CAREER TECHNOLOGY FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS VTE Vt am (0244799899)DRE ey 0244799899 AWUNI SAMUEL Tel . mm ww ~ = — xs z _ qr ww Pas = = —_ JUNIOR HIGH CARICOPYRIGHT© AWUNI SEPTEMBER, 2023 All right reserved, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy or otherwise without prior permission from the author. Any person who does any unauthorized action in relation to this book will be liable to criminal prosecution and claim for damages. ISBN: 993-7250-1073-99 FORBULK PURCHASE,CALL: —0244-799899 : 0209- 466525 0242- 368454 0542- 567496 Email : [email protected] ‘Typeset by: Awuni Samuel Illustrations Designed by: Awuni Samuel DEDICATION I dedicate this book tomy wife and childrenPREFACE This book has been compiled in accordance with the new curriculum, Career Technology for Junior High Schools notably, basic seven asa supplementary textbook. ‘The book comprehensively covers the entire scope of the subject as designed by NaCCA. under the oversight and strategic direction of the Ministry of Education. The content of this book is carefully presented to enhance easier understanding for both students and Teachers handling Career Technology. Assessment questions are provided at the end of every single treated topic to give learners insight about the kind of questions they are likely to meet in their external examination. I recommend this book to all J. H. S pupils who want to get good grade in Career Technology and to all those who would like to advance it as a course at the higher level. Although care has been taken to avoid mistakes and misprint, but since no man is infallible, all critics are warmly welcome for necessary corrections in subsequent edition. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I owe everything to Almighty God, by whose protection, grace and wisdom this book has come to reality in His own time. “Many are plans in the mind of a man, but it is the purpose of the Lord that will stand” (Proverbs 19 : 21). I would be ungrateful and insincere if, I in any way accord the success of this book to myself since, a number of people contributed in diverse ways to make it writing and publishing a reality. Lam highly indebted to Mr. Terglo Cleric Gabriel , Mr. McDonald Boadib Collins, Mr. Bright Ankrah and Mr. Seidu Baba Asamoah for editing the manuscripts and other suggestions made for making this book one of the best at the market. [am equally grateful to Apostle Wisdom Ayere of Wisdom Family Chapel, Apostle Paul of Wisdom Family Chapel, Prophet Akwasi Isaac and Prophet Nkrumah Kingsley all of True-Way Pentecostal Church for their spiritual support towards the success of this book. God Bless You All !!! eaTABLE OF CONTENT BASIC 7 STRANDS PAGES, PREFACE DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT STRAND 1: HEALTH AND SAFETY Sub-strand 1: Personal Hygiene and Food Hygiene Sub-strand 2: Personal, Workshop and Food Laboratory Safety. Sub-strand 3: Environmental Health... STRAND 2: MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION Sub-strand 1: Compliant Materials... Sub-strand 2: Resistant Materials.. Sub-strand 3: Smart and Modern Materials Sub-strand 4: Food Commodities (Animal ans lant Sources). STRAND 3: TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND PROCESSES Sub-strand 1: Measuring and Marking-out Tools and Equipment. Sub-strand 2: Cutting / Shaping Tools and Equipment... Sub-strand 3: Joining and Assembling Tools and Equipment. Sub-strand 4: Kitchen Essentials. Sub-strand 5: Finishes and Finishing. STRAND 4: TECHNOLOGY Sub-strand: Simple Structures and Mechanisms, Electric & Electronic Systems 101 STRAND 5: DESIGNING AND MAKING OF ARTEFACTS/PRODUCTS igns: 106 116 123 Sub-strand 1: Communicating De Sub-strand 2: Designing... Sub-strand 3: Planning for Making Artefacts / Products. Sub-strand 4: Making artefacts from Compliant, Resistant Materials and Food Ingredients... STRAND 6: ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS Sub-strand 1: Career Pathways and Career Opportunities... Sub-strand 2: Establishing and Managing a Small Business Enterprise... oeBASIC 8 STRANDS STRAND 1: Sub-strand 1 : Sub-strand 2: Sub-strand 3: STRAND 2: Sub-strand 1: Sub-strand 2: Sub-strand 3: Sub-strand 4: STRAND 3: Sub-strand 1: Sub-strand 2: Sub-strand 3: Sub-strand 4: Sub-strand 5: STRAND 4: Sub-strand : STRAND 5: Sub-strand 1: Sub-strand 2: Sub-strand 3: Sub-strand 4: STRAND 6: Sub-strand 1: Sub-strand 2: HEALTH AND SAFETY Personal Hygiene and Food Hygiene .... Personal, Workshop and Food Laboratory Safety. Environmental Health.. MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION Compliant Materials... Resistant Materials... Smart and Modern Materials Food Commodities (Animal and Plant Sources) TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND PROCESSES Measuring and Marking-out Tools and Equipment. Cutting / Shaping Tools and Equipment... Joining and Assembling Tools and Equipment Kitchen Essentials. Finishes and Finishing. TECHNOLOGY Simple Structures and Mechanisms, Electric & Electronic Systems ... . DESIGNING AND MAKING OF ARTEFACTS/PRODUCTS Communicating Designs 253 274 288 Making artefacts from Compliant, Resistant Materials, and Food Ingredients ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS. Career Pathways and Career Opportunitie: Establishing and Managing a Small BusinessBASIC 9 STRANDS STRAND 1: Sub-strand | : Sub-strand 2: Sub-strand 3: STRAND 2: Sub-strand 1: Sub-strand 2: Sub-strand 3: Sub-strand 4: STRAND 3: Sub-strand 1: Sub-strand 2: Sub-strand 3: Sub-strand 4: Sub-strand 5: STRAND 4: Sub-strand : STRAND 5: Sub-strand 1: Sub-strand 2: Sub-strand 3: Sub-strand 4: STRAND 6: Sub-strand 1: Sub-strand 2: HEALTH AND SAFETY Personal Hygiene and Food Hygiene Personal, Workshop and Food Laboratory Safety. Environmental Health. MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION Compliant Materials... Resistant Materials. Smart and Modern Materials. Food Commodities (Animal and Plant Sources) TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND PROCESSES Measuring and Marking-out Tools and Equipment, 345 Cutting / Shaping Tools and Equipment. Joining and Assembling Tools and Equipment Kitchen Essentials. Finishes and Finishing..... TECHNOLOGY Simple Structures and Mechanisms, Electric & Electronic Systems .. DESIGNING AND MAKING OF ARTEFACTS/PRODUCTS Communicating Designs. Designing. Planning for Making Artefacts / Products. Making artefacts from Compliant, Resistant Materials and Food Ingredients. ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS Career Pathways and Career Opportunities Establishing and Managing a Small Business Enterprise. eAMeritage Will Duiblication Basie 7 STRAND 1: HEALTH AND SAFETY. SUB-STRAND 1: PERSONAL HYGIENE AND FOOD HYGIENE CONTENT STANDARD 1.1.1: Demonstrate Knowledge of Basic Concept of Staying Healthy B7. 1.1.1.1: Explain The Need To Stay Healthy Staying Healthy and Safe: These refer to the standard of hygienic and safety measures, taken to promote or ensure healthy living and prevention of oneself from harm. Staying Healthy: This refers to the guidelines laid down for the physical, mental and social well- being of individual(s) to live a full life. Ways of Staying Healthy: @ Regular exercising of the body: Regular physical exercise improves the muscle strength and also boost endurance. It delivers oxygen and nutrients to ones tissues and helps the cardiovascular system to work more efficiently. Regular exercise also strengthen the heart and improves blood circulation. It also helps lower the risk of heart diseases such as high cholesterol, coronary artery disease and heart attack. There is loss of body weieht when regular exercise is practiced. Regular Exercising the Body © Having Enough Rest/Sleep: Having an adequate rest allows the body’s blood pressure to regulate itself. It also enables the body to repair and ready for another days work. Having adequate restHeritage Hill Duiblication Basie 7 ‘Avoiding Bad or Negative Peer Pressure: Peer pressure is the direct or indirect influence on peers. Bad or negative peers can lead teens in bad directions which affect their life in many ways. For instance, it can influence one to drink alcohol, take hard drugs, smoke, steal, engage in casual sex or other bad attitudes that could put their health at risk. I I r T Negative Peer Pressure © Avoiding Drug Abuse: The use of narcotic drugs such as cocaine, heroine, marijuana etc should be avoided since it increases the risk of mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression, It also increases high risk of sexual activity, unsafe sex and unplanned pregnancy. Abusing these drugs particularly, cocaine leads to the risk of heart attack, stroke and seizures. ‘Students smoking Marijuana (Wee) (Heritage Hill Duiblication Basie 7 © Eating a well balanced die Food is the most important factor affecting the health of the body. Eating meal prepared from a variety of food from the three basic food groups support the body’s health needs. A balanced diet consists of foods from each of the three food groups in adequate amount. Lack of body-building foods may cause protein-deficiency such as kwashiorkor. Lack of energy-giving foods may cause energy-deficiency disease such as marasmus in children and general weakness in adults, while lack of protective foods may weaken our defense against disease. It is therefore necessary to cata well balanced diet since it is essential for life and health. © Health Check-ups: Embarking on regular health check-ups is a means of identifying any early signs of health issues. Detecting any sign of problem in the body early provides effective means of treatment. Consequences of Not Taking Good Care of One’s Body One will contract diseases and fall sick 3 Business such as catering is likely to collapse, since unhealthy looking caterer with dirty environment is likely to loose customers than a caterer who is the exact opposite. ® One is likely to loose self-respect. That is, the respect that, one may have for a person will greatly be affected by how the person keeps his/her surroundings and appearance. B7. xplain What is Meant By Food Hygiene Food Hygiene: This refers to the way of ensuring sanitary rules by food handlers to prevent food contamination, food poisoning and borne diseases. Ways of Maintaining Food Hygiene © Regular wash and clean work surfaces ® Expired food must not be used ® Do not expose food to flies and rodents ® Wash food thoroughly before cooking ® Store food in clean-containers. ® Use clean water for cooking ® Left-over food must be heated and allowed to cool before storing Buy food stuffs from a clean environment © Left-over canned food must be emptied into a bowl for storage i 3Heritage Hill Puiblication Basie 7 Consequence of Eating Unwholesome Food When unwholesome food is being eaten, one will: © suffer from stomach ache; ® suffer from diarrhoea; ® be vomiting. > Victim sufferi Victim suffering from stomach ache from Diarthoe Victim vomiting Some Signs and Symptoms for Eating Unwholesome Food Describe Ways of Maintai Personal Hygiene: This refers to maintaining cleanliness of one’s body and clothing to observe overall health and well-being. Personal hygiene is very essential in our everyday life to prevent any germs to have contact with the body and into the food we eat. Ways of Maintaining or Observing Personal Hygiene Wash hands with soap and water thoroughly after visiting the toilet Cuts and bruises on fingers must be well covered. Brush the teeth at least twice a day Bath twice everyday Keep fingernails short and clean Sneeze or cough away from food into handkerchief, Use aclean apron or over and cover hair with a scarf or net when cooking Cook must never lick her fingers when serving or preparing food Any cut on the hands must be covered with waterproof plaster dressing. ©@©9OO86080 Cutting of Fingernails Washing of hands Uae Taking a BathWeritage Will Duiblication Basie Z ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Objectives Questions @® Lack of body-building foods may @ Which of the following is a way of staying healthy? A. eating much protein food B, abusing drugs C. having enough rest D. self medication @ Keeping oneself from harm by observing safety precaution is known as A. staying safe B. staying awake C. staying healthy D. harmony © Which of the ways of staying healthy improves blood circulation. A. enough rest B. regular exercise C. eating balanced diet D. avoidance of bad peers @ One way of observing personal hygiene is by A. doing regular exercise B. drinking enough water C. going for check-ups D. cutting finger nails short © Sneezing or coughing into handkerchief is a way of observing A. food hygiene B. kitchen hygiene C. personal hygiene D. school hygiene Structured Ques © Explain the term staying healthy. © State three ways of staying healthy © What is hygiene? © State three importance of hygiene a) Explain t personal hygi b) Ou cause protein-deficiency called A. obesity B. kwashiorkor C. gum bleeding D. marasmus Why is personal hygiene essential in human's life? ‘A. to prevent one from accident B. to keep one focused CC. to maintain orderliness D. to prevent the body from any germs Sneezing or coughing into handkerchief is a way of observing ‘A. food hygiene B. kitchen hygiene C. personal hygiene D. school hygiene Which of the following is a sign of consuming unwholesome food? A. vomiting B. feeling sleepy C. lean growth D. losing weight Abusing cocaine can lead to rapid growth bareness heart attack constipation pOp> e three ways of observing personal hygieneeritage Will Duiblication Basie Z SUB-STRAND 2: PERSONAL, WORKSHOP & FOOD LABORATORY eS.) CONTENT STANDARI Demonstrate Knowledge of Preventing Accidents in the Workshop & Food Laboratory B7. 1.2.1.1: Desc! e Accidents in the Workshop / Food Laboratory Ac nts: An accident is an unexpected situation which causes injuries to workers at workshop and food laboratory. Causes of Accidents at The Workshop © Excessive haste © Over-confidence © Carelessness © Inattentiveness © Forgetfulness © Ignorance © Poorlighting © Disorderliness © Failure to apply safety rules © Using faulty equipment © Slippery floor © Lack of concentration / Inattentiveness © Disorderliness Types of Accidents at The Workshop @ Burns: Burns occur when the skin comes into contact with extremely dry heat such as lighted coal-pot, hot metals, swish stoves etc, When these open fires are left unattended can be dangerous , particularly to children, They (children) should therefore not be left alone playing near open fire Causes of Burns: Child playing near naked fire = Candles left overnight can easily cause burns = Faulty electrical appliances can cause fire which may result in burns = Burns may occur when naked fire is brought near petrol or kerosene = Severe burns which deform the body can occur when clothes catch fire;Heritage Hill Duiblication Basie 7 Cuts: This is a break in the continuity of the skin. It occurs when sharp objects like knives, broken bottles, broken cups, empty cans, bones of animal and fish pierce through the skin to expose the flesh. Cuts Causes of Cuts: = Cuts are caused by sharp objects such as knives, fins of fish, broken bottles and sharp bones left lying carelessly on the floor or the washing up liquids or bowls = When chopping vegetables with very sharp knives in the hands instead of using the chopping board © Scalds: These are injuries caused by wet heat such as hot liquids (boiling water or heated oil), steam coming from a kettle or saucepan. They can be dangerous to both children and adults, A child will get seriously sealded when a pan or a pot containing hot liquid is knocked over. Causes of Scalds: ® It may be caused when the lids of tightly covered saucepans are suddenly lifted = When wet foods are quickly placed into hot liquid, it can cause it to bubble over and splash. Whena saucepan or pot containing hot liquid is accidentally knocked over, the contents split over the person causing scalds. ScaldsHeritage Hill Puiblication BasieZ © Pins / Needle Pricks: This occur when pin or a needle gets into some ones body. In some circumstances, the needle after piercing into the body of the victim breaks, leaving the piece inside the body which can only be removed by surgery. Pricks is commonly found in the sewing industries. Causes of Pins and Needle Pricks: = Pricks may occur when sewing garment using the sewing machine & Itmay occur when stitching a piece of fabric using needle ® Pricks may occur when pins and needles are left carelessly on the floor © Itmay occur when pins and needles are not kept at the right place Needle pricks © Falls: This occurs when a worker lips ona slippery or wet floor. Itcan also occur when one steps on slippery objects such as banana peels carelessly left on workshop floor. Trying to reach-out for things high up ona shelf ora cupboard may also result ina fall which can cause fracture (broken bone). oT Fo Falls ® Explosion: This accident is caused by gas leakage. Explosion can cause severe burns and death. Causes of Explosions: = Tteanbe caused byaleaked gas cylinder. = Itean be caused when gas cylinder is turned on before matches struck © Itcan be caused when gas cylinder is not turned off after us:Heritage Will Duiblication Basie 7 @ Electric Shock: This occurs when one gets into contact with naked or exposed live electric wires or faulty appliance. Electric shock causes dangerous current to run through the body of the victim. The dangers from an electric shock depends upon the type of current that travels through the body of the victim. The current that runs through the body can cause burns, internal injuries (heart damage) and cardiac arrest. The effect of electric shock could be mild discomfort through to severe unconsciousness and even death from electrocution. Electric shock Causes of Electric Shock: = Itcan be caused when one touches electrical circuit component with object that can transfer current such asa nail, key ete. It can be caused when one touches electrical appliances with wet hands. It is caused when part of the body get into direct contact with a naked live wire . o wr © Suffocating and Choking: Choking occurs when one swallows an object like bread, balloon, or a piece of plastic and stick in the victims throat. It may block the windpipe, making the victim unable to breathe. This situation is known as suffocation, Suffocation may also occur when, air is prevented from entering the lungs or when there is lack of oxygen. Children should therefore be warned not to play with burst balloons by sucking them ornot to put plastic bags over their head since it can cause choking and suffocating respectively. Suffocation under plastic bag Choking (/‘Heritage Hill Duiblieation Basie 7 B7. 1. 2. 1. 2: Explain the Need for Keeping the Workshop and the Food Laboratory Safe Safety Measures/ Precauti: These are measures or rules and regulations observed to prevent injuries or accidents to workers or other workmates, damage to tools and equipment from occurring at the workshop. Personal Safety Measures to be Observed at the Workshop & the Food Laboratory Adherence toall safety rules and regulations should be observed ‘There should be proper use of personal protective equipment hould be very attentive when working on machines at workshops s should be conversant with the use of machines before operating it Manuals on products and equipment should be read before using them Cutting tools should be given to workmate at the workshops by the handles Thimbles should be worn to prevent needle and pin pricks during needle work and sewing processes oO ®@ @ @ ®@ © @ How to Keep Tools and Equipment Safe to Prevent Accidents at the Workshop / Food Laboratory The right tools and equipment should be used for the right job Cutting tools such as knives and scissors with loose handles should be used There should be proper storage of food, materials, tools and equipment Cutting tools such as knives and files without handles should not be used Avoid dropping of materials, tools and equipment Striking tools like hammer with loose head should not be used Tools, equipment and materials should be stored in such away that, there is provision for escape ®9eG80080 Ways of Preventing Accidents in the Workshop/ Food Laboratory Instructions should strictly be followed in the workshop & food laboratory Do not be in excessive haste at work Spilled liquids on the shop floors should be mopped up immediately Peels from foodstuffs such as banana, yam etc should not be left about lying on the shops floor There should be good lighting and ventilation at workshop/ laboratory floors OG ®@ ©e©00Weritage Will Duiblication Basie Z ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Objectives Questions © Anaccident caused when a swallowed © All the following are causes of object sticks in the throat of a victim is accident at the workshop except known as A. excessive haste A. explosion B. poor lighting B. falls C. disorderliness C. pricks D. skill exhibition D. choking @ To prevent needle pricks at workshop, |@ Broken bone is mainly caused by one should wear A. shock B. fainting A. goggles B. thimbles C.. sprain D. falls C._ spectacle D. apron ©® All the following are causes of © Anaccident caused when the body accidents except comes into contact with hot coal-pot is] A. poor lighting A. scalds B. burns B. carelessness C. fracture D. cuts CC. inattentiveness D. fire outbreak © Which of the following accidents can cause heart damage? © Aninjury caused by hot liquid is called A. burns A. Burns B. Falls B. scalds C. Scalds D. Cuts C. electric shock D. pricks ® To prevent accident at the workshop, one must © Extremely dry heat can cause A. observe all safety rules A. electric shock B. allow children to play at the shop B. scalds C. be in excessive haste C. fracture D. sing praises while working D. burns Structured Question @ a) Whatare safety precautions? b) Identify five (5) personal safety measures in the workshop/food laboratory © a) Briefly explain the term accident b) State four (4) causes of accident at the workshop ® State and explain three (3) types of accident at workshop © State four measures to prevent rTWeritage Will Duiblication Basie Z SUB-STRAND 3: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONTENT STANDARI Demonstrate Knowledge of Basic Concept of Environmental Health B7. 1.3. 1. 1: Discuss the Constituents / Pillars of Environmental Health Environmental health: This refers to the aspects of human that protects against the effects of environmental hazards that can adversely affect health, In other words, it can defined as those aspects of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environment. Constituents / Pillars of Environmental Health ® Disease control ® Clean water © Sanitation © Hygiene Disease Control: This refers to the reduction of the number of people newly infected, the number of people already sick and the number of people who die from disease in local settings. This is achieved through deliberate efforts such as vaccines, medications, control isolation or other public health intervention. Malaria is an example of disease which can be controlled in the local settings. Itis impossible to entirely get rid of malaria because the mosquito-borne parasite that transmit the disease can develop drug resistance, but can be controlled through health care and putting in place preventive measures such as sleeping under treated mosquito-net and anti-malaria medication. Clean Water: Water is a very vital component in human life. About two-thirds of the body weight is made up of water. The human body requires between I ¥4 2 litres (2 %4- 3pints) of water daily. Therefore, water for consumption should be clean and free from impurities and chemicals that are dangerous to human health, The amount of clean water required to maintain good health varies and depend upon factors , phi level , health related rivers etc.Heritage Hill Duiblication Basie 7 Sanitation: This is the public health conditions related to clean drinking water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage. Dirty environment affects the health of the people living in the community, Harmful insects and animals are attracted into the surroundings when bushes and human excreta are left about . It is very common to see cockroaches, mice, rats and other pest invading dirty surroundings in search for food. Similarly, stagnant water, over- grown bushes and empty cans and bottles also breed flies and mosquitoes to introduce germs into our bodies, which may cause diseases. To ensure sanitation such environment, the surroundings must be cleaned and prevent pests by proper disposal of solid and liquid waste Flies swarming around a dirty opened dustbin Hygiene: This is the study of the rules for healthy living and how to prevent disease. In simple terms, hygiene is the science of preserving or promoting health. Every individuals should be able to keep himself /herself clean as well the environment to ensure clean, safe and germs free meals from consumption. Promoting hygiene reduces the risk of diseases out break and food contamination. Causes of Environmental Health The specific environmental factors that impede human health are air pollution, water pollution, land (soil pollution), chemical exposures etc. Y Air Pollution: This is the contamination of the atmosphere by harmful gases and particulate. The air around us is polluted with smoke from cars exhaust pipes, gas given off by factories and industries. Spraying of agro-chemicals and pesticide also pollute the air. Sick people who cough into the air also pollute the air by the virus that is released into the‘Heritage Hill Duiblication Basie 7 Water Pollution: This is the contamination of water bodies by industrial waste, sewage and other harmful substances that make water unwholesome for consumption and can no longer support aquatic life. Rivers, lakes, wells and dams which are our sources of drinking water are polluted by both human beings and animals. Chemical released into water Urinating into river Some Ways Human Beings pollute Water Bodies Include; * Washing clothes and bathing in the water bodies * Throwing ofrubbish and human excreta into the water bodies Urinating and defecating into the water 2 Using chemicals to catch fish * using unclean containers to fetch and store water ® Allowing our animals to drink and defecate into water bodies @ Land (Soil)Pollution: This is the introduction of substances onto the soil such that, the land becomes harmful to plants and animals within the soil. This is caused due to the increased activities in farming, mining, lumbering, quarrying as a result of increase in population. The land is polluted by rags, plastic containers, papers, lorry tyres and old vehicles.Heritage Hill Duiblieation Basie 7 Noise Pollution: This is the excessive noise caused by human’s activities. These activities include drumming, playing music, moving vehicles (cars). Children who attend school in noisy environmentare likely to suffer reading deficiencies. Pollutants These are any substances or agent introduced into the environment that cause pollution. Some common pollutants in our environment are human faeces, smoke, rags, plastic waste, papers, lorry tyres and old cars. The type of pollutants and their effects have increased in modern times because of urbanisation (living inthe cities), population increase and development of industries. Effects of Pollution (Water pollution | Land Pollution Air Pollution | Noise Pollution holera, asthma, | malaria, anaemia,| drowsiness, | _ hearing loss, stress, lung disease, kidney failure, | eye imitations | high blood pressure, lysentery or mental disorder sleep loss, learning- Biers of children difficulties in childrer Preventive Measures of Environmental Health © Avoid littering. That is, we must not throw rubbish any-how. The urinal should be used when we want ease ourselves. ® Avoid polluting the water bodies ® Avoid defecating indiscriminately ® Choked gutters should be desilted regularly © The volume ofa sound system should not be high when playing music. Structured Question @ Explain the term environmental health © State the constituents of the environmental health © State and explain three causes of environmental health @ Explain the term pollutant ff 15AAA PIA LAA rn SSSNINININ YI PRAIA NAIA ANAT ANATUNAN CO OY OY PY DANA AAAS RNIN VY EAI PII NA RARAAAAANS YI III DIAM AAA A NTT YY YYYVYYYYYY YN OVA ee Ore TINIAN RIAA RIAAAAA TINA AAA VY TAN KIVA WON VAN AD For the Complete Text book, please 0244799899 YYVVVVy VOY J PARANA INA VIVA VV TAY VV YI INSISTS IRINA TN POA AAA AAAS TIN VY VYVVAAAANAAE INNA WOW TN AAI WANKWeritage Will Duiblication Basie 8 STRAND 1: HEALTH AND SAFETY. SUB-STRAND 1: PERSONAL HYGIENE AND FOOD HYGIENE CONTENT STANDARD: 1.1.1: Demonstrate Understanding of Basic Practices that Depict Personal & Food Hygiene Bs. Demonstrate Skills of Personal Hygiene Personal Hygiene is the practice of keeping one’s body and clothing clean to observe overall health and well-being. Dirty skin allows germs to live and multiply on the body. One most common skin disease caused by dirty skin particularly among children is the ringworm. This disease is caused by a type of fungus which affects the skin and the scalp at a spot, and generally spreads in circular-shape. Reasons for Practicing Personal Hygiene > Practicing personal hygiene is very important since it keeps the body clean and protects it from disease. That is, when the body is kept clean, pathogens ( disease causing germs) cannot enter the body. Hence, making one looks nice and very healthy. > Personal hygiene is also practiced to prevent bad odour on the body. v Practicing personal hygiene helps one to be acceptable by others. Thatis, he or she will always be accepted by the peers.( Will not be shun by his or her peers) Bad Body Odour This refers to an unpleasant smell on the body when it is not cleaned. Bad body odour is an embarrassing situation most especially, when a group of people tend to move away from the victim due to the unpleasant scent. Allowing the body to develop odour in childhood may be difficult or late to be corrected in adulthood. Parts Of The Body Liable To Bad Odour (Bad Smell) Parts of the body that are liable to bad smell include; Thearmpit the groin + the genital area > theanus the feet the mouth (Heritage Hill Duiblication Basie 8 The Armpit: The armpit is the underside of the shoulder joint. It is one of the warmest part of the body since it hardly receives air, The human body contains two main kinds of sweat glands that produce sweat. They are the eccrine glands and the apocrine glands The apocrine sweat glands is mostly located at the armpit and the groin. These are the two main parts of the body where pubic hairs grow at puberty). This apocrine gland releases sweat at the armpit when the body heats up. The sweat reacts with bacteria at the armpit to give- ‘Smelling armpit Frtyad smell if proper cleaning is not done. The Gri The groin is the area between the abdomen and the high. That is, either side of the pubic bone. Air hardly circulates around the groin because, it is usually covered with the under-pants or shorts. Itis one of the parts where the apocrine gland releases sweat when the body heats up. Pubic hairs also develop in this areas at puberty. Therefore liable to bad body odour when proper cleaning is not done. The Groin The Mouth: When the teeth is not brushed regularly, bacteria accumulates on the bits of food left between them which causes bad mouth odour. Itis also referred to as bad breath. In some cases, there exist health condition that can cause bad mouth odour. This chronic bad breath is knownas halitosis. Mouth OdourHeritage Hill Duiblication Basie 8 TheAnus: This is the opening of the lower end of the alimentary canal, through which the solid waste of digestion is excreted as faeces, The anus could develop bad odour ifnot well cleaned Causes of Bad Body Odour © Not Bathing well (or not bathing): Sweat as a result of either a hard day’s work among adults or playing games like ampe and football among children and adolescents without bathing or not bathing well can cause body odour. The habit of allowing sweat to dry up on the body frequently without bathing (over a longer period ) may cause bacteria to grow on the residue on the skin which can cause skin disease like eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis ete. © Dirty Undergarments (Under-wears): Dirty undergarments or under-wears (under panties, brassieres, underskirts, singlets, boxer shorts etc) can also be a source of bad body odour. This is because, they absorb sweat from the body and hardly receive much air hence, failure to wash them frequently, can leave the body unpleasant smell (body odour). © Dirty Clothes: Wearing of clothes over a period of time without washing them can be a source of bad body odour. We live in a hot, humid weather which make us sweat a lot especially during the day. These sweat is absorb by the clothes we wear and dry up after the day’s activity. Failure to wash them, leave unpleasant smell when worn Dirty Shirt © Medical Conditions and Diseases: Disease such as diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease and infectious disease are associated with change ina person’s usual scent. © Change of Hormones at Puberty The body contains both eccrine and apocrine sweat gland. The apocrine glands begin to function at puberty ~where the growing of hairs develops in the armpit and groins 19Heritage Hill Puiblication Basie 8 Appropriate Materials used to Prevent Bad Body Odour Materials available for use to prevent bad body odour include; © Lime/Lemon @ Woodash ® Kerosene ® Deodorant Deodorant Lime How to Prevent Bad Body Odour Using The Available Materials > Cutlime or lemon into pieces and rub it at the armpit and the pubic areas before bathing. In situations where the scent is excessive, wood ash or kerosene can be added to the lime or lemon for rubbing before bathing. v Rub deodorant at the armpit after bathing. The use of deodorant is very useful since it controls the bad body odour. Controlling Bad Body Odour © Bath twice daily. Bathing removes grease, dirt, bacteria and stale sweat. It is advisable to have a warm bath as warm water together with soap removes grease easily and leaves the pores of the skin openand healthy. ® Wash and give special care to under-garment frequently. It is advisable to wash panties after having a bath and hung to dry in an airy place. @® Clothes should be washed after it has been worn for the day’s work. School uniforms should be washed at least twice a week to prevent any unpleasant Bathing with water and soap| Regular washing of cl 20Heritage Hill Duiblication Basie 8 @ Lemon or lime juice should be rubbed at the armpit before bathing. This should be done frequently especially, at the adolescent stage to prevent bad body odour. Regular shaving of pubic hairs (at the armpit and genital area) should also be done. © Use deodorant at the armpit after bathing. The deodorants is an alcohol-based substance which when applied turns acidic to prevent bacteria accumulation at the armpit to react with sweat (to cause bad smell). Deodorants only eliminate bad body odour but not sweat. Rubbing lime at Applying Deodorant the armpit at the armpit Food Safe (Food Hygiene) There are increasingly concerned about the health risks posed by microbial pathogens and potential hazardous chemicals in food. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that, one-third of the populations of developing countries are affected by food-borne illness yearly. Food Hygiene: The term food hygiene refers to all sanitary measures, principles and procedures put in place to ensure that, food is free from agents of contamination or diseases in any form. It can also be explained as a way of ensuring sanitary rules by food handlers to prevent contamination, food poisoning and borne diseases. Food Safety. This is the process of handling, preparation and storage of food in a ways that prevent food-borne infection or illness. Aims of Food Hygiene > Toprotect food from risks of contamination > Toprevent bacteria from multiplying to levels resulting in ii-healt > To destroy bacteria in food through adequate cooking or processin; 2eritage Will Duiblication Basie 8 Processes and Skills of Maintaining Food Hygiene Expired food must not be used Use clean water for cooking NAY RYNS Wash food thoroughly before cooking Store food appropriately both before and after cooking Keep hair clean and cover with a scarf or cap Wash and clean work surfaces regularly Sneeze or cough away from food into a handkerchief Which of the following is a common disease among children caused by dirty skin? A. bilharzia B, Measles C. Ringworm D. bleeding gum @ All the following are reasons for practicing personal hygiene except A. to clean and protect the body from diseases B. to be accepted by peers C. to prevent body odour D. to show wealth © Which of the following is a cause of bad body odour? A. not bathing well B. bathing with unclean water C. prolong sleep D. frequent washing of clothes ® The kind of gland that releases sweat at the armpit is the A. eccrine gland B. bacteria gland C. apocrine gland © Which of the following materials should be applied after bathing? ‘A. kerosene B. lime C. deodorant D. wood ash © One way to maintain food hygiene is to A. sweep the kitchen while cooking B. avoid using an expired food C. allow flies into the kitchen D. bath twice daily @ All the following materials are applied before bathing except A. lime B. lemon C. deodorant D. kerosene © Halitosis is a health condition that causes bad odour from the A. groin B. armpit C. anus D. mouth D. microbial gland 22Weritage Will Duiblication Basie 8 © Which among the following factors |® Sweat smells on the body when it is a cause of bad body odour ? react with... A. medical conditions and disease A. oxygen B. maturity rate B. bacteria C. too much intake of water C. virus D. regular cleaning of D. glucose surroundings Structured Questions 1, Outline three (3) reasons why personal hygiene should be practiced 2. What is bad body odour? 3. State and explain three (3) cause of bad body odour 4, State three (3) materials used to prevent bad body odour 5. Mention five (5) ways of controlling bad body odour 6. State four (4) processes and skills of maintaining food hygiene 7. Explain two ways of preventing bad body odour using odour preventive materials 8. What is food hygiene ?Beritage Will Duiblication Basie 8 SUB-STRAND 2: PERSONAL, WORKSHOP AND FOOD LABORATORY SAFETY CONTENT STANDARD 14, 2, 4: Preventing Accidents in the Workshop / Site/ Food / Sewing Laboratory B8. 1.2.1.1: Demonstrate Basic SI in Applying First Aid to Self and Others First Aid: First aid is the immediate treatment given to an injured person before seeing a Doctor It could also be explained as, the help given to an injured or sick person till full medical treatment is available. A trip, a fall or accidents with sharp instruments may result in a wound, a cut or bruises. Each of these requires first-aid to relieve pain, stop bleeding or prevent the open wound becoming infected. Contentin First Aid Box/Kit: Minor accidents such as bruises, cuts, burns and pricks can be treated using some essential items (chemical substances and materials) in emergency situation before proceeding to the hospital. These items should be kept in a box which should be easily accessible. The box which contains these essential items is called the first-aid box or kit. A simple first-aid box should contain the following items; cotton-wool, plaster, gauze, bandage, safety pins, scissors, soap, razor blade, iodine solution, methylated spirit, pain relieve tablet, antiseptic (such as dettol, T.C.P, gentian violet, eusol, liniment, bicarbonate of soda). The First Aid Box Content /items in First-Aid Box Severe wounds or burns should immediately be treated at the hospital. Inall cases, first aid given to the injured person can save life. The first but important point is to remove the source of danger. The second is to keep calm and make the patient comfortable until appropriate help comes a AHeritage Hill Puiblication Basie 8 How to Administer First Aid to Persons Affected with Cuts Wash the cut with cold water to stop bleeding and wipe with an antiseptic. Cover with gauze and bandage. In situation where the cut is very deep, raise limb and apply a pad of clean cloth or gauze. Press firmly with the fingers to stop bleeding. Bandage to hold pad down and send to a more qualified person if the bleeding does not stop. How to Administer First-Aid to Persons Affected with Burns Place affected part under cold running water to relieve pain. Quickly cover or apply with flour, baking powder or bicarbonate of soda, eggs or strong salt solution. Do not bandage the affected area. How to Administer First-Aid to Persons Affected with Scalds For small scalds, cover the affected area quickly to avoid air and to prevent blisters from forming. The affected area could also be covered with flour, strong salt solution and apply gentian violet. In a very severe sealds condition, the patient should be giving this basic first-aid and send to the hospital for further treatment. How to Administer First Aid to Persons with Electric Shock Tum off the source of power if possible. Ifnot, use an insulators such as dry wood and plastic to remove the source of power away from the victim. Give artificial respiration if the victim shows no sign of breathing. Quickly rush the victim to the hospital. How to Administer a First Aid to Persons with Suffocation and Choking > Remove tight clothing > Induce vomiting > Give artificial respiration How to Administer First-Aid to a Person with Pins / Needle Pricks Wash sore with cold water to stop bleeding, wipe with an antiseptic like dettol and neatly cover with gauge, plaster or bandage. OGWeritage Will Duiblication Basie 8 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Object 1, All the following are contents in the first aid box except A. Gauze B. Bandage C. lime juice D. Scissors 2. Apperson affected with scalds is being administered first aid by A. washing with cold water B. applying strong salt solution C. covering bandage D._ hitting the victim with a stick 3. Which of the following item will be used to cut a piece of bandage to when administering first aid? A. plaster B. cutlass C. safety pins D. scissors 4, The help given to an injured person till full medical treatment is available is termed..... A. available aid B. first-aid kit C. first-aid contents D. first aid Structured Question 1, a) What is first-aid? 5. Covering the affected part quickly to avoid air and to prevent blisters from forming is first aid to administer A. persons affected with bums B. persons affected with scalds C. persons affected with falls D. persons affected with pricks The box containing essential chemical substances needed to treat accidents in emergency situation is termed ‘A. emergency box B.. sports box C. food aid box D. first aid box Which of the following item is not found in the first aid box? ‘A. pawpaw leaves B. liniment C. plaster D. gentian violet One suitable way to administer first aid to persons with fainting is to A. wash the face of the victim with water B. apply bicarbonate of soda C. cover the affected part with cotton D. apply artificial respiration b) State five (5) items found in the first-aid box 2, Briefly explain how you will administer first aid to persons affected with fainting. 7SUB-STRAND 3: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CONTENT STANDARD: 4. 3. 1: The Basic Concept of Environmental Health B8. 1.3.1. : Discuss The Casual Factors, Effects and Prevention of Desertification The environment refers to our social and physical surroundings. A clean environment is essential for healthy living. Unfortunately, there is no community in this world without environmental health issues or problems. Most of these problems are caused by man’s efforts to adjust this environment to suit his requirements or use it for his benefit. Some factors that create environmental health problems include deforestation, desertification, improper drainage system, poor sanitation, pollution (water, air, andsoil) ete. Deforesta This is the indiscriminate cutting down of trees (forest) without replacement. This activity reduces the vegetation cover in an area thus, the natural habitat of certain plants and animals are destroyed. Casual factors / Causes of Deforestation There are several factors that causes deforestation. Some of these factors include © Bush Fire: Fire is a threat to the environment especially bush fire. It is caused by either intentionally or accidentally. Bush fire may be caused by flames from wood, accidental contact of flame with petrol or kerosene or the careless dropping of buming cigarette butts. This destructive fire is generally caused by man (hunters, farmers, palm-wine tappers, wee and cigarette smokers) only very few are caused by lighting. It normally occurs during the dry season. When there is a serious fire outbreak, ter deal of ag damage is caus resources and pro Bush fire 7Heritage Hill Duiblication Basie 8 @ Building of Settlements and Infrastructure: The increase in population leads to the development of settlements or homes thereby clearing and cutting down of trees (forest). In addition, the building of social facilities such as hospitals, industries, roads, railways etc leads to deforestation. © Mining: Mining is the process of obtaining minerals by removing the surface layers of the earth. These mining activities involve the use of heavy machineries such as bulldozers, backhoes, excavators etc to clear the trees (forest) and for excavating the minerals . © Poor Farming Methods: Poor farming method like Continuous farming encourages deforestation. This method of farming involves burning of trees and shrubs after clearing the vegetation before crops are grown. In addition, continuous cultivating on the same piece of land over a longer period do not permit replanting of the trees destroyed. ‘Some Gold Mining in Ghana © Lumbering: This is the process of felling down, trimming and transporting trees (timbers) for commercial purposes. This felling of trees for wood is termed logging. Logging results in many of the big trees in the forest being removed and destroyed the natural homes of animals. Apart from felling trees for commercial purpose, others also cut down trees for domestic purpose such firewood and burning of charcoal thereby encouraging deforestation. 28Heritage Hill Puiblication Basie 8 Effects of Deforestation Pollution of Water: Mining activities involving the use of heavy machineries like the excavators and the use of chemicals such as sodium cyanide pollute the water bodies and affect aquatic life. In addition to this, some manufacturing industries discharge liquid wastes into water bodies, causing pollution. Global Warming: This is the gradual increase in the earth’s temperature generally due to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. Plants (trees) being the source of maintaining environmental balance by taking in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen are cut down for domestic and commercial purposes leads to environmental imbalance, thereby giving rise to global farming. Prevention of Deforestation © Enforcing Environmental Laws: There should be rigid enforcement of laws governing the environment in the country. For instance, laws on bush fires should be rigorously pursued and defaulters prosecuted in the law courts to serve as a deterrent to others. @ Monitoring Lumbering Activities: The government, through her environmental agencies namely the Forestry Commission and E. P.A, should monitor the lumbering activities to prevent deforestation. © Improving Farming System: The use of improved farming systems such as crop rotation, agro-forestry and alley farming should be encouraged to help reduce deforestation © Replanting Felled Trees: There is the need to replant more trees in areas affected by deforestation to ensure an adequate cover for the soil and water bodies. This will reduce the effects of environmental health problems. © Educating the Public: Governmental agencies such as the Forestry Commission, E. P. A, Fire service, NADMO ete should educate the public on the need to prevent deforestation. © Encouraging Proper Disposal of Industrial Waste: The Government of Ghana should strengthen the Environmental Protection Agency (E. P. A) to encourage and supervise the disposal of industrial wastes to minimize the problem ofpollution. OGHeritage Hill Duiblication Basie 8 @ Population Planning and Control: There should be an effective means of controlling the increase in large families. People should be encouraged to seek help and advise on family planing from the hospitals and clinics. There should also be public education on the consequences of large families on the environment. 2 Desertification: Desertification is the process whereby the forest is destroyed together with the vegetation and the land gradually turned into a desert, Casual Factors / Causes of Desertification © Deforestation: This is the felling of trees without replanting their seedlings. This activity by man is mainly done for timber logs, building houses, firewood and burning of charcoal ete and eventually render the soil bare (desert) @ Over-grazing: This is allowing livestock (animals) to feed on a particular piece of land continuously. This activity destroys the vegetation cover turning into desert, Overgrazing prevents grasses and plants from growing. Cattle causing overgrazing © Urbanization: ‘Urbanisation refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. That is, the growth of villages and town into cities. The rapid expansion of villages and towns into cities asa result of increase in population encourages desertification. The vegetation is cleared to provide shelter (buildings) and other infrastructures for these purposes. ® Soil Erosion: Thi resulted from human activiti activities etc have taken place and rendered the soil batHeritage Hill Duiblication Basie 8 © Poor Farming Methods: The clearing of the vegetation and burning of trees and shrubs for crop production by man ina continuous cycle (continuous farming) gradually tum the land into desert © Bush burni This is the indiscriminate burning of the bush by fires. Bush burning can wipe off a whole vegetation, destroy the forest, farms and gradually turn the land into desert @ Natural climatic condition like the harmattan , which do not support the growth ofsome plants and trees also causes desertification. Prevention of Desert! © Afforestation: This is the to planting of trees to replace forests that have been cut down or felled. This practice will always cover the up the land. Similarly, grasses can be grown to check the movement of sand, especially in areas where there are sand-dunes. ation © Good Farming Method: Good farming method that will protects the vegetation cover such as, crop rotation should be practiced. In addition, cover crops like beans and groundnuts should be incorporated into the main crops for the soil to regain their fertility and also to check soil erosion. © Educating the Public: Education on bush fire should be given to the public through schools and youth organizations, chiefs and councils of elders by the use of posters, stickers and the social media (radio, televisions etc) . Laws could also be passed to punish culprits or people who cause bush fires. © Setting up Governmental Agencies: Agencies such as the Fire Service, NADMO etc should be set up, well trained and provided with modem type of equipment such the fire fighting equipment to control any fire outbreak.Heritage Hill Duiblication Basie 8 B8. 1. 3. 2. 1: Identify Proper Management and Disposal of House and Industrial Waste Proper Management and Disposal of Household and Industrial Waste Household and industrial waste refers to unwanted waste materials in our surroundings and residues (by-products) from the industries. They can be harmful to the lives of human and other living-things when not properly disposed off. Waste can be; > Solid : e.g. papers, rags, plastic containers, empty tins), > Liquid, commonly known as ‘drainage’ : e.g. waste products from the bath, wash- basin, water closet ete. > Gas, normally from the industries: carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbon, carbon monoxide All these forms of waste have different ways of disposing and managing them. Proper Ways of Waste Disposal: Adopting the proper way of disposing or managing waste promotes healthy living environment. Some of the ways of disposing waste include; © Burning: Some solid waste such as papers, egg shells, rags, plastic containers and bottles, dried leaves, empty sachets, wooden waste ete can be burnt. Refuse being burnt © Provision of Proper Drainage Systems: Drains (pipes) from bathrooms and kitchens should be linked to public drains or outside gutters which should be open to aid in the flow of water away from the house. Waste water thrown about anyhow, makes the house unhealthy and invites flies. Choked drains linking bathhouse and kitchens should be regularly cleared (desilted) to allow free flow of waste watHeritage Hill Puiblication Basie 8 Provision of Garbage / Litter Bins: Scraps of meat and fish, rotted vegetables etc can be neatly wrapped and thrown into the litter bins but should be emptied regularly. It should sprayed with disinfectant and kept dry all the time. The litter Bins © Recycling of Waste: This is the process of converting waste products into new products. For instance, a new technology is introduced to convert human waste (faeces) to fuel which is used for cooking called bio-gas. In addition, human waste is mainly disposed off through pipes into a larger central holes built in the ground called septic tanks can be recycled by separating the solid waste from the liquid where the solids are used as manure to fertilize the land and the liquid waste on the other hand, is turned into pure water to irrigate farm lands, breed fish, © Landfill: This is the method of waste disposal where larger pit is dug in an open low lying area (site) into which waste are dumped and buried with soil to decompose when the pit is full, Itis usually located away from where human reside to protect the public from environmental health issues or problems. This method is the most common waste disposal for municipals. This method however has the disadvantage of occupying larger area of land. ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS @ a) Whatis deforestation? b) State and explain four (4) casual factors of deforestation c) Outline Hvo(2) effects of deforestation @ a) Whatis desertification? b) Explain three (3) causes of desertification c) Outline three(3) proper ways of wastes disposal © Discuss three (3) ways of preventing deforestationAAA PIA LAA rn SSSNINININ YI PRAIA NAIA ANAT ANATUNAN CO OY OY PY DANA AAAS RNIN VY EAI PII NA RARAAAAANS YI III DIAM AAA A NTT YY YYYVYYYYYY YN OVA ee Ore TINIAN RIAA RIAAAAA TINA AAA VY TAN KIVA WON VAN AD For the Complete Text book, please 0244799899 YYVVVVy VOY J PARANA INA VIVA VV TAY VV YI INSISTS IRINA TN POA AAA AAAS TIN VY VYVVAAAANAAE INNA WOW TN AAI WANKeritage Will Duiblication Basie 9 STRAND 1: HEALTH AND SAFETY SUB-STRAND 1: PERSONAL HYGIENE AND FOOD HYGIENE CONTENT STANDARD 4. Demonstrate Skills that Relate to Personal and Food Hygiene to Self BY. 1. 1. 1: Practice Good Grooming Practices of Good Grooming Good grooming: This is the total perfection of the appearance of an individual. It_can also be explained as the way we dress, carry ourselves, take care of our bodies, clothes and general behaviour. Grooming is caring for the body and should be practiced daily as far as good health and safety are concerned. Good Grooming Practices This involves wearing neat clothes, good health practices, proper sitting habit, Proper dressing, proper walking, proper talking and proper eating manners. Good Posture in Walking: The normal way of walking should be practiced. Good posture in walking include standing upright, keeping the shoulders pulled back, but relaxed and gently swinging the arms while walking. Itis now common to see some youth especially, the boys walking side ways with hanging shoulders. Proper Way of Talking: Polite way of talking should be developed especially, when talking to elderly person. Begin with the word ‘please’ when requesting for something from someone and end with ‘thank you’ when you are given that particular item. Immediately say ‘sorry’ when you offend someone, The use of profane words should be avoided when talking. Proper Dressing: This is the decent means of putting on cloth to gain respect and trust. Improper dressing is bad and tells a lot about ones personality. For instance, girls dress with their stomach and navel showing. They wear short skirts showing their underwear which should not beso.‘Heritage Hill Duiblieation Basie 9 Some boys on the other hand too, dress with their singlet appearing on their trousers and the trousers below their buttocks, exposing their boxer shorts. These type of dressings are classified as indecent and should be avoided if one wants to be accepted in the family and community. if Indecent dressing Proper Sitting Posture: The sitting habit where girls sit with open legs should be avoided since it exposes their under-wears and unacceptable in the society. The proper sitting posture for both boys isto sit with both legs closed. Proper sitting posture for both boys and girls Wearing Neat Clothes: Wearing neat and clean clothes give a comfortable feel. Putting on clothes does not only cover the body but also improves human personality. Dirty clothes carry many germs and bacteria which can cause infection to ones body. Clothes should be pressed with iron to make it neat and to kill any germs that might be present on them before wearing.Heritage Hill Duiblication Basie 9 Good Eating Manners: Good eating manners are explained as the behaviour or manners that are considered appropriate at table. Below are some good eating manners that should be practiced: © ‘Eatslowly and quietly © Don’ttalk when there is food in yourmouth © Gently lick the fingers © Sip beverages. Don not gulp them Importance of Good Grooming Anindividual who practices good grooming is respected among his/her peers Good grooming enhances one’s personality and interpersonal relationship Itprevents bacteria and germs infections Itpromotes healthy living Itprevents bad body odour @0o0oe00 B9. 1.1.2 Observe Appropriate Food Hygiene Practices Food Hygiene: This is the conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety of food from production to consumption. It can also be explained as a way of ensuring sanitary rules by food handlers to prevent food contamination, food poisoning and borne diseases. > \ppropriate Food Hygiene Practices Wash and clean working surfaces regularly Wash food thoroughly before cooking ‘Wash hands before handling food Expired food must not be used Store food in clean-containers Use clean water for cooking Left-over food must be heated and allowed to cool before storing Buy food stuffs from a clean environment Left-over canned food must be emptied into a bowl for storage Keep clothes, jackets, bags ina separate area away from cooking areas SO0000C000Ihe ye Hi Objectives Questions e The techniques of caring for the body is known as A. Etiquette B. Grooming C. Manners D. Safety precaution Using the word ‘please’ when asking for something is a A. proper way of walking B. proper way of dressing C. proper way of talking Which of the following is appropriate food hygiene practice? Avoid using expired food wear strong boot at the kitchen wash utensils after used Cough into food when cooking cpap> All the following are good grooming practices except ‘A. Wearing neat cloth B. proper sitting posture CC. Proper way of talking D. Indecent dressing Which of the following is a good sitting posture in the classroom? ‘A. Sitting with the legs opened B. Sitting with one leg hanged C. Sitting with both legs closed D. Sitting with one hand on floor Structured Questions e @ State and explain three (3) good grooming pra 6 a) What good grooming? D. proper way of singing One importance of good grooming is to A. prevent bacteria infection B. absorb more sweat C._ prevent excessive bleeding D. make much profit The total appealing appearance of a person is termed as. A. good posture B. good habit C. good grooming D_ good practice Observing appropriate food hygiene practice can ‘A. cause food shortage B. cause accident in kitchen C. prevent food contamination D. Prevent body odour Behaviours that are considered appropriate at table is termed A. grooming B. good grooming C. good comportment D. good eating manners One reason for pi wearing is to A. kill any germs that might be present B. make the clothes look sharp C. make one feel good D. advertise ones appearance ing clothes before b) State three (3) importance of good grooming a) What are good eating manners? b) Outline three (3) good ing manners that should b tic’ © Differentiate between grooming and good grooming (