1. WhatisStatistics?
Statistics is the study that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and
interpretationof datathat focusof the science of statisticsaccording tothearticle of Uci. Research
concerns inthe various scientific fields drive the development of new statistical methods and theories. In
addition, statistics is a highly interdisciplinary field with applicability to almost all scientific fields. So,
Biostatistics is a statistical methods and techniques applied to scientific research in health-related
domains such as biology, medicine, and public health, along with the creation of new instruments for
these studies as mentioned in Cal Stat East Bay.
2. WhyisStatisticsisimportantinBiostatistics?
The study of data collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation techniques in biological
research is the focus of the biological science field known as biostatistics or biometry. Allowing
academics, clinicians, and public health administrators to make population-level decisions based on
sample data is the main goal of this field of study. For example, the government might like to know how
common a particular health issue is among dock workers. Testing each dock worker to see if they have
the disease or are vulnerable to it could not be practical if there are 200,000 of them. In addition, it is the
foundation of public health is biostatistics, which offers methods and instruments for comprehending,
evaluating, and resolving issues related to public health. In order to create successful public health
strategies and policies to preserve and enhance public health, its function in gathering, analyzing, and
disseminating data is crucial, according to Prof. Besral.
3. 2typesofStatistics?Brieflydiscusswithexamples.
Descriptive statistics that characterize population and sample data properties. Central tendency,
variability, and distribution of sample data are the main topics of descriptive statistics. The estimate of a
typical feature or aspect of a sample or population is referred to as the central tendency. Descriptive
statistics includesare skewness, kurtosis, variance, mean, median, mode, as mentioned in the article of
Investopedia
For example, Calculating the mean, median, and mode of patient ages in a clinical trial. Another
example is, creating a histogram to visualize the distribution of blood pressure readings
Inferential statistics is a tool that use to draw conclusions about the characteristics of a
population,drawnfrom the characteristics of a sample. Itis also used todetermine how certain theycan be
of the reliability of those conclusions. Inferential statistics include linear regression analysis, analysis of
variance (ANOVA), hypothesis testing according to Investopedia.
For example using test such as ANOVA to compare the effectiveness of different drugs on
reducing blood pressure across multiple groups. Another example, using regression to predict the
probability of a disease basedon risk factors
4. Brieflyexplainthe4typesofScaleofMeasurement,provideexamples.
As defined by the article of Byjus, Nominal scales are typically used for non-numeric variables or
values that have no meaning. Categorizes data without order.
Forexample,bloodtype(A,B,AB,O).
Ordinalscalesareusedtorankandorderdatawithoutdeterminingthedegreeofvarianceamongthem.
Ranksdatawithoutprecisedifferences.
Forexample,cancerstages(I,II,III,IV).
Interval scale,the variables are measured exactly rather than relative to one another and with
arbitrary zero presence. Measures differences between values but lacks a true zero.
Forexample,temperatureinCelsius.
Ratio scales allow the comparison of intervals or differences. The ratio scale has a special quality.
It has zero points or the origin's character. Contains all properties of interval scales, with a true zero.
Forexample,weightinkilograms,wherezeroindicatesnoweight
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