SUSEAELVOELULELLLELELLELELUTULTULULUULEUUEY. INTRODUCTION __ Genetics texm was giver hy W. Bateson, Genetics Genetics Collictive Study % heredity and Variations, Hexedtity > dtu transmission op enetic Chatracters fin pone do agfspringl Vakiations + Differences that are seen among Ae Merebens of game Species Inhori tance > Process which geeric Characters Ore transf: from -pascent tp Offsp rhng's Fox the dclevelopment o genetic characters following Conditions ore seequitcect = 1. Gene shoulol be present, 2. Gene. houtol be express. 3 For expression siiritable Condition equine Express —> RNA—> Protein (Ere me) Substrate—> Product Genetic Chatcact er| | HISTORY OF RESEARCHES IN GENETICS __ Gregor. Johan Menolel:- Father 9 Genetics. W) Bateson: Father R Moder Genetics. He proposect vourious teun Like Grenetios, Alteze, Homozygous, Heterozygous, TH. Morgan: Father of Experimental genetics, Ly te performed experiment on Drosophila, He proposed Vadous Concepts Like Linkage, Seu. linkage, Cxossing Ove, Criss Cress inhavitance. genes are Linearly oxanged © GE pom PP Pa yp gitieeaye LHe ebuggertent that Ore Chromosome. aN A. Garrod t Father % human genetics anot Rs Biochemical genetics. > He discoveret first tuumon metabolic genetic cligorder. fe. AlkKoptonurdor . [Black urine seas] SOME GENETICAL TERMS eChanacter :- Any feature oF an organism, eg: Stem eight , Flower colour srigzost es, Wedee |e form ®@ a Chanacter, e9: Talt/Dwonf Tat it) Nn Height (ch.BELEELETLELELELELLELELECECUECULCECercretretveys Gene Cte by Tohannsen):- Menolel usec teun Elem ent” om. « Facton” Segment 0} ONA that is reaponsible for Tbpeaance of Choracters, 15 Segment oR DNA that Grreralty synthesizes RNA and protein, Gene: Unit Of inhaxitance Chere cal gene wis - DNA Teall genes axe DNA but oll DNAs exe not gene. | —> RNA» Protein —» Chonaeter CHeignt) (S) a —_ Colow: (Choxact ex) 2 Adsetes 2 Express Altenate foums of a gone 4k Called atlele, Allele QWUSe clue te mutation. Allele spr. ot dame Jocus on Fomolegous Chromosomes. Recessive A\ pres \ Not fe\ Erotein expressQ wor 4s a Comeect presentation able 7 : ‘{ 4. eke of wi - Nek Kerrelage Ans. (4) *Unmodified allele / witol auele/ original types sAllele which us px. in natuxe from stoxting. iff is damin: allete * Generale, wrmodified allele Ls dominant aXele « Modified allele i © Formedt mutation. ii i ewive allele * Generally moclipiesl allele 1b tec 7 tunmodified Modified ae Ds RNA ‘ Protein wo erayme) Chromosome. Dominant (original) Phenotype ave FIFA Ia Fo FoF IFO IEE PD MS Se EN A a ne en ek8 oe te ES RNA —> Normal erzyme/ Lets efficient Mini seg. modified [s]—_s[e] Dominant FCose } RNA —> Non- functionat enzyme Mudetion [s]—> [Ry t [Beart}> Recenive RNA—> No enzyme at att Conclusion $— &] FL Omodified attete — Unmodified attete (Dworkh» Recessive @ond@ Modified allele + Unmodified allete e pomecygece aaa True - breeding 2 Presence op ta20 simi lode alleles of a Ose. Ano chip lolol organism. ear TT, tt ° Hetenozy qous/ Impure Presence of two oli asirailor Gueles a gene tn o cliplasol Ovganism, Sotae @ J In cliploick organism, presence ia Aingle allele a gene. 4 L 4 at Eq genes pr. on X and Y Chromosomes of tuumon male. 5 * ‘ 3 2) e Dominant Allele o Recessive Allele Allele. that Car -be express AlteLe that Can eae both in homozygous anol Oe ae ee de tewzygous Condition. ie le eT altele o ° Dominant ee Homozygous Tite. Heterozygous Te) alt zyqous tt Buoaref Yr Recessive Trait ve Adtele Dominant Trait Sap ae a ‘3 » ARP PRPPPPPPPPPP PP PP LP eee Ceeeye Homo RecessiSEVTULGECEEUULEEEEECECUCEUTOLECLUOUY SUCHGy dominant allele hd Reoeuive aliete,& 'f We Cross R=Red and R= yellow 2 iven %- RR = Red RR! = yellous \ Dortinant trait R'-» Dorninant aftele R'R! = yellow 5 R> Recetsive allele * Phenotype + The external abpearnce an Organisny for O poveti— Culox Character. + Genotype Ce The geritic Constitution/ genetic meoke-up op cue Organism for. a povrticutar oF ~ Talt/ Durorp Character, Eg TU/Te/ te ey ~o Tau Duparef- 2 inbreeding depeession 3. cling | x elk - ‘ol Vigoux. clue. to inbreeding / — Lost # ee ant inbreeding ais ease 7270s 2 9272 PH iy FW) Wao ko ke ws bn _ pollination a4 N cee ae Cie vigoure,) ; Dominant Trait > Hy il. zs ; Tnbreeding Qabb 8 Dorninant Trait —? © (By Chance) 4BPLELELEYVELETLUELLELELLCECUELULUTLTULELLVUUY “Genome s-_ ‘dl Chaplotd) Total genetic material ponent in o monoploiol Chap Cou oF an, organism. SL > eae ' N base + Sugar + Phosphate Segregation disjunction :- Homologous Chromosomes Linkage ostment 3- "ae oe iio on non- homotogus Chyorposonces - eR A and GB getsa Linkage = Occwe when gents poesent on Same Chromosomes ey: A and D gents ™ Segnegation/ clisjunction i Separation op Aromolagus Chromosomes oluxing mefosis 45 Called. Segregation. * Non- olisjunction :- > Any mistake ouuaring Separation of Chromosomes As “Colleol rNon- disjunction Wineces Seqregation fe Segregation ty > Linkage TR Linkoupe. TE — Indtperlest assortment te > Indipendet atsortment | ! j 1 4 ‘ 5 § : 5 5 5 ‘ s 2BPLEDULLVUELELLELLELELELELCEULULTEUUUUE CEU GAMETE FORMATION cw 2n Type of gamete 2" Nh No, retenozygous N. Cham ete) @ qamete) Method Fork tine method. Homozygous > —— Heterozygous MS =. case ie eg2- Aa eq3= AS Sb Ferd. net Ota o. Loe ) ea —@ SS beat eq5: Ao Bb Gr ee Lars a as be Ab=t ag Pe eQbel b pee“GS 0.88 Dd Rae ‘At < of? AARR Lai-s D=asp-} A a eee =4 d=aBd = 5 9 A plant with genotype RRDd EG -brodiuce gametes. Finck oud Probab idizy oF Gametes Which Contain RDE Jenosy pe 2 “4 E= RDE= h om =o Ce ele 4: ge €=Rde = yy TRICK = thes ~ “Homozygous = oe a Bo RRs — | hs R prbetat GA plant widh quiotype Re Tt Gg FE produce gametes Find out Grondeied, a qammetes which sale following quootype = Yee fE fC EB LID DDN eee (1) RTGF RsTt Gg FF @) vigt ) R79 F (D xTGF tabetet aaROS SIG Ee ReTeGgFr + @ ¥ Es ¢ @ rt a Ff ‘ | ee sebebepe gy @.In human oth male and female aye Similar. Autosomal genotype AnBb and both Contain a X% Hinde gene ‘d'. Find out prebabiey @ gametes Prooluce in :- dua 4 (1) Female Contain ‘abd’ genotype. SO ey, a @ Male Contain “Abd? genotype. . | Pee NG ed ae tyt { sox Senoty pe of Male :- | AaBb + x¢y Le 1 @Abd eet 8 iS} BE Q In Auumon both male and female have dindlar autosomal genotype. wxTt and both Contain a x Ainkced gene “h’ Finol out percentage op gametes produce in + CG) Fenete Contain “¥TH? genotype. @) Mote Contain xth’ genotype. YITE + XOX xe Tet x"Y wire a tutxe 20 BD 2= GX l00= 25%,G wor is Cormrect presetation o gamete whick 44 fownect in ol ploiol oxgasdsm ? @AbH ec Rr @)AA Bb Hh ce WTA bHE® @a bb wy ex PUNNET SQUARE/ CHECKER BOAR © developect ay Botish geneticist, Reginalol Cc. Punnet. et is a graphical representation 42 Caleutate Abe probability o% atl possible genotypes oF offspring 42 a genera C045. Horizontally, anc female gametes Lie Vertically, Oe Tees | | | 2 Usually dn Punnet Square the mate gametes Lie | aa etes eke a ita “Te | iefesten lets Gone yp | Te 4t Se ie ae oe eo 2244499993 2% 2:99 937978 PHIM MDW HV DW A lo 24 AAO Ws te en en enree ee Se eRe Vveguevrvvuvwvuwuuwwuew 2 é dasa 6 {SRB Gam otes Crametes Ag aB AB | AakB 0aBB MENDELISM ___ © Gregor Johann. Menctel (48.22 -1884) 3- a ; He wor born on july 22,1822 at Silesian eae Heinzendonp state in Austria. Mendel worked in Augustinian Monastery os Monk of Brunn Cray A trio. —> Mendel -berformecl, bricization Sxperiments on Grrden pea plant (Pisum Sativum) for F years (1856-1863). — Work started i- 1856 en 2 Work Completed + 1863 " Work published :- 1865 * without MECogni tion op Aid Wor, the clied in 1884 due to a Lene clstase [erignt's ctigease] After 16 yrs RB Menclel's death in 1990 tus tulot Were Recliscovereol by S scientist Puooxicin ve clent iy. ¢ ] 1 Corl Gorxnens (Germany) —> Maize plants 4. Hugo de Varies (Holland) —> eyes Primenose plant, 3. Exich Von Tschermate (Auatria)—» ditt flowering plante Hugo de Vries jepublishec. Mendel's scesult's in JOO aL © Blora?? in 1901, Sant Corres Cantidad tise postulates oR Mendel tte 4420 Lowe R Aare dite | Mencleliam :- Dlawo of Sepnevation UD Lazo OF Independent aadsontmont TEE—9}dlorinance REASONS FOR: UNRECOGNITION OF MENDEL'S WORK Mendel -published his wore on inhanitance R Characters in 1865 but for several reasons, it Jeanine une cognized. Ait 1900 :- 1 Communication was not easy So is wore wos not oiclely publicized. ¥ ¥ & & = e Se © a qj Sy = «| « a a | el *2, Mendel explained. that factors are stable. anol Uscxete wilt [olid not blend] whieh was not Oecepted ay tls Contemporaries Liplogists, 3. Mendet's approach % cia Mathematics was Ao tally Mew at that Aime, 4. He Could not proviole cup -plugsicot proof for Aue. existe.” op factors and what thug one ‘made oR.SSE eVEBPOVYVUYUYUULUULTLELUUUULEELUULULVUDUUYUY REASONS FOR MENDEL'S SUCCESS «_ 4. Mendel sdtuoliedt the Mhordtance o One OF wo Chaxaciers at a time Wilike this -preclec ersord “f who thacl Consiolereol Many Characters af a ene. 2. Selection oR garcel en Peo plant. C) Pex plant is an Qnnual plant with short Life Cycle of 2-3 months. wi) Natuxaliy, self pollination occurs in. pea. plant. GN) Cross-poltinotion Can be. -pexfonmedt in tt Orci fi ci dllay ao hybwielization Com be made poddsible. Gy Tt hos many Comstrasting traits, W) Pea plant is easy to Cultivate. Wi) Pea seeds are dovnge. 13 Menolet Gucntitatively anolusect Abe tnhonitance oR qualitative Chosea c ters. (His experiments Ahad a dange sampling ize) JL ia atest td hes ope Jat site i A He esenAgS Abe Statistical 2ecorcols oR att Abe expedaments.MENDEL'S woRK © Mendel studied % Characters oh 14 Conatrasting traits in Ganden Pea plot — r + S.NO| Chanactex Dominant trait | Recessive trait Stem Haight t [length op plant] qa Tal Plowe position 2. AxioL 3 Flower Colour | Vvigiet 4, || Pod) Shape Inflated Conatric ted 5. | Pod Colour Green Yellous | iG Seed Colowe Yellow Green | . Ccotyledon) } t wrinkled Seed Shape [eee Lee _ pg ininlin linn inibinihinihinih mh fi) pw) Oe «ef ev*In pea plant Chromosome no.ti- 22-14 ‘ fant i Flauser. rie om seed Glow Shape. \ a ‘ Pee , y bf j Aime Bi 5 * Seeq Colout: Flower oe \ * | ‘ Asaureption 2 : | Tf Menclet thaol Stuclieol 0k athape anol plant Sui Character simultaneously thin a i eee He woutk not rave been able te explain independent B40 tment. @ He Mught howe cUiscovercel Linkage mMendel Obtained corinklecl seeds gue to abs Stozh Branching eneyrne (SBE). Ce fas Round seeds Wrinkledt Seeds cn Ce oea“ MENDEL'S EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 74 Steps=1, Formation of true breeding/pune Line Choro z4gous). \ f *Menolel xelectect 14 true breeding Vascieties oF garden pea -plant. e Mendel oleveloped True breectin Variety ce garden. pea plot Continuous xdelp- Pollination anol selection. Pu ¥ x F txt ye FF F—poesine Se aoa ee eee flower before metwity. Ti 4s done to prevent sSelp pollination. (b) Bagging > with paper bag do as to prevent “ad cae sare CrxrO0ss d jdason. &) Tagging —>Emasculatel and bagg ect flower ane tagged by writing date and time oF every steps. Ce feof [fa fs (fe eli fis fo fs fh ne kn Va Vn Ya Ye Ya i YYW wrEo Sone . Porxrent => eS eS S > > » ) » ~ P e Cross- = = eS 2 e 2 4 ZF} | e aa —— P S eo ee ? a e Fy Genvention => > | 5 AM Tak > * . 5 Selfing r) 2 > f= Greenection <> [Tal] raf (oer ode] Fre] (Tat [owen fra] bai De "iT a i ® 6: 2 ’ aieMonohybrid Cxossi- A Cross clone to sStucly Oo tance. Op One Charagcter on two Const weesting tyaits aL a Lime. Tuso Tou Helgi op Pes plant i Contrasting Dwarf | traits One Character MONOHYBRID CROSS —__ oe Parents > Pure Tate Pure Dwarf TT tt jf ar re Fa Generation ——> TE (Att Tat) sel hg u Ms Fy — Tale ali Fa Tote Te Gmctes. | [Gametes Tv 4 ot a Pe a A eeVYWUVECTVVEVVUVULUUVUTUULULUUUTEEUUUUVUVUU YY Aree) Fy Genration —> t Conclusio 6 Genvration 3- DFhenotype Ratio Tale : Dworp ane (2) Srenoty pe wodio 3- TT 3 Tes tt dae @) Types of Phenoty pels: Wait 305. GQ Types of Genokype t- 3% = 3! = ©) No. of 2ygotes/ ofpspring tog 4? gl og: © Pure Talk - 9%. GD Impure Tat i= %, @ Puxe plants :- y%, n> hetenozygoticHetero zyg...J Povrtidal Generation F, (by Cross pollinat”) FE, (by Self pollinatn) F, (by sbetp pollinat”) Fy Chy Self pollinat”) NOTE :- *e Self paltination increases Aomozyaosity (Pure Aine), * Ceoss - poltinotion increases Aatern zygosity. CONCLUSIONS OF MONOHYBRID CROSS _ Conclusions (resutts) oF Mono hy brid Cross :- l,0n the bowsis HR sesults oF Monohybrid Cross, Menclel proposeot 3 postulates which -have been Converted into 2 daws of Awe ity — Postutate -T :- Postulate of pained factors | Laws of Postutate - Tl - Postutate of oclominance dominance Fostutote - TI :-Postutate of segregation y Law of egregation’y, egtagiaien NCE ou of dominance Postulote-I Postulote of puirecl factors — oe to Mendel each Character is Contvolled by Unit factor. Factor Occur. In the form op pairs. . Ege Tage AVI 2 PARP Pn nn 8D DD Dn Mee ElectsPostulate-IT:- Postulate of dominance — ae In Cose dissimiloe unit factors Chakenzg9 ’ One Unit factor 44 able to express Atretg, tt oe Catlect Dominant unit factor whereas othe CoS Factor fail to express itselp ik 4s Calleol recessive Unit factor. Pure Talk X Pune Dworf Pot Hetexozygous—s TE Tou Dori nowt \ ; factor Recessive factor Exceptions of tous of dominance : 1 Incomplete dominance 2. Co- dominance Rea xX white AA XX AAs RR rr Re — Bel of 1h a Ne a OO SBE SEH ES A RE oO EP EE Postutate-IT + Law of degwegation/ Lax Of purity, | When 200 oliAsimilox factors br. in an Ouganism \ then i- 1. Factors nevee Show ony blending (tixing)=— ange ON During gamete foxmation bath factors sSeporate70tnidlo Ahis one gamete recessive only one Fect% Of the tuso factors, abo gametes ore luo s pure. WUndex nosmat Condition this Leno it universally Applicable. Raxe Exception :- Non- olisjunction P22 T2722 FONE APATHY He clic net ne ee es ce Abnormal i5 . to . ™Th F Generation 3:1 natin is obtained out (D Dominance Fy x Fy ' Te (2) Segre gation Tt ee con seq afi sf Testers || ae ald | (rast) t ie tt (Tost) | Dwwarp ain Fy Generation clsovef plant iis abtaineol clue to: @® Segregation wor Coun, not be explained on the basis F Menolel's Laws of dominance 2 VAS Factors never Show Blencling - —> Lau of seqregahen @ Pacton accun tn the form Of pours @ Chosracter is ControLleol by wt factors Louw On @ oud of one pair o% factor one is olor nent} “ordnance facto whereas olner is Frecesive factor. wre T_T =~ +r ww vvvvuvVvVvUuUUNeYVvUuUYUveHeVueKwvUuvUe UYQUESTION OF MoNoHYBRID CRoSs_-- G.An impuxe ten pea plant is Crossed with Divarf plant. This Coss produce 200 offspring's. Hows im, Rp then howe pure tot ano oluoeurf Plows Jespectively 2 (1) 0,206 Tmpuze tall % Dioarf (2) 100,100 Tt tt @) 150 50 e \4 © 100 Tre |< impuce tot t[_ £4 |= pwanp Ls Pune toll =0 i Duserf = 4x200 =100 Q what wilt -be genotype of poxental garden pea Plant 41f thy produce 44 talk 15 olor offspring Sie um XTT \@STE xTe Tat ite OTE Et { dowd Le lg +f lite § PP pap ay ap io ein aa ence he nbc ald tat 2 Tall: Dwomrp ® Talk Dusarf 334 45> 44 as cin 9.In qoveden, pea plant a pre violet flower plant 15 Crossed With cote flower plant. Tn Fe Fereration 1060 | Offspring's @xe Obtainecl. How aC Ce Ba: howe CA) Pure flowered plant = ~x!000 = = 500 (2) Impuxe Violet flower = 2x1000= S00 @ white flower= 1xi000= 250wweveevwv www eveuvVvuVUVUUYUUVUUUUUUUUYeUeUee eT eTC86TUTUU 8 Pure Violet x wwite WW wi ah oa Seer re ad all Ww X Why WW Ww awl est ere a) Jie white §.Tn human being brown eye Colour 4s clominant OVO bure t- Colour. hot wilt be Ake Gore type % brown Col povcents ae Hoye bire eof Chill 2 ‘4 : oe “a W 8a xbb Bxoon eye (8) Bue eye (bs @ Bb x bb 88, Bb bb \@T Bb x eb @) bh x bb 2 Co Broun eyed Bmwn eyed 6. ae 28.86 Blue eyed bb9. Tn thuman being brown eye Colour As ene OVer blue e "Colowe. A brown eyed ate Bille, eyeal sneineds THis Male ca) moved: tole ed female. Find out probabidity op theiz oat Cone brown eyed 2 Mother blue eyed Brown eye (8) Blue YE Ce) bb BB, Bb SS “ad ur ed ey es "bet | Bb | Brown eyed Blue eyed (Ly Brown eyed Child = ae G. In suman being atbinism is an auiosomal Jeecestive oligense. The first child of nonmat percents 12 albinic, Wheat will be the probability op theéte déconcl Chilol fa be atbinie 2 Albinism > Autosomal srecessive olisease A a Dominant Recessive (Normal) (Disease) 9 a wh Nowrnoll Novmet Ge i ‘ Pd . Aa. DA, Aa. AA — Now t Aa — Normal but Corrzj ve a e Qa. + Albinic Cafpected) Albinie aa. ha PP PPI IT ETAT ELL IELT LT PPT TP To Pies iguanaMULVULVULELELULEUCELECUCUECUUU UU UU UUUY 9 a Aa Aa A a Aes a Q In Auman Aeing Asease. A norm, mode is m albinism is ah outtosomal secessive uk male has ajpected father, This with a female whose father is also affectect but mother is Homozygous normat, What wilk be the eee thelr Chill to be Corrien 2 Albiniam i- Autosomal recessive disease AA» Normet 2 > Normal bud Coovrier Bo > Albinie Caffected) leer Child = =Q In Bennie (bel otonia dystrophy i an asstesomel domi nant disease, A noxmat mote us me ua (the affected female whose fother 1 also normal. What wilt be the probablity of thuis child to be Homozygous normal 2 Muyotonie dystrophy A a Dominant Recemive (Diseare) CNowrnat) AA —> affected Aa. — afiected aa— Normal Foie. Normal, an o g Normal offected Ai eo On eae a [aa [a] LS Child 40 be homozygous normal = 2 SOME IMPORTANT FORMULA FoR SELFING i i i Triky brid Mo) brid| Dikybrid iy Formule. oo ‘Aa. |AaBb * AaBb| AaBbCe X AaGbCe 3a 8 Types Of PhenotyPe| 59! 29 | pa*= 4 = a YP: tn Types Of Genotype |» a'-3 |=r3=9 | => 33227 aoe Zygote Combination | => 4!=4 44216 ie 432 64 a in where Te nO, oF hebero zqgous powz ba + 6 PPPOE PPPOE TTT TPT TTT Te tesDIHYBRID CROSS ___ i ; +u30 eA Cros done to dtu dnhiaya tance Ae ane Chanacters or four. Contrasting trait af @ “i ® Mende pexformect clikybwick Cross to knew Meas interaction among the Characters cliving He inhowtance. * Mendel never performet alt possible 21 Cupp ee Crosses of # Chanctern. Two character of Traits = eee ieee) a is dees Round CR) — Domiin 1- Seed Shape ae : . Lats wrinkled (x) — Recessive 2- Seed Colown ———* Vell” CY) — Continent Gween (¥) — Recessive Poxents ==> Rounel Yellow ~< vosinikleol queen RRYY wey | a =R-¥= Ry Cy) ) Fy Grentration > Ruy Roiunc yellow Sting & F Fi OF AVVULLLLULELULELULUULUEUUE UURound yellow s- 3 Rey Round green i-3 Ray! ret Wrinkled green s- 4 wayy ‘poorental = 10 _New= 6 Wrinkled yellow 3-3 POPPI T ITT TT VIII SAI AS TT Pp POPPI? ee o &a] SUpevvvsvyuvvVvvuvVvvvTvVvVVvIuvuvuveeourcvvuvyewe ‘ type Tr cae CroAs, tre gen? dP elf beth paixs axe amolag- | 2y gous :- ft Lines *Tf one poms 4s Aormozyqous Ano Othen is Audoroeyqaus Ee Ahan i> times ef bath pois are etexo- Zygous :- 4 Limes RRYY S14 RrY¥Y 2 RRY¢—>2| 4. Phunotypic natio- 9:3:3:1 ReYy— 4) 2 Genotypic ratio ADO 124s oT4 Ph i st Ryy ot yes of Phenotype = 2s 98g Roy 2 4. Types of Genotype = 3% 922g SEV S.No. of Zugote: = 4424. ytYus2 f 744 ones ergy i Postulate-s Law of Independent Assortment. eTt us basect on gentration of lity brick Cross. e Wher two o% mone characters trbarditod Simultan- Cously Aho inheritance oF ONE Character j; ndebencl from Other Characters, ancl one Character, inhos tate ust dike in monokebric pattern,Postulate lV Law Of Independent Assortment Diag brick Choxacter 1 Choractex Z Seed Shape i Seed Colawe Round (A) wsvinileol Cx) Yellow Cy) orree Cy) Rounol, Yellovs ¢ Round geeen i Wrinkle, yellous ¢ Wrinkled, green ig : 3 al Round > wrinkleo! Yellow > Green 125 4 4254 cee Bet g:1 x 3:1 <— phunotypie szotio 9:3.3:h (:2:Cti2i) CHa ety (prera2 Maha v2 od PPP PT PPP PIPPI OT TPE PTS TN eesSTn Fy gemration of dihybriol rods, what ix the Probability of offspring's which axe :- Homozygous for both Chaxocters ot Gi) Heterozygous fox both Characters :- & | iti) Homozygous fox one Chaxacter and Aaterozygous for another chaxacter 2 (iv) have Phenotype Sindloe Zo povrents :- 19. W hewe genotrpe Sinulare to parents eZ WI howe neu genotypic Combination :- '$~ Wil) have new Phenotypic Combinakion s- 4, Wii) howe Phenotype similar to F, -- Ye (i) have genotepe sSirnila Lo F; i He Laicents Round yellow vovinkled green RRYY veyy es F, —> [Rey] Round yellou poral R = [Round yetlow > 9 ee Poreintal, Round green 3 RR Yye— 2 Ne" wrinkled yellous>3 ReYy— 4 | ftovinkled green >1 a [Nee : os weyy— rrYy— 2 yy t— Paritat GPL ALLY ST PIPL PEL T LAL T TPA Re Pete easBOELVLELLEULSVEULYULUVUEVLULLUSULUULULULULUUUUYUYY QA plant with genotype OdEe 18 Cros ! enot ype Dilee. Finck gee pee Donia? sed wl jth Othe Short Cut method Ee xee e plant chavin ® offspring’ which have following genotype = @Ddee qwodee Wil DEE 0 OdEe x Dues | —Dbe de Dube x Ddee DE} DDEe | Ddée De} DDee | Doee Dax Dal dE| Ddee | ddée Dod 0/00 [7 | de] Ddee | ddee 4 (oe [aa | () Ddee 2 = aoe = ioe 2 @) ODEe —Stx5=5 a ay (ii) DDEE —> Exo= 0 Q.A plant with genolype RRHht plourt saving genotype tehhorg and proouce 800 Offspzin gs Following genotype s- (4) RrhhGiGr—> TREX = x 800 = (00 @RRHNGI—s oxbx2 =0 @RebhGe_, febae= 4% B00 = 200 Find ouk number o offspring's Which, hove — q 4s Crossed with CteRR gay Xe Hh xhh ag x Og [Ry] ie ‘2 ‘eal : nee aoa Lae | 9. tm @ Cross bio AaBh and aaBb genotypic poe .£ The *atio e AaBB, AABb, 02.8b, aabb un offspring 444 ng aia a yen et des (Gyaroriaitas Grails 222 0.8 x Bb Aa x aa. Bb X Bb a Baas pp pp pp ppp ppp prio coh oda aeneecen . 2 2s Ne, SEE axt Oxe axe t EXS s 2 on hy Ce haere z wp TOs & Rexio—> * Ans.@) re.NULVALVGUULELELELECECCULULUUEL UY Yuu” 9 In qerden pea plant talines 4 a ee oe pits dwoxpness and sound seek shape (R) 11 domin' Wrintledl Cx), A Croas WW TERY and Tey genotypic plant. Find out Probeblity % Ooffspring's which save :- Tattnes with round seed thape— 244-2 @ Dwartnes with wrinkled seed Abe e tae (9) Phenoty pie wotlo. Tall :Dworf Round : wrinkled Caza) & Gs545 323244 OT Ct eee a iasenae only Gs) ° A ae ing Genoiyp ie watior py reste Lore Liari Lot @ Types oF Genotype Seite te Rev @) Zygotic Combination PO an THRE x Tere Re KR ¥e8A plant wide genotype Aue Wis self pollinated. Find owt :- @ Types of phenotype s 2°=2'= 2 GQ Types of Genotype i- 3"= 3. 3 @Zy90tie Combination? 4= 4'= 4 @ Phenotypic fxatio i 3:4 G) Genotypic Fokio- 13274 ae Thin is ase Belting of We Con use es fees n= no, op Aeterozygour pairs Here, n= 1 Cmonehybrid Cross) Aa xX Aa 8B XBR QA pen plont with genotype TERY it Crossed with TTR*. Find out 3 a) Phenotypic matios= 4% 3:4 (334) (2) Types of planotupe f-2 @ Genotypic potio' C1) Cl s2r4) Deas eed G) Types op Genotypes 6 PA DAPI MO AE EE) a a ORY Og) ORV RV ORE NO) a es eat PPD Prop‘ ) Zygotic Combination i- 2x4 =8 Solution OS Thies Jin not Bhe cose oF selfing 50 WE Can Hot use forrmutne ELRY se Kom ater faa 9. In the Giver Punnett Square A plant o type ‘H’ Witt procluce eed with the genotype identical To Seed produced by dhe plant op — @ Tybe M (2) ee G) Type P A Type Ny Genotype @ 'H’ da YyRR Therefore ie is folentical Ap the grmtybe oN, Ang = (4) WvVVVUVYYDVYVYUVUYYYVUYUUYUY YUU eve eHeVeaeaeeTRIHYBRID cross ®A cross done tr study inhoritance op thee — Chonocters on Avete pairs of Contrasting traits Ota time. Parents ==> RRITYY wettyy pense |r as 2 F, qewrotion “______> Ry Tt Yy cui ahs Fa, generation ——_> TEN TeY: Phenptypic nahos- (3:1) x (3:1) x (3D | Genotypic poke (sas XCbz231) * M22: 1) 2 A ADD AOD PPWw ee Cee ie Oa ee eae ke]VULUVEUVYLLLUULOUVULULULULUUUUTTEUTUV UU UUs SPECIAL CROSS 1 Back Cross s- 1.4. 0Ut Cross 1.2. Test Cross Fy Lines 4b Crodsec With any one o the fener (Either cominant 0% xecedsive parents) any (Recessive) Ponentt ——s Pure Tole Pune Dwarf Ui Be es Back Cress| Back Crass (out cross) (Test: Cross) er aie G Ease Two types of Back Cross t- () Out Cross: Ta this Cross F, Andividuol Cross widk dominant poxents. In this Cross in next generation oO dominant Chanacter Ghe appeared es pe anolysis ds Kot _podsible. sate t q 5 brtol * Homozygous, olorainant pooent. (Ta) Te TT Catt) Phenotypic Yatio:~ 1 ENOLT PIC Fakios~ 134 ae [Pe Ga(Test Cro gs i Th Abita Cross G individual Croas with seecessive porxents, This Cros Very stignificant. DMonohy brik Test Cnoss 2- i ecessive pornet 5 she R ee Pp t at Phenotypic ratio (PR) 124 ui a] ar oan ee Genotypic pratio(@e)i- 1: Lok | |PR=GR b) Dihybriol’ Test Cr048 z= F Augloricl ~ Recessive porent Rey wad RY | Round yellow Phenotypic ratio = Li4itt go Ry Genotypic jratio:1it:1:1 _ uy 4 EME fe fox fs ff fs fii fe fe fia fi fa la i la a lt na i i nn Yn a i Yn Yon |SS VUE VV BEUVVVVUVUVUUUYUUVUULUULEUUYEYVUYVY ss] O)Trd hy briol | Test Cross :-[3:Manalybridl Test C¥0 (tia) x Chery x Crs) (eats) alas) Phenotypic sotioi 1242424207444 Genotypic medio c= 154945404508 t1 Uses Of test Croan %- 1. To Know ALL inolivi cleat. 2.Te Know the Aornineunt inoti Unknown Tots (dominant) Tree Unknown Dwonf tt 3. Example :- Flower colowe on Gorden pea genotype oF Unknown dorninant Aypes OF gametes formed tn unicnown Violual. Unknown Talk X Duo len ae Unknown Tall x Duooref nk Plewrt.Flower Colowe an gonden pew plant Violet (dominant), white (recessive) Unknown vislet x white | Unknown vislet X white Resutt 2 AL flowers are Result ?— Hal} of the flow ers violet, axe violet and half op the flourerd Oe white. Interpretation %- Inter pretation 3- ae es pene ce Unknow flower ds Mie *¢ oo Aetew eqgous 7 2, Reciprocal Cross :- Tt 4s a set of two Crosses in whieh in second Cross sex op Abs poorenta oe Fee vexshed. * Mendel Conolucted AeUprocal Cwoss to knew Ahe Anheritance Chosrerctexs is enol ent on parentet BEX or Hot. 4 eae CPT OTOL IRATE Tt op titeeneeiewe PAAAALH Cxoss 1 Coss 2 cf : g ow Pune Tau Deer, Pure Tal tale tt f ae TE (Alt Tat) Te (AW tat) (Result $- Mendet @btained sSirulloe sreaute thy boty ¢ Conclusion ?- Tnhaxitance Character Or paceman, be dipendend —— ee ————— a© Charcicters studied by Mendel vaexe Controlled ay Kebeyogene (Nucleus) f Results of reciprocat cross witl change Jn 2 cases DGenes py. in Cytoplasm (cytoplasmic snheri tance) 2 Cenes ps. on sex Chromosomes Csex. Unkage) 4 plasmic Kaxyog ene. a Be gene Extra, soe Autosome S&% Chromosome be Gamete Oo” Gamete Gs aanue denon atc & Shown. lay only female. je: Onipanortat SV VVVUVUDVLVUUULULULUULUUL UU ELE LULU EU OUUCross 1 Cross 2 Green Aeaves white Leaver oleh cee @ ee 4 Green Leaves. Ly white Leaves POST MENDELESH 2. e After Pedliscovery of Mendel’s corks © 1900 enworols GENE INTERACTION eGjene interact te Mocify the Pueaba bce One gene/Intragenic/ Two gene/Tntergenia Aluelia intezaction Non-atletic unserae « PT > aps nan nn. Ai ease af’:VPVUVUUVYVVOVVS VUOUVUVULLULUUTUTECULOVVUYYY~ icimeeentse oer tre Exarepies <- Examples $= 1 Incomplete dominance 1, Complementary genre 2. Co- dominance 2. Epistatic gene 5. Multiple alteles 4. Pleiotropic gene QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTER Qualitative Choseacter Quantitative Chovacter This chovacter ia not This Chanacter 41 olependent dependent on numb o | on number of olominart Olorninant olteles. altetes. “| Dor inant Mice fie atletes | Hegrt Genotype is Helgut LEU a 10 om Tila 2 40 om Tt t tocm Te 4 2 fan tt ° 5 en | tt o Sent i INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE ® Also Called monogenic quantitative dnhextance/ PHENOTYPIC BLENDING. @ Exception of Mendel's tee of dominance. eIn this interaction dominant allele is not fall, dominant over secessive altete. © 0, in heterozygous Condition an intezmediate Phenotype appears. © Thus, F, hybyiel oloes not sesemble te cine of the porent. ee et ee eeeVPVUVUUVYVVOVVS VUOUVUVULLULUUTUTECULOVVUYYY~ icimeeentse oer tre Exarepies <- Examples $= 1 Incomplete dominance 1, Complementary genre 2. Co- dominance 2. Epistatic gene 5. Multiple alteles 4. Pleiotropic gene QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTER Qualitative Choseacter Quantitative Chovacter This chovacter ia not This Chanacter 41 olependent dependent on numb o | on number of olominart Olorninant olteles. altetes. “| Dor inant Mice fie atletes | Hegrt Genotype is Helgut LEU a 10 om Tila 2 40 om Tt t tocm Te 4 2 fan tt ° 5 en | tt o Sent i INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE ® Also Called monogenic quantitative dnhextance/ PHENOTYPIC BLENDING. @ Exception of Mendel's tee of dominance. eIn this interaction dominant allele is not fall, dominant over secessive altete. © 0, in heterozygous Condition an intezmediate Phenotype appears. © Thus, F, hybyiel oloes not sesemble te cine of the porent. ee et ee eee®Th this inheritance Phenotypic ourc. genotypic Pidio tine ‘gbtained same. *Tt wos oliscovereol +y Cont Commens £7 flower Coltiuz oF Mixabilis jolapa/ 40 clock plomt/cul-e- Ban, @flower Coloux in Mirabitis/4 0 Clock plant/ Gut-e- Bans, Parents ——> » 0 Red white Re ee F, Gensxction —> (Al. pinic) Selfing— eek ear (Pink) ° Cig cf A Phenotype ratio .- Rg if Red : Pink : white al RR Re SER Saat: Red | Pink Genotype ratio 3- Re ; = de isintioes: Secale Kets) TJ dagecdcuddddddaonstoi Ncert (©) Flower Colour in Antixxhinum majus/ Snapolrager/ Dog flower. Porrenzts = Ww Red white RR eS Re NO) Fi Genenaotion——» (Ail Pink) YT (Feather Colowe in Andalusian fowl. Black xX white BB bb F, - Genexation —> Bb (All Bue) VSVUEUVVUVUYUVUVUYUVUYUYUUUUUUUEULULUOUVUVY YY@ Size o Storch groin in sseeds ee = @ eds of gaxdlen Poscenta a Laxge Size ° Small sized C66 } 6 ae aol » Storch grain oF bb F\-Gentroation ——> Bb Medium sizecl Storch Groin G. With eee Ao size o starch grain in pea plant e Sized Ataxch gadn. plant is Crossed With medium sized Stance oun anol produce 100 Offspring's. Fino out number of danpe medium and Srietk Aizeol Pebspectivels 2 Longe xX Meckiuum 8B Bb B b g| 88 Bb danpe medium Longe —> tx100= 50 Medium —> 1 x100= 50 simolh —?> Oo PPALINPII]T DTT INA LA LD ED ED oO OiaWVVVVUVVYVVUYUVUYYyUUUYDUVvUuWTUuuYTKoeVUV Yee §. Tn Mirabilis ret (RR) anol white Cer) flower Procluces F, generation. Now F, genoradion 1 test Ceossed anol pxrooluce 200 offspring's. how many G them one xed. pink anol white flowered 7respectively a Red x White RR ve aries Rye (Pink) © F, xX Test Crossed Re ve Red=0 Pink = £x200=100 white = £x200=100 2.CO-DOMINANCE eException of Mendlel’s tow of daminance *In this interaction in Heterozygous Condition both alleles ove Cfuatty dorminant anol shou their Independent expression, © So in Auterozy ous Condlition an tntermediate phenotypes one qe Appeovrs. Thus, F, Augbriol Jusemble ty both of the parentyeIn this inheritance Phenotypic and genotypic Ftatios axe obtained ture same. Example ‘= @) Coot Coloux in Catile's ‘ o Black white BB 8.8, F- Gen. ——> 6,B, (Roan) (Roan) (Roan) B,By BB, ey By B. form. a | 35 | 88 i Black Roar. ates a8 Uae e Roan | white Phenotypic Jcatio :- Glacte : Roan * white sinystied sepa: Genotypic motio :- B,B,; BB. > B28, fisice> eet PPPP\DAA LALLA VT TAI IEG OO ETD ON oN A ORR aeTSO TT tok NCERT . (BAB blocs group un Shuman (IAI) > a . ee | ee - = REC NCeRT ~ comer (Trait) of Sickle Cell onncce ric. (HEAHE) &- > SZ ~ HH HEF a Fe POINT To Keep s- i= Co- Dominance Complete — Tneomplete - ih Se Dominance Dorm nance. 1 [a Red % white Red > white | Reg ™ White eed white All Reck Pinte {soveg [sng [Seung Ramen] PR= 12rd PR= 3:4. PR= 1:2! G@ReL 2:1 GR= 1:32:21 GR=1:2:1 NAVALD ULE LULULULQ.In a dihybrid*Cxoss, when ane pair 3 alleles Show incomplete oominance and other pas show Complete dominance, #he phenotypic Seotio Comes Fy generodion a L ad i i e dhowi WB1I6227391 Phenotypic ratio of gen Boscgg @) tid: o:4;1:22n2 th I>Tncomplete olorinance (1:274) @ 9:3:a:4 i)Complete dortinance (3:1) Qt atd So, phenotypic %atio Consiclerin; both Ahe genes Fogeth er wi. G29) x Gi) griceiasss 2 9. Fa yenexction in a Menolelian Cross showed that both gqerotypic anol phenoty ple Fatios one same Gs L254. Tt seepresents a2 Case of .- CW) Monokybei Cxoss wide Coimplete dlorninanceX 2TMonoky brick Cross with incomplete dominance @ Co- dominance @ Dikgboxic. Coss X CL AAAS as.VUNVULUUUVULONELUOUUUUUUT ULE LU nn S.MULTIPLE ALLELES © Presence } moxe than two alleles oF oO gene. * Multiple alleles axe Locatect at same Locus on Fromelogous Chromosome. *Mustipte alleles anise oie to mutation. ® For she sincly of mutsiple atletes population Stucly da eisentiat, eIna diploio tnoliviolual ae 4 Hh rauttiple allele AS Not possible because a ciploicl inclivictuol shove Ohly maximum two allele Ra gene. ®In cose Op Multiple clteles number. oF alleles tr _ Diploid individual > 2 Gamete =i Population —> All posible Types of genotype = nent). “> umber e alleles Individual 1 Indiviclyad 2 2atles ~ 3 gee ore gems 2 Ce " i an Pe utotion ast re te P eee Fe sei Wet“Exantple t- ABO blood group lin Auumonr %- 3 alleles . * ABO bioool group As oliscoverxedl hy Land. Steinex * Blood Group dt Controlled by I gene, and this gore Adcatedl on Chromosome no. 9 ‘ eI gene xequiate attachment oR ugar. molecule © On the surface of RBC. “This gene has three alleles :- (eve rels I gene « y ie je Dominant Dominant Recessive Consepts tunolerdtanol $- | N-acetyl Paltete i galactosamine SPALL LTT LAD DATED NTN DRT 0 go. 4 Glyco pil, REC Glyco Lipich =s Antigen. A aa Breage B — Blood group A — Blood group BVEVUVUVYUVUUVESEYULULLUUUUUUUUUUUVUUUUUY N-ac qotactosamine L ee EN, Glyco Lipiok Antigen A Antigen’ a’ Blood group AB Glyco Aipiol J? Allele Antijen ‘absent’ Bloock group ‘0’ ISTP altete ee Glico tipiok Phenotype fivoup a 3 Arsiz dy | AD hei? A 6 Cee se ar Neithee L AB | itl AB rox b 3 Neither A 5 Li P ae ae | Le In AB0_ blood Gro: Gene > 4 Allele —» 3 Genotype 7 Phenotype —> 4 Dorminance > Abby. Co- Dominance > Abby Mutt pl. iple > Abby Incomplete — Not Dorninance opbtyup cunol Q.Fadhon ti Auterorygous 1° ius an nee % Ap other 4s n ; : aaa ae spnanongpes axe 3 Genotype > 4 i Gametes ——— Ie QA Child's blood group us ‘0’ ts parents blood group Can't be_ @ét0 A-TA iy = AA oe ase: ye—o @ALB Ges Child 0’ G. What will be the -phinotype ancl genotype oF parental blood group op a four ant whic au four Aypes F @l blood group Ore present Ahebs Chiloveen 2 ef 2 oe ae Child ‘A ’B’ ‘AB’ Oo! Oat Phenotype —> AB Genotype = Ae, 18/8 PLADLIIIIDL ILL] ALI] L DI SI DLL VDD AL PCLT DO neNVNNVALGALLELUUULLUCUULUUUU TUE UU LU UU UY Pe ‘Ae 3A man o% ‘A’ blood group manxiesa. women Tf Blood Group, whieh Aype op blood group in tht chil ; Would Andicale that Ane man is Aetero 24g0us JF A et ie tale [aye ase a na Case 2 iy ig oo” AB In 8 ING jae ee] pera AB Cryer ane PED Of ‘Heterozygous 2A Aa(B) Ag 4: PLEIOTROPIC GENE __ ®A gene which Controls more than one Character, © Pleiotropic gene produce muttiple phenotypic effects. GaacieT} Pleiotropic. Gene_ Excuniple i @In Pea plant - Flower eto Pte “Goad colour J Rect spot on Leak anit Pleiotropic Gene_BB > Rounsl Bb > Round 3 bb :- wrinkled GG « Loxge bb Smell 2 3 & § Staxch graini " Conclusion Gf Gbove example :- Dortinance it not an autonomous CSc) feature oa gene, Tt dependent on :- @ Product oF gene @ Poseti puter phenotype Ccharacter) that we choose & ap examine Cestuoly) in Case of pleiotropic gene. Explanation 2~ Bs D ® eupress rt aoe 6 ¥ [PE > product ® FPP DFS oh Ctra ue FA ff ff i A fl fi a, . , GA pure round seed shape pea plant As a With Wrinkle seed Shape plant and produce F4 Generation. In Fi generation :- p @Wrinkled deeds axe obtained P Dlonge sized Starch grains ane obtained > ve Meclium sized starch g¥eins one obtainest 2 Osman sized Storch grains ore obtainedt BB— Round BB- Large Pure Round X weintcledl Bh Rouund’ ab - medium BB bb bb-wrinkled 44 - cma a 8b Roun ol Medium Most of genetic disease :- |. Phenylketonurdia. ——> aitucly in, Human Heatte of disease, Il. Sfetie cett anaemia Sickle Cell anaemia. *- * Autosomal secessive clisonder ® In Abu olisease ee amino acicl % beta Chain of haemoglobin 4k Changed (Guitamic Acidk to Valine) due. to point Cgene) murtation/ Substitution/Transversion. *Gene of beta chain .is locatect on Chromosome Number it, 7 Mabe? Point t HBS [eee ees Mutourt Wild allele ilele Normol Hb, Abnorme MVVVLD OULU UULULUUULUUU YY EnhSickle Shape RBC Hoveol and Ju'giol ——> Slow blood Shoxt Life Span > RBC death Of RBC 80-100 days CH — wage | RBC Circulation ood! ass Resistance to a malas a.VVUVVUYVYEDYYUVUYDVUYUYUUWUUUYUUTEUeUUUUYS Genotype - Hb*/ HEF Hb*Hb4 :- Normal COMA CO (Co- dominance) 4 HUSHEF :- Normal but Comdien/troit of sickle Cell aviesrue afd Ans HEHE * Sickle celt anaemia SS | uo J 2 Toalt Trait HEHE x BABS HbA HES HbAHBE Normal | Carwier HbA bs | HbeHb* . Sickle cet! Carrier. OnaumioNon- Allelic Interaction:- 1 COMPLEMENTARY “GENE @ Tn thi interaction #Wo non- attelic One Chanacter. gene sequiate For At development o dorninant trot the dominant alleles oy both qenes must be by. together. Absence ; tars een cele ae ee dee Exaunple 3- Flower Colowe of dathysous oooratus (Sweet pea) Flower Colows ia Controllect by two genes ‘C’ and 2’. C_Pt purple Colowed oe C_ppt Colowxless (whites CcP_ %- Cotountess (white) Cebp :- Colourless (white) Biochemical bosid Of Colow, production > Gene F ‘ RNA RNA Substrate —Meime Cheomagen. Enzyme. Anthoc onir Cpuxbie colorVNUVVADUUULESELLUUUUUUU UU ELE EEUU UU UY CROSS s- Ponent ——s. Puxple / white CcrP cepp CsPp CPurpie) Selping CsPp X CsPp ¥, ah aa CR Cpp ecP. ccpp @ (3) @) aw 2 % Phenotypic nadio - 9:7 Jenoty pic watio > 1:24: tarboet Q with Preespect to flower Colour of Lothyrous Odoratous Genotype a plant is CePp. This plant is Crosseol with Copp qenetype plant. Find out probablity % purple and white flower respectively in offspring’s? CsPp X Cepp P; x Ce, Cp cp cPp | CoP, } —~) cp| CCF | CePp | ee hie cP} CePp ep|_Cerp_| cere e| se [ ¢] ef >]Purple Colowe ? CP Bgl es Loxte cos White Colour 2 1- Colouned a a ees g 8 ZIERLSTASTSS! Th Ais Giexaeuen one non- ollelia que suppresses & Ox prevents Ahe phenotypic Grp ression % Ahe other pcg one a0 orn dee istatic (> Gilaee Pere teghostatis @Epistatic gene :- Gene which inhibit the expredsion oF another gene. @) Hypostatic gene %- Hen Whose expression As feta se cpistadis 4 Of 2 types t- iS Dominant epistasis :- IpRecessive epistasis z- ~esnirrsemrsNanssnheennn animes.VBLLELYYVOLEDUVUVLVULTULEULTECUTECULUUUYUYY Dominant Epigtasis t- Th Ahir intencction dominant allele of epistatic gene suppresses tho expression OF | Other Non- alletic gene. Eg Fruit Coloux in summer squosh (Cucurbita pep Epistatic gene > Dori nant ieee reer. w Recessive ¢ wpe WL Ye. = Jog white Dora nant YER “yerréos eplstabis BE eae Supresses A ee Gets wayy green CROSS ¢- White Green Ponent > WWYY wy F,- Generation ——— WwYy (white) [sng ue WwYy > Way Ne wy Fo => WY Woyy ne oe et ie ya Bee tahite white eee * a Phenotypic Ratio:- 12: 3:1 (yenoty pic [abst Ses Geb oe lie Se lay Meds Merleil) Recessive Epistousis > yu Tn thi interaction, swzeessive oltele oF epistatic gene, Suppresses the expression of thee ron- Gdtelic gene. oe Coot colour ir mice c A Albino » Black Agouki CLA t Agouti pressed ccA_. + { (a) Albino (a) Recessive pre Coaa. i Black ( seppeaues Epistasia Seton Bere (4) Albino (4) Phenotypic Ratio i- 9:3:4 Genotypic Ratio 3 beara seed CYTOPLASMIC INHARITANCE @ Also Catleol e@xdyanucteacs /mateujal inhonitance. Cy toplos rie qene aoe 8 9 gt DOM 422 Nucleus : Cytoplasmic gir loamic ean PlasmonVUVUVUVUVVYVVYVOVYOWUyyUyuweeowvevveeuevwt eT © Gomete to plasnuc fnthouri tanec e 2 sho a ae female. Zyqote (Next gent. . Discoveredt ay Coxl Co wrens in Minabilis jalapa. Inhanitance o those Chonacters which are ; Contra lleol zy Cytoplasmic genes A& Calleot Oy taplasmic inhoxitance. Gene pr. in Cytoplasm ds Catled Cytogene/ Cxtranucleor 4 es Ci togenes One pr Ln Cetl organelles ike mitochondsi (mitogene) ancl plastiol Cplastogene). Stumm total Ou the ener pr tn a Cott is Cathet euch, $4 f Since Zygote receives most of the Cy teplosry from | female gamete, do Cytoplasmic inheritance us line Called as maternal Mnhaxitance.Some Excmple $- D Mitochondrial inheritanae Male. Sterility An Moize plant,-\, i ; I) Plastiol inheritance AD Albinisr (Colowders Cond”) in Contain Plants > Gene fon albinism ix founcl in Chloroplast. > Gene for albinism in Cosn/maize is Lethal. ee chlardphyyy" li kal mutation 5) Branch Colows/leuf Colour in Mirabilis fosopig First Case % Cytoplasmic inheritance to be cliscovered by Comzens, Branch Coloux in Mirabilis Jatapa CS a Green Pale Variegated. Due to presence Due to presence Due to presence of Of Chloroplast of Leucoplast both Chloroplast and c | Leucoplase. tl © 2 ©® Chloroplast Leucoplaat PP ALALD IP ILA A LLIOLAL AMAL A TUDE VE AN HE HE Ne ayMUANADHOUOOOLOLLUUUEUUURE VEE UU YY h” Verdesated/Pale/Greene SUALITATIVE AnD QUANTITATIVE CHARCT.© “eitotive Chonncter Quantitative Character, © This Chonacter is not dent on, nundser dominant attetes, Atb- Thin Chanacter Wis dlependent'¢ On Nurser —% dominant alleles, ey Human. Heigid (sqonsy Orpreslot Dorninant f Genotype i Height AABBaccoDEE) “10 | 900 em aapeceovee | 3 | [80 em AaBbCcOdEE| € 160 em Eo!- AeBbCobdee| (S 150 cm Sickle Celk Anaemia Qabbceddee| 6 100 em Lx] | [x [ B SPALL LLALLELILITLDADTIDAE RGN IAAT> 5 POLYGENTC/ QUANTITATIVE INHARITANCE > oIh thus dnhonitance one quantitative Chanacter 4 Contratledt by more than one gene, ene () 1 thoracter < hue ~ Gee othe phenotype 44 dependent on Number op clomnant allele. eEach dominant allele Contribute in development oF phenotype. eMaximum expression is obtained when etl doninant Glteles of ell genes must be ps together. ®In thu tnheritance phenotype is sight nf UXeniceat by envivonment. 5 Types a Phenotype t- 2net Types Of Genotype %- 3” Zygotic Combination 2-4" Example ¢~ @ Kexnal Colour. op Wheat —> 2 polygenels @) Human Sin Colowe —» 9 polygene's « (C) Hauyjan height — © polygenes @) Human intelligence —> 25 polygene’s ® Father of Polygenic tnhenitance — Kelreuter NANA DDANESEDAUEUUUE ee ee eee eee”@ kernel Colowe Of wheat > dtudied Ay Nidtasore - Ehle. > Controlled hy ao polygene's ‘A’ and ‘g' Poxent Max” expression Min” expreasia AABE if Fi~ Generation ——— AaBb dbs tlaate) P,- Generation AaBb X AaBb AABB | AABb | AaBB AABb | AAbb | AaBb | Aabb AoBB | AaBb | AAbb [age AaBb | Aabb Conclusion. (F-gernation alas] Gowgre | Phuwiyre di AABB-4 | Ret (Panentat) 3 ate we SLIME AE EAE A) A) AE ED IY RON AY OY AY EY oN ly nt ney com PIAA DP PF.TT EV VU UU UU Yee CVE CVE SVCUYVUvuUvY In F,- Generation s- @) Phenotypic datio —-pilaer ard ® Genotypic Hatio~ (22: 2:42:92 1-9-4 Q@DTypes of phenotype — ant @r 2241 = S ypes of Genotype On g-g9 ® Zygotic Combination: 4n S416 On OF parental plant - Fexloo= 12.5%. GRAPH Continuous Vovdation. Bell Shaped Cuxve Sane No. of dlartinant allele ee : asi atl Suman akin Colout —» 3 polygene's > Studied by Davenport, = Contvolled by 3 polygene's’ AB and c’ Pawn) ——> Max” expression J Min expression AABBCC + : aabbce NER RD Black twhite a i AaBbCo Titesmediate/ Brown/Mulatto