bio ial edexcel unit 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_blin96
1. ecosystem all living organisms interacting with each other AND the
chemical + physical environment
2. net primary pro- the rate at which biomass accumulates in an ecosystem
ductivity (chemical energy store in plant biomass after respirato-
ry losses: GPP - R)
kJm^-2year^-1 or gm^-2year^-1
3. why could microor- microorganisms excrete enzymes that break poly-
ganisms evolve mers/organic material down
to break plastics
down
4. 2 types of bacterial conjugation (rare): sexual, passes on genetic material
reproduction to other bacteria (or same or diff species) via pilli
binary fission: asexual
- enzyme break open circular DNA
- DNA copied
- plasmids divide
- new cross walls formed, extend into septum
- 2 daughter cells formed
*mesosome (internal extension of membrane folding
into cytoplasm) holds DNA in position during repro-
duction. if not, DNA still associated with cell surface
membrane*
5. what is absorbed infrared absorbed by atmospheric gases, UV not
by atmospheric
gas?
6. entomology study of insects (forensics)
7. dendrochronolo- - temp increases
gy; how does temp - rubisco/enzymes work quicker
affect tree ring - rate of photosynthesis increases
width - more GALP produced
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bio ial edexcel unit 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_blin96
- more biomass/organic matter produced
- tree ring wider
8. adaptations should beneficial. i.e, moth has fur SO IT LOOKS LIKE A BEE
be...
9. 2 roles of glycopro- attach to host cells by binding to specific receptors
tein (VAPs)
avoids immune system (by mimicking host proteins)
10. interferons (INF) part of NON-SPECIFIC immune system response to
VIRUSES and cancers.
- protects host cells from pathogen
- triggers t killer cells
- inhibits viral replication & infection of host cells
11. why is it important to REDUCE COMPETITION
to occupy different
niches (role of or-
ganism in a habi-
tat)?
12. DNA > protein replication: new DNA created (nucleus)
steps
transcription: DNA > mRNA (nucleus)
translation: RNA > amino acid sequence-- protein syn-
thesis
13. sER vs rER vs golgi rER: site of protein assembly
apparatus
sER: site of lipid/steroid assembly
golgi: site of post-translational modification
14. polymerase enzyme that joins rna/dna nucleotides tgt
15.
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bio ial edexcel unit 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_blin96
RNA splicing post transcriptional modification method by spliceo-
somes which slices mRNA into rRNA, removing introns
(epigenetics: study and some exons (in the nucleus)
of genetic control
factors which are
not the base se-
quence)
16. metabolism modify into form which is useful to body
17. integrase enzyme that joins DNA to DNA
18. reverse transcrip- enzyme that synthesises DNA from RNA-- found in
tase retroviruses
19. 4 chlorophyll types a: blue green
+ colours
b: green yellow
carotenoids:
- xanthophyll: yellow
- carotene: orange
phaetophytin: grey
20. how are proteins GALP > glucose
made from GALP? + nitrates > amino acid
+ peptide bonds > protein
21. glucose -> amino amino acids have nitrogen which glucose does not have
acid? = must add nitrate
amino acids sometimes have sulfur in the R group which
glucose does not have = must add sulfate
22. why is mito- - produce genetically identical cells with a gene/trait
sis important (af- - to increase number of cells with this gene/trait
ter____)? - in order to... (e.g. destroy cancer cells, make treatment
effective)
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bio ial edexcel unit 4
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_blin96
23. cons of using a - rejection: immune response against foreign cells with
donor foreign antigens, destroying cells
- need to to take immunosupressants, increasing risk of
opportunistic infections
- need to wait for donor to volunteer
- increase risk of pathogen transmission (i.e. HIV)
24. action spection shows rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths
25. why is it good more pigments = absorb lights of greater range of wave-
to have more lengths = greater rate of photosynthesis
chlorophyll pig-
ment types?
26. absorption spec- shows percentage of light absorbed at a particular
trum wavelength
27. how is ATP made - light energy absorbed by photosystem
from light energy - e- excited & passed along ETC, releasing energy to
phosphorylate ADP to ATP
- ADP phosphorylated into ATP via proton gradient (e-
passes energy to membrane proteins to pump protons
into thylakoid)
28. why are tubercles reduce SA of lungs/organs; produce breathing impair-
bad? ment, coughing and release of sputum
29. role of protein - provides polar(hydrophilic) channel
channels in facili- - so polar molecules can pass through the non-polar(hy-
tated diffusion of a drophobic) membrane
polar molecule - down their conc grad
30. t
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