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Section 2

Mass Transfer 2

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Ahmed Rashed
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15 views32 pages

Section 2

Mass Transfer 2

Uploaded by

Ahmed Rashed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mass Transfer 2

Section # 2
1-Vapour Velocity
Calculate the upper limit for velocity at the point at
which flooding occurs.
A design velocity of 80 to 85% of the flooding velocity is
then used (ref C&R Vol 6).
The flooding velocity is estimated from the following
equation:-
A chart of K1 versus FLV is available in most books on
distillation ( McCabe Smith, C & R, etc.). The chart is
specific to the type of tray, e.g. sieve. The spacing
between the plates must be known( H= tray spacing =
30 - 90 cm usually start from 50 to 60 cm).
FLV is the Liquid vapor flow factor and is given by:
Surface tension for HC=20 dyne/cm
( N/m 0.02 =

( dyne = gm.cm/s2 )
( Newton = 10 5 dyne)

For other materials, multiply the value of K1 by:


2) Internals Specifications
Down comer:
usually segmental = 10% -12% of total plate area.
Perforations:
dh =2.5 to 12mm; 5 mm is the preferred size.
Use large dh if solids are present or for fouling.
Free area(total hole area):

Where:
do is the hole diameter
P’ is the pitch between holes (2.5-5 do)
Average: 7 - 10 % of total area.
Weir Height
hw = 40-90 mm
For vacuum→ hw =(8mm) = to decrease ∆Pplate .
3) Height of liquid over the weir(how):-
Can be calculated from Francis Equation:-
4-Hydraulic gradient:-
It occurs due to the difference in the heights between
entrance and exit .The liquid flowing through the plate
faces friction. This depends on the type of the plate .
*Low hydraulic gradient in the case of sieve plate which
means low friction(advantage).
*High hydraulic gradient in the
case of Bubble cap and
valve plate (disadvantage).
5-Pressure drop through plate:-
6-Height of liquid in down comer:-
Checking:-
1- Excessive Entrainment:-
Not:-By dividing the minimum vapor flow rate(m3/s)
by the total area of holes, it must be greater than
weeping velocity vh
5- Residence time in down-comer:-
Sufficient residence time must be allowed in
down-comer for the entrained vapor to disengage from
the liquid stream; to prevent heavily ”aerated” liquid
being carried under the down-comer.
A time of at least 3 seconds is recommended.
The down-comer residence time is given by:-
Acetone is to be recovered from an aqueous waste
stream by continuous distillation. The feed will
contain 3.33% acetone. Acetone of at least 94%
purity is required in the top, and bottom product is
pure water. Reflux ratio equals 1.35 and the
theoretical number of stages equal 15. The feed will
be at 20°C.
a) Perform material balance to get all the missing amounts in
the tower.
b) Estimate the number of actual plates if the overall
efficiency is 60%.
c) Calculate the column diameter.
d) Determine the liquid flow pattern.
e) Perform a complete plate design.
Note that:
1- The maximum feed rate is 130% of feed and the
minimum feed rate is 70 % of the maximum (The feed
10,000 kg/h). Use sieve plates.
2- L’/V’=5
2- Top: ρv=2.05 kg/m3 ρL=733 kg/m3 σ=23E-3 N/m
M.wt=55.6
3- Bottom: ρv=0.72 kg/m3 ρL=954 kg/m3 σ=57E-3 N/m
4- Take ug= 0.85 uf , Ad=12 %Ac , Aholes=10 %Ac
5- Take the tray spacing 50 mm.
6- Hole diameter is 5 mm.
Mol. weight feed = 0.033 x 58 + (1 - 0.033)18 = 19.32
Feed flow rate=10000/19.32=517.6 kmole/hr
a) xw=0
F*xf=D*xD D=18.2kmole/hr
W=F-D=499.4 kmole/hr
V=D(1+R)=42.7kmole/hr
L=DR=24.5 kmole/hr
Since: L’ = V’ + W & L’/V’=5
Get L’=624.1 kmole/hr, V’=124.85 kmole/hr

b) NAS=15/0.6=25
•
•
•

We’ll work on the bottom


section only in the
upcoming slides to save
.time
•

Alternatively:
•Calculate liquid flow rate (in
gpm)and divide it by weir
length (in inches)
• If the ratio is higher than 12,
so it is single pass, if not, use
2-pass
• If still not attained, use
4-pass
•
•
f) Check entrainment:

Q: The vapor rate here min or max.? Why?


Where:
H: Plate spacing (given 0.5 m)
H’: Distance between foam top and the upper plate
Δh: Hydraulic liquid gradient across tray
Check entrainment (cont’d):
•
g) Calculating the pressure drop:

• We will work on the maximum flow rates


• how = 24.84 mm, ∆h = 29.756 mm
• vgh = Max vapor flow rate = 1.13 / 0.046 = 24.565 m/s
A holes
• get hd = 0.0464 m
• get hp = 0.0912 m
• get ∆P = 853.7 Pa
h) Checking the downcomer flooding:
• Lw = 0.6 m :Flooding will not take place if
• hap = 40 mm
•Get VL = 0.18 m/s
• get hdc = 5.2 mm
• get Hdc = 186.7 mm
• H + hw = 550 mm
• Therefore, no flooding will take place in the
downcomer
:h) Checking the downcomer residence time

• We will work on the maximum flow rate


• Volume of liquid in downcomer = Ad * Hdc
= (0.12*0.46) * 186.17/1000
= 0.01 m3

• get t = 2.39 sec

• The residence time isn’t satisfactory ☹


☺ Thanks for your ATTENTION

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