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1K views33 pagesGrade XI Biology Chapter - 2 Biological Classification Notes..
Biology
Uploaded by
modhashmira1Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 33
Sy
Chaplor— 2 Q=—=0
Biolo Clarst teasine
* Bialagical Casi Llamit’ fection $—
i mac
ah peasy —t OXqa mama “seal
ARMINGRitcetei. ant 4
west i An
othe oaxonomic eo ? : a apap
Pe |. five Kingdom Claiffcakiin yakenn t= =
4 | RH Wika Ke 4 divided wad
— fate ae aie ive _-Kfngdom_fn._oxclore
a Le cn okie. ad . oo
aca “siipiint okeadom — i “Pr odisha:
Peis i) h Pndom > - Mucote.
a ~ketedasen_ Beau J
Babee is : nati Antmatia
Pe e fsa
Sa ae sunt cellular
| rohte 0 pale “axe an
a Mone AL ame “one ch
‘Gee Ore Quouped unto eae
rae
we
3
Pee 2g B cages -— Al Unfcollular a
? d axe ed uncle
oa Momera am Kingdom pratt.
While Multicetutar Yo, iu
anions are,
patent a ae Fume Plante
3) Mode. Mode. ol. nubitfon + Autobrophs., Hekerobophs
and _Kolozole. Oxgaions
Axe a axcaked tn the * tel is Plonto,
Kin cl ot -and Kinddom- Anémalia,
I Le Stale += Deli due laced in Kfuadorn
Plantae, oshile Comumers.
laced uty _K&% den Animalia. urbile Khe
eae | Ose pe JD. See
Tah
7 Eheegoet =aBintlip Reladtenshis
Show how Bock do ae et
AL Common” aneentares »
The ptmttive it das Oxgantsms.
Hoe om a Den _S Mone,
Pisitondees OL umfteellitar
ole "fp pnd jk .
tha” 3
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION @ e
Organism
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
KINGDOM MONERA
Unicellular Multicellular
KINGDOM PROTISTA
Cell wall Without cell wall
>
KINGDOM FUNGI KINGDOM PLANTAE
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
(Lack chlorophyll) (Have chlorophyll) Ae ere dom’ ai a
*K Choractesciatres sb _Keagslorn Mona i
y Au Unicellutore nokontotio Oxgamianes AKL
sie dn Kingdom monera Y
sly Ls nipia. pnd made up of
3 ene naked DNA, no-tiue nudceus
ah Dank
wy ie eco Osganinors OL Precedl an bhis
SJ) Sey oxcgarnelles axe, brent , Fos
cat Ave -prononk ae
9 eve os ~pocwrent , Aouwed ra» Lovo
ee od Pil gi peels on Cok Suxpare ( th
Baskeorda,
ayy Repro, 6 Jy “ooexual excep genes
Jecoinbinabbw .
a eehibik dokh phe Jandu
hic mode.
7 4 Eel examples ' axe ee ne
Bacteria, /Ond Aas eeanleacesia ,
| Classittatin Monexa t— Aschachackextg
ate Mone. Re er
% Cyentadaty | 1) Aschaebaderia “=
y Doitmierve packeria, found sn
Ihe moat habitats a Ms
a culty ( Hate clophiles) , Not Sera
ond aaa ALAS "bina s).
Cal Celt’ wall is sigid, bak pepticlogiiscern. wey
oe Fallenemnbucties ox Larpored. of
ch be arnelles 232 Absent .
ar hss sin OL Not na of; Lnvixonments,
“ Aolled gXtenophilles
ier AP cc OLCUYL..
MBuive on the Obrence oe
# ey 2
Rat sr
gules quatinows apt “tee on
Lele wi
Pi one rusardr On al usdase , Arelps in aot:
ella ts enent Os SR oxgan .
de > bokh! a cbeea cond “daerdbtep htc
qubabion
es ah oxganclus axe Obaunt.
as
| DNA Prevent,
° ‘ ‘ondains F038 — Ktborsomes . i
rock AUK +4 Bin i On Om
Busiding anc Aexut d F gate kecombtnoti Pe in
+k Shapes Galen =
en “Sphexical on eval Ahape)
; Bosiltd a a
fl
| Vitbsefo are Comma 2
,Spisitta (Apia Bhan)
* | Cysenobactexia [Blue green a lgoe|
[Greneat Chavackers *-
2 Untcellular , Yflamenkows algae.
aoe tn dh ss amd. maxine cade
2 ak xe Autobu phit Pinata
—The Chilo,
gb es as Pt cb sie oe
|e: 5] They me Mexobse ( Lives an, fais bt.
dou ii ts Ataxch.
ea Lae
PRE Bize y thick ee
popes Jhe — fundkin of. oibsgen Bee
fester Noxtoc _, Amabaeng
Backxia)
| wth $? | 2
oa
ae
ee
ae ee (caiodaciecca ends |
Prepare Lely oun feed) on another ye
er dheve
tT a
lah en 46 coe N Rhizobium
ete Has) ym otal dec
ay - devive “putter ) S Salmonadta
elto6o.cleuior
g anobactexta Examples t=
Be torobfum iy. Nitrolodes
Coreen Aultucr ontdistg ockerato, BN oo &
Figure 2.1 Bacteria of different shapes Capsule
Flagellum
Ribosomes membrane
Nucleoid (DNA) Heterocyst
Mucilagenous
sheath
Figure 2.2 A filamentous blue-green
algae — Nostoc ° Bacteria © ®
(mode of nutrition)
Autotrophic Heterotrophic
(prepare their own food) (depend on others for their food)
Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph
(use light energy) (derive energy from
chemical reactions)
Parasitic Saprophytic
(live on or in other (depend on dead
plants and animals) organisms) @ i
K Mycoplasma -
General charade t-
oo. eae nd un the wosdd . G
ell
3 ce Ba Aunive ule oe (Anaeroles) \
Sa backeua .
eo DNA molecule eoenk .
salt Contain Fos stibosrome .
Th tack mudews and other membrane
bo Oxqanelles .
3) thee © canto AL gomnor ie ( can
| ee hee /hape
Ae Kingdoen +, Protiata. Satis
~ General Chaxackens |
| ALL Fee a Zand unicellular Oscanioms
\ un hes (eo
¥ “Celt rol ts psennt Jin
Hotta.
Dy C2. oxqancles ike midochondsta , gels) body,
_Mikechondiia eke aa Aprooork 5
en nuclei -prwent with mudeax
Membrane fag nudeolus »
Lae ERE Prodioka Ue Danae oo
ey saad bbe pusstiiophic and aabetophic
neue @aene. eee
Aome Mycoplasma
NO CELL WALL iP ab nubsiction ,
pe Both Phas and Asxual deproducttin
>) eee reali hove ello. , pia
[and Lome -howe . prttichepodia ar thet.
ae —
— Preeaonk 2 jip leng_, Chlamaglomonas
alas ie
ae
* oa fd Pibhdnk oi)
ef ieiodita 2— Prenant fn colmpeba. .
|
Clayidfeaion . Kfnadom =
|
0) Kingdom probike !
| d a 2 ie
|
lenof,
4 a (fre moulds
Preptozoans
x [1 Chrypophytes.
his tnolucles facto aol Iden @
Couta fsa Cae
o Mtg
mga: Coloured
a
eal “ot vb ef, aca le 7 halk moon ,
1 Some
|
|
| CT
dr as Aiangles rand clnelor .
F GFrey ane und in Yxeoh water as well as
an J movin’ onvinontents .
y —The Ce walls ©f chiatoms two
thin | a ee Shells tuhich D2 tk Jogether
DAS Un AL Aoap box.
57 The Celk woll axe ' embedded with Ailicq..
Bites Axe Lallet 0» i
ener producers
j an the Oceans becauar
AKL Chle to
hotosunthests ad 2 can make
ee
PD. Dhot etic. tements _Faclude Chloro a
Py Page b P axe erent , Terophyil
x Both Axexual su
on and Acnual
| kebyoduction takes Nace .
3). The. Ailfea — Contalnt, Ahello
| cbfatoms become Clepoaitecl woe the ? bottom
Aco and Jasge amounts of.
my LeLL tw deposi Called Afato meceou
easy. me
[2] Dignoftageliates
4)) MosHy marine Oxoanfsms.
Thi d Ame seem, brun, blue
j Sadia di Achestittaa an
ena On “the pigments prea
[fa thei coll, Ue ign a: .
\ (2) mae
3) Dfkno ellotes Ore horto, thetic fr
edith Bord exhibik Poutetipht Pied
jot nudsition »
AY The Cetl watt ts made Collulore .
BS| They hare two Ug, one” Lies longi—
| tau and the these dro
una THUS
} fay - Asexucl Kepaoduction OLCULA ,
J ipnodlagellasen ike Gonyaukax
| prcooluicos ded ole in "tbe Aes
| Anak makes the Sea Cree Jed,
po seloare toxin. urhfch. Kids Yoke.
¥ Some. Apestes ore. _—fohorphoxercent .. The
/make the Aea ts gee tin Khe dasck $
Example - Nockiluca. Y
>| [3] Euglenoids
17 Unieollular, flagellatecl _proctrabs .
Common! an in Leeoh coctoe .
| Cebt dus io 0b
laine 4b » they have a
Fpeliiele gives Fret aaa “Ved.
mo ‘ Jong ag OO Ahosxtk iy a ) 1
IU)
by IM Euglenoids , Lontwackle Varcuoles re
eomnt” hak Avurds ec osmoxeguiaktion .
7 A Afngle loeege nuelews pxearrt a ne
Ft en
att hotosy nthekic
Stan DE An aeleea
AHR os
g e 7 2eproduction. Orcuns . by
oe bine fyfan and
ee : ype
Ke [4] Sime Moulds
2) They ee in £001, ee yand meta
ads Ee wood. , decaying dogs , Pee
ee a abled 0s Aaprop' tits
7 or, feed on choad amok es make
3 oe veal Fine alpnomcu ne cl
eS Aeaues en a mdtental
4 tock chi in
Involved es t—
jean pile ia anck
Aare amoebor
en gaa ae Reomsnit, fungi | 12 Oz
ul Keproduction and Sxual
Msrpsenucte ake place in Bifme Moulds .
W sttme Moulds sxenombltes -both -px0toroam
| anck a iy Or a Shoo Aome Choxcackers
[5]. Protozoans_
+) General Chaxackers t- c
| They coe thekeratiophs (depends on
4 ole! Oseqomnisens for hee tae
Live 0s” predators nr
| Shebo U pseeu?) Ox Cd pocsibes doxives,
[rustadadon por Otho! organisms becky”)
% ~They AH tnicoscopic .
Hi Major groups ob protozoans i=
> Armocboid prstorcans $=
Fase bund ae Aco watt
8) Some axe. pwedatows ( Iike Pmoeba that
Cait thet prey putting out _paseuclopedlitr )
3) Some are wd fie aT
Mogg ap Ce Lael) Paxamecium > Balantidium Colt eK
io Jin Phe. colo aioe
Animals , Within dhe ane
apaxao axonihfe in ah Can Come
a oer oe mon _morile st 0 able to move) .
food in the
Produce Pores x
Prosmabiiam 9 Menoeyiskio ete, Figure 2.4
(d)
(a) Dinoflageliates
(b) Euglena
(©) Slime mould
(d) Paramoecium |
| Ar Koga Engl
ae Grenexal _Lhaxackers t=
>, ops axe. Mubiiclluirs with Lhe exception
“Seat (Unicelular fungt)
ape om seas a woler, Adil, on
{i Moat
th. ipa county erin =placer . be
3 “They Trae _Yilamentows ie Axteuckure ,
Sh body. _tonkiats eae rl” ype em
o | “Tipo of sdughan
a) Bo nigh ai alt 0
Pepa | Conenp ae ea
te with —_mubltinucleateol cin, 1s Called
it ee oa n
nok hove crow wall. oo bahia. d ir
b) Septal an Pres howe: 01s. walls
|cabted Asptabe te a a
X| The nebworK of “hyphae. Ls Called ax Myaiun, Q= ont
“The au
Pah ta oe mo
1 Axe Arekeuobrophs .[ Le th
yaaa Bate iqauue Maker i a
Hence ae e Knewn ay Aaprophiptes”
Foe olepends on the Living. plant and |
edict aaa |
7 shal ko dives stv cfation with other |
IH. Beli theut fot aw
er
| Symbto
€ Mucossthizoe ives
ge Dttgecunblen. (3 in ded a
OH lant ,
2) ead ae eens arodation
| woth aria
5) Reps xocluction - fungi f can ees bi
Onrexut
“Keproduction sealed ay eet aot
DY Vigcrattve ie reprdluskion ~> Reprod nw
mentakion ‘4 isstor budelt
se pie pl fe
/Zo a.
98 a aplavaapoh Te Pavolws | (é) a
| be)
eT te! ih taal or! nan
| motile amet .
as s— Furkon fuso nuclot .
cet Mek t= Mefo nis Ocewr>. 4 oi
| ene oe wD eri ee
(
4 Sate feugl ¢— foetal are
Q me ye a ngi is divided into four classe
following characters:
ycelium
e Kingdom Fu
based on the
(i) Morphology of m
(ii) Mode of spore formation
(iii) Mode of sexual reproduction and
(iv) Nature of fruiting bodies
Class: Phycomycetes
The mycelium is coenocytic and aseptate,
Asexual reproduction is by zoospores 0
aplanospores.
Sexual reproduction may be isogamous,
anisogamous or oogamous and result in the
formation of oospore or zygospore.
A pee “ saprotrophs (e.g., Mucor an
parasites (e.g., Albugo) Class: Ascomycetes
"These are commonly called sac-fungi.
— They may be unicellular as In yeast
multicellular as in Penicillium.
Mycelium is branched and septate.
— Organisms are saprotrophic (decomposer;
or coprophilous) or parasitic.
Asexual reproduction is by conidia.
Sexual reproduction results in the formation of
fruiting bodies, called ascocarps, inside which
sac-like asci (singular: ascus) containing
ascospores are arranged; each ascospore on
. germination produces a new mycelium.
— Fungi of this class are economically useful.
e.g., Yeast, Penicillium, Morels (Morchella)
and Neurospora. . Class: Basidiomycetes
_ These are commonly called gill-fungi or
bracket-fungi.
— The mycelium is much branched, and the
hyphae are septate.
— Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation.
— No asexual spore formation has been reported.
— Sexual reproduction is by somatogamy and
there is a prolonged dikaryotic phase in the
life-cycle.
— Later karyogamy and meiosis occur in
each of the dikaryons and they become the
basidia. which are arranged into fruiting
bodies, called basidiocarps. Each basidium forms four basidiospores |
exogenously on its upper end.
~ Each basidiospore gives rise to a mycelium |
on germination.
e.g., Ustilago, Puccinia and Agaricus
Class: Deuteromycetes
~ These fungi are commonly called imperfect
fungi, because sexual reproduction is absent
or not known; once the perfect stages are
found, they are moved to Ascomycetes or
Basidiomycetes.
~ The mycelium is branched and septate.
~ They reproduce asexually by conidia.
e.g., Alternaria solani, Colletotrichum and
Trichoderma. Sporangia
Sporangiophore
Stoloniferous
hypha
Rhizoidal
hyphae
(a) Rhizopus basidiocarp
Vegetative
mycelium “K Veruses I
x fatony t- ~The ae Vaud Hhak mens
= poisonaus was qpfvers by
Poster, Ds Tvanow wae f
4
;
f
2 Tvanow Levin discovered Tobacco Mosaic,
Vasu
. ane ony nas) _Shewed that Vduaes
a a acs peer Ee
ee Vibuwres did nek tind vo place tn Llovsiftation
Ayskern Ss they not aay Aivang
ipeee Pea Lonneeking Link bekwen
non et Ay tad) “she Acme
Pee AiKe sowing J cle e Cherrackss
Are tronliving «
F Shuto t- Viurcs axe non Celular orqantimn
alee et chip obec
