Find the original Textbook (PDF) in the link below:

CLICK HERE
Contents

PREFACE xviii
1 What Is Victimology? 1
An Introduction to Victimology 2
Studying Victimization Scientifically 2
Focusing on the Plight of Crime Victims 2
What Kinds of Studies Do Victimologists Carry Out?
5
What Victimology Isn’t 18
Victimology versus Detective Work 18
Victimology versus Victim Services 19
Victimology versus Victimism: A Political Point of
View 21
Comparing Victimology to Criminology 23
The Many Parallels between Criminology and
Victimology 24
Some Differences and Issues about Boundaries 25
Differing Political Approaches within the Discipline
26
Why Study Victimology? 27
Why Place Such an Emphasis on Carrying Out
Research? 27
Different Types of Research Studies in Victimology
28
Different Disciplinary Approaches when Researching
Victim Issues 28
Sometimes Research Findings Can Be Surprising!
29
How to Structure a Victimological Investigation 31
Summary 39
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 39
Questions for Discussion and Debate 40
Critical Thinking Questions 40
Suggested Research Projects 40
2 The Rediscovery of Crime Victims 41
The Discovery, Decline, and Rediscovery of Crime
Victims 42
The Process of Rediscovery 43
Victimology Contributes to the Rediscovery Process
43
Rediscovering Exemplary Behavior under Extremely
Difficult Circumstances 44
Rediscovering Survivors Whose Resilience after a
Vicious Attack Is Inspiring 47
“Survivorology”: Toward a More Upbeat Focus within
Victimology 48
Rediscovering the Importance of Bystanders Who
Intervene 50
Other Groups Propel the Rediscovery Process
Forward 53
Social Movements: Taking Up the Victims’ Cause 53
Elected Officials: Proposing and Enacting Pro-Victim
Legislation 58
The News Media: Portraying the Victims’ Plight 61
Commercial Interests: Selling Security Products and
Services to Victims 64
Rediscovering Additional Groups of Victims 64
The Rediscovery Process in Action, Step by Step 67
Stage One: Calling Attention to an Overlooked
Problem 67
Stage Two: Making Progress, Implementing
Reforms 68
Stage Three: Emergence of an Opposition and
Development of Resistance to
Further Changes 69
Stage Four: Research Findings Generate Useful
Evidence 70
Summary 77
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 78
Questions for Discussion and Debate 78
Critical Thinking Questions 78
Suggested Research Projects 79
3 Victimization in the United States: An Overview 80
Victimization across the Nation: The Big Picture 81
Making Sense of Statistics 82
The Two Official Sources of Data 84
Facts and Figures in the Federal Bureau of
Investigation’s Uniform Crime
Report (UCR) 84
Facts and Figures in the Bureau of Justice Statistics’
National Crime
Victimization Survey (NCVS) 87
Comparing the UCR and the NCVS 91
A First Glance at the Big Picture: Estimates of the
Number of New
Crime Victims Each Year 92
A Second Look at the Big Picture: Watching the
FBI’s Crime Clock 93
Delving Deeper into the Big Picture: Examining
Victimization Rates 94
Tapping into the UCR and the NCVS to Fill in the
Details of the Big
Picture 96
Searching for Changes in the Big Picture: Detecting
Trends in Interpersonal
Violence and Theft 98
Taking a Longer View: Murders in the United States
over the Past
Century 101
The Rise and Fall of Murder Rates Since 1900 103
Putting Crime into Perspective: The Chances of
Dying Violently—or
from Other Causes 104
Summary 106
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 107
Questions for Discussion and Debate 107
Critical Thinking Questions 107
Suggested Research Projects 108
4 A Closer Look at the Victims of Interpersonal
Crimes of Violence
and Theft 109
Addressing Some Troubling Questions 110
Identifying Differential Risks: Which Groups Suffer
More Often
Than Others? 111
Focusing on Murders and Near-Death Experiences
111
Where It Is Much Safer or Far More Dangerous:
Making International
Comparisons 111
Murder Rates in Various Big Cities around the
Country 115
A Victimological Investigation of Murders in the
United States 117
Who Gets Killed by Whom? How, Where, and Why?
118
Differential Risks: Who Faces the Gravest Threats of
Being Murdered? 119
Near-Death Experiences: Trends in Aggravated
Assault Rates 122
Focusing on Robberies 125
Robbers and the People They Prey Upon 126
Robberies: Who, How Often, How, Where, When
126
Changes over Time in Robbery Rates 127
Checking Out Whether More Robberies Are Turning
into Murders 128
Differential Risks: Which Groups Get Robbed the
Most and the Least
Often? 128
Focusing on Burglaries 131
Trends and Patterns in Burglaries 133
Differential Risks: Whose Homes Are More Likely to
Be Burglarized? 134
Focusing on Motor Vehicle Theft 135
Stealing Cars for Fun and Profit 135
Trends in Motor Vehicle Theft 136
Differential Risks: Which Motorists Should Be Most
Concerned When
Parking? 137
Predicting the Chances of Becoming a Victim
Someday: Projecting
Cumulative Risks 141
Summary 144
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 144
Questions for Discussion and Debate 145
Critical Thinking Questions 145
Suggested Research Projects 145
5 The Ongoing Controversy over Shared
Responsibility 146
How Some Victims Contribute to the Crime Problem
147
Repeat and Chronic Victims: Learning from Past
Mistakes? 148
The Entire Spectrum of Possibilities: Recognizing
Complete Innocence and
Full Responsibility 149
Who or What Is to Blame for Specific Incidents? 150
What Is Victim Blaming? 151
What Is Victim Defending? 154
What Is System Blaming? 154
Mistakes Individuals Make: Victim Facilitation 156
How Many Identity Thefts Were Victim-Facilitated?
156
How Many Burglaries Were Victim-Facilitated? 169
How Many Vehicle Thefts Were Victim-Facilitated?
172
Victim Precipitation and Provocation 175
How Many Violent Crimes Were Precipitated or
Provoked? 177
Transcending Victim Blaming and Victim Defending:
System Blaming 180
Blaming the System for Violent and Property Crimes
182
Blaming the System for the Problem of Identity
Thefts 183
The Importance of Determining Responsibility in the
Criminal Justice
Process 184
Theorizing about Risk Factors: Figuring Out Why
Certain Groups Suffer More
Often than Others 186
Applying Deterrence Theory to Victims 187
Why Various Groups Experience Differential Risks:
Routine Activities
and Specific Lifestyles 188
Some Victims Were Criminals: The Equivalent
Group Explanation 191
What’s the Difference between Crime Prevention
and Victimization
Prevention? 193
Reducing Risks: How Safe Is Safe Enough? 195
Ambivalence about Risk Taking 197
Summary 197
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 198
Questions for Discussion and Debate 198
Critical Thinking Questions 198
Suggested Research Projects 199
6 Victims and the Police 200
Victims Interacting with the Criminal Justice System:
Cooperation or
Conflict? 202
What Would Be Ideal? 202
What Do Victims Want: Punishment? Treatment?
Restitution? 204
Make “Them” Suffer 204
Make “Them” Get Treatment 207
Make “Them” Pay for Losses and Expenses 207
Victims and the Police 208
Reporting Incidents 208
Responding Quickly 212
Handling Victims with Care 213
Challenging the Victim’s Version of Events 214
Investigating Complaints and Solving Crimes 219
Arresting Suspects 224
Recovering Stolen Property 226
Measuring Progress toward a Victim-Oriented Police
Department 228
Summary 229
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 229
Questions for Discussion and Debate 229
Critical Thinking Questions 230
Suggested Research Projects 230
7 Victims’ Rights and the Criminal Justice System
231
Victims and the Juvenile Justice System 232
Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights within the
Criminal Justice System 233
The Quest for a Constitutional Amendment
Guaranteeing Victims’ Rights 235
The Achievements of the Victims’ Rights Movement
236
Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders 237
Rights Gained at the Expense of the Criminal
Justice System 238
Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders, the
System, or Both 239
Victims and Prosecutors 241
Assisting Victims and Other Witnesses for the State
243
Protecting Victims Who Serve as Witnesses for the
Prosecution 245
Dismissing Charges and Rejecting Cases 249
Negotiating Pleas 250
Victims and Defense Attorneys 251
Postponing Hearings 252
Cross-Examining Witnesses during Trials 253
Victims and Judges 255
Granting Bail 255
Sentencing Offenders 256
Appealing to the Supreme Court 259
Victims and Juries 259
Victims and Corrections Officials 263
Keeping Track of Offenders and Receiving
Reimbursement from Them 263
Influencing Parole Board Decisions 264
And Justice for All? 266
Recognizing “Second-Class” Treatment 266
Summary 271
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 271
Questions for Discussion and Debate 271
Critical Thinking Questions 272
Suggested Research Projects 272
8 Victimized Children 273
The Ongoing Debate between Maximalists and
Minimalists 274
Maximalists versus Minimalists 274
Missing Children 275
The Rediscovery of the Plight of Kidnapped Children
276
Fears and Confusion Prevails in the Absence of
Data 277
Estimates of the Incidence and Seriousness of the
Disappearance Problem 280
Hunting for Children Who Have Vanished 283
The Amber Alert System 285
Protecting Children from Kidnappers 287
Physically and Sexually Abused Children 288
The Rediscovery of Child Abuse 288
How Children Suffer 291
Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and
Seriousness of Child Abuse 293
Maximalist versus Minimalist Approaches to the
Seriousness of the Problem 294
Differential Risks Children Face of Being Maltreated
298
The Suffering of Sexually Abused Children 299
The Furor over Recalling Repressed Memories of
Childhood Sexual Abuse 301
Strange Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse during
Rituals 306
Abused Children and Legal Proceedings 308
Taking into Account the Best Interests of the Child
309
The Credibility of Children as Witnesses 310
Devising Child-Friendly Practices 312
Proactive versus Reactive Strategies 314
Additional Forms of Exploitation and Mistreatment of
Young People 315
Sibling Abuse 315
Abuse of Adolescents by Parents 315
Statutory Rape of Minors 316
Summary 317
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 317
Questions for Discussion and Debate 318
Critical Thinking Questions 318
Suggested Research Projects 318
9 Victims of Violence by Lovers and Family
Members 319
Violence within Romantic Relationships and Families
320
The Rediscovery of “Wife Beating” 321
Victim Blaming versus Victim Defending 323
How Victims Suffer 324
Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and
Seriousness of Intimate Partner
Violence 325
Recognizing Warning Signs 331
Fatal Attractions: Slayings of Intimate Partners 332
Explaining Intimate Partner Violence: Why Doesn’t
She Just Leave Him? 335
Enabling Victims Who Feel Trapped to Escape 337
Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System:
Violence Is Violence—or
Is It? 339
The Rediscovery of Battered Husbands and
Boyfriends 344
Victim Provocation and Murder: When Is the Slaying
of a Wife Beater
Justified? 346
Intimate Partner Homicides and the Criminal Justice
System 346
Arguments Stressing that the Brutal Man Did Not
Deserve to Die 347
Arguments Emphasizing that the Brutal Man
Provoked the Lethal
Response 349
Legal Questions 350
The Rediscovery of Other Victims of Beatings 351
Dating Violence 352
Abuse of Parents by Adolescents 354
Elder Abuse 354
Battering within Same-Sex Relationships 358
Preventing Domestic Violence 359
Summary 360
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 361
Questions for Discussion and Debate 361
Critical Thinking Questions 362
Suggested Research Projects 362
10 Victims of Rapes and Other Sexual Assaults 363
Sexual Assaults and Rapes: The Social Reaction
364
The Rediscovery of the Plight of Rape Victims 365
The Consequences of Being Sexually Assaulted 367
The Problem of Pregnancies Arising from Rapes
368
The Controversy Surrounding Questions of Shared
Responsibility 369
“Real Rapes” as Compared to “Acquaintance
Rapes” and “Date Rapes” 369
Victim-Blaming Viewpoints 371
Victim-Defending Perspectives 374
Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and
Seriousness of Rape and Sexual
Assault 377
Maximalist Perspectives 377
Minimalist Perspectives 379
Who Faces the Gravest Dangers? Differential Risks
of Being Sexually Assaulted
and Raped 380
How the Criminal Justice System Handles Rape
Victims 382
The Controversy over Unfounded Accusations 386
The Accuser versus the Accused 390
Unwanted Publicity and Negative Media Portrayals
391
Rape Shield Laws 393
Issues Surrounding Force and Resistance 394
The Need for Corroboration 395
Rape Victims and the Police 395
Rape Victims and Prosecutors 399
Crisis Centers: Providing Emergency Assistance 402
The Rediscovery of More Victims of Rapes and
Sexual Assaults 403
Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults 403
Sexual Assaults on Campus 406
Maximalist versus Minimalist Perspectives 407
Sexual Assaults within the Military 415
Sexual Assaults between Males 416
Sexual Assaults behind Bars 417
Sexual Assaults within Marriages 419
Three Competing Approaches to Reducing the
Problem
of Rape and Sexual Assault 420
Summary 422
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 422
Questions for Discussion and Debate 422
Critical Thinking Questions 423
Suggested Research Projects 423
11 Additional Groups of Victims with Special
Problems 424
Particular Groups that Face Special Problems which
Require Special
Solutions 425
Passengers Harmed while on Cruise Ships 425
Individuals Menaced by Stalkers 426
Stalking: A New Word for an Old Problem 426
The Scope of the Problem 428
Cyberstalking: A New Word for a New Problem 430
Victims of Crimes Committed at School 432
Threats Facing Middle and High School Students
432
Threats Facing College Students 435
The Controversy over Hazing on Campus 440
Casualties of Workplace Violence 441
Differential Risks of Being Wounded or Murdered
while on the Job 443
Targets of Hate Crimes 445
Rediscovering a Very Old Problem 445
How Many Outbursts of Hatred? 447
Patterns and Trends in Victim–Offender
Relationships 448
Criminal Justice System Reforms 449
Violence between Prisoners 451
Discovering Differential Risks of Getting Slain behind
Bars 451
Law Enforcement Officers Injured and Slain in the
Line of Duty 453
Who, Where, When, and How? 455
Showing Solidarity 456
Casualties of Politically Inspired Violence and
Terrorism 457
Assessing the Threat of Terrorism 458
Assistance and Recovery 461
Summary 464
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 464
Questions for Discussion and Debate 464
Critical Thinking Questions 465
Suggested Research Projects 465
12 Repaying Victims 466
The Costs of Victimizations 467
Gaining Restitution from Offenders 468
Back to Basics 468
The Rise, Fall, and Rediscovery of Restitution 469
Divergent Goals, Clashing Philosophies 471
Opportunities to Make Restitution 472
Obstacles Undermining Restitution 475
Winning Judgments in Civil Court 479
The Revival of Interest in Civil Lawsuits 479
The Litigation Process 479
Collecting Damages from Third Parties 483
Achieving Reimbursements from Insurance
Companies 488
Crime Insurance 488
Patterns of Loss, Recovery, and Reimbursement
490
Recovering Losses through Victim Compensation
Programs 491
The History of Victim Compensation by
Governments 491
The Debate over Compensation in the United States
492
How Programs Operate: Similarities and Differences
494
Monitoring and Evaluating Compensation Programs
496
Confiscating Profits from Notorious Criminals 500
Trying to Make Sure that Crime Doesn’t Pay 500
Summary 503
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 503
Questions for Discussion and Debate 504
Critical Thinking Questions 504
Suggested Research Projects 504
13 Victims in the Twenty-First Century: Alternative
Directions 506
Toward Countering Criminal Violence with Forceful
Responses: Would
Victims Be Better Off If They Were Armed? 507
The Legitimate Use of Force in Self-Defense 508
Justifiable Homicides Carried Out by Victims and by
Law Enforcement
Officers 510
Acquiring Firearms for Self-Protection 513
Gun Laws Directly Affecting Victims 515
Gun Ownership in the United States 518
Arguments Advanced by Proponents of Arming for
Self-Protection 520
Counterarguments Advanced by Critics Opposed to
Arming for Self-
Protection 525

The Potential Contributions of Victimological

Investigations 538
Toward Restorative Justice 540
A Brief History of Restorative Justice 542
The Peacemaking Process: How Reconciliation
Programs Work 544
Evaluating Efforts at Reconciliation 548
Pros and Cons from the Victim’s Point of View 549
The Future of Restorative Justice 550
Summary 552
Key Terms Defined in the Glossary 552
Questions for Discussion and Debate 553
Critical Thinking Questions 553
Suggested Research Projects 553
GLOSSARY 555
REFERENCES 567
NAME INDEX 639
SUBJECT INDEX 655

AN INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY

The concept of a victim can be traced back to

ancient societies. It was connected to the notion of
sacrifice. In the original connotation of the term, a
victim was a person or an animal put to death during
a religious ceremony in order to appease some
super-natural power or deity. Over the centuries, the
word has picked up additional meanings. Now it
commonly refers to individuals who suffer injuries,
losses, or hardships for any reason. People can
become victims of accidents, natural disasters,
diseases, or social problems such as warfare,
discrimination, political witch hunts, and other
injustices. Crime victims are harmed by illegal acts.

Victimization is an asymmetrical interpersonal

relationship that is abusive, painful, destructive,
parasitical, and unfair. While a crime is in progress,
offenders temporarily force their victims to play roles
(almost as if following a script) that mimic the
dynamics between predator and prey, winner and
loser, victor and vanquished, and even master and
slave. Many types of victimization have been
outlawed over the centuries—specific oppressive
and exploitative acts, like raping, robbing, and
swindling. But not all types of hurtful relationships
and deceitful practices are prohibited by law. It is
permissible to overcharge a customer for an item
that can be purchased for less elsewhere, or to
underpay a worker who could receive higher wages
for the same tasks from another employer, or to
impose exorbitant interest rates and hidden fees on
borrowers who use credit cards and take out
mortgages, or to deny food and shelter to the hungry
and the homeless who cannot pay the required
amounts.
Studying Victimization Scientifically Victimology is
the scientific study of the physical, emotional, and
financial harm people endure because of illegal
activities. Victimologists first and foremost
investigate the victims' plight: the impact of the
injuries and losses inflicted by offenders on the
persons they target. The overtures and responses
by the people embroiled in a conflict are the second
subjects of scrutiny. Any prior relationships,
exchanges, and deals between offenders and their
victims are of great interest. In addition,
victimologists carry out research into the public's
political, social, and economic reactions to the
suffering of victims. Of particular importance is how
victims are handled by officials and agencies within
the criminal justice system, especially their
interactions with police officers, detectives,
prosecutors, defense attorneys, judges, jurors,
probation and parole officers, and even members of
parole boards.
Just like other social sciences, victimology must be
evidence-based. That means that opinions and
impressions cannot substitute for facts, carefully
recorded observations, and reliably measured
statistics. Unlike any other branch of social science,
investigations in victimology are victim-focused.
This orientation puts the injured parties under a
microscope, or in the spotlight, rather than on the
margins or in the shadows. What victims say, do,
need, want, and actually experience is the center of
attention, first and foremost, not as an afterthought.
Victimology almost always zooms in on the harm
experienced by real flesh and blood people, rather
than the damage done by criminals to vague
collectivities like taxpayers, consumers, or the
general public, or to abstractions like public safety,
neighborhood property values, or the common good.
The subjects of studies are the individuals and
groups negatively impacted by acts of interpersonal
violence and theft: victims of murders, rapes,
robberies, shootings, stabbings, other types of
assaults, burglaries, car thefts, identity thefts,
swingles and frauds, other kinds of stealing,
kidnappings, hate crimes, and terrorist attacks.

Find the original Textbook (PDF) in the link below:

CLICK HERE