Nama : GHOLA SHINTARA P
Kelas/Nim : KA/225050107113013
The policy of sustainable development, the need to save natural
environmental resources, and the use of waste as raw materials in new
production processes allow the use of enzymes in many industries.
Enzymatic tanning uses natural enzymes that are biodegradable and
environmentally friendly. Enzymes selectively break down collagen fibers,
resulting in a more even tanning and a consistent leather product.
This industry is mainly relevant in developing countries, such as Brazil,
China, and India, with Brazil having the largest commercial cattle herd in
the world. Leather is still the most optimal material for footwear as it has
many properties, which are important from a comfort and healthiness
point of view . At the same time, the most effective form of recycling
livestock skins is the processing and finishing of skins by tanning.
However, the leather industry produces toxic waste and non-
biodegradable industrial pollutants, as well as consuming large amounts
of energy and water.
Pollution from the leather industry poses a serious threat to the
environment and human health , breaking the boundary of clean
production and the principles of the circular economy. As an alternative to
traditional leather preservation, phyto-based preservation options for raw
hides and skins can be used, which reduces total dissolved solids and
chloride content by approximately 70%. , a copolymer of collagen
hydrolysate grafted with starch, which exhausts the dyeing bath by up to
96%. In order to reduce unpleasant odors, and often volatile organic
substances and odors harmful to human health and the environment,
systems based on biofilters are used to capture harmful gas emissions
from the tannery environment.
The use of enzymes in tanning processes, e. Alkaline proteases with
optimal activity in a wide pH range significantly reduce the level of
pollution generated by the tanning industry . These enzymes are ideal for
commercial applications due to their compatibility with metal ions,
compatibility with commercially available detergents, denaturants, and
resistance to pH and temperature changes.
Use of enzymes in various industrial sectors . Transformation of raw
leather into finished leather technologies in leather production processes
is the use of enzymes. The most widely used group of enzymes in the
tanning industry are proteolytic enzymes. Proteases can be found in
almost all living organisms at some point during their lifetimes.
Proteolytic enzymes are bioactive macromolecules that constitute
indispensable parts of life on earth, including microorganisms, animals,
and plants .
Processes in the wet workshop
Soaking allows the skins to reabsorb any water lost after skinning, salting,
and transportation. Soaking is also used to clean the hides of feces, blood,
and dust and remove fibrous material. The soaking methods used depend
on the condition of the skins. The main soaking operation may last from
several hours to several days .
Putrefying bacteria may develop during soaking. The skins are thereby
prepared for the removal of adhering flesh and fat in the fleshing process.
Tannery process
Basic chromium sulfate is added to the pickled hide in drum II, with
continuous stirring for 4–6 h to allow for absorption. To promote the final
reaction of chromium to collagen, the temperature is increased to around
50°C and the pH of the bath is increased to 3.8–4.0 by the addition of
basifying agents, such as sodium basic salts or magnesium oxide . The
tanning process modifies the rawhide by stabilizing the collagen fibers
against enzymatic attack, mold, and chemical damage. Chrome tanning is
still the most popular method of tanning leather, due to its ability to
produce high-quality leather, with properties such as excellent
hydrothermal stability, better dyeing properties, and softness .
The chromium tanning process is not an effective technology, due to the
absorption rate of chromium Cr by skin collagen, which ranges from 55 to
70% . A large amount of chromium is discharged into the wastewater,
resulting in large losses of chromium tannin. The process increases
environmental pollution and wastewater treatment costs and additionally
causes huge losses of chromium . Bating is entirely dependent on
proteolytic enzymes.
Among others, proteases have long been used in the bating stage of
leather processing. Untreated tannery wastewater contains up to 3,000–
3,500 mg/l of chromium, which classifies tannery waste as one of the
most dangerous industrial wastes . Enzymes have been widely used in
leather making during soaking, dehairing, bating, and degreasing steps,
which are depicted in Figure 4 . Soaking is the first stage of a wet
workshop in leather processing technology.
Link jurnal terkait : https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/aut-
2023-0012/html
