. He/she prepares and keeps safely all
the parliamentary records in the
‘Hansard’
6. He/she prepares true copies of bills
passed and presents them after
certification by the president.
7. He/she organizes and
maintains a library for use by
the members.
8. He/she controls the finances of the house.
9. He/she educates the public on the
working of parliament to foster interest
and respect for national assembly.
10. He/she supervises parliamentary staff.
11. He/she acts as branch
secretary to Commonwealth
Parliamentary Association.

The constitution stipulates that the

Parliament shall have the leader of the
majority party (Largest party/coalition of
parties) and the leader of the minority party
(second largest party of coalition of parties)

Roles of the ruling party in Kenya.

1. It formulates policies on running

the government.
2. It mobilizes people e.g. to attend
rallies and participate in elections.
3. It acts as a link between the government
and the people / initiate debate on
important issues affecting the people and
the government.
4. It provides civic education to the electorate.

Functions of the Party leaders in

Parliament.

1. Promoting and upholding of

national unity through party
activities.
2. Enforcing adherence, democracy,
and upholding Human Rights.
3. Working to advance the goals of the
party and ensure their programme is
carried out to the satisfaction of the
party.
4. The leader of the majority party has
to ensure and maintain support for
legislation.
5. The leader of the minority party has
to protect the interests of the
minority.
6. The leader of the minority has to
ensure accountability and
transparency in the party and
government.

How the opposition party checks on the

Government excesses.

1. They point out on the mistakes made

by the government.
2. They point out misuse of public
resources.

Functions of the leader of government

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2. Chairing committee meetings on

all procedural motions.
3. Regularly consulting with the leader of
official opposition.
4. He/she is in charge of government’s
debating team.
5. Notifying the house on when to adjourn.

Sergeant-at-Arms

1. He organizes all ceremonies in and

around parliament.
2. He maintains discipline in and
around parliament.
3. He/she is the custodian of the
mace, which is the symbol of
authority of parliament.
4. He/she is responsible for
maintenance of parliament
buildings and ground.
5. He/she executes orders of the Speaker.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. It cannot make laws contrary to the

Why parliament is an important Limitations to parliamentary supremacy
institution in Kenya.
1. Increased powers of the president tends
1. It is the supreme law making body. to over-rule parliament decisions
Once it makes laws, they are binding
to everybody.
2. It is made up of elected representatives
who are elected by the people, therefore
it represents the interests of the
electorate.
3. It checks on the possible abuse of
power by the executive, and thus
promoting good governance and
accountability.
4. It is empowered to control revenue
collection and government expenditure.
For example, the annual budget is
discussed and approved by the
parliament.
5. It ensures that government money is
spent well. The controller and Auditor
General checks on the spending of all
ministries and produces a
comprehensive report for discussion by
parliament.

Privileges enjoyed by Members of

Parliament in Kenya.

1. Freedom of speech.
2. Freedom from arrest for civil offence.
3. Right to punish members or strangers
for contempt.
4. They regulate their own procedure
in parliament.

How the executive controls legislature.

1. The president assents bill before they

become law.
2. The cabinet secretaries prepare
government bills before they
can indirectly influence what
goes on in parliament and
proceedings.

Parliamentary supremacy

This refers to the parliament as an overall law

making organ of the government. All laws
have to pass through the parliament before
they are formulated.

How the parliament is supreme

1. It is the only body that makes, repeals

and amends laws.
2. It can terminate the president’s
appointment.
3. It can limit the power of the
executive by amending the
constitution.
4. Cabinet secretaries are accountable to
the parliament.
5. It legislates bills.
6. It approves government expenditure
and revenue.
7. Can pass vote of no confidence in
the president and his
government.
8. Members of Parliament enjoy
immunity during parliamentary
contributions.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

constitution.
3. It is also be overshadowed by
the international law.
4. By-laws are made by the
County authorities without
consultation of the parliament.
5. Customs and traditions of the people
must be respected.

Merits of parliamentary supremacy

1. It can create harmony in the country.

2. It is flexible, hence it can change with
time and situations
3. It is effective, as MPs sit and
answer questions
4. It gives able Kenyans a chance to
participate in debates
5. It allows citizens to participate in
their government by election.
6. It gives the electorate a chance to reject
non- performing MPs
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

7. Citizens participate in national 8. It is then published in the Kenya gazette

political leadership within 7 days for public notice after which, it
8. It allows constructive actions of
government for good
governance.

Demerits.

1. It can create instability when its

decision conflicts with other organs.
2. It is not effective during emergencies.
3. It weakens the executive.

Process of law making

This can only begin when the Speaker or the

Deputy Speaker is present and if there is
quorum of 50 members of the National
Assembly or 15 members of the Senate.

1. There are two types of bills, public and

private
2. The public bill is further broken into
government and private member’s
bill.
3. The public bills deals with matters
of public policy that affects all
citizens
4. A private bill intends to affect particular part
of the country.
5. There are also Money bills which deals
with tax, payments and charges by the
public etc
6. It is proposed, then drafted by the
Attorney General office by the
Parliamentary Counsel.

When the Cabinet is satisfied with the bill, it

is then published in the Kenya Gazette, at
least 14 days before it is introduced in
Parliament. A bill that concerns the County
government can originate in either the
Senate or the National assembly.
A bill that does not concern the county
Assembly can only be considered in the
National assembly.
A bill can be introduced in either of the
Houses, but a Money bill can only be
introduced in the National Assembly.

The stages a bill goes through before it

becomes law.

1. The bill is drafted by the AG

and presented to parliament
/ private members bill.
2. It is presented in parliament for the 1st
reading by either the AG a cabinet
secretary concerned for familiarization
and approval by MPs.
3. The bill is presented for the 2nd
reading where it is debated before
it is either approved or rejected.
4. It then goes to the Committee
stage to incorporate the
recommendations made at the 2nd
stage.
5. It goes to the report stage where it
read in parliament to see if the
recommendations have been
incorporated.
6. It then goes for the 3rd reading for
voting. Further changes can be
made.
7. The bill is taken to the president for
assent
before it becomes law.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

becomes operational on the 14th day of

publication.

Bill-1st reading-2nd reading-Committee stage-

Report stage-3rd reading
-Presidential assent-Act of parliament.
The President is given 14 days from the
date he receives the bill to assent it or
return it back to the Parliament.
Incase it is returned to the Parliament, the
following steps can be taken by the MPs:

1. Amend the bill in light of the

President’s reservations, or pass
the bill a second time without
amendment.
2. Amend the bill in light with the
President’s reservations and
the speaker submit s it to the
President for assent.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. The Parliament could pass the bill 4. One must be endorsed by not fewer
after considering the e President’s than 2,000 voters from each of the
reservations, either without or with majority of the counties.
amendments that do not fully
accommodate the President’s э For one to be declared the presidential
winner, he / she must gunner 50%
reservations. plus, of
This is only possible by a vote supported all the votes cast.
by: э He/she should also gunner 25% of the
(a) 2/3 of the members of the votes cast in 24 counties.
National Assembly, and э Dual citizenship is not considered
for presidential candidature.
(b) 2/3 of the delegations in the э If he/she dies, the Deputy takes over
Senate, if it is a bill that and fresh elections to be held within
requires approval of the 60 days.
Senate.
Constitutional duties of the president.
NB/ Such bill must be passed to President
within 7 days for assent and the President 1. He/she acts as the head of state, he
should assent it within 7 days. Otherwise it represents the country both locally
will be considered null and void. and internationally.
2. He/she acts as head of
Reasons that can make the parliament in government, he appoints the
Kenya to be dissolved. Deputy

1. When vote of no confidence is passed

on the government / president.
2. After the expiry of the 5 year
parliamentary period.
3. During state of emergency.
4. When opposition has more members
than the ruling party in parliament.

THE EXECUTIVE

э The executive is headed by the

president who is elected on a
maximum of 2 terms
of five year each.
э The other members of the executive
include deputy President, Cabinet
Secretaries,
Attorney General, Director of Public
Prosecutions and The Public Service.

Election of the president

э Election of the president is by the citizen

and it is based on the principle of
universal
suffrage (one-man-one-vote).

When the president can leave office.

1. Death of the president.

2. When he/she resigns.
3. When he/she is impeached.
4. When he/she is
physically/mentally
incapacitated.
5. When he/she loses a petition in
Supreme Court.
6. It he/she ceases to be Kenyan citizen.
7. If her/she defectects from the party that
sponsored him/her to parliament or if
he/she was elected as an independent
candidate and joins a political party
afterwards.

Qualification for elections as a president

1. One must be a citizen by birth

2. He/she must be qualified to stand as an
MP.
3. One must be nominated by a
political party, or contest as an
independent candidate.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

president. Attorney General

3. He/she opens parliament at the start of
every session
4. He/she chairs cabinet meetings, and
directs and coordinates the functions of
ministries and government
departments.
5. He/she is the Commander in-chief of
the Armed forces.
6. He/she may pardon a convicted person,
postpone the execution of punishment
for the offender, or substitute with a less
severe punishment.
7. He/she confers honors for
distinguished services.
8. He/she presides over national holidays in
the country.

Duties of the president.

1. To respect, uphold and safeguard

the constitution.
2. To safeguard the sovereignty of the
republic.
3. To promote and enhance the unity of the
nation.
4. To promote respect for all the people in
Kenya.
5. To ensure the protection of human
rights and fundamental freedoms and
the rule of law.

Functions of the Deputy President.

1. He / she is the principal assistant of

the president.
2. He / she deputises the president in
executing of duties conferred to him
/ her by the constitution.
3. He / she acts as the president in the
absence of the president.

Cabinet

э It consists of the President, Deputy

President, Cabinet secretaries who must
not be less than
14 and not more than 22, Attorney
General and the public service.
э The president appoints the
cabinet secretaries with the
approval of the
National Assembly.

Functions of the cabinet

1. To advise and assist the president

in governing the country.
2. To discuss national and international
issues.
3. To perform delegated duties by the
president
e.g appointment of board members of
parastatals.
4. They formulate government policies and
programmes like giving guide lines on
Kenya’s domestic policy which include the
economy, social welfare, law and order.
5. They initiate new bills and table them in
the national assembly.
6. They are incharge of their ministries
giving them direction, managing them
and ensuring that they are running
smoothly.
7. The one incharge of finance
formulates the budget and presents
it to the National assembly for
approval.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

. He / is appointed by the

president, approved by the NA. His /

her functions.

1. He/she is the legal adviser of the

national government.
2. He/she is the Chief state prosecutor.
3. He/she is a member of the advisory
committee that assists the president
in pardoning any convicted person.
4. He/she is the Protector of public interests
i.e protects charitable endowments /
advises on disbursement of public
funds.
5. He / she is a member of the Judicial
Commission that advises the president
on the appointment of judges.
6. He/she heads the Attorney General’s
chambers.
7. He/she handles matters concerning
the judiciary like questions and
budget in the national assembly
8. He/she registers and receives annual
returns of societies and
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

political parties. 9. It evaluates and reports to the president

9. He/she takes part in the drafting of and parliament on the extent to which
government bills before they are tabled the values and principles of the public
in parliament. service are complied with. Hears and
10. He/she acts as a friend of the court in determines appeals in respect of county
civil proceedings. governments’ public service.
10. It performs any other functions and
Director of public prosecution. powers conferred by the national
legislation.
He / she is appointed by the president, with the
approval of the NA for an 8 year term. Organs of National Security.

э These organs protect and

His / her functions and powers. guarantee National Security.
National security.
1. To direct the Inspector-General of the
National Police Service to investigate any э This is the protection of against internal
information or allegation of criminal and external threats to Kenya’s national
integrity
conduct.
and sovereignty, its people, their rights
2. To exercises the state power of
freedoms, property, peace, stability and
prosecution.
prosperity and other national interests.
3. To institutes and undertakes criminal
prosecution against any person before
any court other than a courts Marshal.
4. He/she may take over and continue
any criminal proceedings
commenced in any court other than a
courts marshal.
5. He/she may discontinue at any
stage before any judgment is
delivered, any criminal proceedings,
with permission of the court.

The public service

э It is headed by the Public

Service Commission
э Principal secretaries are in charge
of day-to-day running of ministries.
э They include civil servants,
military officers, parastatal
employees and
teachers.
э The Public Service Commission
appoints, confirms and disciplines
civil
servants.
э It is made up of a chairperson,
Vice chairperson and 7 other
members
appointed by the president, and
approved by the National Assembly.

Functions of the civil service.

1. It establishes and abolishes the office

the public service.
2. It appoints persons to act / hold
those offices, and to confirm
appointments.
3. It exercises disciplinary control over
the people in those offices.
4. It promotes the values and principles of
the public service.
5. It investigates, monitors and evaluates
the organization, administration and
personal practices of the public service.
6. It ensures that the public service is
efficient and effective.
7. It develops human resource in the
public service.
8. It reviews and takes
recommendations to the national
government in respect conditions of
service, code of conduct and
qualifications of officers in the public
service.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э The constitution has established the

National Security Council to supervise 4. Inadequate funds during economic
over
difficult times
the National security organs.
э The Council consists of the President, 5. Opportunities to further education are
Deputy president, Cabinet secretary in not availed to most of the personnel in
charge of the forces.
defence, cabinet secretary in charge of 6. Conservative regulations like gender-
foreign affairs, cabinet secretary in based discrimination are experienced in
charge of internal security, AG, Chief of the forces.
Kenya Defence Forces, Director general 7. Piracy and militia attacks and raids at
of the National Intelligence Service and the Kenya boarder is also experienced.
Inspector-General 8. Invasion of Kenya’s territorial waters
of the National Police Service. by foreign fishermen and foreign
fishing vessels from foreign countries
Functions of the National Security Council. like China.
9. The location of Moi Air Base at
1. It integrates the domestic, foreign and Eastleigh which is human congested
military policies relating to national interferes with landing.
security for the national security organs 10. Allegations of violation of human rights
to operate effectively. e.g. during the 2007 post-election
2. It assess and appraises the objectives, violence,
commitments and risks to the republic
in respect to actual and potential
national security capabilities.
3. It reports annually to parliament on
state of the security of Kenya.
4. With approval of parliament, the
council may deploy national forces
outside Kenya for international peace.
5. With approval of parliament, it may
also approve deployment of foreign
forces in Kenya.

. The national security organs include

Kenya Defence Forces, National
Intelligence Service and National
Police Service.

The Kenya Defence Forces

э These include the Kenya Army, Kenya Navy

and Kenya Air Force
э They protect the country against
external aggression. Their functions

1. They defend the country from external

attacks and aggression through the air
or water or land.
2. They participate in public works / nation
building activities e.g. road construction
(public / nation building initiative)
3. They provide emergency services
e.g. fighting fire
4. They participate international peace
keeping missions.
5. They sometimes assist the regular
police in maintaining law and order.
6. They provide entertainment during
national functions.
7. The Navy specializes in detecting
and fighting off criminals who use
water masses to commit crime in
Kenya.

Challenges facing the Kenya Defense

Forces.

1. Involvement in cases of indiscipline

e.g. attempted coup of 1982,
2. Some of them have been involved
in corrupt deals in their
operations.
3. Regionalism, tribalism and nepotism
have also been practiced in the forces.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

the army were deployed to restore peace 1. To prevent corruption and promote
at Mt Elgon area where they rapped and practise transparency and
women, harassed people, etc accountability.
2. To ensure compliance with
The National Intelligence Service (NIS) constitutional standards of human
rights and fundamental freedoms.
. The force protects the national 3. To foster and promote good relationship
security interests of Kenya and with the society.
safeguards the citizens from such 4. To train staff to respect human
threats like terrorism. rights and fundamental freedoms
and dignity.
Its functions 5. To maintain law and order by arresting
law breakers.
1. It is responsible for security 6. To protect the law to safeguard life
intelligence and counter and property.
intelligence to enhance national 7. To detect crime through patrols and
security. arrest the suspects and hand them
2. It performs any other functions over to the relevant authority.
according to the national 8. To investigate crime and prosecute
legislation. the suspects in court of law.
3. It liaises with Kenya Police Criminal 9. To confine suspected criminals in
Investigation Department (CID) to remand as they await the hearing
investigate some threats that have and ruling of their cases in court.
criminal implication 10. To regulate traffic and arrest traffic
e.g. terrorism. offenders.
4. It protects human rights issues 11. To provide assistance and relief
and individual freedoms. services to victims of natural calamities
5. It obtains information from both open e.g. floods.
and confidential sources to assist the
government in decision making.

Challenges.

1. Lack of trust from Kenyan citizens

denies them the necessary
information.
2. Financially and politically, it is accused
to be a tool for torture and oppression
which disregarded the law and
constitution.
3. Lack of clear difference between
accountability and necessary secrecy. It
should be audited like any other
government organization.
4. Growing volume and complexity of
communications are a challenge as
the government agencies have to
intercept and the information can be
used in court as evidence.
5. The complexity of the task
requires continuous capacity
measures like regular training.
6. High ranking politicians have always
interfered with operations of the
force.
7. Limited financial and human resources
to run its operations.
8. Kenyans have no idea of the operations
in the NIS e.g. during the 2008
violence, if the force was doing its
work efficiently, this could have been
prevented, hence blamed by the
public.
9. Lack of power to follow up on
implementing their advice.

The National Police Service.

э It comprises of the Kenya Police Service

and the Administration Police (AP).
э The Service is headed by
Inspector- General and each unit
headed by a
Deputy Inspector-General.

Functions
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

12. To take part in national projects э This was established in the constitution
e.g. construction of bridges. to provide correction measures to
13. To lead during public holidays convicted
by controlling crowds and criminals.
provide entertainment.
14. To liaise with international police Functions
(Interpol), to investigate and arrest
international criminals e.g. terrorists 1. They confine inmates convicted by
the law courts, to protect public’s
Problems facing the National Police rights and
Service freedoms.
2. They watch over behaviour of
1. Poor and inadequate transport suspected criminals where cases are still
and communication pending in law
2. They have been accused of courts.
corruption which hampers their 3. They executive (implement) the
operations. decisions of the courts regarding the
3. High concentration of population in treatment of the
some areas like slums. prisoners.
4. Political interference which interferes with 4. They rehabilitate inmates through
their activities. counseling in an attempt to correct
5. Influx and use of sophisticated their behaviour.
equipment in crime, which come 5. They offer prisoners vocational
from neighboring communities. training to make them productive
6. Terrorism activities around the globe. citizens after then
7. Modernization and advancement in jail term.
information technology
e.g. cybercrimes have increased.
8. Poor and dangerous living and
working conditions
9. Poor relationship with the public who
are reluctant to give them
information.
10. Lack of regular in-service training for
the officers of lower ranks, which has
lowered their performance in public
relations and human rights and quest
for promotion.
11. Lack of an information technology
policy, as they rely on outdated
methods of record keeping, giving
rise to cases of lost files.
12. Incompetence of some police
officers, which arises from
recruitment of low academically,
qualified people lack of promotion.
13. Poor methods of investigation, as
there is lack of proper training on
investigation and lack of access to
sophisticated forensic facilities.
14. Lack of accountability and transparency
15. Shortage of personnel
16. Poor

remuneratio

Remedies

1. Acquisition of modern
communication equipment and
vehicles to improve transport and
communication.
2. Introduction of public relations officer
and spokes person.
3. Raise qualification requirements.
4. Introduction of professional
training programmes.
5. Improvement in living and working
conditions and terms.
6. Community policing has been
introduced.

Correctional Services
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

6. They take care of the welfare of prisoners 3. Alternative forms of dispute resolution
by providing them with the necessary basic must be pursued including reconciliation,
needs e.g. medical attention. mediation, arbitration and traditional.
7 .They help in confining convicted people 4. Justice shall be administered
who are a threat to state security. without undue regard to
procedural technicalities.
Challenges facing correctional 5. Purpose and principles of the
services department constitution must be protected and
promoted.
1. Congestion in prisons due to rising
crime rate. Structure and functions of court system
2. Frequent outbreak and spread of in Kenya.
disease due to congestion.
3. Mistreatment of prisoners by prison . The court system in Kenya consists of
warders. Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, The High
4. Inadequate basic facilitates e.g. Court and Subordinate courts (Magistrates
medical, clothing, etc. courts, Kadhi’s courts, Courts Marshal and
5. Poor living and working conditions any other tribunals that may be
for prison warders established by an Act of Parliament).
6. Poor remuneration and terms of service
for the warders NB/ The superior ones are Supreme Court,
7. Corruption among the warders and Court of Appeal and the High Court while the
other senior officials. others are subordinate.
8. Interference by influential people.
9. Rapid changes affecting prisoners.
10. Shortage of finance to run the
institutions.
11. Some inmates have hardened
hence difficult to rehabilitate
them.
12. Long delays in the completion
of court cases worsen
congestion in prisons.
13. Shortage of trained counselors
to rehabilitate inmates.

Remedies

1. Provision of better food and

improved medical services.
2. Provision of sufficient clothing
and bedding.
3. Efficient transport by purchasing
new vehicles.
4. Release of death-row inmates who
have served for over 10 years
awaiting execution.
5. Stream lining of the hearing of cases
to keep prisoners in remand for a
short period.
6. Equipping the prisons with means of
communication e.g. TV’s, Radios etc
in their buses and residence.

JUDICIARY

. It consists of the judges of the

Courts, magistrates, and the other
officers and staff.

Roles of the Judiciary in Kenya

1. Administration of justice
2. Interpretation of the constitution.

Principles of the judiciary

1. Justice must be done to all, regardless

of status.
2. Justice shall not be delayed.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Supreme Court
magistrate or distinguished academic or
э It comprises the Chief Justice, the legal practitioner or in any other
Deputy Chief Justice and 5 judges. relevant legal field.
э They retire at 70 years of age, though
they can choose to retire at 60.
Functions of the High Court.
Qualifications to the Supreme Court.
1. It handles civil and criminal case.
2. It determines if a right or a
1. A degree in law from a recognized
fundamental freedom has been
university or an advocate of the High
violated, denied, infringed or
Court.
threatened.
2. At least 15 years of experience as a
3. It hears any questions regarding
superior court judge or as a distinguished
the interpretation of the
academic, judicial officer, legal
constitution.
practitioner or other relevant legal field.
3. High moral character, integrity
and impartiality.

Functions of the Supreme Court.

1. It hears and determines disputes over

the election to the office of the
president. (Original Jurisdiction).
2. It hears appeal cases from the Court
of appeal, High Court and any other
lower Courts.
3. It listens to petitions on the
interpretation or application of the
constitution.
4. On request by the National Government
or any other state organ or county, it may
advise on any matter concerning the
same.
5. It binds all the other courts.
6. It may review certification of the Court
of Appeal on matters of general public
interest,
and may either affirm, vary or overturn the
certification / It makes rules for thr exercise
of its

jurisdiction.

Court of

Appeal.

э It consists of at least 12 judges,

from whom they elect a president.
They are appointed by the president
on recommendation by the Judicial
Service Commission (J. S. C.).

Qualifications.

э At least 10 years-experience as
a superior court judge or a
distinguished
academic or legal practitioner or in any
other relevant legal field.

э It deals with
Appellate Jurisdiction.
The High Court

э Judges here are appointed by the

president on recommendation
by the
Judicial Service Commission (J. S. C.).

Qualifications

1. A degree in law from a recognized

university.
2. At least 10 years-experience as a
superior court judge or professionally
qualified
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

4. It hears cases of large amount of э They are mainly concerned with

indiscipline issues e.g. assisting an
money or cases of serious crime. enemy, cowardice,
5. It deals with petition cases. desertion, drunkenness, neglect of
6. It corrects any irregularities in decisions duty, malingering and absence
by the lower courts. without leave.
7. It has administrative jurisdiction э There is no appeal to the higher
over maritime or naval affairs. courts unless if on
constitutional
8. It hears cases regarding inheritance. issues.
9. It exercises divorce jurisdiction.
10. It deals with any case between any The Judicial Service Commission
persons from any part of the
country/ unlimited territorial э This was incorporated in the
jurisdiction. constitution to handle judicial matters.
11. It protects the rights and
fundamental freedoms in the Bill of It comprises
Rights.
12. It hears an appeal from a decision of a
tribunal appointed under the
constitution either to consider
removal of the person from office.
13. It supervises over the subordinate courts
and any other person, body or authority
exercising a judicial

function. Termination

of a judge from

office.

1. Due physical or mental incapacitation.

2. Breach of code of conduct prescribed
for judges or superior courts by an act
of parliament.
3. If he/she declared bankrupt by court of
law.
4. If he /she is incompetent.
5. Gross-misconduct or misbehavior
by the judge.

Magistrates Courts

э It is headed by magistrates as judges.

э They exercise both original and
appellate jurisdiction limited to a
geographic area

Functions.

They deal with criminal and civil matters

concerning:

1. Claims under customary law e.g.

dowry.
2. Divorce
3. Legitimacy
4. Administration of estates of the
deceased person.
5. Customary matters on land, adultery
and inheritance.

The Kadhi’s Courts

э The Islamic Sharia law is applied in

these courts, headed by the Kadhis.
э They deal with matters
concerning inheritance, divorce
or marriage.
э Both parties must be
Muslims The

Courts Martial

э These are military courts convened by

The Chief of General Staff and
Commander of
the armed forces.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. Chief justice as chairperson

5. It helps to satisfy the demand of the people
2. 1 Supreme Court judge elected by the
for justice.
judges of the same court.
3. 1 Court of Appeal judge elected by Court
Functions of Judiciary
of Appeal judges.
4. 1 High Court judge and 1 magistrate
1. It settles disputes among individuals
(a man and a woman) elected by
or between individuals and state
members of the Association of
2. It guarantees rule of law by exercising
judges and magistrates.
justice.
5. Attorney General.
3. It helps in the development of law, e.g.
6. 2 advocates, a man and a woman
when a judge is faced with a case that
of 15 years-experience elected by
is not covered by existing law, he can
the Law Society of Kenya.
come up with a decision, using principles
7. 1 person nominated by the Public
of fairness and natural justice.
Service Commission
4. It administers justice, thus
8. A man and a woman representing the
punishing criminals according to
public, not lawyers, appointed by the
the law.
president and approved by the
5. It guards the constitutional as it
National Assembly.
makes sure that enacted law
9. Chief registrar of the judiciary as
conforms to the constitution.
secretary.
6. It recommends children to approved
schools, thus
Functions of the JSC.

1. It promotes and facilitates

independence and accountability of
the judiciary and administration of
justice.
2. It recommends to the president
the persons to be appointed as
judges.
3. It reviews and makes
recommendations on the conditions of
service of judges and judicial officers
other than their remunerations.
4. It appoints, receives complains
against, investigates and takes
action against judicial officers.
5. It prepares and implements
programmes for the continuing
education and training of judges and
judicial officers.
6. It advises the national government on
improving the efficiency of
administration of justice.

NB/ The special courts include Kadhi courts,

Military courts / Courts martial, Juvenile /
children’s courts and Industrial courts /
Special tribunals e.g. rent restriction and
business premises tribunal / Law society of
Kenya.

Sources of Kenyan law

1. African customs / customary law

2. Religion
3. British common law (age-old customs
and judicial decisions).
4. Acts of parliament / legislation
5. Judicial precedents e.g. what court
of appeal rules is also applied by
the other courts.

Objectives of sentencing law-breakers

1. It helps to deter criminals from future

crime.
2. It deter others from committing
similar crime.
3. It helps to secure for public a period
of protection from the offender who
is in prison.
4. To reform or rehabilitate the criminal.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

legislature.
rehabilitating them.
7. It arranges for the administration
of deceased’s estates by
appointing guardians or trustees.
8. It swears in the president and other
government officials by the Chief
Justice.

How the Judiciary ensures fairness in the

administration of justice.

1. The Judicial Service Commission

ensures that judges discharge
their duties without interference.
2. Suspected criminals are held
innocent until proved guilty in a court
of law, giving them a chance to be
heard by courts.
3. Persons found administering
mob justice are liable to
prosecution.
4. Suspected criminals are entitled to
legal representation through an
advocate of the High Court.
5. Suspected criminals of serious crime
e.g. murder are guaranteed free
government services of being
represented by advocate.
6. Persons not satisfied with the verdict
are allowed to appeal to a higher
court.

Chief Justice

Functions

1. He/she is the head of the judiciary as he

gives directives on how the judiciary
should administer justice in the
arbitration of disputes.
2. He/she chairs the judicial service
commission as he advises the
President on appointment, removal
and promotion of judges of court of
Appeal and High Court.
3. He/she prescribes fees to be charges by
the courts.
4. He/she exercises the constitutional
functions vested in the Supreme
Court, High Court and Court of
Appeal.
5. He/she swears in the cabinet and
the president, advocates of high
court.
6. He/she advises on removal of
president on ground of
incapacity courts.
7. With consultation with Kadhi
courts, he determines the
establishment of Kadhi courts.
8. He/she appoints judges to be members
of the rules committee which draws the
procedure to be followed in almost all
cases in courts.
9. He/she supervises administratively
the subordinate courts, thus
magistrates’ courts and Kadhi courts.

Independence of Judiciary

-This refers to the capacity of the

courts to perform their
constitutional functions free from
actual or apparent dependence
upon any persons or
institutions, particularly the executive and
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

-It requires that the judiciary be free from bias,

independent and not answerable to any
authority in the exercise of its powers.

Importance of independence of the

judiciary

1. It is the basis of the rule of law.

2. It enables the courts to interpret the
law without undue fear or pressure.
3. It safeguards the judiciary from the
abuse of power by the legislature
and the executive
4. It helps the establishment of efficient
and effective commercial and financial
markets.
5. It promotes liberty for citizens.

Principals of independence of the Judiciary

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. It is constitutional and hence the

Principles of rule of law
government has no option but respect
it.
1. All laws should be prospective and
2. Judicial officers shall decide matters
open, thus when they are passed,
before them impartially, on the basis
of facts according to the law. they should only apply in future.
2. Laws should be relatively stable,
3. No interference with the judicial process,
not changing too often
nor shall the judicial decisions by the
3. The making of certain laws should be
courts be revised.
guided by open, stable, clear and
4. The courts and judiciary must have
the confidence of the community in general rules.
4. The independence of the judiciary must
order to maintain their authority.
be guaranteed.
5. The principles of natural justice must
Limitations of judicial independence
be followed.
1. Financial dependence on the executive 6. The courts should have powers to review
and external assistance. the implementation of these principles
7. The courts should be easily accessible,
2. Mass media, questioning the
thus not too
practice of the judicial
independence and the ability of
courts to be fair.

How judicial independence is protected

1. The judiciary has been separated

from the other organs of
government.
2. Judges and magistrates are
appointed by the Judicial Service
Commission and not the Public
Service Commission.
3. The longer tenure of judges leads to
proficiency and enhances their ability to
perform duties with diligence; otherwise
the judges could depend on appointing
body for re-appointment.
4. Security of tenure for judges
makes them impartial; not
depending on someone
5. The oath of allegiance by judges to
perform duties without fear or favour.
6. Judges and magistrates are not
answerable to the executive, hence
not subject to victimization and
molestation.
7. The judiciary has a separate system
of command, headed by the Chief
Justice.
8. Remunerations of the judges are not
discussed in parliament.

Rule of law

This is the exercise of government authority

according to written and established laws
and procedures.

Elements of rule of law

1. Principle of legality
Thus the state can only exercise those
powers granted to it by the law, so as to
promote a government of law, and not of
men.
2. Separation of the 3 arms of
government, thus they should have
equal powers and control each other
through the system of checks and
balances.
3. Equality before the law; thus everyone
should be treated equally before the law
4. The judiciary should work without fear
or favour
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

case to avoid bias.

intimidating and expensive, to
the disadvantage of the poor. Rule against bias.
8. The discretion of security forces
should not be allowed to prevent
law.

Importance of rule of law.

1. It protects the right of individuals / groups.

2. It spells out rules of conduct /
responsibilities among
people.
3. It promotes fairness in the administration
of justice / equality before the law.
4. It creates peace and order in the society.
5. It gives direction on what is right and
wrong.

How the government upholds rule of law

in the country.

1. By establishing an independent court

system to try criminals and civil
offences.
2. Ensuring that suspected criminals are
tried in a court of law and if found
guilty, they are sentenced.
3. By allowing those found guilty to appeal
for retrial.
4. By empowering parliament to
control the excesses of the
executive and the judiciary.
5. By entitling any accused person legal
representation by an advocate of the
high court.
6. By arresting criminals.
7. By subjecting all citizens in the country
to be governed by the same law.

Concepts of natural justice

э This refers to the requirement that

the people or bodies that solve
disputes
adhere to at least minimal
standards of fair decision-making
э This is always guided by the question
“is this fair”, before the action is
taken.

Principles of natural justice

1. The judicial service commission ensures

that judges discharge their duties without
interference.
2. Suspected criminals are held
innocent until proven guilty by
court of law.
3. People found administering
mob justice are liable to
prosecution
4. Suspected criminals are entitled to legal
representation through the advocate of
the high court.
5. Persons not satisfied with verdict
are allowed to appeal to a high
court.
6. Suspect criminals of serious crimes e.g.
murder are guaranteed free government
services of being represented by an
advocate.
7. Those involved in a dispute should be
given adequate notice before they are
heard.
8. No person should be an adjudicator of
his / her own case.
9. A judge should not have an interest in a
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э The adjudicator (Arbitrator) should be

fair and just, and let the culprit
understand how,
why and the effect of the decision.
э Natural justice is therefore a concept used
to ensure that proper procedures are
followed to
allow a fair hearing to occur.
э It requires that one is innocent until he /
she pleads or is proven guilty by court
of law.

Judicial Rights / Fair hearing

1. One must be given an opportunity

to defend himself / Should be
heard.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. One has a rights to appeal

1. To promote democratic and
3. One should be present when
accountable exercise of power.
court proceedings are taking
2. To foster national unity by
place.
recognizing diversity.
4. One has a right to legal representation.
5. One is innocent until proven guilty. 3. To give powers of self-governance to
6. One must be informed of the charges the people and promote their
with sufficient details so as to prepare participation in decision-making on
a defense. matters that affects them at the local
7. One should not be forced to give level.
evidence. 4. To recognize the right of
8. One should be given adequate communities to manage their own
time to consult with the advocate affairs for further development.
5. To protect and promote the interests
or witness
9. One must be given time prepare his / and rights of minorities and
her defense and consult a lawyer of his marginalized communities.
choice. 6. To ensure equitable sharing of national
10. One should be given a chance to and local resources throughout the
plead for lenience. country.
7. To facilitate the decentralization of
Factors that may undermine the state organs and their functions and
administration of justice in Kenya. services from the capital of the
country.
1. Censoring judges publicly on decisions 8. To have checks and balances and
made in court may influence the final the separation of powers.
judgment / Political interference, as
some suspected criminals may be
freed on orders from above without
following laid down procedure.
2. Corrupt practices by some
judicial personnel and police
officers.
3. Lack of impartiality during trials may lead
to unfair judgment
4. High incidents of crime may cause
delays in the hearing and finalizing of
cases.
5. Confining suspects in remand for
longer periods without presenting
them to court of law for
prosecution.
6. Failure to protect the legal rights of the
ordinary people when they conflict with
the rich and the poor.
7. Lack of commitment / inability by
the police to carry out thorough
investigations on suspected
criminal activities.
8. Inability of ordinary people to meet
the costs of prolonged court cases.
9. Lack of knowledge on legal procedures
hence find themselves implicated
unfairly.
10. Failure by legal officers to attend to
cases promptly due to pressure of
work
/
inadequate legal officers to
handle the many cases /
Increased crime rate.
11. Use of outdated colonial laws which do
not address the current
/ contemporary issues
/ Lack of modern technology.
12. Lack of common law derails the
effective administration on justice

DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT

This refers to the granting of power from the

central government of a sovereign state to
a lower level like regional, thus
decentralization of power and resources.

Objectives of devolution of government.

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э It mainly aimed at limiting the power of

the Central government.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. Members elected by registered voters of

9. To promote social and economic the wards.
development, and the provision of 2. Special seat members for gender
easily accessible services throughout balance.
the country. 3. Members representing the
marginalized groups including the
Principles of devolved government. disabled and the youth.
4. The speaker, as the ex-officio member.
1. It shall be based on democratic
principles and the separation of power.
2. It will have reliable sources of revenue to
enable them to govern and deliver
services effectively.
3. Ensure gender balance in their
respective bodies.
4. It is founded on the doctrine of separation
of powers.

Structure and functions of the county

government.

The country is divided into 47

counties, namely 1- Baringo, 2-
Bomet, 3- Busia,
4- Bungoma, 5- Elgeiyo Marakwet, 6- Embu,
7-
Garisa 8- Homa
Bay, 9- Isiolo,
10- Kakamega, 11- Kajiado, 12- Kericho,13-
Kisumu, 14- Kisii,
15- Kilifi,16- Kwale,
17- Kiambu, 18- Kitui, 19- Laikipia, 20-
Lamu,
21- Mombasa, 22- Mandera,
23- Kirinyaga, 24- Migori, 25-
Marsabit, 26- Meru, 27-Machakos, 28-
Makueni,
29- Murang’a, 30- Nairobi, 31- Nakuru, 32-
Narok
33-
Nyandarua,
34-Nyeri,
35-Nyamira, 36-Nandi, 37- Siaya, 38-
Trans Nzoia, 39- Tana River,40- Taita /
Taveta,
41-Samburu, 42- Tharaka-Nithi, 43-
Turkana, 44-Vihiga, 45- Uasin Gishu, 46-
Wajir
47-West Pokot

Each county has its own legislative arm

called County Assembly and
executive called County Executive.

Requirements to change boundaries of a

county.

1. Population density and demographic

trends.
2. Physical and human infrastructure.
3. Historical and cultural ties.
4. The cost of administration.
5. The views of the communities affected.
6. The objectives of devolution of
government.
7. Geographical features.

County Assembly

. This is the legislative

arm of the county. It

consists of:
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Qualification for election to the County

Assembly.

i) He must be a registered voter.

j) He must satisfy the education, moral
and ethical requirements according to
the constitution or Act of parliament.
k) He must be nominated by a registered
political party, if she is not contesting as
an independent candidate who is
supported by 500 registered voters in
the ward.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

l) He should be of sound mind. in its sittings unless in special

m) He should not have been declared bankrupt circumstances where the speaker has
by court of law. established legitimate reasons for doing
n) He should not be serving an so.
imprisonment sentence exceeding 6
months.
o) He must have been a citizen of Kenya
for atlest 10 years preceding the date
of election.
p) He should not have held office of IEBC
within the last 5 years.

Conditions that may lead to

disqualification of candidature for County
Assembly.

1. If one is of unsound mind.

2. If one is bankrupt.
3. If serving a prison sentence of at
least 6 months.
4. If one holds a public office.
5. If one has been a member of the
Independent Electoral and Boundaries
Commission within 5 years before the
election date.
6. If one has misused or abused public
office.
7. If one has not been a citizen of
Kenya for at least 10 years before the
election.

Functions of the County Assembly.

1. It exercises the legislative authority in the

county by making laws that are necessary
for effective performance of the county.
2. It supervises the county executive
committee and any other county
executive organs.
3. It may receive and approve plans
and policies for the management
and exploitation of the county’s
resources.
4. It may approve policies for the
development and management of the
infrastructure and institutions in the
county.
5. It enhances legislation to set out the
structure and framework for the
better administration and
management of the county
governments.
6. It approves oversight budgets
and development projects.
7. It approves investment decisions and
loans.
8. It supervises other units within the
county through political authority,
guidance and direction.
9. It monitors the execution of projects
under approved development plans, and
assessing and evaluating their impact on
development in the county.

Process of law making at County level.

. The County Assembly has to adhere to

the following:

1. The national interests must prevail.

2. It should conduct business
openly, holding its meetings in
public.
3. It should facilitate public participation
and involvement even in its
committees.
4. It should not exclude the media or public
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э The County Executive Committee is

made up of:

1. County Governor
2. Deputy County Governor
3. Members appointed by the County
Governor with the approval of the CA

Powers and functions of the County

Governor.

1. He/she heads the management and

co- ordination of the functions of the
county administration.
2. He/she nominates the Deputy County
Governor.
3. He/she appoints the members of
the County Executive
Committee with approval of the
County Assembly.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

4. He/she supervises the functions of them to develop the administrative

the County Executive Committee. effectiveness.
5. He/she participates in the law
making process. Relationship between the national
6. He/she ensures the implementation of and County Government.
the county and national legislation.
1. The National Government is stopped by
. The Deputy Governor (DG) may take the constitution from interfering with the
over the Governor’s roles in the role of the County Governments.
absence of the later. 2. The National Government’s role in the
counties is seen in its functions which
Functions of the County Executive are not performed by the County
Committee (CEC) Government.
3. The 2 governments relate as
1. To implement county legislation. scheduled in the constitution.
2. To implement within the county, the
national legislation. How the National Government exercises
3. It manages and coordinates the control over the County Governments.
functions of the county
administration and its 1. The National Assembly sets legislations
departments. to ensure that County
4. It performs any other functions
assigned to it by the
constitution.
5. It may prepare proposed legislation
for consideration and debate by the
County Assembly.
6. It provides the County Assembly with
complete and regular report on
matters related to the county.

Functions of the County Governments.

1. Promotion of Agriculture, especially in

areas with the potential.
2. Provision and supervision of county
health services.
3. Putting structures in place to facilitate
cultural activities, public entertainment
and public amenities.
4. Formulating legislation to facilitate to
regulate and control air pollution,
other public nuisances and outdoor
advertising.
5. Ensuring county transport like rods,
street lighting, traffic and parking etc.
6. Ensuring animal control and welfare
through licensing of dogs and provision of
facilities for the accommodation, care
and burial of animals.
7. Formulating legislation to facilitate
trade through activities like tourism.
8. Regulating county development
and planning through land
survey and mapping,
boundaries and fencing,
housing, electricity, gas and
energy regulation.
9. Formulating legislation to promote
and regulate education at all levels.
10. Implementing specific national
government policies on natural
resources and environmental
conservation.
11. Formulate legislation to regulate
county public works and services
12. Ensuring that fire-fighting services
and disaster management centres
are available and
working in the county.
13. Putting in place measures to control
drug usage and access to
pornography in the county.
14. Ensuring the participation of communities
in governance at the local level, and
assisting
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Governments have adequate support to

enable them perform their functions. PUBLIC REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN KENYA
2. Through national legislation, procedures
for settling disputes between the County э This is planned and read by the
and National Governments are provided. secretary of the ministry of Finance in
3. The National Government has powers parliament at the
to intervene in a County Government beginning of every financial year in form of a
if it is unable to perform its functions. national budget.
э This national budget is a
4. Incase of a conflict, national comprehensive statement of
legislation prevails over County estimated
legislation. National Government and County
5. A function or power of government at Government revenue and expenditure
one level may be transferred to a during the financial year.
government at the other level by
agreement between the two Composition of a government budget.
governments.
6. National and County Governments 1. Estimated amount of revenue required
performance of their functions and by the government during that year.
exercise their powers with mutual 2. The various sources from which the
respect of each other. government hopes to raise the
7. The two levels of government assist, revenue.
support and consult each other in 3. Projects on which the revenue would be
policy implementation. spent.
8. Both governments co-operate in
performance of their functions
and at times set up joint
committees.
9. Both governments work together in
exchanging information and co-
ordinate policies on administration to
enhance capacity.
10. The National Government through
the President may suspend the
County Government.

Challenges facing County Governments

and possible solutions.

1. Revenue allocation, thus it may not

be easy to share the revenue from
the National government equally.
2. Transfer of functions e.g. Pre-school
education is managed by County
Government while the other levels
are managed by National
Government.
3. Inadequate personnel to run key
departments within the county / need for
capacity building, training of the officers
for the new structure of government.
4. The problem of managing structures
that overlap across more than one
county / Cross-country planning and
development.
5. Structural overlaps e.g. in
some towns and cities, the
functions of certain sections
and units are similar.
6. Policy and legal gaps, thus need for
clear guidelines in certain areas like the
relation between counties and
constituencies.
7. Economies of scale where the counties
may be required for joint committees
for economic development. How to
develop policies on this is likely to be a
challenge.
8. Restructuring the counties for certain
institutions to be in line with the
constitution e.g. Provincial
administration and CDF.
9. Occurrence of natural calamities
like floods, drought and famine
calling for emergency relief aid.
1.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Reasons for the Preparation of a national

paid to this fund.
budget in Kenya
э It is used to carry out services of the
National Government.
1. It enables the government to identify
sources of government revenue to meet 3. Contingencies Fund
its financial obligations.
2. It enables the government to explain э This fund takes care of emergencies.
its tax structure to the public and Set
the tax level.
4. Revenue Funds
3. It helps to ensure that there is a
balance in the country’s revenue
This established in each county with the
and expenditure, hence avoiding
money raised from the county.
budget deficit.
4. The government is able to identify
ways of spending without any
Domestic revenue sources
wastage.
5. The parliament is able to monitor э Taxes levied on citizenry, private
public source utilization through its and public organizations, foreign
watchdog committees. investors
6. It enables the government to identify etc.
/ prioritize the development э They are in 2 groups:
projects to finance in the coming
year. a) Direct taxes
7. The government is able to assess
its performance in the previous 1. Income tax / PAYE
year and improve where 2. Capital gain tax
necessary. 3. Corporate tax
8. The government is able to set
aside some funds to be used b) Indirect taxes
incase of emergencies in the
course of the financial year. э Taxes on goods
9. The government is able to give useful and services. They
information to those organizations and include:
individuals who may want to keep
track on the government expenditure / 1. Custom duty-on imports
ensures accountability and 2. Excise duty-goods that are locally
transparency in the eyes of the public. produced and sold within the country.
10. The government is able to win 3. Valued added tax (VAT)
confidence among local and Indirect sales taxes on specific goods like
international development sugar.
partners / donors through its plans and 4. Traffic revenue tax-on various
policies spelt out in the budget. categories of traffic services.
11. It ensure equitable share of 5. Investment revenue-from parastatal
resources and balanced bodies and other profit making
development. institutions through the treasury
6. Trading licenses- on business e.g.
Stages in preparing a National Budget. hotel, shop, liquor dealers etc.
7. Loan interest receipts-from parastatals to
1. Each government ministry which the
prepares its estimate.
2. The estimates are forwarded to the
ministry of finance.
3. The ministry of finance compiles
the estimates in to a single
budget / the proposed budget.
4. The proposed / compiled budget
is discussed by the cabinet.
5. The gov’t announces the budget day.
6. The minister of finance presents / reads
the budget before the parliament.
7. The parliament discuses /
debates / approves the budget.

Principles of public finance.

p1 u .
bOlicpepnanrteicsispantidonacincountabilit
y including
financial matters.
2. Promotion of an equitable society where the 8 government gives
burden of taxation 9
is shared equitably. . money on interest.
. House rates- from
government buildings.
Fees-from fuel, wood etc.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. Equal sharing of national

10. Court fines
revenue among the national
11. Tourism fees.
and county governments.
12. Domestic borrowing-through the
4. Public expenditure geared towards
sale of treasury bills and post office
promoting the equitable
bonds.
development of the country.
5. Special provisions to cater for
Examples of Sources of Public Revenue.
marginalized groups and regions.
6. Sharing the burdens and benefits of
1. Taxes.
the use of resources and public
2. License fee.
borrowing equitably between
3. Legal fines
present and future generations.
4. Profit from parastatals.
7. Using public money in a prudent
5. Sale of the government bonds
and responsible way.
6. Treasury bills and post office bonds.
8. Responsible financial and clear
7. Interest on loans and loan payments
fiscal reporting.
8. Fees from government institutions e.g.
schools.
Types of public revenue in Kenya
9. Charges from provision of government
services
1. Equalisation Fund
e.g. health.
э This is 50% of the revenue collected 10.Grants, gifts and technical assistance
nationally each year. from friendly countries.
э It is used by the National Government to 11.Institutions e.g. World Bank.
provide basic services like water roads
etc.
How it is spent.
2. Consolidated Fund
1. It is used for maintaining government
э All the money received or raised by facilities
the National Government is e.g. roads.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

1. Donor conditions must be

2. Initiate new projects e.g. government fulfilled before the funding is
offices. released.
3. It is used to finance recurrent 2. Loans are issued at high interest rates.
government expenditure e.g. paying civil 3. Increase in government debt due to
servants. tendency to rely on foreign aid.
4. It is used to subsidize public service
e.g. health and education.
5. It is used to service loans.
6. It is used to pay subscriptions to
international organizations e.g. UNO, EAU
etc
7. This is to finance security expenditure
e.g. training soldiers.
8. It is used to meet emergencies e.g.
floods.
9. It is used to assist countries that may
experience emergencies e.g. natural
disaster.

Sources of revenue for County

Government.

1. They impose property rates within

their territories to enable them raise
revenue for their operations.
2. They charge for the services they
render to the residents of the counties
in order to generate income.
3. They are allocated part of the
national revenue in order to
supliment their income.
4. By borrowing loans from the national
government or international
organizations to finance development
projects.
5. They levy taxes on the
services/goods generated in the
county to finance their activities.
6. Through licences granted to
businesses/services operating in
the counties.
7. By charging fees on the use of the
counties’ property.
8. By renting property/houses to people
in order to raise funds for
development.
9. Through grants eg from local
and international sources.

External revenue sources

a. Bilateral aid-from friendly nation (2)

b. Multilateral-involves many nations.

Challenges to government efforts in

raising revenue from domestic borrowing.

1. Many individuals and companies evade

tax.
2. In wealth declaration, many
companies or individuals give wrong
information, thus, reducing the
amount due for taxation.
3. Government officials collude with people
to cheat about their income.
4. Money being kept in foreign accounts
5. People are ignorant on how to invest in
the government through treasury bills.
6. Embezzlement of funds by
individuals responsible with
revenue collection.

In external revenue, the following

problems are met.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

4. Donor nations compel recipients to

import goods from them.
5. Amount given depends on generosity of
the donor.

How the government

spends its revenue This

is done in two ways.

Capital and recurrent expenditures

1. Capital expenditure

. This involves new development projects

e.g. universities, dams etc.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Construction of new county amenities like presenting to parliament, summon

stadia, social halls, schools etc.
Construction of county facilities like
purchase of motor vehicles and
equipments.

2. Recurrent expenditure

э To sustain and maintain the already

existing facilities and services as in
the
following examples.

1. Wages and salaries of civil servants,

teachers etc.
2. General repair and maintenance e.g.
bridges, roads etc.
3. Debt servicing –loans by the government
4. Contribution to international organizations
e.g. COMESA, EAC, AU, etc.
5. Grants and bursaries
6. Embassies –maintaining Kenya
embassies abroad.

Management of public finance

1. The parliament which approves

all national and county
expenditure.
2. The Controller of budget who
authorizes withdrawals.
3. The cabinet secretary for finance may
stop the transfer of funds to any organ
of government with the approval of
parliament.
4. Financial records and the auditing
of accounts of all government and
other public bodies will be done.
5. The Auditor General audits the
accounts of all government and state
organs
6. Most of the public funds are spent on
purchasing public goods and services
and there is a procedure to be
followed.
. Some of the procurement bodies
include the Public Procurement
Oversight Authority (PPOA),
Public Procurement Oversight
Advisory Board (PPOAB), Public
Procurement Administrative
Review Board (PPARB).
7. The National Government will also
impose sanctions on contractors who
fail to fulfill their contractual
agreements e.g. failing to complete
their work.
8. All government contracts are
publicly advertised for the
awarding of tender and awards.
9. The government has vested in certain
officers, the power to spend money in
the implementation of specific
objectives, and they are expected to
be accountable and transparent.
10. The government established the
Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission
(KACC) in 2004.
11. X-ray cameras to verify cargo
on arrival at the port of
Mombasa.

The committees involved.

1. Public Accounts Committee (PAC),

which receives reports from controller
and Auditor General on behalf of
parliament, scrutinize, before
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

government officials to explain their

expenditure or give clarification and
closely monitor to public and note
weaknesses.

2. Public Investment Committee

(PIC) which ensures the public
finance is spent on intended projects,
investments targeted are worthy,
monitors project implementation and
reports to the parliament if it realises
any irregularities.

3. Committee of Supply-which
verifies estimates forward by
government ministries and
departments.

4. Committee of Ways and Means

– which verifies all budges and
proposals.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

12. Funds and authorities of the

National and the County
It also addresses taxation matters. Governments.
э The controller and Auditor general 13. All courts.
audits ministries and government 14. Every commission and independent
departments office established by the constitution.
and reports findings to parliament. 15. The National Assembly, senate and
э Permanent secretaries in the County Assembly.
ministries answer all questions
regarding the 16. Political parties funded from public funds.
ministries expenditure. 17. Public debt.
э Government contracts are advertised 18. Any other entity that legislation
for awarding of tenders.
requires him / her to audit.
э The Kenya Anti-Corruption
Commission (KACC) established in 19. Any entity funded from the public funds.
2004 which
investigates corrupt cases Commission on
э Government officers have been given
power to spend money in implementing
specific Revenue Allocation
projects; hence they have been
made accountable. (CRA). It comprises:
э Supplementary expenditures are
approved by the parliament 1. Chairperson appointed by the president
э Mechanism has been put in place by
the government to curb revenue and approved by the
evasion e.g.
use of e-ray scanners to verify cargo
on arrival at the Mombasa Port.

County Governments (CG)

э The county has been mandated to

establish a revenue fund to run its
revenue.
э The County Revenue Fund contains
the county’s own revenue, transfers
from the
national revenue, grants and borrowed
funds.
э The county’s is accountable to the
County Assembly.

Financial officers in managing finances

a) Controller of Budget

э He / she is appointed by the president

and approved by the National
Assembly on a
10 year term.
э He / she is legible for re-
appointment. His/her roles

1. Overseeing the implementation of

the budget of the National and
County governments.
2. Authorizing withdrawals from
the public funds like the
Equalisation, Consolidated and
Revenue Funds.
3. Every 4 months, he / she is expected to
submit to each House of parliament a
report on the implementation of the
budget on both the National and County
gov’ts.

b) Auditor General

o He / she appointed by the president

and approved by the NA on an 8 year
term.
o He / she is not legible for

re- appointment. The

accounts he / she audits

within 6 months:
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

National Assembly. accepted by most of the citizens.

2. 2 Persons appointed by the political
parties represented in the National
Assembly. According to the members in
the National Assembly.
3. Principal Secretary (PS) in the State
Department (Ministry) of Finance.

Its functions

1. Making recommendations of the

equitable sharing of revenue raised
by the National Government between
the County and the National
Governments.
2. Making recommendations on the
financial matters and financial
management by County
Government.
3. Defining and enhancing revenue
sources of the National and County
Governments.
4. Encouraging fiscal responsibility to
enhance accountability for funds
through appropriate financial
procedures.
5. Determining, publishing and
regularly reviewing the policy of
setting out the criteria to identify the
marginalized.

HOW THE COUNTY GOVERNMENTS MANAGE PUBLIC

FINANCE.

1. Through the preparation of the County

budget.
2. All monies borrowed by a County
Government must be guaranteed by
the National Government and
approved by the County Assembly.
3. Money due to a County
Government may be temporarily
stopped by the Cabinet Secretary for
Finance to prevent mismanagement.
4. The County Governments adhere to
mechanisms established by the
National Government on open
tendering of procurement and disposal
of public goods and services.
5. The implementation of the County budget
is supervised by the Controller of Budget
who submits a report to parliament every
four months.
6. The revenue and expenditure of County
Government is audited by the Auditor
General.
7. The government is accountable to the
County Assembly for financial
management within the County and
reports matters pertaining to finance.
8. The Ethics and Anti-Corruption
Commission investigates and
recommends for prosecution of public
officers who mismanage funds within
the County.

NATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES (KENYA)

э After attaining independence, there

was need to build the nation.
э Kenyatta therefore had to formulate
a philosophy to approach this
issue.
э A philosophy therefore is a system of
ideological beliefs and values
championed
by the ruling party’s leadership and it is
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э Since independence, Kenya has had

three
(3) philosophies, namely African socialism,
harambee and nyayoism African
Socialism

African socialism

э It was established by KANU in 1963

э The ideas were later modified as
sessional paper no. 10 of 1965 –as
African Socialism
and its Application to Planning in Kenya.
э This African Socialism therefore
refers to African political,
economic system
that is positively African, but capable of
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

being flexible enough to incorporate 17. To reorganize marketing boards to

acceptance. Techniques from promote the welfare of consumers and
whatever source. producers.
18. To take measures to ensure better
Its principles farm management.
19. To control education for the needs
1. Based on African traditions. and resources of the country.
2. Must be acceptable to the 20. To develop university education for high
dynamic circumstances. level manpower.
3. Must not rest its success on 21. To guide students for appropriate courses.
other countries. 22. To expand in-service training to
meet manpower shortage.
Aims / Objectives 23. To establish a co-operative colleges.
24. Shortage of critical manpower to be
1. To creation of a new society, sourced externally.
different from the colonial of 25. To investigate whether to nationalize
inequality. the major government utilities.
2. To create a fair and just society 26. To establish a national construction
with humanity. company.
3. To unite and free Kenyans with 27. To establish a national trading company.
respect to their rights. 28. To increase in staff and capital
4. Political equality. resource of industrial and commercial
5. Social justice. development
6. Human dignity and freedom.
7. Freedom from want, disease
and exploitation.
8. Equal opportunity.
9. Equitable distribution of resources.

Its characteristics.

1. Democracy
2. Equal opportunities.
3. Respect for human dignity.
4. Mutual

social

responsibility

Its policies

1. To control of resources.
2. To enhance role of government
and co-operatives in
development.
3. To use planning techniques for
resource development.
4. To extend planning to local levels.
5. Nationalization of enterprises
where possible.
6. Kenyanization of posts in
government institutions and
private enterprises.
7. Increase of the country’s
productive capacity for the
future.
8. To encourage family planning.
9. To establish a National Provident
Fund and National Health
Insurance.
10. To establish a central bank.
11. To take measures to increase saving
and investment.
12. To modify tax structure to increase
government revenue, domestic
savings etc to
achieve better distribution of income.
13. To reduce tax for low-income earners.
14. To review industrial earnings to
promote employment and expansion.
15. Taxation of idle resources.
16. To emphasize on
development of agriculture.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

corporation. been achieved.

29. To establish Kenya Tourist
Development Corporation.
30. To establish a central organization of
Trade Unions.
31. To provide equal opportunities for
development in all parts of the
country.

Impacts of the African Socialism

(Achievements)

1. It promoted democratic processes

in governance.
2. It promoted respect for human dignity.
3. It encouraged unity and peaceful
co- existence.
4. It encouraged rapid development
through mutual responsibility.
5. It promoted African cultures.
6. More effort has been made to
achieve fairness and justice
through D.F.R.D.
7. Commercial and industrial ownership
has been Africanized.
8. Agricultural development has
been achieved e.g. irrigations
schemes.
9. There has been social
development in education and
health.
10. Co-operative societies have
been established.

Harambee

э Is derived from Kiswahili which

means ‘pulling together’ or ‘working
together’
э Originated from the African culture
of spirit of self-help. Aims

1. To promote development (national

building).
2. To promote self-reliance.
3. To promote national cohesion (unity).
4. To promote constructive nationalism.

э It has social and

economic aspects.

Its principles

1. Mobilize people at local level to

participate in development.
2. Participation is guided by principles
of collective good.
3. Choice of project is guided by the needs
of the majority.
4. Local resources should be used in
the implementation of the project.

Its achievements

1. It has promoted sense of mutual

social responsibility.
2. It has encouraged
democratic participation in
national development.
3. Fairness in distribution of
national resources has been
enhanced.
4. It has promoted unity.
5. It has boosted education.
6. Agricultural development has
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

7. Bridges and roads have been built.

8. Medical services have been extended.
9. Physically disabled have been
assisted.
10. Spiritual growth has been enhanced.
11. Forum for leaders to educate the
public has been created.
12. Living standards have been improved.

Ways through which it has promoted

education in Kenya.

1. Many education institutions have

been constructed using funds raised
through harambee effort, thus
enabling many children to attend
school.
2. Many students have been assisted
to pay school fees/pursue further
studies, thus enabling the needy to
go on with learning.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

3. Physical facilities have been constructed 1. It led to the building of health

/improved through harambee. This centres, hospitals and Nyayo
enables learning in a conducive wards.
environment. 2. It mobilized people to contribute money
4. Teaching/learning materials have been to purchase drugs for the needy.
purchased / donated to schools to 3. Money contributed through the
improve the quality of education. philosophy enabled the sick people
5. Additional staff/workers in schools have seek for specialized treatment within
been paid through harambee and outside the country.
contributions by the parents to offset 4. It motivated some medical personnel
the inadequacy. to offer free medical services to the
6. Through the harambee spirits, co- people.
curricular activities have been 5. It led to the construction of
supported by well- wishers thus helping medical training institutions and
the learners to exploit their talents. training of personnel.
7. School furniture has been bought
through harambee effort, thus
making learning / teaching
comfortable.
8. Parents have contributed funds to
supplement the government school
feeding programme, thus improving
enrolment / retention.

Ways through which it promotes

national unity in Kenya.

1. It encourages people to work together.

2. It promotes cooperation.
3. It promotes equity in the distribution
of resources.
4. It enhances interaction of the people.
5. It promotes patriotism.

Challenges

1. Misappropriation of funds/corruption.

2. Poverty among Kenyans.

3. Forced contribution.

4. Ethnicity/tribalism/nepotism/racism.

5. Abuse of harambee contribution for

personal gains.

Nyayoism

o It was established / adopted by Moi

when he came to power in 1978, after
Kenyatta’s death.
o It’s from Kiswahili word ‘Nyayo’
meaning ‘foot steps’
o Therefore Moi was to follow in the
footsteps of Kenyatta, in which he
meant peace, love and unity as the
pillars of the philosophy.

Aims of Nyayoism

1. To promoted mutual social

responsibility.
2. To perpetuate harambee spirit.
3. To enhance co-operation and unity.
4. To promote Jua Kali sector.

Its achievements in Health sector.

 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Challenges to Nyayoism э 1964, December KADU joined KANU

and established unitary government
1. Corruption.
2. Withholding of aid by

W.B. and IMF. Impacts of

philosophies

Social

1. Education has been promoted by

building schools and colleges.
2. Improved medical services by
constructing dispensaries, health
centres and hospitals.
3. Encouraged co-operation,
understand and unity among Kenyan
communities.
4. Raised living standards by promoting
the spiritual and social welfare of the
people by encouraging Kenyans to
actively participate in development
projects.
5. Disadvantaged groups have been
considered by organizing
harambee to assist them.
6. Promoted African cultures through
borrowing of positive African
traditions.
7. They have promoted the spiritual
wellbeing through building of churches.

Economic

1. Africanization process and attainment of

self- reliance has been enhanced.
2. Co-operative societies have been set up.
3. Agricultural production has been boosted.
4. Improved transport and communication
5. Conducive atmosphere for tourism
has been created by the pillars by
Nyayoism

Political

1. Nationality and patriotism have been

promoted.
2. Democracy has been enhanced.
3. International understanding
and co- operation have been
encouraged.

Challenges and problems

1. Depending on foreign aid.

2. Fuelled corruption.
3. Leaders tend to exploit citizens e.g.
through forced harambee.
4. Lack solutions to emerging problems
like HIV/AIDs, corruption and ethnic
clashes.

SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE
INDEPENDENCE.

Political 1963-1991

. After independence, Kenya had 3 major

problems, namely; lack of good
leadership, suspicion and jealousy, and
illiteracy.
э At independence, we had the
majimbo (federal) government and
constitution
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э Friction emerged as Odinga,

Oneko, Kagia etc. accused
Kenyatta of
favouring to uplift some communities.
э Consequently, KANU delegates
held a conference at Limuru in
March 1966.
э At the meeting, Vice President’s Post
was abolished.
э 8 KANU Vice Presidents were appointed.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

э Odinga resigned and formed Kenya 14. 1977, George Anyona-MP for
People’s Union (KPU).
Kitutu was detained for
э Mini-election was held, with
members of the new party accusing the government
contesting on KPU’s of corruption.
ticket. 15. Campaigns started to change
э Joseph Murumbi was appointed the Vice the constitution
President in 1966, but resigned in 1967
before 16. On 22/8/1978, Kenyatta died in his
Moi was appointed. sleep at state House- Mombasa.
э KPU was banned in 17. Moi acted as president for 90
days, before being elected
1969. Political unopposed
18. Moi appointed Mwai Emilio Kibaki as
Challenges Vice President
19. Moi released political
1. One party dictatorship introduced in 1982. prisoners-in December 1978
2. Multipartism which was introduced in 20. 1980, banned tribal organizations
1992. e.g. GEMA, Luo Union etc.
3. Political assassinations of Pio Gama 21. He also strengthened the party by
Pintoo, JM Kariuki, Tom Mboya, Robert more recruitment
Ouko etc 22. In June 1982, Kenya became a de
4. Ethnic clashes. jure (by law) one party state.
5. Post-election violence of 2007. 23. Many Kenyans were not happy of this
6. Political detention and torture. introduction of Sec- 2A in the
7. Attempted military coup of 1982. constitution.
8. Gender inequality in leadership. 24. On 01/08/1982, junior officers of
9. Age / Generation struggle for leadership. the Kenya Air Force led by Senior
10. Border conflicts from Private
neighbouring countries eg
Uganda.
11. Formation of militia groups eg Shifta and
Al- Shabaab.
12. Leadership wrangles /
ideological differences.
13. Manipulation of the constitution
by the members of parliament.

Political assassinations

1. In 1965, Pio Gama into was murdered.

2. He was the only Asian critical of
Kenyatta’s government.
3. 5th July 1969, Tom Mboya,
Minister for Finance and
Planning was gunned down.
4. This increased tension between
Agikuyu and Luo.
5. Consequently, when Kenyatta visited
Kisumu in 1969, to open the Russian
funded New Nyanza General
Hospital, he was pelted with stones
and rotten eggs.
6. Presidential guards opened fire and
killed about 43 people.
7. Then KPU was banned and its
major associates detained.
8. On 5/3/1975, Josiah Mwangi
Kariuki’s (J.M.) body was found in
Ngong Forest half eaten by wild
animals.
9. This intensified the tension in the
country, as Moi had claimed that
JM was in Zambia, only to find his
body in Ngong.
10. In Oct. 1975, Martin Shikuku the
then MP for Butere claimed that
KANU &
parliament were dead.
11. He was seconded by Jean Marie
Seroney- Speaker.
12. Both were arrested and detained.
13. In 1976, MP for Eldoret North-
Chelagat Mutai was arrested and
imprisoned for
2 ½ years for inciting her
constituents for violence.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Hezekiah Ochuka staged a military Some of the parties that emerged after this
coup against the government. included:
25. Ochuka was hanged, after violence
and killings erupted. 9. Forum for Restoration of Democracy.
26. Moi regime become even more
ruthless.
27. In 1988, Mlolongo (queue) voting
method was introduced.
28. In 1989, Kenneth Matiba was
expelled from the party after
claiming that there was rigging in
elections.
29. In 1990,KANU discarded Mlolongo.
30. In 1988, Anyona and koigi were
detained.
31. Some authors escape to self-
exile Ngugi wa Thiong'o and
Mugo.
32. In 1990, Dr Robert John Ouko,
minister for Foreign Affairs was
found murdered.
33. His remains were discovered on
16/2/90 by a heads boy at Got
Alila.

Constitutional changes-1963-91

1. In 1964 Dec, Unitary constitution

was set up to replace the
independence federal constitution.
2. In 1966, Unicameral legislature was
established to replace the
independence bicameral.
The president also got power to appoint 12
MP’s, who were previously nominated by
the legislature.
3. In 1966, only 65% or 2/3 of MP’s could
pass a bill.
4. On 28/4/66, MP’s who resign from
party should seek re- election on the
new part’s ticket.
5. In May 1966- public security Act was
passed- president was empowered to
detain citizens without trial, if their
conduct is a threat to state security.
6. In April 1968, president was empowered
to alter provincial and district
boundaries.
7. In 1968, mandatory age of voting and
was changed from 21 to 18 yrs. Age
for presidency from 40 to 35yrs.
Incase of death of president, Vice
President should act for 90 days
during which elections should be held.
8. In 1974, president was
empowered to pardon election
offenders.
9. In 1982, Kenya was made a one party
state.
10. In 1987, President could now hire
and fire the AG, chief secretary and
controlled and
Auditor General at will.
11. In 1988, security of tenure Judges,
and chairman of public service
commission was
removed.
12. In 1988, police could hold a suspect for
14 days before taking him / her to
court.
13. In 1990, Security of tenure for AG
was reinstated.
14. In 1991, changed sec-2A, Kenya
become a multi-party state by de jure.
15. In 1991, presidential tenure was lowered
to 2 five year terms.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

2. Forum for Restoration of Democracy-

Kenya. 3. Forum for Restoration of
Democracy-Asili. 4. Democratic Party of
Kenya 5. Social Democratic Party.
6. Liberal Democratic Party 7. Forum for
Restoration of Democracy- People.
8. Kenya National Congress. 9. Kenya
Social Congress.

Factors that facilitated the formation of

many political parties in Kenya by 1990.

External

1. Influence from Eastern Europe and the

Soviet Union led to multi-
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

party democracy. 9. They take part in decision making, as

2. End of the cold war brought a new wave they participate in watch- dog
of democracy which spread to Kenya. committees like PAC.
3. Some African countries like Togo, 10. They link the people and the
Zambia, government as they initiate political
Ghana and Nigeria who had adopted debates
multi-partism encouraged Kenya to do on important national issues.
the same. 11. They provide an alternative approach to
1. Pressure from governments of management of the political and
donor community to economic affairs of the nation through
democratize as a condition to their participation in parliamentary
resume aid. debates.

Internal
Economic developments and challenges
1. Amendment / repeal of section 2A of
the Kenyan constitution, allowing the since independence. Types of Landholding
formation
of many political parties in the country. in Kenya.
2. Economic hardships within the
country.
3. Failure by the government to adopt
all recommendations forwarded by the
public to

the Saitoti Review Commission of 1990.

4. KANU failed to listen to criticism and
critics were either suspended or
expelled from the party / Discontent
within the party.
5. Pressure from multi-party activists drawn
from the civil society, political and legal
fraternity forced the government to
change.
6. Alleged rigging of 1988 general elections
led to discontent among the losers.
7. Pressure from the church / clergy.

Challenges of multi-partism

1. Ethnicity / tribalism.
2. Greedy politicians are lured through
bribes to defect.
3. Control of government machinery e.g.
media outlets by the party in power.
4. Lack of adequate funding by the state.
5. Some members of the civil society take
sides in party politics.
6. Some leaders incite their supporters
against their opponents.
7. Inadequate civic education.
8. Leadership wrangles.

The role of political parties in

governance and nation-building.

1. They formulate policies and

programmes on how to run the
government efficiently.
2. They select candidates for public office,
as the senior official in government are
also leaders of political parties.
3. They play a role in mobilizing the people
e.g. to attend political rallies.
4. They check the excesses of the
government by pointing out its
mistakes.
5. They provide civic education to
the electorate.
6. They ensure that there is an alternative
government in-waiting in the event that
the ruling party is unable to rule.
7. They act as training ground for
political leadership.
8. They provide a good avenue for
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

political associations in a country,

thus enhancing unity.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

Publi
c)Priva
c
te land
land
It
It
compris
inclu
es
de s:
1. Registered land held by a
person under any freehold
1. Land that was un-alienated, by the
nature.
time the constitution was enacted in
2. Land held by a person under
2010.
leasehold nature.
2. Land which is lawfully for the
3. Any land declared private under an
government, and is used by any
Act of Parliament.
state organ.
3. Land which has been transferred to
Land ownership by non-citizens
the government through sale, land
reverted back to government
This is possible under the following
ownership or surrendered to the
conditions:
government.
4. Land which is not legally claimed by
an individual or community. 1. On leasehold.
5. Land in which no legal heir can 2. Corporate body can only be
be identified by any legal recognized as a citizen if it is wholly
process. owned by or more citizens.
6. All land containing minerals and mineral
oils as defined by law. Land policies since independence
7. Government forests, game reserves,
water catchment areas, national 1963, Land Reform exercise was characterized
parks, government animal sanctuaries by: Transfer of land from Europeans to Africans
and specific protected areas e.g. and land consolidation and registration.
historical sites.
8. All roads and other places as provided by
act of parliament.
9. All rivers, lakes and water bodies
as defined by act of parliament.
10. The territorial seas, sea bed and
continental shelf.
11. Land that is not categorized as private
or community under the constitution.
12. Any other land declared public land by
act of parliament.

b) Community land.

э This is land vested in and held

by communities.

This includes:

1. Land legally registered in

the name of group
representatives.
2. Land transferred to a specific
community through a legal
process.
3. Land declared to be community land by
act of parliament.
4. Land lawfully held or used by a
specific community as
community forest, grazing
fields or shrines.
5. Ancestral lands or land
traditionally used by hunter-
gatherer community.
6. Land that is lawfully held in trust by
County Government on behalf of
communities in the counties,
excluding public land.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

land ownership and distribution in

Kenya, 2003, Kibaki appointed
Settlement schemes Ndung’u Commission on land.
1. Million Acre scheme -1963, settling
How the Kenyan government facilitated
African families on 13.5 hectares each.
the acquisition of land for Africans after
2. Harambee scheme 1969- establishing
1963.
about
16.25 hectares per family.
1. Resettling people in irrigation schemes.
3. Haraka scheme 1970 settling
2. Encouraging people to form
squatters on small plots in Central,
co- operative societies / land
Coast, Eastern and Rift Valley.
buying companies.
4. Shirika Scheme -1971 settled landless
3. Opening up the former White highlands
and unemployed on former European
to willing buyers.
farms.
4. Giving / providing loans to those who
were willing to buy land.
Benefits of land reforms to Kenyans.
5. Consolidation/ adjudication of land
to enable to maximize production.
1. Farmers could use their land title
6. Issuing of land title deeds to
deeds to obtain loans for progress.
make ownership legal / ease land
2. Farmers used the title deeds to
transfer.
purchase land with confidence.
3. Thousands were able to own land.
4. Dairy and cash crop production increased.

National Land

Commission Its

functions

1. To manage public land.

2. To recommend a national land
policy to the National
Government.
3. To advise the National Government
on a comprehensive programme for
land registration in the country.
4. To conduct research on land in the
country, including use of natural
resources and make recommendations
to the relevant authorities.
5. To investigate present or past historical
injustices, either on its own initiative or
as a complaint, and recommend
appropriate action.
6. To encourage the use of traditional
methods of dispute resolution in
land dispute.
7. To monitor and oversee the
responsibilities over land use and
planning in the country.

Several steps were taken by the

government to promote large-scale
farming

1. A.D.C. (Agricultural
Development Corporation) was
established to manage large scale farms.
Established by the government in Western,
Rift Valley, Coast and other parts.
2. KARI- Kenya Agricultural Research
Institute was established in dry areas
and during drought seasons e.g. Bura
Irrigation Scheme-Coast was
established to research on crops.
3. Established irrigation schemes to
facilitate agriculture.
4. Development authorities have
been established e.g. Tana &
Athi River Development
Authority (TARDA).
5. Commissions have been formed to
deal with land issues e.g. 2001, Moi
appointed Charles Njonjo to investigate
the problem of
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

7. Transfer of land from Europeans to

4. Rich scenery.
Africans.
5. Rivers for electricity.
6. Population expansion-labour and market.
Problems / challenges facing
7. Rich agricultural farmland.
agriculture
8. Transport and communication.
1. Poor infrastructure in some parts of
Government’s aim / objectives in
the country has led to great losses of
promoting industrial development
farm produce, thus reducing the
earnings of farmers.
1. Attaining rapid growth in industrial production.
2. Unsuitable prices for agricultural
2. Creating employment.
commodities on the world / local
3. Creating foreign exchange.
market has discouraged farmers.
4. Utilizing local resources.
3. Various parts of the country have been hit
5. Creating local industrial skills.
by drought / famine, thus forcing the
government to provide relief food.
Steps by the government to boost
4. Farmers’ produce is often destroyed
industries
by pests after harvest, leading to
food shortage / poor storage.
5. Poor technology / use of traditional
methods have contributed to low
yields.
6. Politically instigated ethnic clashes
have discouraged farmers from
carrying out intense farming due to
insecurity.
7. The population of Kenya has been
growing faster than the gains made
in the agricultural sector.
8. Corrupt government officials have
grabbed / sold research land thereby
affecting the operations of research
institutions / Mismanagement of funds
meant for agriculture development.
9. Farming has become a costly venture
for most farmers are not able to meet
the high costs of farm inputs.
10. Overproduction of similar
agricultural products leads to
wastage due to lack of
buyers.
11. Shortage of agriculture extension
officers has made it difficult for
farmers to get
advice on how to improve yields.
12. Mismanagement of co-operatives
has impoverished farmers.
13. Competition from COMESA /
Industrialized nations has
frustrated Kenyan farmers.

Benefits of Cooperative Societies in

Kenya after independence.

They give loans/credit facilities.

They provide banking facilities /
Savings facilities. They provide
benevolent / insurance services.
They invest on behalf of
members. They create
employment.
They educate members on financial
management/investment.

Industrial developments since

independence

Factors behind industrial development in

Kenya since independence

1. Existence/availability of raw-materials.
2. Fresh water with fish.
3. Production of timber from forests.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

5. Most industries are located near

1. Establishment of the ministry towns, thus hindering expansion.
of commerce to expand 6. Shortage of financial support.
commercial and industrial 7. Competition from more industrialized
activities in the country. countries.
2. Technical assistance was also 8. Small domestic market of Kenya.
extended to small scale businesses 9. Small quantities of produce due to use of
to help improve enterprises. It also low techniques.
promoted the Jua kali sector. 10. Lack of strategic raw-materials e.g.
3. Agro-based industries like bakeries, petroleum.
tea and coffee have also been
promoted by the government. Effects of Kenya industrial development
Textile industries have been
expanded. 1. It has increased employment opportunities.
4. Establishment of state-owned 2. It has liberated Kenya from over-reliance
financial and banking institutions on agricultural sector.
has helped to expand economic 3. It has improved the infrastructure.
growth through issuing of loans. 4. It has enabled Kenya to diversify her
5. The government has sold parastatal economy.
shares to the public. 5. It has facilitated utilization of
6. The government established light mineral resources.
engineering industries to produce 6. It has facilitated the growth of urban centers.
basic implements. 7. Cultural interaction has increased.
7. The government set up a motor 8. It has earned the country self-reliance .
vehicle assembling plant in Thika
and oil refineries in Mombasa. Social developments and
8. Tourism industry has been challenges since independence
established to boost the
country’s economy. э Poverty, ignorance and diseases were
the main social problems after
9. Establishment of Kenya Industrial independence.
Estate (KIE) to provide technical
advice and capital for the
establishment of factories by Education
Africans.
10. Prospecting and mining of minerals э Kiswahili was given a respectable
like oil, coal and gold. status in the country.
11. Construction of infrastructure like roads. э Commissions were set up to
streamline education.
э Harambee was used to expand
Challenges
education facilities. Commissions
1. The capital was transferred from the
1. Kenya education commission /
country by the whites.
Ominde Commission (1964) –
2. Landlessness.
recommended major changes.
3. Inadequate infrastructure especially
2. National committee on education
African reserves. objectives & policies (1976)
4. Rural-urban migration led to
3. Presidential working party on the 2nd
inadequate facilities.
university (1982) / Mackay
5. Control of the economy by
commission- Recommended the 8-4-
European community e.g. large
4.
industries and farms
4. Kamunge Commission (1988)-
6. Unskilled labour.
recommended cost sharing in
education and reduction of subjects
Why parastatals are set up
in 8-4-4
5. Davy Koech commission (1988)-
1. Generate revenue.
recommended introduction of Total
2. Provide loans to farmers and
Integrated Quality Education and
businessmen.
Training (TIQET)
3. Create employment.
4. Help the government to control key э In 1969, Ministry of education took over
sectors of the economy. the Primary education
5. To provide essential services to citizens
e.g. Kenya Railway Corporation.
20/01/1978, Kenya Ports Authority (KPA)
. from the local government.
Was set up to:- In 1978, school milk was introduced in
primary
. school to encourage children to go to school
1. To provide modern containers for In 2002, NARC government introduced
handling all types of cargo in Kenya.
2. To handles Kenya’s exports and free primary education policy
imports. Vocational institutions have been
3. To earn foreign exchange for the introduced
country. e.g. village polytechnic colleges
Teachers’ Training Colleges
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

4. As a source of employment. э Agricultural based colleges

5. To stimulated local industry.
6. It appoints pilots who bring big ships э Universities
to Kilindini harbour. э K.I.E. has become the major national
curriculum development and
7. It builds and maintains navigational research
centre.
grids. э Kenya national examination council
(KNEC) was established in 1977 to
. Kenya power and lighting company evaluate learners
has also facilitated economic at primary, secondary and middle- level
development in Kenya. colleges.
э In 1970,University college of Nairobi
. Kenya postal corporation has because a full university.
contributed a lot to the economy. э In 1984, Moi university was established
. 1990’s Kenya started liberalizing
э In 1985, Kenyatta University was established
the economy. Problems facing э In 1987, Egerton University followed
э This was followed by Jomo Kenyatta
University of Agricultural and
industrialization in Kenya Technology in
1994, Maseno in 1999 and Western
1. Capital is repatriated from Kenya College of Science and Technology as a
2. Imported materials are used. university in 2003.
3. Foreigners take most managerial э A public university has been proposed for the
Coast Province.
posts. э Private universities have also been
4. Mismanagement of major industries. licensed to provide higher
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

education e.g. Daystar, Baraton, USIU, э A number of hospitals / clinics /

dispensaries and Nyayo wards are built
Catholic University of East Africa, using the
Nazarene and Methodist. Harambee motto / Creation of two referral
э In 1970’s High Education Loans Board hospitals.
(HELB) was established to loan the
students to э There has been the training of
more health personnel by
complete education. establishing
э In 1999, parallel degree courses were medical training centers.
э Creating public awareness on health
introduced. Challenges in related issues.
э It has employed more health workers.
education since э It has subsidized the cost of
healthcare / free medical services.
э Licensing the activities of herbalists
independence. / private hospitals in the country.

8. Inadequate learning and teaching Challenges to health

facilities like classrooms.
9. Insufficient funds to adequately 1. Rapidly growing population.
remunerate teachers and 2. HIV/AIDS and other deadly /
develop learning facilities. terminal diseases.
10. High drop-out rate due to early 3. Mismanagement of health institutions
pregnancy among girls. and embezzlement of funds.
11. Indiscipline due to drug abuse which 4. Brain drain of qualified personnel
causes strikes. has affected the sector.
12. High population strains the few 5. Some cultural practices e.g. taboos,
resources available. female circumcision.
13. HIV/AIDS pandemic has taken a heavy toll 6. Poverty and malnutrition which cause
on teachers. patients to resort to cheap treatment
14. Culture has affected the sector in that that is not effective.
some traditional ways of life like nomadic 7. Illegal abortions and early pregnancies.
communities do not give value to
education.
15. Frequent changes and revision of
the curriculum which involves huge
financial resources.
16. Quality education is expensive, hence
out of reach by ordinary Kenyans like
the parallel programmes.
17. Too many unemployed people with
higher education and technical skills
discourages the youths from pursuing
higher education.
18. Political interference on learning
institutions by powerful individuals who
influence the appointment of
incompetent head teachers.
19. Poor performance in Mathematics and
Sciences makes the education system
not to
produce enough manpower in the
technical field.
20. Corruption and mismanagement of
learning institutions and
embezzlement of school
funds.

Health

э The government established the ministry

of Health to manage health related
issues in
the country.
э The National Insurance Fund
was established to assist
inpatients to
offset their medical bills.
э The government has
encouraged NGOs / religious
organizations /
individuals to provide health
services.
э Research institutions like KEMRI were
also established to research on causes
and
cure for some diseases like Leprosy
э Immunization campaign of children
to prevent the spread of
communicable
diseases was carried out
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

8. Inadequate funds which makes it

9. Influence of foreign cultures has
difficult for the government to provide
made Kenyans to abandon their own
medical facilities has lowered the
cultures.
quality of the services / inadequate
medical equipment.
How the government has attempted to
9. High rate of accidents and
preserve cultural heritage in Kenya since
injuries which strain the few
independence.
facilities available.
10. Poor transport and communication
1. It has incorporated some aspects of
in some areas undermine the
cultural studies in schools.
provision of health
2. It has promoted competition between
services.
schools and other institutions of
11. Continued pollution of the
learning on cultural issues like music
environment has led to increased
ailments hereby jeopardising the festivals.
3. Has encouraged intermarriage
government effort.
between different ethnic groups.
4. It has encouraged people to settle and
Culture & sports own property in any part of the country.
5. It has established and maintained
э Cultural activities entertained people, centers which preserve cultural values
educate masses, unite interact and heritage of different communities
people, e.g. museums, Bomas of Kenya,
promote patriotism and create National Archives, Media programmes
employment. on culture.
э Kenya has excelled in sports
like athletics, football, 6. It has encouraged the migration and
volleyball etc. settlement of people from
э 1980’s Moi International Sports Centre-
Kasarani was set up.
э The government is encouraging
the community to participate in
traditional
sport like cock ad bull-fighting in Western
Province.

Steps taken by the Kenyan government to

promote national integration since
independence

1. Development of national symbols

2. Declaring Kiswahili a national language
3. Establishing a one-party state in 1982
and multiparty state in 1992.
4. Promotion of harambee spirit
5. Nyayo philosophy of peace, love and
unity
6. Abolition of social segregation
7. Abolition of ethnic organizations
and groupings
8. Use of similar national constitution
9. Ethnic balance in public institutions
10. Promotion of games, sports and
cultural activities
11. Promotion of national public service i.e.
civil servants can serve anywhere in
the country.

Challenges in sports

1. Poor attitude towards activities like

culture, music and sports.
2. Poor financial rewards.
3. Misappropriation of funds meant for
their development.
4. Inadequate facilities of culture and
sporting activities.
5. Piracy of artistic works has denied
them revenue.
6. Most Kenya’s cultural artifacts were taken
by the colonists.
7. Foreign team syndrome-Such teams
have acquired fanatical support from
Kenya at the expense of the local
teams.
8. Exploitation of royalty payments in music,
art and drama.
 lOMoARcPSD|38866856

different ethnic groups in to urban centers.

7. It has established learning
institutions where people from
different communities interact.
8. It has allowed freedom of
worship which provides for
interaction of African religious
heritage.
9. It has established a ministry in charge of Culture.

Importance of cultural activities in Kenya.

1. For entertainment
2. Educate the masses
3. Unite the people
4. Promote patriotism
5. Source of employment