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Chemistry Revision Booklet-Form 1&2

FOR REVISION

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

102 views189 pages

Chemistry Revision Booklet-Form 1&2

FOR REVISION

Uploaded by

neyole wanyonyi

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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FORM 1 & 2 CHEMISTRY TOPICAL REVISION JOURNAL

@FNdhine 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE
Introduction to Chemistry 3
Simple classification of substances 9
Acids, bases and indicators 31
Air and combustion 39
Water and hydrogen 61
Structure of the atom and the periodic table 74
Structure and bonding 123
Salts 136
Effect of an electric current on substances 161
Carbon and its compounds. 170

@FNdhine 2
FORM 1
TOPIC 1: Introduction to Chemistry
1. Wooden splints F and G were placed in different zones of a Bunsen burner flame. The diagram below gives the
observations that were made.

(a) Explain the difference between F and G [2 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name the type of flame that was used in the above experiment [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The diagrams below represent a list of apparatus which are commonly used in a chemistry
laboratory:-

(a) Give the correct order of the apparatus, using the letters only, to show the correct arrangement that can be used
to prepare and investigate the nature of PH of a sample of onion solution. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name one chemical substance and apparatus that is needed in this experiment. [1 mark]
………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. (a) When the air-hole is fully opened, the bunsen burner produces a non-luminous flame.Explain. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) Draw a well-labelled diagram of a non-luminous flame. [2 marks]

4. (a) What is a drug? [1 mark]

@FNdhine 3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(b) Give two drugs that are commonly abused by the youth. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The diagram below shows three methods for collecting gases in the laboratory

(a) Name the methods A and B. [2 marks]

A: ……………………………… B: …………………………………
(b) From the methods above, identify one that is suitable for collecting sulphur (IV) oxide.Explain
[2 marks]
6. A mixture of hexane and water was shaken and left to separate as shown in the diagram below:

State the identity of [2 marks]

(i) P ………………………………..…….. (ii) W ………………………………….….
7. The diagrams below are some common laboratory apparatus. Name each apparatus and state
its use

Diagram Name Use

[½ mark] [½ mark]

8. The diagram below shows some parts of a Bunsen burner

@FNdhine 4
Explain how the parts labelled T and U are suited to their functions. [2 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. The diagram below shows the appearance of two pieces of paper placed in different parts of a
non-luminous flame of a Bunsen burner and removed quickly before they caught fire.

(a) What do the experiments above show about the outer region of the flame? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) From the above experiment, which part of the flame is better to use for heating?Give a reason. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Explain why luminous flame is capable of giving out light and soot. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Below is an apparatus found in the school laboratory?

State the name of the apparatus and give its function. [2 marks]
Name………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Function………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Consider the diagram below;

@FNdhine 5
Name the regions labeled a, b, c. [3 marks]

a ……………………………………………………………………….

b ……………………………………………………………………….

c ……………………………………………………………………….

13. Two papers A and B were placed at different levels of a non-luminous flame. Paper A was placed on the
lowest part of the flame while B was placed at the tip.
a) Indicate below the observations made on each paper. [2 marks]

b) Explain the observations made on paper A. [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...,...

14. a)State two reasons why most apparatus in the laboratory are made of glass [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

b)(a)Name two apparatus used to measure accurate volumes of liquids in the laboratory [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

15. (a) State two differences between a luminous flame and a non-luminous flame [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 6
(b) It is advisable to set a Bunsen burner to a luminous flame prior to an experiment. Explain. [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. A wooden splint was slipped through a region of a particular flame in the laboratory and was
burnt as shown in the diagram below.

(a) Name the type of flame the splint was slipped through [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b)Explain why the splint was burnt the way is shown in the diagram. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Describe the non-luminous flame of a Bunsen burner and give a reason why it’s preferred when
heating substances in the laboratory. [3 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 7
18. The diagram below shows a Bunsen burner

Name the parts labelled A and B [2 marks]

A…………………………………… B……………………………………
19. a) Name the type of the Bunsen burner flame shown below.

Name ………………………………………………….. [1 mark]

b) Explain the formation of soot by luminous flame. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Volumes of liquids can be measured using a pipette; measuring cylinder or burette. Explain which one
would be best for measuring 19.9cm³ of liquid. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
21. Fill the empty spaces in the table below. [2 marks]

22.Give two reasons why a luminous flame is not used for heating purposes. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………
23.(b) One of the flames produced by Bunsen burner is the luminous flame
i) Explain why this flame is very bright [1 mark])
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) State two disadvantages of the luminous flame [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..

@FNdhine 8
TOPIC 2: Simple classification of substances
1.The diagram below shows the heating curve of a pure substance. Study it and answer the
questions that follow:

(a) What physical changes are taking place at points X and Z? [2 marks]
X:.............................................. Z:...........................................................
(b)Explain what happens to the melting point if sodium chloride is added to this substance. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2. The paper chromatography of a plant extract gave the following results:

Solvent Number of spots

X 6

Y 2

Z 3

(a) Which is the most suitable solvent for purifying the extract? Explain [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Ball pen cannot be used to mark the solvent front in the above chromatography. Explain [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Name the process which takes place when:
(a) Solid Carbon (Iv) Oxide (dry ice) changes directly into gas. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) A red litmus paper turns white when dropped into chlorine water. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Propene gas molecules are converted into a giant molecule. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 9
4. A sample of copper turnings was found to be contaminated with copper (II) oxide. Describe how a
sample of copper metal can be separated from the mixture. [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Copper (II) oxide and charcoal are black solids. How would you distinguish between the two
solids? [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. a) What is chromatography? [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Give two applications of chromatography. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The two elements P and R were separately burned in air, the products gave the results
recorded in the table below:

ELEMENTS PHYSICAL P SOLID R SOLID

STATE AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE

Physical states of products White solid powder only Colourless gases L

and M

Nature of solutions in water Basic L strongly acidic M

slightly acidic

(a) Suggest the identity of element R …………………………………………..…….. [1 mark]

(b) Describe how the nature of the solutions of the oxides were determined. [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 10
8. The diagram below represents a paper chromatography for the three brands of soft drinks
containing banned artificial food additives.

4... 6... 7....

1... 5...
2... 3...

A B C

BRANDS OF SOFT DRINKS

A and C found to contain the banned artificial food additives. Which numbers indicate the banned
artificial food additives? [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Substance Q has a melting point of 15oC and boiling point of 70oC.

(a) On the same axes, draw the melting point and boiling point graph for Q and the room
temperature [2 marks]

(b) State the physical state of substance Q at room temperature. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Cooking oils comprise of a mixture of compounds which have a boiling point range of
23oC to 27oC.
(i) What evidence is there to support the statement that cooking oil is a mixture? [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)Name another experimental technique that could be used to confirm your answer in part (i)
above. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 11
11. A form 1 student carried out the separation as shown in the set-up below:-

(i) Identify the method above............................................................................. [1 mark]

(ii) Give one of its disadvantages. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Name a mixture which can be separated by the set-up above. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. What is meant by melting point and boiling point of a substance? [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. The apparatus below were used by a student to study the effect of heat on hydrated
copper II sulphate

(a) What is the role of the ice cold water? [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name liquid P ………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

(c) What observation was made in the boiling tube ? [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 12
14. The diagram below shows chromatograms of blood samples obtained from three athletes.One
athlete used illegal drugs to improve performance in competition.

(a) Name the line marked M …………………………………………………. [1 mark]

(b)Identify the athlete who used illegal drug ……………... …………………. [1 mark]
15.Classify the following processes as chemical changes or physical changes [2 marks]
Process physical or chemical
Neutralization ………………………………………
Sublimation ………………………………………
Fractional distillation ………………………………………..
Displacement reaction …………………………………………
16. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions. A mixture
contains ethene, Hydrogen and ammonia gases. Explain how a sample of hydrogen gas
can be obtained from this mixture. [3 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. State two criteria for determining the purity of a substance. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 13
18. a)i) The diagram below shows spots of a pure substance A, B, and C on a chromatography paper.
Spot D is that of a mixture.

After development A, B, and C were found to have moved 8cm, 3cm and 6cm respectively. D had
separated into two spots which had moved 6cm and 8cm
On the diagram above;
I. Label the baseline (origin). [1 mark]
II. Show the positions of all the spots after development. [2.5 marks]
ii) Identify the substances present in mixture D. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Describe how solid ammonium chloride can be separated from a solid mixture of ammonium chloride and
anhydrous calcium chloride. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) The table below shows liquids that are miscible and those that are immiscible

Liquid L3 L4

L1 Miscible Miscible

L2 Miscible Immiscible

Use the information given in the table to answer the questions that follow;
i) Name the method that can be used to separate L1 and L2 from a mixture of the two. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Describe how a mixture of L2 and L4 can be separated. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

@FNdhine 14
19. A student left some crushed fruit mixture with water for some days. He found the mixture had
fermented. He concluded that the mixture was contaminated with water and ethanol with boiling points of
100oC and 78oC respectively. The set-up below is used to separate the mixture.

i) Name the piece of apparatus labelled W…………………………………….. [1 mark]

ii) What is the purpose of the thermometer in the set-up? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) At which end of the apparatus W should tap water be connected?……………… [1 mark]
(iv) Which liquid was collected as the first distillate? Explain [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(v) What is the name given to the above method of separating mixtures? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(vi) State two applications of the above method of separating mixtures. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(vi) What properties of the mixture makes it possible for the component to be separated by the
above methods? [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. The set-up below was used to separate a mixture:-

(a) Name the apparatus missing in the set-up……………………………………………[1 mark]

(b) Give one example of mixture T. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 15
(c) What is the name of this method of separation? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
21. a) The diagram below shows a set – up used by a student to find out what happens when Copper (II) sulphate
crystals are heated.

i) State the observations made when the blue copper (II) sulphate crystals are heated.[2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

ii)Identify liquid Y and write an equation for its formation. [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Pellets of sodium hydrogen carbonate and copper (II) sulphate were put in separate petri dishes and left in the open
for two hours. Explain the observations in each petri dish. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

22. The chromatography below shows the constituents of a flower extract using an organic
solvent.

a) (i) Name a possible organic solvent you can use for this experiment. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) State one property that makes the red pigment move the furthest distance from M. [1
mark]………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 16
(iii) Describe how one could get a sample of yellow pigment. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) On the diagram indicate solvent front . [1 mark]
(b) Describe how Aluminium chloride can be separated from a mixture of aluminium chloride and
sodium chloride. [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
23. Study the information below and answer the questions that follow:

Solid Cold water Hot water

R Soluble Soluble

V Insoluble Insoluble

S Insoluble Insoluble

Describe how the mixture of solids R, S, and V can be separated. [3 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
24. Given a mixture of lead (II) oxide, ammonium chloride and sodium chloride, describe how this
mixture can be separated to obtain a sample of each [3 marks]

@FNdhine 17
25. The setup below was used to separate two miscible liquids Q and T
(Boiling points; Q =98° C, T=78°C)

(a) Identify the mistakes in the setup above. [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(b)Identify Distillate X. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………
26. The following diagram shows a paper chromatogram of substances A, B, C, and D which are
coloured

(a) Indicate the solvent front on the chromatogram. [1 mark]

(b) Which substance is pure? ……………………………………….. [1 mark]
(c) Substance E is a mixture of C and D. Indicate its chromatogram in the diagram. [1 mark]
27 . Study the information below and answer the following questions. A mixture contains three solids A,
B, and C. The solubility of these solids in different liquids is as shown below:-

Solid Water Alcohol Ether

A Soluble Insoluble Insoluble

B Insoluble Soluble Very soluble

C Soluble Soluble Insoluble

@FNdhine 18
Explain how you will obtain sample C from the mixture. [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
28. State and explain the observations made when iodine crystals are heated in a boiling tube? [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
29. The curves below were obtained by a student after heating two solid substances.

Which curve represents an impure substance? Explain. [2 marks]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
30. Describe how you can use hydrated cobalt (II) chloride to demonstrate characteristics of temporary
chemical change in the laboratory [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
31. The set up below illustrates a technique for separating mixtures.

i) What method of separation is illustrated above? [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) State the possible nature of mixture M. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Name one application of the above method of separation. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 19
32 (a) The curves below represent the variation of temperature with time when pure and
impure samples of a solid were heated separately.

(i) (a)Which curve shows the variation in temperature for the pure solid? Explain. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State the effect of impurities on the melting and boiling points of a pure substance.
I. Melting points [1 / 2 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
II. Boiling points [1 / 2 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b)The diagram below shows the relationship between the physical states of matter.

i) Identify the processes B and D. [2 marks]

B………………………………………………
D…………………………………………….
ii) Name process A [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) State two substances in chemistry that undergo the process A [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
iv) Is the process E exothermic or endothermic? Explain [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

@FNdhine 20
33. The diagram below shows spots of pure substances A, B and D on a chromatography paper.
Spot C is that of the mixture.

a) On the diagram show the following

i) Baseline [½ mark]
ii) Solvent front [½ mark]
b) Which substances are present in C [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
34. Name two apparatuses that can be used for determining mass in a laboratory [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
35. Describe an experiment that can be used to determine whether a given sample of a liquid is pure [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
36. Paper chromatography is a method of separating colours or dyes.
What two properties should the components of a mixture have that would make the separation possible.
[2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………
37. The table below gives some properties of gases D and E;

(a) Describe how one would obtain a sample of gas E from a mixture of gases D and E [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
(b) Suggest a possible identity of gas D [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 21
38. (i) The diagram below represents a paper chromatogram of pure W, X and Y. A mixture K contains W
and Y only. Indicate on the diagram the chromatogram of K. [2 marks]

(ii) Show the solvent front. [1 mark]

39. During the Olympics, urine samples of five short distance runners were taken and tested for the presence of
two illegal steroids by paper chromatography. Methanol was used as the solvent. A chromatogram from the test
appeared as shown below. Study the chromatogram and answer questions that follow.

a) Which of the two steroids is most likely to be more soluble in methanol? Give a reason. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Identify the athletes that tested positive for the illegal steroids. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
40. Gas X is highly soluble in water. Gas Y is completely insoluble in water. Describe how you would obtain a
sample of gas Y from a mixture of gases X,Y and water vapour. [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
41. (a) What is the role of the following parts during fractional distillation of a mixture of water and ethanol
(i) Fractionating column [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………

@FNdhine 22
(ii) Glass beads in the fractionating column [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) State any one application of fractional distillation process [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

42. Name the process which takes place when:

(i) Iodine changes directly from solid to gas [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Fe2+(aq) changes to Fe3+(aq) [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(iii) White sugar changes to black solid when mixed with excess concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
43. A piece of chromatogram is represented in the diagram below. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 represent different inks.

(i) Which number (s) represents the ink which contains only one pigment? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) What numbers represent two inks that contain the same pigments? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

@FNdhine 23
44. a) i) A student found a colorless liquid in the laboratory which he suspected to be water. Describe a
chemical test he could have performed to confirm that the liquid was water. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
ii) What other test could he have done to prove that the liquid is pure water? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
45. In temperate countries, salt is sprayed on roads to defrost and clear roads but the long term effect on
this practice is costly to motorists.
(a) Explain the role of salt in defrosting the ice. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Explain why the long term effect is costly to motorists. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
46. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. A mixture contains
three solids; aluminium sulphate sugar, and camphor. The solubility of these solids in different liquids is
shown in the table below.

Explain how you would obtain a solid sample of sugar from the mixture. [3 marks]
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
47. State and explain the change in mass that occurs when the following substances are separately heated in
open crumbles. [3 marks]

i) Copper metal
...................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
ii) Copper (II) Nitrate
...................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
iii) Anhydrous copper (II) sulphate

@FNdhine 24
48. In an experiment to separate a mixture of two liquids A and B, a student set up the apparatus as shown
below.

a) Name the apparatus [1 mark] ................................................................................

b) Which liquid is denser [1 mark] ........................................................................

c) Which other method can be used to separate the two liquids. [1 mark]
.................................................................................................................................................................
49. A, B, C, D are dyes present in a mixture C that is more soluble than B, A is more soluble than C and is
the least soluble in a given solvent. Draw around-paper chromatogram showing how they would appear
when separated using the solvent. [2 marks]

50. The chromatogram of two inks and three dyes is drawn below.

(a) Name the colours of ink A [1 mark]………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 25
(b) Suggest how separated components can be recovered [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) Suggest two reasons why separations occur in this method [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

51.

(i) Name X and Y [1 mark] X……………………………. Y………………………………………………

(ii) What is the purpose of apparatus X? [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(iii) Show the direction of flow of cold water used for cooling the vapour formed. [½ Mark]

(iv) What name is given to the above method of separating mixtures? [½ Mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

52. Study the diagram shown below to answer the questions that follow. The curve shows the heating curve of
water in the laboratory.

(i) At what temperature does the water boil? [1 mark] …………………………………………………

@FNdhine 26
(ii) Is the curve for a pure water or impure water? Give a reason for your answer [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Give the effect of impurities on the boiling point of water [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
53. When pure water is heated at 1 atmospheric pressure at sea level, the temperature of the water does not
rise beyond 100oC even with continued heating. Explain this observation. [2 marks]
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................

54. .A liquid X is added dropwise to 20cm 3 of Urea fertilizer (NH2)2 CO solution. The pH value is noted after
the addition of every 10 drops and a graph of pH against the number of drops is drawn as shown below.

(a) From the evidence on the graph, state the nature of liquid X added and explain your deduction. [2 marks]
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) The table below shows the solution and their pH value.

Select two solutions that would react with zinc hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide. Explain. [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................

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55. The table below shows the pH values of solutions A to E.
(a) What is meant by the term pH? [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Which of the solutions contains the largest number for hydroxide ions? [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) What will the pH value of the mixture of D and E? [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................
56. (a) State role of the following parts during fractional distillation of a mixture of water and ethanol.
(i) Fractionating column [1 mark]
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Glass beads in the fractionating column. [1 mark]
.........................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
(b) State any two applications of the fractional distillation process. [2 marks]
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
57. The chromatogram of two inks and three dyes is drawn below.

(a) Name the colours of ink A. [1 mark]

.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Suggest how separated components can be recovered. [1 mark]
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
(c) Suggest two reasons why separations occur in this method. [1 mark]
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................

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58. A chromatogram of three dyes and three inks is shown below. Study it and answer questions that
follows

(i) Identify dyes present in ink 3 [1 mark]

(b) Using propanone describe how you can separate a mixture containing iodine crystals and common
salt [2 ½ marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………
…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………
60. Pentane and ethanol are miscible. Describe how water can be used to separate a mixture of pentane
and ethanol. [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..........
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..........
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..........

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61. The diagram below represents an incomplete paper chromatogram of pure dyes x, y, z and mixture w.

Mixture w contains dyes y and z only. Complete the chromatogram to show how mixture w separates [2
marks)]
62. Define the term melting point of a substance.[1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..........……
………………………………………………………………………………………………..........…………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..................................

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TOPIC 3: Acids, bases and indicators
1. The table below shows solutions A, B and C are tested and observations records as shown:

Solution Observations on indicator

A Methyl orange turns yellow

B Phenolphthalein turns colourless

C Litmus turns purple

(a) Using the table above, name an acid. [1 mark]…………………………………………………………………….

(b) How does the pH value of 1M potassium hydroxide solution compare with that of 1M aqueous ammonia? Explain. [2
marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….........……………
……………………………………………………………………………………….................................................
2. The information below gives PH values of solutions V, W, X, Y Z

Solution V W X Y Z

PH values 2.0 6.5 11.0 14.0 4.5

(a) Which solution is likely to be:
(i) Calcium hydroxide? ……………………………………………… [1 mark]
(ii) Rain water? ……………………………………………………… [1 mark]
(b) Which solution would react most vigorously with Zinc carbonate. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3.Complete the table below to show the colour of the given indicator in acidic and basic solutions. [1
mark]

Indicator Colour in

Methyl Orange Acidic Solution Basic Solution

Yellow

Phenolphthalein Colourless

@FNdhine 31
4. Use the information given below to answer the questions that follow:

Solution G H I J K

pH value 1.5 6.5 13.0 7.0 8.0

(a) Which of the solutions would be used to relieve a stomach upset caused by indigestion? [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………........................
(b) Which solution is likely to be:
(i) Dilute sulphuric acid? [1 mark]…………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution?[1 mark]…………………………………………………………….
5. Solid copper (II) oxide is a base although it does not turn litmus paper to blue. Explain [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Below are the pH values of 4 types of medicine represented by letters P, Q, R and S.

Solution P Q R S

pH value 7.0 5.0 8.0 6.0

a) It is not advisable to use S when a patient has indigestion .Explain. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) What is the role of chemistry in drug manufacture. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………......
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Explain why very little Carbon (IV) oxide gas is evolved when dilute sulphuric (VI) acid is added to lead (II)
carbonate. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………......………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………….
8 . State one commercial use of Calcium Oxide. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………......………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………….
9. The following data gives the pH values of some solutions.

Solution P Q R

pH value 14.0 6.8 2.2

@FNdhine 32
(a) What colour change would occur in solution P on addition of two drops of
phenolphthalein indicator? [1 mark]………………………….. ………………………
(b) State the pH value of a resulting solution when equal moles of solution P and R react.[1 mark]
………………………………………………………………..……………………………….………………………
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
10. In an experiment, ammonia gas was prepared by heating ammonium salt with an alkali. After drying, ammonia gas
was collected at room temperature and pressure.
(a) What is meant by the term alkali? [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………………………
………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain using physical properties of the gas why ammonia is not collected by downward delivery. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
11. The table shows the colours obtained when some indicators are added to solutions:-

Solution Blue litmus paper Indicator W

Distilled water ………………….. Colourless

Calcium hydroxide Blue Pink

Nitric acid ………………………… Colourless

(a) Complete the table by filling in the missing colours. [1 mark]

(b) Identify indicator W ……………………………………………….. [1 mark]
12. (a) Flower extracts can be used as Acid-base indicators. Give two limitations of such indicators. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
(b) The diagram below shows spots of pure substances W, X, and Y on a chromatography paper. Spot Z is that of a
mixture.

@FNdhine 33
After development W, X, and Y were found to have moved 4.5cm, 2cm and 3.5cm respectively. Z has
separated into two spots which have moved 3.5cm and 4.5cm:-
On the diagram:-
I. Label the baseline and solvent front. [2 marks]
II. Show the position of all the spots after development. [2.5 marks]
III. Identify the substances present in mixture Z. [1 mark]
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
13. A beekeeper found that when stung by a bee, application of a little solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate helped to
relieve the irritation of the affected area. Explain. [2 marks]
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
14. 10g of sodium hydrogen carbonate were dissolved in 20cm3 of water in a boiling tube. Lemon
juice was then added dropwise with shaking until there was no further change.
(a) Explain the observation which was made in the boiling tube when the reaction was in progress.
[2 marks]
………………………………………..……………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………..……………………………………………
………………………………………………………..…………………………………………....
(b) What observations would be made if the lemon juice had been added to copper turnings in a
boiling tube? [1 mark]
………………………………………………………..……………………………………………
………………………………………………………..…………………………………………....
15. (a) Complete the table below to show the colour of the given indicator in acidic and basic
solutions: [2 marks]

@FNdhine 34
Indicator Colour in acidic solution Basic solution

Methyl orange Pink

Phenolphthalein Pink

16. Solutions can be classified as acids, bases or neutral. The table below shows solutions and their pH
values:-

Solutions PH VALUES

K 1.5
L 7.0
M 14.0

(i) Select any pair that would react to form a solution of pH 7. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………..…………………………………………....
(ii) Identify two solutions that would react with aluminium hydroxide. Explain. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………..…………………………………………...
………………………………………………………..…………………………………………....
17. a) Describe briefly how you can prepare an acid – base indicator from coloured hibiscus
flowers. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………
b) State and explain the observation that you would expect when lemon juice is added into a
test tube containing copper turnings. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. The table below shows pH values of solutions A, B, C and D.

a) Give solution that is;

i) Acidic [1 mark]……………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Weak base [1 mark]………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Neutral [1 mark]…………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 35
b) Give the product formed when solution A react with a carbonate salt [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. The table below shows pH values of solutions A to E;

Identify the solution that:

(a) Contains the largest concentration of hydroxyl ions? (1mk) …………………………………………….
(b) Contains the largest concentration of hydrogen ions (1mk) ……………………………………………..
(c) is likely to be a solution of sodium chloride (1mk) ……………………………………………………….
20. i) A beekeeper used to apply little sodium hydrogen carbonate to relieve pain when stung by bees. Explain[2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
ii) why would it not be advisable to use sodium hydroxide instead of sodium hydrogen carbonate. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
21. The table below shows PH values of some solutions

(a) What solution reacts vigorously with Magnesium metal? [1 mark]……………………………………...

(b) Which solution is likely to be that of Lemon juice? [1 mark]……………………………………...

22. Given below are pH values of different solutions P, Q and S. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

a) Which two solutions would react together to give a pH of 7.0 [1 mark] ………………………………

b) Which solution can be considered to be an oxide of hydrogen. [1 mark] ……………………………...

@FNdhine 36
23. Below are PH values of some solutions

(i) Which solution is likely to

I Acid rain ________________________________________________ [½ mark]

II Potassium hydroxide ________________________________________ [½ mark]

(ii) A basic substance V reacted with both solutions Y and X. What is the nature of V.(1mk)
___________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Name two substances that show these characteristics in question (ii) above. [1 mark]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

24. Solutions can be classified as acids, bases or neutral. The table below shows solutions and their pH values

(a) Select any pair that would react to form a solution of pH 7 [1 mark] ……………………………………..
(b) Identify two solutions that would react with aluminium hydroxide. Explain [2 marks] ……………………
25.The table below shows solutions and their PH values.

Select two solutions that would react with zinc hydroxide. Explain your answer [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………….
26.Five solutions A, B, C and D were tested to find their pH values. The results obtained were
recorded as below.

@FNdhine 37
(a) Name the reagent used to measure the pH and describe how it is carried out [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(b) Identify the solution which when warmed with ammonium chloride produces ammonia gas.
[ 1⁄2 mark] ...................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 38
TOPIC 4: Air and combustion
1. The set-up below was used to prepare a sample of oxygen gas. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

(i) Complete the diagram to show how dry oxygen can be collected. [2 marks]
(ii) Write a chemical equation of the reaction to produce oxygen. [1 mark]
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
2. Air was passed through several reagents as shown below:

(a) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in the chamber containing magnesium powder. [1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Name one gas which escapes from the chamber containing magnesium powder. Give a reason for your
answer. [2 marks].................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
3. (a) What is rust? [1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Give two methods that can be used to prevent rusting. [1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
(c) Name two substances which speeds up the rusting process. [2 marks]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 39
4. 3.0g of clean magnesium ribbon and 8.0g of clean copper metal were burnt separately in equal volume of air and both
metals reacted completely with air;
a) State and explain where there was greater change in volume of air. (Mg =24 Cu = 64) [2 marks]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
b) Write an equation for the reaction between dilute sulphuric acid and the product of burnt copper. [1 mark]
...............................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Oxygen is obtained on a large scale by the fractional distillation of air as shown on the flowchart
below. :

a) Identify the substance that is removed at the filtration stage. [1 mark].......................................

b) Explain why Carbon (IV) oxide and water are removed before liquefaction of air. [1 mark]
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
c) Identify the component that is collected at -186°C. [1 mark]..................................................
6. The set-up below was used to study some properties of air.

State and explain two observations that would be made at the end of the experiment. [2 marks]
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 40
7. A form two student in an attempt to stop rusting put copper and Zinc in contact with iron as shown:-

(a) State whether rusting occurred after one week if the set-ups were left out. [1 mark]

(b) Explain your answer in (a) above. [1 mark]

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
8. In an experiment, a piece of magnesium ribbon was cleaned with steel wool. 2.4g of
the clean magnesium ribbon was placed in a crucible and completely burnt in oxygen.
After cooling the product weighed 4.0g.
a) Explain why it is necessary to clean magnesium ribbon. [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
b) What observation was made in the crucible after burning magnesium ribbon?[1 mark]

d) Write an equation for the major chemical reaction which took place in the crucible. [1 mark]

...................................................................................................................................
e) The product in the crucible was shaken with water and filtered. State and explain the observation which
was made when red and blue litmus paper were dropped into the filtrate. [2 marks]

@FNdhine 41
9. In an experiment a gas jar containing some damp iron fillings was inverted in a water trough containing
some water as shown in the diagram below. The set-up was left un-disturbed for three
days. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Why were the iron filings moistened? [1 mark]

...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
b) State and explain the observation made after three days. [2 marks]

(e) State two uses of oxygen. [2 marks]

@FNdhine 42
10. The set-up below was used to collect gas F produced by the reaction between sodium peroxide and water

(i) Name gas F…………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

(ii) At the end of the experiment, the solution in the round bottomed flask was found to be a strong base.
Explain why this was so. [2 marks]
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Which property of gas F makes it possible to be collected by the method used in the set-up? [1
mark].....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
(iv) Give one industrial use of gas F. [1 mark]

...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
11. The set-up below was used to investigate properties of the components of air:

(i)
State two observations made during the experiment. [2 marks]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write two chemical equations for the reactions which occurred. [2 marks]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 43
(iii) The experiment was repeated using burning magnesium in place of phosphorus. There was a greater rise of water
than in the first case. Explain this observation. [2 marks]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) After the two experiments, the water in each trough was tested using blue and red litmus papers. State and
explain the observations of each case.
(a) Phosphorus experiment. [1 mark]
......................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) magnesium experiment. [1 mark]
......................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(v) Briefly explain how a sample of nitrogen gas can be isolated from air in the laboratory. [1 mark]
......................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
12. (a) A group of students burnt a piece of Mg ribbon in the air and its ash collected in a petri dish. The
ash was found to comprise of magnesium oxide and magnesium nitride
(i) Write an equation for the reaction leading to formation of the magnesium nitride. [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) A little water was added to the products in the petri dish. State and explain the observation made. [2
marks]........................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) A piece of blue litmus paper was dipped into the solution formed in (ii) above. State the
observation made. [1 mark]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
13. A form one class carried out an experiment to determine the active part of air. The diagram
below shows the set-up of the experiment and also the observation made.

@FNdhine 44
(a) (i) Identify substance M .................................................................................. [1 mark]
(ii) State two reasons for the suitability of substance M for this experiment. [1 mark]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(b) Write the equation for the reaction of substance M and the active part of air. [1 mark]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(c) (i) Using the letters Y and X write an expression for the percentage of the active part of air. [1 mark]

(ii) The expression in (c)(i) above gives lower value than the expected. Explain. [1 mark]
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(d) (i) Explain the observation made when litmus paper is dipped into the beaker at the end of the experiment. [1
mark]...................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Name the active part of air ............................................................................................ [1 mark]
(iii) Suggest another method that can be used to determine the active part of air. [1 mark]
14. A piece of phosphorus was burnt in excess air. The product obtained was shaken with a small amount of
hot water to make a solution.
i) Write an equation for the burning of phosphorus in excess air. [1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................................................
ii) The solution obtained in (b) above was found to have pH of 2. Give reasons for this observation. [1
mark].................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
15. Study the set-up below and answer the questions that follow:-

(a) State two observations that would be made after one week. Explain. [2 marks]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 45
(b) Write the equation of the reaction taking place in the test-tube. [1 mark]

...................................................................................................................................................................................

16. Fe3O4 and FeO are oxides of iron which can be produced in the laboratory.
(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction which can be used to produce each of the oxides. [1 mark]
..............................................................................................................................................................
(b) Wire an ionic equation for the reaction between the oxide, Fe3O4 and a dilute acid. [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................
17. Below is a list of oxides.
MgO, N2O, K2O, CaO and Al 2O3
Select:-
a) A neutral oxide……………………………….. [1 mark]
b) A highly water soluble basic oxide……………………………… [1 mark]
c) An oxide which can react with both sodium hydroxide solution and dilute hydrochloric acid.
………………………………………………………………………………. [1 mark]
18. The diagram below shows students set-up for the preparation and collection of oxygen gas X

(a) Name substance X used……………………………………………….. [1 mark]

(b) Write an equation to show the reaction of sodium peroxide with the substance named in 1(a). [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................
19.The diagram below represents a set-up that was used to show that part of air is used during burning.

State two sources of errors in this experiment . [2 marks]

@FNdhine 46
20. A form one student prepared the set up below during a chemistry lesson, study it and answer the questions
that follow;

a) State the main objective of the study for which the set up was made. [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
b) In a similar experiment, dilute sodium hydroxide solution was used instead of water, explaining the
difference in the observation made. [2 marks]
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
21.Metallic sheet roofs of buildings in industrial towns undergo rusting much faster than those in rural areas.
Explain. [2 marks]
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
22. Air was passed through several reagents as shown below;

(a) Name the main inactive component of air [1 mark] ………………………………………………………

(b) Name the components of air that are removed in the following chambers [3 marks]
I. Chamber 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
II. Chamber 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
III. Chamber 4……………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 47
c) What is the purpose of passing air through concentrated sulphuric (IV) acid. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Write a chemical equation for the reaction which takes place in :-
I. chamber 1 [1 mark]…………………………………………………………………………………………….
II. Chamber 4 [1 mark]……………………………………………………………………………………………
e) State and explain the observation made in chamber 3 during reaction [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
f) Name one gas which escapes from the scheme above [1 mark]……………………………………………….

23. In an experiment a gas jar containing some damp iron fillings was inverted in a trough containing some
water and the set up was left for 3 days.

a) Why was iron fillings moistened [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
b) State and explain observation made after 3 days [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
24.Air is usually one of the substances that is considered as a mixture
(i) Identify the two most abundant component of air [2 marks]…………………………………………………
(ii) Give two reasons why the air is considered as a mixture [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) One of the components of air is carbon (IV) oxide. Describe an experiment that can be used to prove the
presence of carbon (IV) oxide in the air [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 48
25. Rusting is a process that causes massive destruction of iron structures

[a] State one condition that accelerates rusting [1mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[b] State one advantage of rusting [1mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
26. Gas X and Y can be collected as shown below;

[a] Name the method used to collect gas Y [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

[b] How do densities of gas X and gas Y compare? [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[c] Give an example of a gas that can be collected using the same method as gas Y [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

27.Some moist iron wool was placed in a test tube and the tube was inverted and set up as shown below;

The apparatus was left for one week. The water level rose and iron wool turned red-brown.

(i) Write the chemical equation to show the rusting of iron. [1 mark]
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write the expression for an approximate percentage. [1 mark]

@FNdhine 49
(iii) State two similarities between rusting and combustion.[2 marks]
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................

28. The diagrams below represent two iron nails with some parts wrapped tightly with zinc strips, respectively.

What observations would be made at the exposed points A and B if the wrapped nails are left in the open for
several months? Explain.
Observation at A [ ½ mark]
………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………..
Explanation: [ ½ mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….......………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Observation at B.[ ½ mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….......………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Explanation: [ ½ mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….......………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

29. Sulphur (IV) oxide and nitrogen (IV) oxide react as shown in the equation below.

(i) Using oxidation numbers of either sulphur or nitrogen show that this is a redox reaction. [2 marks]
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

(ii) Identify the reducing agent. [1 mark]

________________________________________________________________________________________

30. Iron roofing sheets are coated with zinc as sacrificial metal;
(i) What is meant by the term ‘sacrificial’? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

@FNdhine 50
(ii) Give the name given to the process by which iron sheets are coated with zinc. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Zinc is higher than iron in the reactivity series yet it does not corrode as fast as iron. Explain [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

31. The diagram below represents parts of a set up for preparing and collecting a dry sample of oxygen gas.

a) Complete the diagram. [1 mark]

b) Write the equation for the reaction in tube 1. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

c) State ONE commercial use of the oxygen gas. [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
32. The diagram below represents an arrangement for preparing and collecting dry hydrogen. Study it
and answer the questions that follow.

a) Write the equation for the reaction that produces hydrogen gas. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
b) Name the suitable substance that liquid K is likely to be. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) Explain why it is not advisable to use nitric (v) acid as an alternative to hydrochloric acid in the
preparation experiment. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

@FNdhine 51
33. (a) Oxygen gas is prepared in the laboratory through the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide.
(i) Define a catalyst. [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Name the catalyst used in this reaction. [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Explain how the named catalyst affects the rate of reaction. [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs. [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
b).Oxygen gas was passed over heated copper metal.
(i) State the observation [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State any two uses of oxygen gas. [2 marks]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
34.Name a gas used together with Oxygen in welding. [1 mark] ………………………………………………...
35. The diagram below represents two iron nails with some parts wrapped tightly with zinc and copper stripes
respectively.

State the observations that would be made at the exposed points A and B if the wrapped nails are left in the
open for several months. Explain [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 52
36. A student set-up the apparatus below in order to determine the percentage by volume of oxygen in air.

a) Why did water rise when the reaction had stopped? [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) The student wrote the expression for the percentage by volume of oxygen in air as .

Why was the volume of oxygen calculated using the above expression incorrect? [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
c) What should have been done after the reaction had stopped in order to get a correct volume. [1 mark]
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
37. Study the reaction scheme below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the substances labelled:

i) Substance U [1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) Solution V. [1 mark] …………………………………………………………..………………………………..

@FNdhine 53
b) Name the reagents necessary for the reactions in the following steps. [4 marks]

i) Step 1 …………………………………………………………………..……………………………………
ii) Step 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
iii) Step 3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
iv) Step 6………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) Give the condition necessary for the reaction in step 5 to take place. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
d) Write equations for the reactions in the following steps [3 marks]
i) Step 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
ii) Step 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
iii) Step 5………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
e) State and explain the observation made in step 5. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
38. Some moist iron wool was placed in a test tube and the tube was inverted and set up as shown below.

The apparatus was left for one week. The water level rose and iron wool turned brown.
(a) Write the chemical equation to show the rusting of iron. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Write the expression for an approximate percentage of air used in the rusting of iron. [1 mark]

(c) State two similarities between rusting and combustion. [2 marks]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

@FNdhine 54
39. The diagram below represents a set up that can be used to prepare and collect oxygen gas.

a) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________________________
b) What property of oxygen makes it possible for its collection as indicated in the diagram. [1 mark]
____________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Explain why it is important not to collect any gas for the first few seconds of the experiment. [1 mark]
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
40. Oxygen gas can be prepared in the laboratory by heating potassium nitrate.
(a) Write the equation of reaction to show the decomposition of potassium nitrate [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State two physical properties of oxygen gas [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Outline one industrial use of oxygen gas [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

41. A form one student set-up the following apparatus to investigate the percentage of oxygen in air.

@FNdhine 55
(a) (i) Why is sodium hydroxide preferred to water in the above experiment? [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Write an equation to show how the percentage of oxygen can be calculated [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
42. The diagram below shows the arrangement used in the laboratory during preparation of oxygen gas.

(i) Name the substance labeled W. [1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………

(ii) Write an equation showing the preparation of oxygen in the above arrangement. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Name two solids which may be heated to obtain oxygen gas. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
43. Fractional distillation of liquid air usually produces Nitrogen and Oxygen as the major products.
(i) Name one substance used to remove carbon (IV) Oxide from air before it is changed into liquid. [1 mark]
.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Describe how nitrogen is obtained from liquid air. (Boiling point of Nitrogen = -1960C, Oxygen = -1830C)
[3 marks]
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
44. The flow diagram below shows the process of obtaining nitrogen by fractional distillation. Use it to answer
the following questions.

@FNdhine 56
(a) What is the purpose of the processes P and Q. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Identify the reagents used in processes P and Q [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(c) Write equations for the chemical processes in P and Q [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) Give four uses of oxygen [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(e) Give an impurity that could be found in the nitrogen gas obtained above. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
45. A form two student in an attempt to prevent rusting, put copper and zinc in contact with iron as shown

(i) State what would happen in set up X and Y after one week. [2 marks]
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain your answer in diagram Y. [1 mark]

___________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

46. A piece of phosphorus was burnt in excess air. The product obtained was shaken with a small amount of hot
water to make a solution.
(i) Write an equation for the burning of phosphorus in excess air. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 57
(ii) The solution obtained in (i) above was found to have a pH of 2.0. Give reasons for this observation [2
marks].........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

47. Air was passed through several reagents as shown in the flowchart below.

(a) Name the major components of air. [2 marks] ………………………………………………………….

(b) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in the chamber with:
(i) Concentrated sodium hydroxide. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Excess heated copper turnings. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Excess heated magnesium powder. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Name one gas which escapes from the chamber containing magnesium powder. Give a reason for
your answer. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Name the substance that was eliminated by electrostatic precipitation. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(e) Name a reagent that can be used in place of concentrated sodium hydroxide.[1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

@FNdhine 58
(f) Name substance C. [1 mark] …………………………………………………………………………...
(g) State three uses of gas C. [3 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
48.(a)Mixture of magnesium powder and zinc (II) oxide will react vigorously when heated but no
reaction occurs when a mixture of magnesium oxide and zinc powder is heated

(i) Explain the observations made [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Write the equation for the reaction between magnesium and zinc (II) oxide [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………

(iii) From the reaction above identify the oxidizing agent [1 mark]…………………………………………………

49. When air is bubbled through pure water (PH=7) the PH drops to 6.0. Explain. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..........……………
……………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………..

50. a) The diagram below shows a setup that was used to prepare oxygen gas and passing it over a burning
candle. The experiment was allowed to run for some time.

i) Name liquid X [1 mark]…………………………………………………………………………………………...

ii) Suggest the pH of the solution in conical flask K. Explain [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..........……………
……………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………..
iii) Write an equation for the reaction taking place in the conical flask M. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………….

@FNdhine 59
51.The set up of the diagram shown below is used to prepare dry nitrogen gas from air. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.

(a) What is the purpose of using.

(i) A burning candle. [½ mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution. [½ mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Name:
(i) One impurity present in nitrogen gas prepared. [½ mark]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) A suitable drying agent used. [½ mark]
_________________________________________________________________________________________

(c) Give two uses of nitrogen gas. [1 mark]

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

@FNdhine 60
TOPIC 5: Water and hydrogen
1. (a) Hydrogen can reduce copper oxide but not aluminium oxide. Explain. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
....………………………………………………………………………………………………….
..………………………..………………………………………………………………………….
(b) When water reacts with potassium metal the hydrogen produced ignites explosively on the surface
of water.
(i) What causes this ignition? [1 mark]
....…………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………
………..…………………………………………………………………………………………...………………..
(ii) Write an equation to show how this ignition occurs. [1 mark]
………..…………………………………………………………………………………………...………………..
2. In an experiment, dry hydrogen gas was passed over hot copper (II) oxide in a combustion tube as
shown in the diagram below:-

(a) Complete the diagram to show how the other product, substance R could be collected in the
laboratory. [2 marks]
(b) Describe how copper could be obtained from the mixture containing copper (II) oxide. [2 marks]
....………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.………………………..…………………………………………………………………………
………………...………………..………………………………………………………………....
3. The setup below was used to investigate the reaction between metals and water.

@FNdhine 61
(a) Identify solid X and state its purpose. [2 marks]
Solid X ………………..………………………………………………………………………………………
Purpose ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that produces the flame. [1 mark]
………………...………………..………………………………………………………………....
4. Gas P was passed over heated magnesium ribbon and hydrogen gas was collected as shown in the
diagram below:

(i) Name gas P ............................................................................................................. [1 mark]

(ii) Write an equation of the reaction that takes place in the combustion tube. [1 mark]
………………...………………..………………………………………………………………....
(iii) State one precaution necessary at the end of this experiment. [1 mark]
………………...………………..………………………………………………………………....
5. When hydrogen is burnt and the product cooled, the following results are obtained as shown in the
diagram below:

(a) Write the equation for the formation of liquid Y. [1 mark]

………………...………………..………………………………………………………………....
(b) Give a chemical test for liquid Y. [1 mark]
………………...………………..………………………………………………………………....
6. Jane set-up the experiment as shown below to collect a gas. The wet sand was heated before heating zinc granules

@FNdhine 62
(a) Complete the diagram for the laboratory preparation of the gas. [2 marks]
(b) Why was it necessary to heat wet sand before heating Zinc granules? [1 mark]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...

(a) Between N and M which part should be heated first? Explain. [2 marks]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurring in the combustion tube. [1 mark]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
8. Hydrogen can be prepared by reacting zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid.
a) Write an equation for the reaction. [1 mark]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
b) Name an appropriate drying agent for hydrogen gas. [1 mark]………………...………………..…………..
c) Explain why copper metal cannot be used to prepare hydrogen gas. [1 mark]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
d) Hydrogen burns in oxygen to form an oxide.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction. [1 mark]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) State two precautions that must be taken before the combustion begins and at the end of the combustion. [1 mark]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
e) Give two uses of hydrogen gas. [2 marks]
………………...………………..………………………………………………………………………
…...………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………
f) When zinc is heated to redness in a current of steam, hydrogen gas is obtained. Write an equation for the
reaction. [1 mark]
………………...………………..………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 63
g) Element Q reacts with dilute acids but not with cold water. Element R does not react with dilute acids.
Element S displaces element P from its oxide. P reacts with cold water. Arrange the four elements in
order of their reactivity, starting with the most reactive. [2 marks]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
h) Explain how hydrogen is used in the manufacture of margarine. [1 mark]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
9. a) The set-up below is used to investigate the properties of hydrogen.

i) On the diagram, indicate what should be done for the reaction to occur. [1 mark]
ii) Hydrogen gas is allowed to pass through the tube for some time before it is lit. Explain. [1 mark]
………………...………………..………………………………………………………………………
…...………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………
iii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs in the combustion tube. [1 mark]
………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………...
iv) When the reaction is complete, hydrogen gas is passed through the apparatus until they cool down .
Explain. [1 mark]
………………...………………..………………………………………………………………………
…...………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………
v) What property of hydrogen is being investigated? [1 mark] .................................................................
vi) What observation confirms the property stated in (v) above? [1 mark]
…...………………...………………..…………………………………………………………………..
.………………...………………..……………………………………………………………………....
vii) Why is zinc oxide not used to investigate this property of hydrogen gas? [1 mark]
…...………………...………………..……………………………………………………………………...………
………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. The set up below was used to collect gas K, produced by the reaction between water and
calcium metal.

@FNdhine 64
(a) Name gas K …………………………………………………………….. [1 mark]
(b) At the end of the experiment, the solution in the beaker was found to be a weak base. Explain why the
solution is a weak base. [1 mark]
………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..
………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. In preparation of hydrogen gas, a student used zinc chloride and dilute hydrochloric acid and added a few crystals to
the mixture and collected the gas over water.
i) What is the name of the crystals added? State its function. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ii) What observation would be made if dilute nitric (V) acid was used in place of hydrochloric acid? Explain.
[2 marks] ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12.Study the diagram below;

a) What is the observation made on anhydrous copper (II) sulphate [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Write an aqueous for the reaction ,between hydrogen gas and lead (II) oxide [1 mark]
………...………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) What is the property of hydrogen gas being investigated above [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

@FNdhine 65
(a) Write an equation for the reaction between zinc granules and dilute hydrochloric acid. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) What property of hydrogen is demonstrated by the method of collection shown on the diagram? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Hydrogen gas passed through liquid Z. What is the name of liquid Z and what is the purpose of liquid Z?
[1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Name one industrial use of hydrogen. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Steam was passed over magnesium ribbon as shown in the diagram below. Study it and answer the

questions that follow.

(a) State one precaution which should be taken before lighting the gas at the jet. [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction taking place in the tube.
(i) Combustion tube. [1 mark]
________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Jet (burning flame). [1 mark]
________________________________________________________________________________________

15. Give two reasons why helium is used in weather balloons. [2 marks]
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

@FNdhine 66
16. The set-up below was used to investigate the properties of hydrogen gas.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the combustion tube. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Suggest a possible drying agent X. [½ mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) What would happen if the hydrogen gas at the end is not burnt? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow;

a) State and explain the observation made in the combustion tube. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………

b) Write the equation for the reaction when hydrogen burns in air [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) After the experiment is over, the stream of hydrogen should continue to be passed over heated oxide of copper until
it cools. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

18.a) i) A student found a colorless liquid in the laboratory which he suspected to be water. Describe a
chemical test he could have performed to confirm that the liquid was water. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 67
ii) What other test could he have done to prove that the liquid is pure water? [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) The diagram below shows how hydrogen reacts with copper (II) oxide. Study it and answer the questions
that follow:

i) Name a suitable substance that can be used to dry hydrogen gas. [1nmark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) State the two observations made in the combustion tube as the reaction proceeded. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction taking place in the combustion tube. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… iv) Explain why it is necessary to pass hydrogen gas for some time through the apparatus before lighting
the gas at point Z. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… v) Write a chemical equation for the reaction taking place to produce the flame at Z. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
… vi) Name another metal oxide that reacts with hydrogen the same way as copper (II) oxide. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…19.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the tube [1 mark]

@FNdhine 68
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) What property of hydrogen makes this reaction possible? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) What would you expect to happen, if sodium oxide (Na2O) was used instead of Lead (II) oxide? [1
mark] …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

20. A student set-up the experiment below to collect gas K. The glass wool was heated before
heating the zinc powder.

(a) Why was it necessary to heat the moist glass wool before heating the zinc powder? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b)What observation was made in the boiling tube? [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Identify gas K. [1 mark] …………………………………………………………………………..

21. The set up below was used to prepare dry hydrogen gas. Study it and answer the questions that
follow.

(i) Is the method of collecting the gas correct? Give a reason. [1 mark]
.................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 69
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) What would be liquid Y? [1 mark] ................................................................................................

(iii) Give two physical properties of hydrogen gas [1 mark]

22. When magnesium is reacted in steam it reacts rapidly forming awhite solid and hydrogen gas

(a) Why is hydrogen collected as shown above? [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) How would you show that the gas collected is hydrogen? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) When copper turnings were used instead of magnesium in the above reaction, hydrogen gas was not
produced. Explain [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
23. Use the set-up below to answer the questions that follow:-

(a) Identify gas X. [1 mark]

____________________________________________________________________________
(b) Explain the following precautions:

@FNdhine 70
(i) Wet sand was first heated before heating magnesium ribbon. [1 mark]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Delivery tube is removed from the water before heating is stopped at the end of the experiment. [1 mark]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

24. In order to prepare hydrogen gas in the laboratory a student set-up the apparatus as shown in the
diagram below. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Suggest why the student did not collect hydrogen gas. [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) In a separate experiment the student reacted iron and hydrochloric acid to prepare hydrogen gas.
(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction. [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) The hydrogen gas produced was found to have a foul smell. Suggest an explanation for this. [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
25. Give two reasons why helium is used in weather balloons. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
26. The diagram below shows set-up used to burn hydrogen and collect the product

@FNdhine 71
(a) State why it's necessary to dry the hydrogen gas before igniting it [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) State the precaution that must be taken before igniting the hydrogen [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State two uses of hydrogen gas [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
27. The set-up below shows laboratory preparation of hydrogen gas, use it to answer the questions that
follow

a) Identify two mistakes in the set-up [2 marks]

...................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
b) Why is dilute nitric acid not used in preparation of hydrogen gas. [1 mark]
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
28.(a) State two observations made when a small piece of potassium metal is put in a trough full of water. [2

@FNdhine 72
marks]
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction [1 mark]
...............................................................................................................................................................................
29. The set up below was used to collect gas K produced by the reaction between water and
calcium metal

Name gas K [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

FORM 2

@FNdhine 73
TOPIC 1:Structure of the atom and the periodic table
1. Element A has atomic mass of 23 and element B has atomic mass of 7. They also have 12 neutrons and 4
neutrons respectively.
(a) Write the electronic arrangement of A and B. [2 marks]
A:................................................................................. B:...............................................................................
(b) Which element has a higher ionization energy? Explain [2 marks]
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
2. The table below shows the relative atomic masses and the percentage abundance of isotope M1 and M2 of element
M.

Relative atomic mass % abundance

M1 62.93 69.09

M2 64.93 30.91

Calculate the relative atomic mass of element M. [2 marks]

3. (a) Element V has two isotopes. Two thirds of V and one third of V . What is the relative atomic mass of element
V? [3 marks]

(b) Element Y has three isotopes A, B and C as shown below.

Isotopes A B C

Isotopic mass 54 56 57

Given that isotope C contains 31 neutrons in its nucleus, find the number of protons in isotope B.
[2 marks]

4. An element M has two isotopes M1 and M2 . The relative atomic mass of the naturally occurring element, M is

@FNdhine 74
63.55. Calculate the percentage of each isotope. [3 marks]

5. An oxide of element G has the formula G2O3.

(a) State the valency of element G. [1 mark]..............................................................................
(b) In which group of the periodic table is element G? [1 mark].................................................
6. The table below gives information about the ions T + and Z2-

Ion T+ Z2-

Electron arrangement 2.8 2.8.8

Number of neutrons 12 16

(a) How many protons are there in the nucleus of:

(i) Element T? [1 mark]..............................................................................
(ii) Element Z? [1 mark]...........................................................................
(b) Determine the relative formula mass of the compound formed between T and Z. [2 marks]

............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
7. An ion of oxygen is larger than an oxygen atom. Explain. [2 marks]
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
8. Element X is found in period III and group IV. It consists of two isotopes 28X and QX. A sample of X
was found to consist of 90% of 28X.If the relative atomic mass of X is 28.3, work out the number of
neutrons in QX. [3 marks]

9. Study the table below and answer the questions that follows:- (Letters are not the actual symbols of the

@FNdhine 75
elements)

Element Electronic arrangement Electrical conductivity

L1 2.8.2 Higher electrical conductivity

L2 2.8.1 High electrical conductivity

L3 2.8.3 Highest electrical conductivity

L3 has the highest electrical conductivity. Explain [2 marks]

Element Q P R S T

Atomic number 18 5 3 5 20

Mass number 40 10 7 11 40

(a) Which two letters represent the same element? Give a reason [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..........…
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
(b) Give the number of neutrons in an atom of element R. [1 mark]......................................................................
11. The table below gives some elements in the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that Follow. The letters
do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.

Element A B C D E

Atomic number 12 13 14 15 16

Which of the above letters represent:

a) A metallic element which forms ions with the smallest ionic radius? Explain. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…...................……………………………………………………………………………..
b) A non metallic element with the largest atomic size? Explain. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................…
………………………………………………………………………………………………...........................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
12. The grid below is part of the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions that follow: (The

@FNdhine 76
letters are not the actual symbols).

a) Write down the formula of the compound formed between C and A. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................

b) Which element has the same electron arrangement as the stable ion of:

(i) F ……………………………. (ii) A …………………………….. [2 marks]

c) Element Q has atomic number 15. Indicate its position on the grid. [1 mark]

d) Explain how the atomic radii of the following compare:

(i) C and F. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...................………………
(ii) C and D. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...................………………
e) Write the type of bond present in a compound formed between D and A. [1 mark].....................................................
f) Compound C and G were completely burned in oxygen.
(i) Write down equations to show the combustion of each of the elements. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
(ii) State whether each of the oxides in (i) above is basic or acidic. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
13. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms A to F are given in the table below. The letters do
not represent the actual symbol of the elements:-

(a) Choose from the table the letters that represent:

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(i) An atom of a metal .......................................................................... [1 mark]
(ii) A neutral atom of a non-metal ....................................................... [1 mark]
(iii) An atom of a noble gas ................................................................. [1 mark]
(iv) A pair of isotopes ........................................................................... [1 mark]
(v) A cation .......................................................................................... [1 mark]
(b) The grid below shows a part of the periodic table. The letters do not represent the actual symbols.
Use it to answer the questions that follow:-

(a) How do the atomic radii of elements X and Y compare. [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
(b) (i) Using crosses (X) to represent electrons, draw the atomic structure of element Q. [1 mark]

(ii) State the period and the group to which element Q belongs. [1 mark]............................................
(c) (i) The ionic configuration of element G is 2.8. G forms an ion of the type G-1. Indicate on the
grid, the position of element G. [1 mark]

(ii) To which chemical family does element G belong? [1 mark].................................................

(iii) State one use of element U. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
(iv) What is the nature of the compound formed between K and U. [1 mark]................................................
14. Compare with a reason the atomic radius of Sodium to that of Aluminum. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
15. (a) Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.:

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Particle Atomic number Ionic configuration Formula of oxide Atomic radii Ionic radii

P 4 ………….. …………… 0.110 0.031

Q …………... 2.8.8 QO 0.200 0.099

R …………… 2.8.8 R2O 0.230 0.133

S 17 2.8.8 S2O7 0.099 0.181

T 16 …………… ……… 0.104 0.231

(i) Complete the table above [3 marks]

(ii) From the table, choose the most reactive metal. Explain [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................
(iii) Which element is the most electronegative. Explain. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................

(iv) Using dots (.) and crosses (x) to represent electrons, show the bonding in the chloride of Q. [1 mark]

(v) Explain the solubility of element T in water. [2 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………................
...………………………………………………………………………………………………….............
(b) (i) Why is aluminium used to make utensils yet it is a reactive metal? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………................
...…………………………………………………………………………………………………............
(ii) Distinguish between valency and oxidation number. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
16. a) Work out the oxidation number of phosphorus in the following compound H3PO3 [1 mark])

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b)Study the equation below:

Mg(s) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2 (g)

Which species has undergone oxidation .Explain [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
17. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the
elements. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Explain why element L appears in two different groups in the grid above. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(b) State the name of the chemical family to which P and Q belong. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(c) Write the formula of the compound formed between P and V. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(d) Compare the melting points of Q and S. Explain. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(e) Identify an element whose oxide dissolves in both acids and alkalis. [1 mark]............................................................
(f) Write the equation for the burning of T in excess air. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(g) Using dots (•) and cross (x) to represent electrons, draw a diagram to illustrate bonding in the sulphide of Q. [1
mark]

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(h) State one use of element X [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
18. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

(a) (i) Identify the element that gains electrons most readily. [1 mark]..........................................................................
(ii) Which of the metals is most reactive? Explain. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(iii) What name is given to the family of elements to which elements X and T belong? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................……
(iv) Explain why:-
(I) Ionic radius of Q is larger than that of M. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(II) Atomic radius of Q is greater than that of S. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(v) Which of the elements in the table does not have the ability to form an ionic or covalent bond? Explain. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(vi) Give the formula of the compound formed between R and Z. [1 mark]...................................................
19. The grid below is part of the periodic table. The elements are not represented by their actual symbols. Use the
information to answer the questions that follow.

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a) (i) Which is the most reactive
(I) Non — metal? Explain [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(II) Metal? Explain [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................……
…………………………………………………………………………………………….....................................
(ii) Name the family to which elements T and Q belong. [1 mark]....................................................................................
(iii) Write the formula of the compound formed when W reacts with S. [1 mark].............................................................
(iv) Name the type of bond and structure formed when elements R and K react. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(v) Explain why element N doesn’t form compounds with other elements. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................
(vi) Compare the atomic radii of T and Q. Explain. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
………………………………………………………………………………………….....................................
20. Study the data given in the following table and answer the questions that follow. The letters are not the actual
symbols of elements.

(i) State and explain the trend in melting point in A,B and C [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
………………………………………………………………………………………….....................................
(ii) Explain why the melting point and boiling points of element D are the highest. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................
(iii) Explain why the element represented by letter E has two melting point values. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
………………………………………………………………………………………….....................................
(iv) Write down the chemical formula between element C and sulphate ions. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(v) Name the chemical family in which H belongs and state one use of the element. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
……………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………
(vi) What is the nature of the oxide of the elements represented by letters C and F? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………............................................
21. An element W has an atomic number 13.
a) Write the electronic configuration of the most stable ion of W. [1 mark]......................................................................
b) Write the formula of the oxide of the element W. [1 mark]...........................................................................................
22. Identify the particles that facilitate the electric conductivity of the following substances
(i) Sodium metal [1 mark]...............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Sodium Chloride solution. [1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) Molten Lead Bromide. [1 mark]..............................................................................................................................
23. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:

Ion No. of protons No. of electrons

P3- 7 10

Q+ 19 18
12 10
R2+

a) Write the electron arrangement of element P. [1 mark]...................................................................................................

b) Give the group and period to which elements Q and R respectively. [1 mark]
Q …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
R …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
24. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature but does not conduct electricity. Explain. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
25. Electronic configuration for elements represented by P, Q, R and S are:- P= 2.8.6, Q= 2.8.2, R= 2.8.1 D= 2.8.8.
(a) Select the element which forms
(i) A double charged ion…………………………………….. [1 mark]
(ii) A soluble carbonate …………………………………….. [1 mark]
26 a) What is an isotope? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................

@FNdhine 83
b) An element Q consists of 3 isotopes of mass 28, 29, 30 and percentage abundance of 92.2%, 4.7% and 3.1%
respectively. Determine the relative atomic mass of the element? [2 marks]

27. The table below gives information on four elements by letters K, L, M and N. Study it and answer the questions
that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbol of the elements.

Element Electron arrangement Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm)

K 2.8.2 0.136 0.065

L 2.8.7 0.099 0.181
M 2.8.8.1 0.203 0.133
N 2.8.8.2 0.174 0.099

(a) Which two elements have similar properties? Explain [2 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
(b) What is the most likely formula of the oxide of L? [1 mark].......................................................................................
(c) Which element is non-metal? Explain. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...........................................
28. Study the information given below and answer the questions that follow:

Element Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm) Formula of oxide Melting point of oxide (oC)

A 0.364 0.421 A2O -119

D 0.830 0.711 DO2 837

E 0.592 0.485 E2O3 1466

G 0.381 0.446 G2O5 242

J 0.762 0.676 JO 1054

(a) Write the formula of the compound formed when J combined with G. [1 mark]..............................
(b) Explain why the melting point of the oxide of E is higher than that of the oxide of G. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
..............…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

@FNdhine 84
29. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:

Element Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm)

W 0.114 0.195

X 0.072 0.136

Y 0.133 0.216

Z 0.099 0.181

(a) Would these form part of a metallic or a non-metallic group? Explain. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……...................……………………………………………………………………
(b) Suggest an element in the table above likely to be the most reactive. Explain [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……...................…………………………………………………………………………
30. State the reason for using Argon in electric light bulbs. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……...................…………………………………………………………………………
31. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. The letters
do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.

Element Electronic configuration Boiling point

X 2.7 -188oC
Y 2.8.7 -35oC
Z 2.8.8.7
59oC

(a) What is the general name given to the group in which the elements X, Y and Z belong? [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Select two elements which are coloured gases. [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………......
(c) Explain why Z has the highest boiling point. [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………......
.............…………………………………………………………………………………………....
(d) Write an equation for the reaction of element Z with iron metal. [1 mark]
……...................……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

@FNdhine 85
(e) Element Y was dissolved in water and a piece of blue litmus paper was put into the resulting solution. State and
explain the observation that was made on the litmus paper. [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
32. The table below shows elements A, B, C, E, F, and G. Elements in group X have a valency of 2 while
elements in group Y have a valency of 1. Use the table to answer the questions that follow:-

(i) Atomic radius increases from A to C and from E to G. Explain. [2 marks]

……...................……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……...……...................…………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Explain the difference in the atomic and ionic radii of group X elements. [2 marks]
……...................……………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……...................………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(iii) Elements C and G belong to the same period. Explain why the atomic radius of C is greater than
that of G. [1 mark]
……...................……………………………………………………………………………….........
..........………………………………………………………………………………...................…
(iv) Give the formula of the compound formed when B and F react. [1 mark]
……...................……………………………………………………………………………….........
..........………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(v) What type of bonding is formed in the compound above? Explain. [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(vi) Starting with the least reactive, arrange the elements in group Y in the order of reactivity.Explain: [2 marks]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………................
33. The information in the table below relates to elements in the same group of the periodic table. Study it
and answer the question that follows.

Elem Atomic size (nm)

P 0.19

Q 0.23

R 0.15

@FNdhine 86
Which element has the highest ionization energy? Explain. [2 marks]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
34. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow.(The letters
do not represent the actual symbols of the elements)

Element Electronic configuration Ionization energy Kj/mol)

P 2.2 1800

Q 2.8.2 1450

R 2.8.8.2 1150

(a) What is the general name given to the group in which elements P, Q and R belong? [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
(b) Explain why P has the highest ionization energy.[1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………......
.............……………...................…………………………………………………………………
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between element Q and water. [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………......
35. Study the information in the table below and answer questions that follow. (Letters given are not
real symbols)

Ions Electron arrangement Ionic radius (nm)

A+ 2.8 0.95

B+ 2.8.8 0.133
2.8 0.065
C2+

Explain why the ionic radius of :- [2 marks]

(a) B+ is greater than that of A +
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
(b) C2+ is smaller than the of A +
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
36. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The
letters do not represent the actual symbol of the elements.

@FNdhine 87
a) Which element will require the least amount of energy to remove one electron from the outermost
energy level of a neutral atom of the element? [1 mark]...............................................................................
b) Write down the formula of a compound formed between element P and X. [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
c) How would the boiling points of SF2 and P2F compare? Explain. [2 marks]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
d) An element H has an atomic number of 15. Indicate the position of H on the grid. [1 mark]
e) Name the type of bond in element G. [1 mark]..............................................................................................................
f) Give one industrial use of element A. [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
g) Using dots and crosses to represent electrons, show bonding in the compound formed between S and T.[2 marks]

h) Hydrogen can be placed in group I or VII of the periodic table. Write ionization equations representing:
i. Hydrogen in group I [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
ii. Hydrogen in group VII. [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
37. Explain why potassium metal bursts into a flame on contact with water . [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................………
38.(i) Define the term ionization energy of an element. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) The table below shows ionization energies of a given element. Study it and answer the question that
follows

@FNdhine 88
With a reason identify the group to which the element belongs. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) The grid below shows part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The
letters are not the actual symbols of the elements.

(i) With a reason compare the melting and boiling points of elements C and G [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) With a reason compare the sizes of E + and F 2+ [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) State one use of element D in entertainment industry [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
(iv) Using dots and crosses show the bonding in the compound formed when elements A and B
combine [1 mark]

39. An ion of phosphorus can be represented as . Draw a diagram to show the distribution of the electrons and
the composition of the nucleus of the ion of phosphorus. [2 marks]

@FNdhine 89
40. An element X exists as two isotopes, and . Its relative atomic mass is 35.5. Which is
the least abundant isotope of element X? Explain. [2 marks]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................……
………...................………………………………………………………………………………....................

41. Helium ( ) is the second element in the periodic table and tritium ( ) is an isotope of
hydrogen. State what is common in both atoms. [1 mark]
……...................………………………………………………………………………………...................……
………...................………………………………………………………………………………....................
42. The table below shows elements with their atomic numbers, mass numbers and their melting
points. Study it and answer the questions that follow. Letters do not represent the actual
symbols of the elements.

a) Select two elements that belong to the same chemical family hence name the family. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Explain why element L has a varying melting point. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
c) Distilled water was added to a solid sample of a chloride of G and the pH of the resulting solution was found to be
less than 4. Explain this observation. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
d) Compare and explain the difference in the atomic radii of elements I and N. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
e) A small piece of element Q was placed in a trough containing cold water. State and explain two observations made
during the experiment. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) What type of bond exists in a molecule of element K? Give a reason for your answer. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

@FNdhine 90
43.The grid below shows a part of the periodic table. The letters do not represent the actual
symbols. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

a) Identify the elements in period 1 [1 mark]……………………………………………………………………………

b) With a reason, identify the element with the largest atomic radius [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
c) Draw the atomic structure of element Q [1 mark]

d) Write down the electronic configurations of elements Y and W. [2 marks]

Y- ……………………………………………………………………….
W- ………………………………………………………………………
e) Element G forms an ion G 3- and its ionic configuration 2.8.8. indicate its position on the
grid above [1 mark]
f) Identify an element whose oxide reacts with both acids and alkalis [1 mark]……………………………………
g) i. Write down the chemical formula of the compound formed between elements K and
W [1 mark]…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. Draw the bonding in the compound formed in (g) (i) above using dots (.) and crosses
(x) to represent electrons [1 mark]

h) Compare the atomic radius elements X and K. Explain [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

@FNdhine 91
44. Study the information below and answer the questions that follow. Letters do not represent the actual symbols of
elements.

a) What is the general name given to the group in which element P, Q and R belong? [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Explain why P has highest ionization energy [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between element Q and water [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
45.Explain the reason why Aluminium is used for making utensils like sufuria (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
46.The grid below shows a section of the periodic table, the letters are not the actual chemical symbol.

a) Name the family into which element P belongs to [1 mark]…………………………………………………………

b) Which two elements form the most soluble carbonates [2 marks]…………………………………………………
c) With a reason, identify elements in period 3 with the largest atomic radius [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
d) Write the formula of the compound formed between Q and M [1 mark]………………………………………………
e) State two uses of element R and for each use, state property of element R that makes lts possible for the use
(i) Use [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Property [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

@FNdhine 92
(ii) Use [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Property [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
f) Using dots and cross ,show bonding in the compound formed between R and oxygen [2 marks]

g) In terms of structure and bonding explain why the oxides of element has relatively low boiling points [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
47. When burning magnesium is lowered into a gas jar containing nitrogen (I) oxide, it continues to burn forming a
white solid.
[a] Name the white solid [1 mark].....................................………………………………………………………………
[b] Write a chemical equation of the reaction that occurred [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
48. Element W has two isotopes W – 36 and W-40 which occur in the ratio x:4. Given that R.A.M of W
is 37.25, find the value of x [2 marks]

49. The electron configuration of elements A, B, C, D and E are as given below

{a} Which element has the highest electrical conductivity [1 mark]……………………………………………………

{b} Which letter represents the most reactive metal [1 mark]…………………………………………………………
{c} Which letter represents the most reactive non-metal [1 mark]……………………………………………………

@FNdhine 93
50. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The letters are
not the actual symbols.

(a) Hydrogen can be placed in group I or group VII. Explain. [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Write the formula of the compound formed between element Y and R. [1 mark]……………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………
51. Study the information in the table below and answer questions that follows:

Explain why the ionic radius of:

(a) K+is greater than that of Na+. [1 mark]
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

(c) Mg2+ is smaller than that of Na+. [2 marks]

52. The grid below shows part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The letters
do not represent the true symbols of the elements.

@FNdhine 94
(a) Which element forms an ion with the charge of -3. [½ mark]_____________________________________
(b) What is the nature of oxide formed by Q. [½ mark]____________________________________________
(c) Using crosses (X) and dots (.), show how the ion of S is formed. [1 mark]

54. The table below gives atomic numbers of elements represented by the letters A, B, C and D

Use the information to answer the questions that follow.

(a) Name the type of bonding that exists in the compound formed when A and D react. [1 mark]
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Select the letters which represents the best oxidizing agent. Give a reason for your answer. [2 marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Element T is in period 2 of the periodic table and forms a stable ion, T 2+.
(i) State the atomic number of element Q which is directly below T in the periodic table. [1 mark]
________________________________________________________________
(ii) Compare the reactivity of T and Q with chlorine. [2 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
55. The table below gives elements represented by letters which are not the actual symbols;

(i) Select an element that can form a divalent anion. [1 mark] ________________________________
(ii) What is the structure of the oxide of W? [1 mark]_______________________________________
(iii) Compare the atomic radius of W and X. [1 mark]
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

@FNdhine 95
56. Potassium is isotopic and has a relative atomic mass (R.A.M) of 39.5, work out the percentage abundance of

each isotope. The three isotopes are, [3 marks]

57. An ion of element Q can be represented as

(a) Draw the structure of the ion [2 marks]

(b) How does its ionic radius compare with its atomic radius [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
58. The electronic configuration for elements represented by letters A, B, C and D are A 2.8.6, B 2.8.2, C
2.8.1, D 2.8.8
(a) Select the element which forms;

(i) A double charged cation [1 mark] ………………………………………………………………………

(ii) a soluble carbonate [1 mark]...…………………………………………………………………………

(b) Which element has the shortest atomic radius [1 mark]…………………………………………………

59. Study the physical properties of Magnesium and Beryllium. Use it to answer the questions that follow:

(a) Explain why Be has a higher m.p than Magnesium [2 marks]

@FNdhine 96
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Write the electron arrangement of Magnesium in the following compound; Mg3(PO4)2 [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
60. The figure below shows a section of the periodic table. The letters do not represent the actual symbols
of the elements

(a) Give the name of the family of the elements to which M belongs [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Write the electronic configuration of the stable ion of element;

(i) L………………………………………………………………………………. [1 mark]

(ii) P………………………………………………………………………………. [1 mark]

(c) Give one use of element [2 marks]

(i) A………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………

(ii) M…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(d) The melting point of element C is higher than that of G. explain [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(e) What is the structure of element J? [1 mark]…………………………………………………………….

(f) With explanation compare the atomic radius of O and P? [2 marks]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(g) Which is the most reactive?
(i) Non-metal? Explain [1½ marks]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …….

@FNdhine 97
(ii)Metal? Explain [1½ marks]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …….

(j) A molecule of one of the elements is shown below.

i)Identify this element from the periodic table above and give its actual symbol and name. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii)Explain why the element has a higher boiling point compared to that of oxygen. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iii) Write an equation to show the reaction between the element named above with oxygen. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iv) Predict the pH of the oxide of the above element when in water. Explain. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

61. The table below shows some elements and their atomic numbers. The letters do not represent the actual
symbols of the elements.

a) From the given letters of elements select two elements with the same chemical properties. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Write the formula of a compound formed when element S reacts with element T. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Identify the most stable element. [1 mark]……………………………………………………………
62. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.

@FNdhine 98
a) What name is given to the family of the;

i) Elements to which E, H and M belong? [1 mark]………………………………………………

ii) Elements to which F,J and K belong? [1 mark] ……………..………………………………………

b) Write the chemical formula of the;
i) Sulphate of T. [1 mark]……….……………………………………………………………

ii) Nitrate of J. [1 mark]…………………………………………………………………………….

c) Name the type of bond and structure formed between reactions of:
i) D and N. [1 mark]

Bond…………………………………………………………………………
Structure……………………………………………………………………..………………………………

ii) T and H. [1 mark]

Bond…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Structure…………………………………………………………………….………………………………………

d) i)The Ionic radius of element E is bigger than its atomic radius. Explain [2 marks]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) The Oxide of G has a lower melting point than the Oxide of L.Explain. [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

iii) Explain in terms of bonding and structure the following observation.

There is an increase in melting and boiling points from W to T.[2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

e) Using dot (∙) and cross (X) diagram show bonding in ZV+4.[2 marks]

@FNdhine 99
63. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The letters
are not the actual symbols of the elements.

(a) (i) Which element will require the least amount of energy to remove the outermost electron? [1 mark]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Select the element that has the greatest tendency to form covalent bonds (molecule with itself). Explain. [2
marks]........................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) What is the general name given to the family to which Q, T and V belong? [1 mark]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) An element W has an atomic number of 15. Indicate its position on the grid. [1 mark]

(v) The atomic radius of S is smaller than that of Z. Explain. [1 mark]

(vii) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on the nitrate of:

I) Potassium (1 mark)
.................................................................................................................................................................................
II) Silver (1 mark)
.................................................................................................................................................................................
b) Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

@FNdhine 100
(i) Select a substance with

a) Giant metallic structure [1 mark] ................................................................................................................

b) Simple molecular structure [1 mark] ............................................................................................................

c) Substance A and C conduct electric current in liquid state. Explain why the two differ in electrical
conductivity in solid state. [2 marks]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
64. The electronic arrangement of elements are represented by letters A to D are as follows A:2.8.6, B:2.8.2,
C:2.8.1 and D2:8.8
(a) Select the element which forms
(i)Double charged cation [1 mark]……………………………………………………………………..

(ii) A soluble carbonate. [1 mark]……………………………………………………………………..

(b) Which element has the shortest atomic radius? [1 mark] …………………………………………..

65. Explain why there is general increase in the first ionization energies of the elements in period 3 of the
periodic table from left to right [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………

66. (a) The grid given below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
(The letters do not represent the actual symbols of elements )

(i) Giving reasons, select the element which is;

I. Most reactive non metal [2 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

II. Most reactive metal [2 marks]

@FNdhine 101
(ii) How does reactivity of A compare with that of B. Explain [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(iii) Explain why the atomic radius of K is smaller than that of G [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(iv) An element W forms ion W2-, if w is in period 3, indicate the position of W on the grid [1 mark]

(v) Write the formula of the compound formed when C reacts with H [1 mark]……………………………………

(b) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow

(i) Name two substances which are gaseous at room temperature [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Select the substance that could be dissolved in water and be separated from the solution by Fractional
distillation [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Which substance could be an electrolyte? [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) Element U has low M.P and B.P whereas W has high M.P and B.P. Explain [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

67.The atomic number of sulphur is 16. Write the electron arrangement of sulphur on the following. [2
marks]

(a) H2S.................................................................................................................................

(b) SO2-3.....................................................................................................................................

68. Below is a section of the periodic table. Use it for the questions below.

@FNdhine 102
a. In the grid, place

i. M in the space with the most reactive nonmetal. [1 mark] .

ii R in the space which could be occupied by an element capable of forming a covalent compound RD3 [1 mark]

b). Explain how the reducing power changes from A to B [2 marks]

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

c). How many protons are there in the atom of element C? __________________________________ [1 mark]

d. Element B reacts with water.

i. State two observations you would expect to make when a small piece of B is added to water. [2 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. Name the aqueous product formed in the above reaction and write chemical equation for the reaction. [2 marks]
Product__________________________________________________________________________________
Equation_________________________________________________________________________________

69. The electronic configuration of ions X2+ is 2.8 while that of ion Y - is 2.8.8.

(a) Write down the electron arrangement of the atoms of X and Y [1 mark]

X-...........................................................................................................................................................................

Y- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) Compare the atomic radii of the two elements [1 mark]

_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

(c) Give the name of the chemical family to which element X belongs [1 mark]
_________________________________________________________________________________________

70. The table below gives some properties of four substances. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

@FNdhine 103
(a) Which substance is suitable for making cooking pans? Explain. [11/2 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) Which substance is likely to have a giant atomic structure? Explain. [11/2 mark]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
71.Explain how the electrical conductivity of Sodium and Aluminium compare. [2 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
72. Natural Gallium consists of 2 isotopes, with atomic masses 69 and 71in the atomic ratio 3:2
respectively. Calculate the RAM of Gallium. [2 marks]

73. An element X, forms an ion ion X2- with the electronic configuration 2.8.8
a) Write the electronic configuration of element X. [1 mark]....................................................................
b) An element Y is found in the 4 th group of the periodic table. Draw a dot (.) and (x) diagram to show
bonding in compound formed when X and Y react. [1 mark]

@FNdhine 104
74. State and explain two main factors considered in determining the position of an element in the periodic
table. [2 marks]
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
75.Study the information given below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

Select

i) An oxide with a giant atomic structure. [1 mark].................................................................................

ii) An oxide which dissolves in water to form an acidic solution. [1 mark]....................................................

76 a) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. (The letters do not
represent the actual symbols of the elements)

i) What is the general name given to the group in which elements P, Q and R belong? [1 mark]
..............................................................................................................................................................
ii) What is meant by ionisation energy? [1 mark]
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
iii) Explain why element P has the highest ionisation energy. [1 mark]
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
iv) When a piece of element Q is placed on water, it melts and a hissing sound is produced as it moves
on the surface of the water. Explain these observations. [3 marks]
..........................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 105
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
v) Write an equation for the reaction between element Q and water. [1 mark]
..........................................................................................................................................................
77. An element, X has atomic number 14 while element B has atomic number 8.

i) Write the electronic arrangement for each element. [2 marks]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
ii) Draw using dots (∙) and crosses (x), diagram to show the bonding between X and B [2 marks]

78. a) Both iodine and astatine belong to the same group in the periodic table, Name the group. [1
mark]………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Astatine is below iodine in the group. Compare their boiling point, giving reasons. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

79. The atomic number of sulphur is 16, write the electron arrangement of sulphur on the following:- [2 marks]

(a) H2S ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) SO32- ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

80. Using dots ( ⚫) and crosses (x) show bonding in:

(a) The compound formed between phosphorus and hydrogen (P = 15, H = 1). [2 marks]

(b) Carbon (II) oxide (C = 6, O = 8) [1 mark]

@FNdhine 106
81. Magnesium was burnt in air forming a white residue T. When put in a boiling tube with water
effervescence was noticed and a colourless gas D with a characteristic pungent smell was evolved. The
gas turned a wet red litmus paper blue.
(a) Identify
(i) Residue T. [1mark] ________________________________________________________________

(ii) Gas D. [1mark] _____________________________________________________________________

(b) Write an equation for the liberation of gas D. [1 mark ]

___________________________________________________________________________________
82. Element X contains isotopes with mass number 16 and 18 respectively existing in the ratio 1: 3,
calculate the relative atomic mass of X. [2 marks]

83. Hydrogen gas was passed over hot copper (II) oxide in a combustion tube.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction which took place. [1 mark ]
___________________________________________________________________________________

(b) What observations were made in the combustion tube? [1 mark ]

___________________________________________________________________________________

(c) Name any other gas which could be used to reduce copper (II) oxide. [1 mark ]
____________________________________________________________________________

84. ‘Dry ice’ is preferred to ordinary ice as a refrigerant. Explain. [2 marks]

___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
85. State one use of argon which is also a use of nitrogen gas. [1mark]
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

@FNdhine 107
86.(a) With a reason define the term alkaline earth metals [1 mark]
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

(b) In order, name the first two alkaline earth metals. (Give their chemical syllabus) and their electronic
arrangement. [2 marks]
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

87. (a) Why is the reaction between calcium and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid not used in preparation of
hydrogen gas? [2 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Calcium is an element in period 2, what do members of the period have in common? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

88. Given element W has atomic number 14 and consists of isotopes as shown below. Isotope A B C

(a) What are isotopes? [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(b) Determine the relative atomic mass of W [2 marks]

89. (i) Study the flowchart below and answer the questions

@FNdhine 108
(a) Identify product Z. [1 mark] ........................................................................................................................

(b) What property of product Z makes it possible to be collected as shown in the diagram [1 mark]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) Explain why calcium oxide would be preferred to calcium (II) chloride in the guard tube. [1 mark]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
90. The electron arrangement of ions X3+ and Y 2- are 2,8 and 2,8,8 respectively.

(a) In which groups do X and Y belong to. [1 mark]

X…………………………………………………… Y……………………………………………

(b) State the atomic numbers of X and Y. [1 mark]

X…………………………………………………… Y……………………………………………

91. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Explain why

(i) Atomic radius increases from fluorine to bromine [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….
(ii) The ionic radius is larger than the atomic radius. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………
92. Element G has an electronic configuration of 2, 8,18,7 and element H has an atomic number of 17.
(a) To which period in the periodic table does element G belong? Explain your answer. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) How would the reaction of sodium metal with G compare to its reaction with H? Explain your answer [2
marks]……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
93. The grid below shows a section of the periodic table. The letters do not represent the actual symbols for

@FNdhine 109
elements. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Compare the atomic radii of;

(i) A and R. Explain [2 marks]
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………
(ii) C and D. Explain [2 marks]
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
(b) Give the name of the family in which elements W and A belong [½ mark]
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
c) Identify the element which is
(i) Most electronegative [ ½ mark] .…………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Strongest reducing agent. [ ½ mark] ……………………………………………………………………

(d) Write the formula of the oxide of X [½ mark] ……………………………..……………………………

(e) (i) What type of bond exists in the chloride of R [1 mark] .…………………………………………….

(ii) Draw the structure of the molecule of chloride of R in gaseous state [1 mark]

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction between element A and water.[1 mark]
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(f) The table below shows the melting points of some period 3 oxides.

Explain the difference in melting points of SiO2 and P4O6. [1 mark]

.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(g) Excess hydrogen gas is reacted with 4.5g of heated oxide of metal Q. 3.6g of Q is finally left in the
reaction vessel. Given that O = 16, Q has a valency of 2.

@FNdhine 110
(i) Write the equation for the reaction taking. [1 mark]
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of Q. [2 marks]

94. Excess magnesium ribbon sample was heated in equal volumes of:-
(i) Pure oxygen gas
(ii) Air
(a) Why was the mass of the resulting product in (ii) more than in (i)? [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(b) Write the equations for the reactions in part (ii) [2 marks]
…...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

95. Study the information tabulated below to answer the questions that follow.

(a) Write the electron arrangement of the

(i) Atom of Y [½ mark] …………………………………………………………………………………...

(ii) Ion of X [½ mark] …………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Compare the ionic radius of Y with its atomic radius [2 marks]
.........................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................
96. (a) The grid below represents part of the periodic table. Study the information and answer the
questions that follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbol of the elements.

@FNdhine 111
(i) Which element would form a trivalent cation? [1 mark]…………………………………………

(ii) Write the equation for the reaction that would occur between E and Y. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Which elements belong to the region labelled W [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) Which is the most reactive non-metallic element in the table above? Explain [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(v) How does the atomic radius of T compare with that of Y [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) The table shows some properties and electron arrangements of common ions of elements represented by
letters D to K. Study the information and answer the questions that follow

(i) State the atomic numbers of elements F and G [1 mark]

F…………………………………………… G………………………………………………………

(ii) Select two metals that belong to period 3. [1 mark] ………………………………………………………

(iii) Element I reacts violently with water. Write the equation for the reaction. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 112
(iv) Why is the ionic radius of G smaller than its atomic radius [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(v) Compare and explain the reactivity of G and H [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
97. Section below represents part of a periodic table. Study it and answer the follow. The letters are not
the actual symbols of the elements.

(i) Which element will require the largest amount of energy to remove one of the outermost electrons in
group I. [1 mark] …………………………………….………………………………………………….
(ii) Select the least reactive non-metal [1 mark]………………………………………………………….
(iii) Which of the elements has the largest tendency of forming covalent bonds in nature? Explain your
answer. [1 mark]…………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(iv) Ions of element M (M2+) have an electronic configuration of 2.8.8. Place element M on the above
grid. [1 mark]
(v) Write the electronic arrangement of element W hence give one use. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………….………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Study the table below and answer questions that follow

(i) Using dots(.) and crosses (x) to represent electrons, draw a diagram to show bonding in the following
compounds.
(I) PCl3 [2 marks]

@FNdhine 113
(II) NaC1 [2 marks]

(ii) Why is the melting point of A1C1 3 not indicated in the tube above? [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………….………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii) Explain the large difference in the melting points of the compounds of formula MgO and P4O10. [2
marks]……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

98.Name the two compounds formed when magnesium burns in air. [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
99. The table below shows elements in the halogen group of the periodic table. Study the table and answer
the questions that follow.

(i) Name the element likely to be solid at room temperature. Explain. [2 marks]
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain why the melting point increases from fluorine to iodine. [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

100. A student set –up the following apparatus to investigate some properties of the chlorides of period 3
elements.

@FNdhine 114
(a) State the observation made in set-up 1 and 2 [2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................

(b) What name is given to the chemical process taking place in set-up 1? [1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................. ………………….
101. An element Q has the electronic arrangement 2.8.6 and a mass number of 32.

(i) How many protons does element Q have [1/2 mark] ...............................................................................

(ii) What is the number of neutrons in the nucleus of Q? [1/2 mark]

102. What is the name given to each of the following?

(a) Ability of aluminium metal to be drawn into a sheet.[1 mark].............................................................................
(b) Minimum energy required for a reaction to start. [1 mark]..................................................................................

103. The table below shows elements, atomic numbers and their melting points. The letters do not represent
actual symbols of the elements. Study it and answer the questions.

(a) Write the formula of the oxide of M (1 mark) ...........................................................................................

(b) Choose an element that would give a basic oxide when burned in air. Give a reason. [2 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) Element K has two melting points. Explain why?[2 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

(d) The melting point of element M is 1410oc. What is the possible structure of element M. [1 mark]

@FNdhine 115
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
(e) Compare the reactions of J and water to that of N and water [2 marks]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................... …...
(f) Choose an element that would form only covalent compounds. Explain [2 marks]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................ …….
104. Study the ionization energies of alkaline earth metals shown in the table below.

Explain the trend in ionization energies. [2 marks]

(ii) Write the formula of the ion of element R. [1 mark]

@FNdhine 116
(b) Sodium oxide. (Atomic numbers Na = 11, O = 8) [1 mark]

107. (a) The table below gives information on four elements, represented by letters P, Q, R and S (not the actual
symbols of the elements). Study it and answer the questions that follow:

(i) What two elements have similar chemical properties? [1 mark].........................................................................

(ii) Which element(s) will not conduct electricity? Explain your answer. [2 marks]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Why is the atomic radius of S less than that of R? [2 marks]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Below are 1st, 2nd and 3rd ionization energies (KJ mol-1) of elements A, B, C, D and E (not the
actual symbols of the elements). Study the table and answer the questions that follow:

(i) Which of these elements is likely to form an ion with a charge of +1? Explain your answer. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Select any two elements that are likely to belong to the same group of the periodic table. Which group do
they belong to? [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
108. Define the following terms: [2 marks]
(i) Isotope……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Isobars.………………………………………………………………………………………………

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109. Magnesium burns with a brilliant flame in air forming two main products X and Y, write the
equations for the formation of:
(i) X [1 mark]……………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)Y 1 mark].……………………………………………………………………………………
110. An experiment was set up using chlorine water as shown below.

(i) Identify gas X [1 mark] …….......................................................................................................................

(ii) Write an equation for the production of gas X [2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................................................
111. Explain the following observations
(i) Electrical conductivity of metals decreases with an in increase in temperature [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Ionization energy decreases down the group in group I [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
112. State two factors which determine the stability of an isotope [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
113. Study the set-up below and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name gas x………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

b) State the condition which is not indicated on the diagram for gas x to be formed. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 118
114. a) Aluminium chloride sublimes. Explain why this is possible. [2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
b) Aluminium is reactive metal yet utensils made of aluminium do not corrode easily. Explain. [1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
115. (a) The set-up below was used to collect gas F, produced by the reaction between water and calcium.

(i) Name gas F. [1 mark]………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) At the end of the experiment, the solution in the beaker was found to be a weak base. Explain. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Give one laboratory use of the solution formed in the beaker. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
116. (b) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow: (The letters do not represent
the actual symbols of the elements)

Element Electronic configuration Ionization energy KJmol-1

P 2:1 519

Q 2:8:1 494

R 2:8:8:1 418

(i) What is meant by ionization energy? [1 mark]

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Element R has the lowest ionization energy. Explain. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(iii) When a piece of element Q is placed on water it melts and a hissing sound is produced as it moves on the water
surface. Explain these observations. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Write the equation for the reaction between element Q and water. [1 mark]
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
117.The table below gives information about elements A 1, A 2, A 3 and A 4.

Elem Atomic number Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm)

A1 3 0.134 0.74

A2 5 0.090 0.012

A3 13 0.143 0.050

A4 17 0.099 0.181

(i) In which period of the periodic table is element A 2? Give a reason. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Explain why the atomic radius of:
I. A 1 is greater than that of A 2 [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………….
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………….
II. A 4 is smaller than its ionic radius. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………….
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………….
III. Select the element which is in the same group as A 3. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………….
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………….
IV. Using dots (.) and cross (x) to represent outermost electrons, draw a diagram to show the bonding in the compound
formed when A 1 reacts with A 4 [1 mark].

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118. The atomic number of element P is 11 and that of Q is 8
a) Write down the possible formula of the compound formed between P and Q. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………
b) Using dots (·) and crosses(x) to represent electrons draw a diagram to represent the bonding in the compound in (a)
above. [1 mark]

119. Elements A, B, C, and D are not actual symbols, have atomic numbers 19, 9, 12 and 10 respectively.
(a) Which two elements represent non-metals. [1 mark]
…………………….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………
(b) Write the formula of the compound formed between elements B and C and identify the bond present in the
compound. [2 marks]
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………....……………………………………………………………………………………
120. The grid below is part of the periodic table. (The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements). Use
the information to answer the questions that follow.

a) State the chemical family to which the following elements J and D belong. [1 mark]
J......................................................................................................... D……........................................................................
b) i) Write the formula of the compound formed when J reacts with B. [1 mark]
……………..........................................................................................................................................................................
ii) Write an equation for the reaction between the compound formed in (i) and water. [1 mark]
……………………..............................................................................................................................................................
c) How does the reactivity of E compared with that of F? Explain. [2 marks]
................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
d) On the grid show by using letter L the first longest period and give a reason why you think it is the first longest
period. [2 marks]

@FNdhine 121
................................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
e) Write the formula of the ion of F and give the equation of its formation. [1 mark]
Ion ...................................................................................................................................................................
Equation...........................................................................................................................................................
121. Explain the following observations;
i)Aluminium utensils should not be cleaned with strongly alkaline washing liquids. [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................
ii)Aluminium alloys are commonly used in aeroplane construction. [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 122
TOPIC 2 : Structure and bonding
1. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature but does not conduct electricity. Explain.[1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………………
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………………
2. a) Distinguish between a covalent bond and a coordinate bond. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………...
b) Draw a diagram to show bonding in an ammonium ion. (N = 7, H = 1) [1 mark]

3. a) Explain why magnesium and aluminium metals are good conductors of electricity. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………...
b) Other than cost, give two reasons why aluminium is used for making electric cables while magnesium
is not. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……
4. Explain why the boiling point of ethanol is higher than that of hexane. (Relative molecular mass of
ethanol is 46 while that of hexane is 86). [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……
……………………...……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………
5. What is meant by dative covalent bond? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………………
6. Sodium and Magnesium belong to the same period on the periodic table and both are metals.Explain why magnesium
is a better conductor of electricity than sodium. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………………

@FNdhine 123
7. The melting and boiling points of molecular substances increase with increase in relative molecular mass.
Explain why sugar with a relative mass of 183 has a higher melting point (2000C) than iodine with a relative

molecular mass of 86 and a melting point of 1140C. [2 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………...
8. Using dots and crosses to represent electrons, draw the structures of the following: [2 marks]
(a) Phosphorus chloride (PCl3)

(b) Hydroxonium ion (H3O+)

9. Between aluminium and copper which one is a better conductor? Explain. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………...
10. Water has a boiling point of 100oC while hydrogen chloride has a boiling point of -115oC. Explain. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………...
11. When blue litmus paper is dipped in a solution of aluminium chloride it turns red. Explain. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………...
12. Carbon and Silicon are in the same group of the periodic table. Silicon (IV) Oxide melts at 2440oC while solid
Carbon (IV) Oxide sublimes at -70oC. In terms of structure and bonding, explain this difference. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………...
13. (a) Explain why aluminium is a better conductor of electricity than magnesium. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
…………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Other than cost and ability to conduct, give a reason why aluminium is used for making cables while magnesium is
not. [1 mark].......................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 124
14. Explain how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between magnesium oxide and silicon (IV) oxide. [1
mark]…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....………………………….
15. a) The diagram below represents part of the structure of sodium chloride crystal.

The position of one of the sodium ions in the crystal is shown as X;

i) On the diagram, mark the positions of the other three sodium ions. [1 mark]
ii) The melting and boiling points of sodium chloride are 801 degrees celsius and 1413 degrees celsius respectively.
Explain why sodium chloride does not conduct electricity at 25 degrees celsius, but does so at temperatures between
801 degrees celsius and 1413 degrees celsius. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………...…
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
b) Give a reason why ammonia gas is highly soluble in water. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………...
c) The structure of ammonium ion is shown below;

Name the type of bond represented in the diagram by

.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Carbon exists in different crystalline forms. Some of these forms were recently discovered in soot and are called
fullerenes.
i) What name is given to different crystalline forms of the same element. [1 mark]…………………………….
ii) Fullerenes dissolve in methylbenzene while the other forms of carbons do not. Given that soot is a mixture of
fullerenes and other solid forms of carbon, describe how crystals of fullerenes can be obtained from soot. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

@FNdhine 125
…………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………………..……
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. (a) Explain the following observations:-
(i) NaCl allows electric current to pass through them in molten state. [1 mark]
…………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….……………………………………………....…………………………………………..…....………………………
(ii) Graphite is a non-metal yet it is a conductor of electricity. [1 mark]
…………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
17. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow:-

Substance A B C D E F

Melting Point (oC ) 801 113 -39 5 -101 1356

119

Boiling point (oC) 1410 445 457 54 -36 2860

Electrical Solid Poor Poor Good Poor Poor

Conductivity
liquid Good Poor Good Poor Poor

I Identify with reasons the substances that:

(i) Have a metallic structure [1½ mark] …………………………………………………………………………...
(ii) Have a molecular structure and exist in the liquid state at room temperature and pressure [1 mark]
…………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Suggest a reason why substance B has two melting points. [1 mark]
…………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…….
(iv) Substances A and C conduct electric current in the liquid state. State how the two substances differ as conductors of
electric current. [1 mark]
…………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
18. The grid below represents part of the periodic table. The letters do not represent actual symbols of the elements.
Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

@FNdhine 126
(a) What type of bond would you expect in the compound formed between H and F. Explain. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
(b) (i) Which of the elements J and M will have a greater atomic radius? Explain. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
(ii) Elements F and N are in the same group of periodic table. How do their atomic radii compare? Explain. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
(c) An element W has atomic number 15. Indicate the position it would occupy in the table above. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....…………………….
(d) What is the name given to elements X – Z? [1 mark].....................................................................................................
(e) Why is J used in electric cables where Q is not. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
(f) P and J are termed as metalloids. What does the term metalloid mean? [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
(g) How would you expect the reactivity of H and M to compare? Explain.[1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………..
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………
19. (a) Part of the periodic table is given below. Study it and answer the questions that follow. The letters do not
represent the actual elements.

(i) What type of bond is formed when Y reacts with Z. Explain. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………....……………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
(ii) Explain the difference in the atomic radii of element A and B. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………...
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
(iii) Explain the difference in the reactivity of Z and B. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....…………………………………………………………………...
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
20. The table below shows the elements in the third period, the oxides of the third period and their properties. The
letters are not the actual symbols of the elements. Study the information and answer the questions that follow:

@FNdhine 127
a) i) Complete the table above. [3 marks]
ii) Explain the trend in the atomic radius across the period. [2 marks]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
iii) Explain why the oxide of element V does not exist. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
b) Name the type of structure and bond in the following oxide. [2 marks]

Oxide Structure Bond type

TO2

ii) Using dots and crosses to represent electrons, show the bonding in the oxide, QO2 [1 mark]

c) i)Explain why elements P conducts electricity but T does not. [1 mark]

……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
ii) The oxide of P reacts with both acids and alkalis. Give the name of this kind of oxide. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
21. Name the type of bonding and structure found in: [2 marks]
(a) Ice………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

@FNdhine 128
(b) Magnesium chloride………………………………………………………………………………………………….
22.In terms of structure and bonding, explain why diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
23. (a) Using dots (∙) and crosses (x) to represent electrons show bonding in: [2 marks]

(i) NH 2 ( N=7, H=1)

(ii) S8 (S = 16)

(b) Show bonding in Carbon (II) Oxide by use of (__) or arrows to represent bonds. [2 marks]

24. Explain why nitrogen gas reacts with oxygen at very high temperatures. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
25. Draw a dot (. ) and cross (x) diagram to show bonding in:- [2 marks]
(i) Ammonium ion (NH 4+ (N = 7.0, H= 1)

(ii) Silane (SiH4) (Si= 14, H = 1)

@FNdhine 129
26. Below is a table of oxides of some period three elements:

Oxides Na2O P4O6 SO2 Cl2O

State at room temp Solid Solid Gas Gas

(a) Give the systematic name of Cl2O. [1 mark]...............................................................................................................

(b) Explain why Na2O exists as a solid whereas SO2 is a gas at room temperature. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
27. The table below shows properties of period three chlorides

Formula of compound NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl

Bp oC 1470oC 1420oC 180oC 60oC

Explain why AlCl 3 solid has a much lower boiling point than MgCl2 solid. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
28.The table below shows the electrical conductivity of substance A, B and C.

Substance Solid state Molten state Aqueous solution

A Conducts Conducts Not soluble

B Doesn’t conduct Conducts Conducts

C Doesn’t conduct Doesn’t conduct Not soluble

(a) Which one of the substances is likely to be plastic? [1 mark]........................................................................................

(b) Explain why the substance you have given in (a) above behaves in the way it does. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
(c) Which of the substances is likely to be sodium chloride? Explain. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
(d) Give the type of structure and bonding that is present in substance A. [1 mark]
……….……………………………………………....……………………………………………………………………
29. Using dots and crosses to represent electrons, show bonding in; [3 marks]
(a) Sulphur (IV) oxide

@FNdhine 130
(b) carbon{II} oxide

14 3─
(c) Structure of an ion illustrated by the formula 7N

30. (i) Using a dot (.) and cross (x) show how NH4+ ion is formed from NH3 molecule and H+ion. [2 marks]

(ii) State the type of bond that exists between the NH3 and H+ion. [½ mark]
___________________________________________________________________________

(iii) Molecular substances have low melting points. Give one reason why they have low melting points. [½
mark]____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________

31. The following diagram shows the structure of two allotropes of carbon. Study them and answer the
questions that follow.

(a) Name the allotropes. [1 mark]

A _______________________________________ B __________________________________________
(b) Give one use of A. [½ mark]
_________________________________________________________________________________________

@FNdhine 131
(c) Which allotrope conducts electricity? Explain. [1½ marks]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
32. Using dots ( ∙ ) and crosses (X) to represent electrons, draw diagrams to show bonding in;

(a) C2H4 (C=12 H=1) [2 marks]

(b) Hydro-oxonium ion H3O+(H=1 O=8) [2 marks]

(c) Aluminium chloride dimer. (Al=27, Cl=35.5) [2 marks]

33. The structure of hydrogen sulphide can be represented as shown below:

(a) Name the bond type represented by letters X and Y [2 marks]

X…………………………………………... Y………………………...…………………………….……….

(b) Give a chemical test for hydrogen sulphide gas [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………............

34. Explain why aluminum chloride is fairly soluble in organic solvents while anhydrous magnesium
chloride is insoluble. [2 marks]

@FNdhine 132
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………............
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………............
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………............

35. Using dots (.) and ( x ) show bonding in:

a) The compound formed when nitrogen reacts with fluorine (Atomic number F = 9 , N = 7) [2 marks]

b) Sodium oxide (Atomic number Na = 11 , O = 8 ) [1 mark]

36. Below is a structure of aluminium chloride dimer. Study it and answer the question that follow;

Identify bond [1 mark]

X ……………………………………………………………… Y …………………………………………………………
37. The melting point of phosphorus trichloride is -91oC while that of sodium chloride is 801oC. In terms of

structure and bonding. Explain the difference in their melting point [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
38. Aluminium chloride vapour combines readily with ammonia gas to form a solid compound of formula
(AlCl3.NH3). Explain in terms of structure and stability of atoms why this reaction occurs. [2 marks]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 133
39.a. I. Aluminium chloride exists as a dimeric molecule Al 2Cl6. Draw its dimeric structure. [2 marks]

II. State why aluminium chloride exists as a dimer. [1 mark]

_________________________________________________________________________________________
b. The table below gives some properties of four substances. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

i. Which substance has

Giant atomic structure ______________________________________________________________[1 mark]
Giant metallic structure______________________________________________________________[1 mark]
ii. The structure of water molecule can be represented as shown below.

I) Name the type of bonds represented by letters

A_____________________________________[½ mark] B_____________________________________[½ mark]

II) Explain why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten but not when solid. [2 marks]
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
40. (a) Using electrons in the outermost energy level; draw a dot (∙) and cross (x) diagram for the ion of

and compound B2O3 (P = 15, H = 1, B = 5, O = 8) [2 marks]

@FNdhine 134
41. (b) The formula of the compound formed when Aluminium and Chlorine react is Al 2Cl6. Name the
types of bonds that exist in the compound. [1 mark]
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

42. (a) Using a dot (∙) and cross (x) to represent the outermost electrons, draw diagrams to show the
bonding in magnesium sulphide. [1½ marks]

(b) State the structure of the above compound. [½ mark]…………………………………………………

(c) Give two properties of substances with the above structure [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

43. a) Using dots and cross diagram, show how a hydro-oxonium ion, H3O+is formed

b) What name is given to the bonding in (a) above. [1 mark] ..................................................................................

44. Carbon and silicon belong to the same group of the periodic table, yet Carbon (IV) oxide is a gas while silicon (IV)
oxide is a solid with a high melting point. Explain this difference. [2 marks]
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 135
TOPIC 3 : Salts
1. Study the flowchart below and answer the questions that follow:

a) Name reagent Z. [1 mark].................................................................................................................................................

b) Describe the process which takes place in step 2. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
c) Identify the white solid. [1 mark]......................................................................................................................................
2. a) Starting from solid magnesium oxide, describe how a solid sample of magnesium hydroxide can be prepared. [3
marks]...........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
b) Give one use of magnesium hydroxide. [1 mark]
...............................................................................................................................................................................
3. Starting with lead (II) oxide, describe how you would prepare a solid sample of lead (II) Carbonate. [3 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Use the scheme to answer the questions that follow:

@FNdhine 136
(a) Identify solid N ………………………………………………………………. [1 mark]

(b) Write a balanced equation for the formation of Q. [1 mark]

.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) Write the formula of the complex ion formed when sodium hydroxide is added to solution L in excess. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
5. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Name the two salts formed in tube A. [2 marks]

PARTICLE MASS NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NUMBER OF

NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS

E 37 17 (i) 18

F 32 (ii) 16 16

G (iii) 19 20 18

H 40 20 (iv) 18

(a) Complete the table by filling in the blank spaces (i) , (ii) (iii), and (iv) [2 marks]
(b) Identify the particles which are electrically charged. [2 marks]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
7. Sodium carbonate decahydrate crystals were left exposed on a watch glass for two days.
a) State the observations made on the crystals after two days. [2 marks]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 137
b) Name the property of salts investigated in the above experiment. [1 mark]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
8. Starting with sodium oxide, describe how a sample of crystals of sodium hydrogen carbonate may be prepared. [3
marks]...........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
9. In an experiment, ammonium chloride was heated in a test-tube. A moist red litmus paper placed at the mouth of the
test tube first changed blue then red. Explain these observations. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
10. a) Give the name of each of the processes described below which takes place when salts are exposed to air for
sometime:
i) Anhydrous copper sulphate becomes wet. [1 mark] ................................................................................................
ii) Magnesium chloride forms an aqueous solution. [1 mark] ....................................................................................
iii) Fresh crystals of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.10H2O become covered with white powder of formula Na2CO3.H2O [1
mark]..........................................................................................................................................................................
b) Write the formula of the complex ion formed in each of the following reactions described below;
i) Zinc metal dissolves in a hot alkaline solution. [1 mark].............................................................................................
ii) Copper hydroxide dissolves excess ammonia solution. [1 mark]................................................................................
11 (a) Write an equation to show the effect of heat on the nitrate of: [2 marks]
(i) Potassium
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Silver
....................................................................................................................................................................................
12. (a) The scheme below shows some reactions starting with magnesium oxide. Study it and answer the questions that
follow:-

@FNdhine 138
(i) Name the reagents used in steps 2 and 4. [2 marks]
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in step 3. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe how a solid sample of anhydrous magnesium carbonate is obtained in step 5. [3 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
13. In the preparation of magnesium carbonate, magnesium was burnt in air and the product collected. Dilute sulphuric
acid was then added and the mixture filtered and cooled. Sodium carbonate was added to the filtrate and the contents
filtered. The residue was then washed and dried to give a white powder.
(a) Give the name of the product. [1 mark]...........................................................................................................................
(b) Write the chemical equation for the formation of the product. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) (i) Name the filtrate collected after sodium carbonate was added. [1 mark]....................................................................
(ii) Write down the chemical formula of the white powder. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(d) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between product in (a) and the acid. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(e) Write an ionic equation to show the formation of the white powder. [1 mark]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(f) Write an equation to show what happens when the white powder is strongly heated. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(g) Identify the ions present in the filtrate after addition of sodium carbonate. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(h) What is the name given to the reaction that takes place when sodium carbonate was added to the filtrate? [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(i)Explain the observations made when crystals of sodium carbonate decahydrate are left exposed to the atmosphere for
two days. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
14. a) Give the name of each of the processes described below which takes place when salts are exposed to air for
sometime:

@FNdhine 139
i) Anhydrous copper sulphate becomes wet. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
ii) Magnesium chloride forms an aqueous solution. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
iii) Fresh crystals of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.10H2O become covered with white powder of formula Na2CO3.H2O.
[1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
15. You are provided with the following:- solid lead (II) nitrate, magnesium oxide powder, dilute sulphuric (VI) acid
and distilled water. Describe how you can prepare a dry sample of lead (II) sulphate. [3 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
16. When exposed to air, crystals of hydrated sodium carbonate lose water of crystallizations;-
(i) Name this process. [1 mark]..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write the formula of hydrated sodium carbonate. [1 mark]
……………................................................................................................................................................................
17. A student poured sodium iodide solution into a small portion of solution Q, a yellow precipitate was formed.
(i) Which ion was most likely in solution Q? [1 mark]....................................................................................................
(ii) Write an ionic equation leading to the formation of the yellow precipitate. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
18. Calcium oxide can be used as a solid drying agent for some laboratory gases. Explain
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
19. A piece of marble chips was strongly heated in the air for about 30 minutes. Some drops of water were added drop
by drop to the product when it was still warm. Using equation, explain:
(i) What happens when a piece of marble chips is heated? [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) The reaction that takes place when water is added to the final warm product. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 140
20. Study the flowchart below and answer the questions that follow

a) Identify ;
i) Gases C and B. [1 mark]................................................................................................................................................
ii) Ions likely to be presented in solid A. [1 mark]...........................................................................................................
21. Potassium nitrate crystals in a test-tube were heated strongly for some time. State the observations made:
(a) When a glowing splint is introduced into the test-tube during the heating. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) At the end of the heating. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
22. Name the process which takes place when:
(a) Anhydrous iron (III) chloride absorbs water vapour from the air to form a solution. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Zinc chloride vapour changes directly to zinc chloride solid. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
23. (a) Starting from solid magnesium oxide, describe how a solid sample of magnesium hydroxide can be prepared. [3
marks]...........................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Give one use of magnesium hydroxide. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
24. In an experiment the following solids were provided to form three students; Ca(NO3)2(s), NaH2PO4(s), Mg(OH)Cl(s)
and Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2. 6H2O. They were then told to dissolve the given solids differently in 20ml of water.
(a) Classify the given salts accordingly. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Explain the process which takes place when FeCl3 is dissolved in water. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 141
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) A student placed a moist litmus paper on the product in (i) above. State and explain the observation made. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
25. A crystal of copper (II) sulphate was placed in a beaker of water. The beaker was left standing for two days without
shaking. State and explain the observations that were made. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
26. When a compound Q is heated a colourless gas that forms a white precipitate with Calcium hydroxide solution is
produced. A red residue remains that change to yellow on cooling.
Identify:
(i) Compound Q. [1 mark].................................................................................................................................................
(ii) The residue. [1 mark]..................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation between the gas produced and Calcium hydroxide solution. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
27.(a) Explain why there is a reaction between Copper Oxide and Zinc when heated but there is no reaction that occurs
between Copper and Zinc Oxide when heated. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Write the equation for the reaction between Copper Oxide and Zinc. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
28. When a Compound P is heated, a brown gas is produced while a yellow residue which turns white on cooling
remains.
(a) Name the brown gas. [1 mark]...........................................................................................................................
(b) Give the equation of the reaction that occurs. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
29. Describe how pure zinc oxide can be obtained from a mixture of zinc oxide, aluminium chloride and magnesium
sulphate powders. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 142
30.(a) Starting with magnesium carbonate describe how pure and magnesium hydroxide can be prepared in the
laboratory [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) State one use for magnesium hydroxide. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
31. A form two student, during salts preparation, accidentally mixed lead (II) chloride, ammonium chloride and silver
chloride salts. Describe how each sample of the salts can be obtained from the mixture. [3 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
32. a) Distinguish between efflorescent and hygroscopic salts.[2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Study the flowchart below and answer the questions that follow

(i) Identify the anion present in white solid P. [1 mark].................................……………………………………………

(ii) Write a balanced stoichiometric equation for step 3 and ionic equation for step 2.
Step 3 [1 mark]
……………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Step 2 [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 143
(iii) State and explain the observation that would be made in step 3 if sodium iodide solution was used in place of
sodium chloride. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..................................................................
33. (a) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction in tube A [1 mark]

…………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Name the two salts formed in tube B [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) State the observation made in tube C [1 mark]
…...……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
iv) What is the purpose of potassium hydroxide in tube D. [1 mark])
…………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
v) Name gas P [1 mark]
…………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
34.Distinguish between hygroscopy and efflorescence [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
...................................................................................................................................................................................
b) Starting with lead (II) oxide, describe how you would prepare lead (II) sulphate [3 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
35.(a) starting with magnesium oxide, describe how you can obtain a dry sample of magnesium carbonate [3
marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 144
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) (i) Give one example of an acid salt [1 mark]......................…………………………………………………
(ii) When sodium nitrate was heated a solid A and gas B were produced identify solid A and gas B [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) State two uses of gas B produced in (ii) above [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
36. A student was asked to prepare Lead (II) chloride salt using the following ingredients; Nitric (V) acid,
lead (II) oxide and hydrochloric acid. Using ionic equations only explain how the salt can be prepared. [2
marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….
........................................................................................................................................................................
............…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
37. The nitrates of the following metals were heated strongly and observation made accordingly. The nitrate
of metal P produced the metallic oxide, Nitrogen (IV) oxide and oxygen gas; and that of metal Q produced
the metallic nitrite and oxygen gas. The nitrate of R produced metal R, nitrogen (IV) oxide and oxygen gas.
Arrange the metals in order of reactivity beginning with the most reactive. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
........................................................................................................................................................................
38. Give two reasons why during the preparation of salt, it is not advisable to heat the solution to dryness
before allowing it to cool in order to crystallize. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………..
........................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 145
39. Three liquids were mixed together accidentally and this included lubricating oil, kerosene and water.
The table below gives information about the properties of the liquids.

Constituent Boiling point in0C Solubility in water Solubility kerosene

Lubricating oil 350 – 400 Insoluble Soluble

Kerosene oil 175 – 250 Insoluble

Water 100 Insoluble

Suggest a method you would use to separate the three liquids. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
40. Dilute sulphuric (VI) acid reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a salt. Give the formula and name of
the anion in the salt.
Name: ………………………………………………………………………………….. [1 mark]
Formula: ……………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]
41. a) You are provided with the following reagents; dilute nitric acid, dilute sulphuric acid, and lead (II)oxide.
Describe how you would prepare a sample of lead (II) sulphate. (3 marks)
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................
b) Given a mixture of lead (II) chloride, iodine, ammonium chloride and sodium chloride crystals. Describe how
you would separate all the four solids using methyl benzene, a source of heat and water. (Hint; Step one involves
addition of methyl benzene) (3 marks)
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................
c) Study the reaction scheme below and answer the questions that follow.

@FNdhine 146
I)Identify [2 marks]

i) Solution V .............................................................................................................................................................

ii) White precipitate T................................................................................................................................................

II) Write an equation for the reaction forming solution V [1 mark]

(i) Write an equation for the reaction that took place [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Name the method above used in preparing salts mentioned. [1 mark]
…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

43.Explain how you would prepare Aluminium hydroxide, staring with Aluminium sulphate.[3 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
44. Describe how a solid sample of Lead (II) Sulphate would be prepared using the following reagents.
Dilute Sulphuric (VI) acid, Nitric (V) acid, solid lead (II) Carbonate. [3 marks]
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................

45. The scheme below represents some reactions starting with a white solid A.

@FNdhine 147
a) Identify the solids; [2 marks]
A ..............................................................................B .....................................................................................

b) Write an equation for the reaction between B and 2M Sulphuric acid. [1 mark]
………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………
46. Describe how you can separate a mixture of solid copper (II) oxide and solid copper (II) nitrate [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

47. (a) Starting with copper powder describe how copper (II) carbonate can be prepared [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) When potassium nitrate is heated, it produces potassium nitrite and gas C.
(i) Identify gas C. [1 mark] ……………………………….……………………………………………………………
(ii) Name the type of reaction undergone by the potassium nitrate. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
48. Describe how a sample of Lead (II) chloride can be prepared using the following reagents dilute nitric (V)
acid; dilute hydrochloric acid and lead carbonate [3 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 148
49. Dilute sulphuric acid does not react fully with calcium carbonate while dilute hydrochloric acid reacts fully
with calcium carbonate liberating carbon (IV) oxide. Explain [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
50. Zinc reacts with both concentrated and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Write equations for the two reactions. [2
marks]..........................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
51. Starting with copper metal, describe how a sample of copper (II) chloride may be prepared in the laboratory.
[3 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
52. Describe how a sample of Calcium Carbonate can be prepared in the laboratory starting with Calcium Oxide
[3 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
53. (a) When ammonia gas is passed through water ,the solution formed changes red litmus paper to blue .Name
the ion responsible for the colour change of the litmus paper [1 mark]..................................................................
b) Study the effect of heat on the following metal nitrates

@FNdhine 149
i) Arrange the metals A, B, C in order of their reactivity starting with the most reactive [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) To which group of the periodic table does metal B belong? [1 mark]............................................................
54. a) Distinguish between a strong and a weak base. Give an example in each. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Neutralisation is one of the methods of preparing salts.
i) What is meant by neutralisation? [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Describe how you would prepare crystals of sodium nitrate starting with 200cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide.
[2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place when a solid sample of sodium nitrate is heated. [1
mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
55. A mixture contains iron (III) chloride, zinc (II) oxide and potassium chloride. Describe how each of the
substance can be obtained from the mixture. [3 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
56. The reaction below refers to preparation of an insoluble salt of lead starting with lead metal.

a) Name the type of reaction between solution X and sodium sulphate solution. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

@FNdhine 150
b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (a) above.[1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

c) Explain why it is not possible to prepare residue Q using lead metal and sodium sulphate solution. [2
marks] …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

57. The diagram below is a set up to investigate the effect of heat on hydrated copper (II) sulphate. Study the diagram
and answer the questions that follow.

(a) Why is the boiling tube slanted as shown? [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) What is observed in the boiling tube? [1 mark]

(c) Identify liquid G. [1 mark]...............................................................................................................................

58. Using reagents provided only, explain by means of balanced chemical equations how you would prepare a salt of
zinc carbonate solid.

Zinc powder, Nitric (v) acid (dilute), Water and solid sodium carbonate. [4 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 151
59. The diagram below shows the effect of heat on hydrated copper (II) sulphate.

(a) What is the colour of hydrated copper (ii) sulphate? [1 mark] ………………………………………………….

(b) What is the colour of anhydrous copper (ii) sulphate? [1 mark]............................................................................

(c) What is the use of cold water? [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) What is the use of sodium chloride in cold water? [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Name liquid L. [1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………………………..

(f) How can you confirm that liquid L is pure? [1 mark]

(g) State what will be observed if the residue in the test tube is cooled and a few drops of water added. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

59. The reaction below refers to the preparation of lead (II) sulphate starting with lead metal.

(a) Name the type of reaction between solution X and sodium sulphate solution. [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________

(b) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in (a) above. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) Explain why it is not possible to prepare residue Z using lead metal and dilute sulphuric acid. [1 mark]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

@FNdhine 152
60. The scheme below represents some reactions starting with a white solid A.

(a) Identify the solids A and B. [2 marks]

A _________________________________________ B _________________________________________
(b) Write an equation for the reaction between B and 2M sulphuric acid. [1 mark]
_____________________________________________________________________________________

61. Solid P when heated gives a black powder Q and a colourless gas that forms a white precipitate in
limewater. When dilute Sulphuric (VI) acid is added to the powder Q, a pale blue solution is formed.
(a) Give the chemical formula of:
(i) Solid P [1 mark]..............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Solid Q [1 mark]...........................................................................................................................................
(b) Write an equation for the reaction leading to the formation of the pale blue solution. [1 mark]
…………………...............................................................................................................................................

62. Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form some products.
(i) Write an equation for the above reaction [1 mark]
…………………................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Why would the above reactants not be suitable for preparation of the above gas? Give a reason.[2 marks]
…………………................................................................................................................................................
…………………................................................................................................................................................
…………………................................................................................................................................................
63. Given sodium carbonate solid, lead (II) nitrate solid and water, explain how you can obtain a solid
sample of Lead (II) carbonate. [3 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 153
64. In an experiment an equal amount of iron filings and sulphur powder was heated in a test tube. The
mixture was left to cool then dilute hydrochloric acid added to it.
a) State the observations that were made;
(i) In the test tube. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
(ii) Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to the mixture after cooling. [1 mark]

.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Write an equation for the reaction which occurred in a) (ii) above. [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
65.a) What is meant by double decomposition? [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Starting with 1M sodium sulphate solution, describe how you would prepare dry lead II sulphate. [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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66. The set up below was used to investigate the action of heat on copper II carbonate. Study it and
answer the question that follows.

a) State what would happen to the burning candle when the boiling tube is heated. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 154
b) Name the solid formed in the boiling tube after the end of the experiment. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Write an equation for the effect of heat on copper II carbonate. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
67. A student carried out some experiment on the action of sulphuric acid on three carbonates and recorded his
results as shown in the table below. Study the table and answer the questions that follow. The carbonates used
were of the same mass and same concentration.

Explain the results in terms of volume of CO2 gas obtained.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
68. The PH of a soil sample was found to be 5.7. An agricultural officer recommended the addition of lime.
(a) State two functions of the lime. [2 marks]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
(b) Give the name of the process applied in (a) above. [1 mark]
________________________________________________________________________________________
69. The set up below was used to prepare Nitrogen (IV) Oxide

(a)(i) Why is nitrogen (IV) oxide collected by this method shown [1 mark]

@FNdhine 155
..................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii)What is the major constituent of the gas escaping at S [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) What is observed when burning magnesium is lowered in a gas jar full of nitrogen (IV) oxide [1 mark]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
69. Some reactions of metals P, Q, R and S are given below.

(a) Arrange the metals in order of the reactivity starting with the least reactive. [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between metal Q and water. [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) Which of the metals could be:
(i) Copper [1⁄2 mark]...............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Magnesium [1⁄2 mark].......................................................................................................................................
70. The diagram below represents the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate

(i) Name X and Z [1 mark] .....................................................................................................................

(ii) Write an equation for the decomposition [2 marks]
................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 156
71. Describe how you can distinguish between solutions of Sodium Carbonate and sodium hydrogen
carbonate given magnesium chloride solutions [3 marks]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
72. Study the diagram below and use it to answer questions that follows

(i) Identify gas R [1 mark] ………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) What changes would be reserved in the test-tube [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Explain the nature of the solution formed in water after sometimes [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
73. The table below gives some physical properties of substances A,B and C. study it and answer the questions
that follow

(a) Identify the substance that is

(i) Giant atomic structure [1 mark] .....................................................................................................................
(ii) Ionic structure [1 mark] ................................................................................................................................
(b) Which substance would dissolve in organic solvent? [2 marks]
.................................................................................................................................................................................
74. The diagram below shows acidic and basic oxides fit into the general family of oxides

@FNdhine 157
(i) State the name given to the type of oxides that would be placed in the shaded region [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Give the name of any oxide that could be placed in the shaded region [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
75. Starting with copper (II) oxide, describe how you can prepare copper (II) sulphate crystals (3 marks)
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
76. The set-up below shows the products formed when solid lead (ii) nitrate is heated.

(i) Liquid x …………………………………………………………… [1 mark]

(ii) Gas y……………………………………………………………… [1 mark]
b) When lead (ii) Nitrate crystals are heated, they decrepitate and decompose, what is meant by the term
decrepitating? [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………
77. Study the reaction below and answer the questions that follow.

@FNdhine 158
(i) Name the reagent used in steps 2 and 4. [2 marks]
Step 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………..
Step 4 ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in step 3. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Describe how a solid sample of anhydrous calcium sulphate is obtained in step 5. [3 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………
………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………
……………………………………………………….………………………………………………………
……………………………………....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) Give one industrial use of calcium sulphate. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………
……………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………
78.Without using any laboratory chemical, describe a simple laboratory experiment to distinguish between
calcium hydrogen carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. [2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
79. Starting with Lead (II) carbonate explain how you would prepare a pure sample of lead (II) sulphate.[2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
80.(a) (i) Describe how you would prepare pure crystals of lead II nitrate in the laboratory from lead (II) oxide.[3
marks]..................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 159
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in (a)(i) above. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) State what happens when lead (II) nitrate is strongly heated. [2 marks]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction in b(i) above. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) (i) State what is observed when ammonia solution is gradually added to a solution of lead (II) nitrate until the alkali
is in excess. [1 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that takes place in c(i) above. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 160
TOPIC 4: Effect of an electric current on substances
1. The set-up was used to electrolyse Lead (II) bromide. Study it and answer the questions that follow;

(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurred at the cathode. [1 mark]
...........................................................................................................................................................................
(b) State and explain what happened at the anode. [2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................
2. When an electric current was passed through two molten substances E and F in separate voltammeters. The
observations recorded below were made:

Substance Observation Type of structure

E Conducts electric current and a gas is formed

at one of the electrodes

F Conducts an electric current and is

not decomposed

Complete the table above. [2 marks]

3. (a) Differentiate the following terms :-
Electrolyte and nonelectrolyte. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram below is a set-up used to investigate the conductivity of electric current by some aqueous solution.
Study it and answer the questions that follow;

@FNdhine 161
(i) State the observation made on the bulb when each of the following solution were put into the beaker: [2 marks]
(a) Sugar solution
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Salt solution
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Classify the substance in (i) above as either electrolyte or non-electrolyte. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)(i) If in the above set-up of the apparatus, the substance to be tested is Lead (II) bromide, what modification should
be included in the set-up? [1 mark]
……..............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an ionic equation at the electrodes and state the observation at the anode. [2 marks]
................................................................................................................................................................................
4. The diagram below shows the setup used to investigate the effect of an electric current on molten lead (II) bromide.

i. Explain what happens to the lead II bromide during electrolysis. [1 mark]

................................................................................................................................................................................
ii. Why is it important to carry out the experiment in a fume chamber? [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................
5. (a) Define the following terms: [2 marks]
(i) Crystallization
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Salting out as used in soap making
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 162
(b) Starting with barium carbonate solid, dilute sulphuric acid and dilute nitric acid, describe how you would prepare
dry barium sulphate solid. [3 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6. Study the scheme below and answer the questions which follow:

(a) Identify;
(i) The cation present in solid S. [1 mark]..............................................................................................................................
(ii) The anion present in S. [1 mark]..............................................................................................................................
(iii) Write an equation to show how solid S is heated in process T. [1 mark]
................................................................................................................................................................................
(iv) Copper (II) chloride solution dissolves in excess ammonia solution to form a deep blue solution. Give the ion
responsible for the deep blue solution. [1 mark].............................................................................................................
(v) A solution of hydrogen chloride is an electrolyte but a solution of hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene in a
non-electrolyte. Explain. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
7. (i) State the meaning of electrolysis. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(ii) The diagram below shows a set-up used for the electrolysis of molten Lead bromide:-

State the observations that would be made at the anode and cathode as the electrolysis progressed. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 163
8. The diagram shows an experiment for investigating electrical conduction in lead (II) fluoride. Study it and answer
the questions that follow:

(a) On the diagram

(i) Label the anode and the cathode. [1 mark]
(ii) Show the direction of movement of electrons. [1 mark]
(iii) Complete the diagram by indicating the condition that is missing but must be present for electrical conduction to
take place. [1 mark]
(b) Why is it necessary to leave a gap between the cork and the boiling tube? [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(c) State the observations that are expected at the electrodes during electrical conduction and at the end of the
experiment. [2 marks]
….................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(d) Write equations for the reactions that take place at the electrodes. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(e) Why should this experiment be carried out in a fume chamber? [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
9. Study the diagram below and use it to answer the questions that follow:-

(a) Identify electrodes A and B. [1 mark]

...................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 164
(b) Name the product formed at the anode. [1 mark]...........................................................................................................
(c) Write the electrode half equation of reaction at electrode A. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
10. Explain the differences in electrical conductivity between melted sodium chloride and liquid mercury. [2 marks]
….................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
11. In an experiment to investigate the conductivity of substances, a student used the set-up shown below.

The student noted that the bulb did not light.

a) What had been omitted in the set up. [1 mark]
...................................................................................................................................................................................
b) Explain why the bulb lights when the omission is corrected. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
12. The set –up below was set up by a form two student to investigate the effect of electric current on solid sodium
chloride. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

(a) On the diagram label the anode and cathode electrodes. [1 mark]
(b) What condition is necessary during the experiment? Explain. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 165
(c) State all the ions present in the electrolyte. [2 marks]
....................................................................................................................................................................................
(d) State the observations made at each electrode after meeting the condition in (b) above. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
(e) Using appropriate equations, explain the observations in (c) above. [2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
(f) On the diagram indicate the direction of flow of electrons. [1 mark]
(g) Suggest the observation that would be made if any, if solid lead (II) iodide was used. Explain.[2 marks]
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
13. a) What is an electrode? [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Molten lead (II) bromide was electrolyzed using a graphite electrode. State and explain the observation made at the
anode. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
14. The diagram below shows the effect of electric current on lead (II) bromide. Study it and use it to answer the
questions that follow.

a) Name electrodes A and B [2 marks]

@FNdhine 166
c) Write the equation that takes place at electrode B [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Write half equations for the electrode reactions when molten sodium chloride is electrolysed using graphite
electrodes.
Anode. [1 mark]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Cathode . [1 mark]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
16. When concentrated hydrochloric acid was electrolysed for a longtime. Two gases were obtained at the
anode ;
(i) Name the two gases [1mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Explain why the gases were obtained. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

(i)What observation was made during the experiment. Explain? [1½ marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(ii) What observation would be made if the solution of hydrogen in methylbenzene was replaced with solution
of hydrogen chloride in water? Explain [1½ marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 167
18. Use the set up below to answer the questions that follow.

a) On the diagram label the cathode. [1 mark]

b) Write the equation of the reaction on the cathode. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
19. (a) What is a binary electrolyte? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) The set-up below was used to electrolysed molten lead (ii) iodide.

(i) State the observation that was made during electrolysis at electrode A. [1mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction that took place at the anode. [1mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20. The set-up below was used to investigate electrolysis of a certain molten compound;-

@FNdhine 168
(a) Complete the circuit by drawing the cell in the gap left in the diagram. [1 mark]
(b) Write a half-cell equation to show what happens at the cathode. [1 mark][1mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Using an arrow, show the direction of electron flow in the diagram above. [1 mark]

@FNdhine 169
TOPIC 5: Carbon and its compounds
1. (a) State one use of graphite. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Both graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon. Graphite conducts electricity whereas diamond does not.
Explain. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Below is a simplified scheme of solvay process. Study it and answer the questions that follow:

a) Identify gas R. [1 mark]....................................................................................................................................

b) Write an equation for process III. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Give one use of sodium carbonate. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. A burning magnesium continues to burn inside a gas jar full of carbon (IV) oxide. Explain. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. The diagram below shows a jiko when in use:

(a) Identify the gas formed at region H. [1 mark]..................................................................................................................

(b) State and explain the observation made at region G. [2 marks]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

@FNdhine 170
5. Study the diagram below and use it to answer the questions that follow.

(a) State the observation made in the combustion tube. [1 mark]

…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in the combustion tube. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Give one use of P. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. (a) Identify two substances that are reacted to regenerate ammonia gas in the solvay process. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Write down a balanced chemical equation for the reaction above. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. When the oxide of element H was heated with powdered Carbon, the mixture glowed and carbon (IV) oxide was
formed. When the experiment was repeated using the oxide of element J, there was no apparent reaction.
(a) Suggest one method that can be used to extract element J from its oxide. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Arrange the elements H, J and Carbon in order of their decreasing reactivity. [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. (i) Diamond and silicon (IV) oxide have a certain similarity in terms of structure and bonding. State it.[1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
...…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State one use of diamond. [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. (a) What is allotropy? [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Diamond and graphite are allotropes of Carbon. In terms of structure and bonding explain why graphite conducts
electricity but not diamond. [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..

@FNdhine 171
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. The diagram below shows a charcoal stove with different regions:

(a) Write an equation for the formation of the product in region B. [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) How would one avoid the production of the product at B? Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
...…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Explain the observation made in the combustion tube during the experiment. [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………...….
.…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the combustion tube. [1 mark]
....…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon:-
(a) What is meant by allotropes? [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) How do they differ in their structure and bonding. [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 172
13. Study the experimental set-up below:

a) State two observations made in the set up as the experiment progressed. [2 marks]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) By use of a chemical equation, explain the changes that occurred in the boiling tube. [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………....
.…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) Why was it necessary to burn the excess gas? [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
14. The figure below shows the stages in the manufacture of sodium carbonate. Study the diagram below and use it to
answer the questions that follow.

a) (i) Name three starting materials in the manufacturer of sodium carbonate [1.5 marks]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Which substances are recycled in this process? [1 mark]
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Identify the chambers in which the recycled substances are regenerated. [2 marks]

@FNdhine 173
..…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Name the substances U and V. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Give an equation for the reaction which occurs:
(i) In the reaction chamber 1. [1 mark]
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) When solid V is heated. [1 mark]
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) In the reaction chamber 3.[1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) State one commercial use for sodium carbonate. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. The set-up below was used to prepare dry carbon (II) Oxide gas. use it to answer the questions below it:

(a) (i) State two mistakes committed in the set-up arrangement above.[2 marks]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………....
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The student produced carbon (IV) oxide gas from the reaction between Lead (II) Carbonate and dilute hydrochloric
acid. The gas was produced for a short time and the reaction came to a stop. Explain [2 marks]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………....
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………....
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Write the equation for the reactions taking place in the combustion tube and the conical flask: [2 marks]
Combustion tube:………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Conical flask ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) State one use of carbon (IV) Oxide gas apart from fire extinguisher. [1 mark]
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 174
(v) Give two properties that make carbon (IV) Oxide to be used as a fire extinguisher. [2 marks]
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) PbO(s) + CO(g) Pb(s) + CO2(g)

Which property of carbon (II) Oxide is demonstrated by the above equation? [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Aluminium carbonate does not exist. Give a reason. [1 mark]
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Ammonium carbonate decomposes when heated. Write a chemical equation to represent this decomposition. [1
mark]…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………
16. State and explain the observation made when a piece of charcoal is dropped in a jar containing concentrated nitric
(V) acid. [1 mark]
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. When Carbon (IV) oxide is passed through lime water, a white precipitate is formed but when excess Carbon (IV)
Oxide is passed, the white precipitate disappears;
(a) Explain why the white precipitate disappears. [1 mark]
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Give an equation for the reaction that takes place in (a) above. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. The set-up below was used to prepare a carbon (II) oxide gas.

(a) Give the name of substance A [1 mark] …………………………..……………………………………………………

(b) Complete the diagram to show how the gas can be collected. [2 marks]

@FNdhine 175
(c)Write the equation for the reaction. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. The diagram below shows a set up used to prepare dry carbon (II) oxide gas and to investigate some of its properties
in the laboratory. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

a) Name liquid A and state its function in this set up [1 mark] …………………….………………………………….
b) Write the equation for the reaction that produced carbon (II) oxide. [1 mark]
…………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State the observation made in the combustion tube [1 mark]
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………
21 a) Define the term allotropy [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Using structure and bonding, explain the role of graphite in “lead” pencils. [2 marks]
…………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
22. a) Other than carbon, state two other elements that exhibit allotropy. [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) A student set up the apparatus below to prepare and collect a dry sample of carbon (IV) oxide.

@FNdhine 176
Giving reasons, state any three mistakes made in the set up above. [3 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Carbon (II) oxide can be prepared in the laboratory by dehydration of methanoic acid.
(i) What is meant by dehydration? [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Write an equation for the production of carbon (II) oxide. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Give two uses that are for both carbon (II) oxide and hydrogen gases [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
23. Describe a chemical test to differentiate between carbon (IV) oxide and carbon (II) oxide
gas [2 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
24. Carbon {IV} oxide is one of the gases used in fire extinguishers
[a] State any other possible use of carbon {IV} oxide [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[b] Name any two reagents that can be reacted together to generate carbon {IV} oxide [2mks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
25. Use the diagram below to answer the questions below:

(i) Identify gas Y [1 mark]……………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 177
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction taking place in the combustion tube. [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Which is the best place for carrying out the above experiment [1 mark]
……………………………...……………………………………………………………………………………………
26. The flow chart below shows some of the stages in the manufacture of the sodium carbonate by the Solvay
process. Use it to answer the questions that follow;

a) Name the substance N [1 mark]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Name the process taking place in.
i) Step II [1 mark] ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
ii) Step III [1 mark] …………….…………………………………………………………………………………
c) Write an equation for the reaction producing Sodium Carbonate. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
27. The diagram below shows an experimental set up for preparing Carbon (II) Oxide. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.

a) State the role of sodium hydroxide solution in the set up. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

@FNdhine 178
b) State the reason why Carbon (II) Oxide is collected in the manner illustrated [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) Describe a simple test that can be used to distinguish between carbon (II) oxide and carbon (IV) oxide.[1
mark]………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
28. Write down the property of concentrated Sulphuric (VI) acid shown in the following reactions.
conc . H2SO4

a) H2C2O4. 2H2O(l) 2H2O(l) + CO2(g) + CO(g)

Property. [1 mark] ….……………………………………………………………………………..………………
b) C(s) + 2H2SO4(l) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Property. [1mark] …………………..………………………………………………………………….…………..
29. A burning wooden splint and a burning magnesium ribbon were lowered in gas jars full of carbon (IV) oxide
separately as shown below;

State and explain the observations made in

a) Set up (I) [1½ marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Set up (II) [1½ marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
30. The set up below was used to collect a dry sample of a gas

@FNdhine 179
Give two reasons why the set-up cannot be used to collect carbon (IV) oxide gas (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………
31. The set up below used to obtain a sample of iron

(a) Identify the gas collected [½ mark] ………………………………………………………………………..

(b) What observation is made on the excess iron (III) oxide? [½ mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
……………………………....…………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Write equations for the two reactions that take place in the combustion tube [2 marks]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
32.Sodium hydrogen Carbonate is obtained from trona which is found together with Sodium Chloride in some
lakes in the Rift Valley.
(a) State the method used to separate trona from the mixture with Sodium Chloride. [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Give one use of Sodium hydrogen Carbonate [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 180
33. The setup below shows the effect of Carbon (ii) oxide in Copper (ii) oxide.

(a) State two observations made during the experiment [2 marks]

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between Copper (II) Oxide and Carbon (ii) Oxide.[1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
34. In a motoring magazine, a journalist wrote “On a busy road the proportion of carbon (II) oxide has
varied from 6 parts per million to 180 parts per million.”
a) Explain why the proportion of carbon (II) oxide varies as above. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
b) By what reaction is carbon (II) oxide above formed. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
c) What is the effect of carbon (II) oxide on blood and why does it make the gas poisonous. [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
35. The set up below was used to obtain a sample of iron.

i) Write two equations for the reaction which occur in the combustion tube. [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
ii) Identify gas Q [1 mark] ……………………………………………………………………………………..

@FNdhine 181
36. (a) Define allotropes. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) (i) State the name of the allotrope of carbon that conducts electricity. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Use the structure and bonding to explain your answer in (b) (i) above. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
37. The following diagram represents a charcoal burner. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

Write the equations for the reaction at: [3 marks]

A ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
C ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
38. In the preparation of carbon (iv) oxide in the laboratory, dilute hydrochloric acid was added to marble chips
(CaCO3) as shown in the diagram below.

(a) (i) What observations are made when the acid is added to the marble chips? [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Why is dilute hydrochloric acid preferred to dilute sulphuric (vi) acid in the above reaction? [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 182
(iii) Why was the gas passed through water in the apparatus L? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Write an ionic equation for the reaction which occurs in the flask. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(v) Explain why calcium hydroxide is used to detect the presence of carbon (iv) oxide while sodium hydroxide is not
used. [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
39. A student set up the apparatus shown below to prepare and collect dry carbon (IV) oxide gas.

(a) State a correction for three mistakes in the set up above [3 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Give two reasons why carbon (IV) oxide is used as a fire extinguisher [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) The flowchart below is for the manufacture of sodium carbonate by the Solvay process. Use it to answer
the questions that follow.

(i) Name gases M and Q [2 marks]

……......................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 183
(ii) Name solution F and solid X (1 Mark)
F: _______________________________ X: _______________________________
(iii) Name the product L formed and give one of its uses [2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)Write equations of the reactions in [2 marks]

Tower
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Chamber K
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(v) Name the two raw materials required in the manufacture of sodium carbonate [1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

40. A student set up the apparatus shown below to prepare and collect dry carbon (IV) oxide gas.

(a) State a correction for three mistakes in the set up above. [3 marks]

(b) 30cm3 of carbon (II) oxide gas was reacted with 10cm3 of oxygen gas. The resulting mixture of gases
was bubbled through an alkali. Determine the volume of the residual gas. [3 marks]

@FNdhine 184
(c) The flowchart below is for the manufacture of Sodium Carbonate by the solvay process. Use it to answer
the questions that follow.

(i) Name substance T [1 mark] .…………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Explain the use of water in chamber R[1 mark]

.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Name the two raw materials required in the manufacture of Sodium Carbonate. [1 mark]
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) Write an equation for the reaction taking place in chamber M. [1 mark]
.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……

41. A student lowered burning magnesium in a gas jar of carbon (IV) oxide as shown in the diagram.

(a) State and explain the observation made in the gas jar (2 Marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

@FNdhine 185
(b) Write the equation of the reaction that takes place in the gas jar [1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
42. The diagram below shows part of the Solvay process.

(a) Name solid X [1 mark] …………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) State the process taking place in chamber L [1 mark]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) State two uses of sodium carbonate [1 mark]

43. Producer gas and water gas are collectively known as fuel gas. Producer gas is a mixture of carbon II
oxide and Nitrogen while water gas is a mixture of carbon II oxide and hydrogen.

State one advantage and one disadvantage of using water gas. [2 marks]

I Advantage
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

II Disadvantage
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

44. (a)Explain how you would show that graphite and diamond are both allotropes of carbon.(2marks)
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Why is graphite used as a lubricant while diamond is used as an abrasive (2 marks)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

@FNdhine 186
45. Ethanedioic acid (COOH)2 is used instead of methanoic acid (HCOOH) to prepare carbon(II) oxide and
carbon (IV) oxide in the laboratory as it is easily dehydrated by sulphuric (VI) acid to give equal volumes of the
two gases.

(a) Write an equation for the dehydration of ethenedioic acid. [1 mark]

.....................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Explain how dry carbon(II) oxide can be gotten from the mixture of the two gases.[2 marks]
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................

46. Passing a small quantity of carbon (iv) oxide through limewater, forms a white precipitate which dissolves
when excess carbon (iv) oxide is bubbled through.
(a) Name the white precipitate. [1 mark] …………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain using a chemical equation why the white precipitate dissolves in excess carbon (iv) oxide.
[1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
(c) What will happen when the solution in (b) above is boiled? [1 mark]
.....................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
47. (a) When steam is passed over heated charcoal as shown below, Carbon (II) oxide and hydrogen
gas are formed.

(i) What name is given to the mixture of gases produced above? [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Give two uses of Carbon (II) oxide gas which are also uses of hydrogen gas [1 mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) The diagram below represents a charcoal burner. Study it and answer the questions that follow

@FNdhine 187
(i) Write equations for the reactions occurring at

Zone I[1 mark]

…………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Zone II[1 mark]

…………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) What is the colour of the flame [1 mark]....................................................................................................

(iii) The ash that collects in the lower compartment was dissolved in water and filtered. Suggest

the PH value of the resulting solution [1 mark] ...............................................................................................

(i) State the function of the concentration sulphuric (VI) acid in the process above [1 mark]
……………………………………...................................................................................................................
……………………………………...................................................................................................................

(ii) How would you remove Carbon (IV) oxide gas form the mixture of Carbon (II) Oxide and carbon (IV)
oxide gas [1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………....................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................

48. The flow chart below shows industrial manufacture of sodium carbonate. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.

@FNdhine 188
(a) Name substances A, B, C and D. [4 marks]

A .................................................................... B ……………………................................................

C .................................................................... D ………………………..............................................

(b) Write an equation for the reactions taking place in chamber 3 and 5. [2 mark]

Chamber 3
……………………………………....................................................................................................................

Chamber 5
……………………………………...................................................................................................................

(c) Name the physical process in chamber 4 and 5. [2 marks]

Chamber 4 ........................................................................................................................................................

Chamber 5 ........................................................................................................................................................

(d) Name one source of cheap carbon (IV) oxide for Solvay process. [1 mark]
………………………………………...............................................................................................................

(e) Briefly explain how sodium chloride required for this process is obtained from sea water. [2 marks]
……………........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................

49.Copper (II) oxide and charcoal are black solids. How would you distinguish between the two solids? [2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................

@FNdhine 189

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