ME109 Discussion

Convection Review Flat plate

External flow

Cylinder/sphere

Constant surface temperature

Convection Internal flow

Constant surface heat flux

Free convection Flat plate

Basic framework of convection chapters
• Convection chapters are all about finding h in different scenarios
𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, …
𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 External flow & Free convection
Use correlations to find Nu, and we have • Flat surface (constant surface temperature)
different correlations for Nu in Local heat flux: 𝑞 ′′ = ℎ𝑥 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞
❑ External flow, internal flow, free
Total heat transfer: 𝑞 = ℎത 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐴𝑠
convection case
Method for solving • Cylinder/Sphere (constant surface temperature)
❑ In Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical
convection problems: Total heat transfer: 𝑞 = ℎത 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐴𝑠
coordinate
𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, … Internal flow
❑ Under laminar/turbulent flow condition
• Internal Flow (constant surface temperature)
Local heat flux: 𝑞 ′′ = ℎ𝑥 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚
❑ In entrance region/fully developed region
ത 𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑜 −∆𝑇𝑖
ത 𝑙𝑚 𝐴𝑠 = ℎ𝐴
Total heat transfer: 𝑞 = ℎ∆𝑇
(for internal flow case) ∆𝑇 𝑜
𝑙𝑛 ∆𝑇 𝑖
❖ For flat plate (external and free convection) 𝑇 −𝑇 (𝑥)
Temperature distribution: 𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑚
𝑃𝑥 ത
= exp(− 𝑚𝑐 ℎ)
ℎ𝑥 ℎത 𝑥 𝑥 𝑠 𝑚,𝑖 ሶ 𝑝
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = (local Nu) 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = (average Nu) • Internal Flow (constant heat flux)
𝑘 𝑘
❖ For cylinder, sphere (external flow), and cylindrical pipe Local heat flux: 𝑞𝑠′′ (just the constant value given)
(internal flow) Total heat transfer: 𝑞 = 𝑞 ′′𝐴𝑠 = 𝑞 ′′𝑃𝐿
ത 𝑞𝑠′′ 𝑃
ℎ𝐷 Temperature distribution: 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 + 𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑝
𝑥
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = (average Nu)
𝑘
How to go from 𝒉 to heat and temperature? 𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, …
External flow & Free convection
• Flat surface (constant surface temperature) • What is difference between local properties and
Local heat flux: 𝑞 ′′ = ℎ𝑥 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ average properties?
Total heat transfer: 𝑞 = ℎത 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐴𝑠
• For internal flow, what is difference between constant
• Cylinder/Sphere (constant surface temperature) surface temperature and constant heat flux cases?
Total heat transfer: 𝑞 = ℎത 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐴𝑠
Local vs Average:
Internal flow • Local property means the property value at a specific point
• Internal Flow (constant surface temperature) • Average property means the average property value in one
Local heat flux: 𝑞 ′′ = ℎ𝑥 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚 region (or full region) of a surface
ത 𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑜 −∆𝑇𝑖
ത 𝑙𝑚 𝐴𝑠 = ℎ𝐴
Total heat transfer: 𝑞 = ℎ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇 𝑜
𝑙𝑛
∆𝑇 𝑖 ℎ𝑥
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑚 (𝑥) 𝑃𝑥 ത
Temperature distribution: = exp(− ሶ 𝑝
ℎ) ℎത 𝑥
𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑚,𝑖 𝑚𝑐
• Internal Flow (constant heat flux)
Local heat flux: 𝑞𝑠′′ (just the constant value given)
Total heat transfer: 𝑞 = 𝑞 ′′𝐴𝑠 = 𝑞 ′′𝑃𝐿 𝑥
𝑞𝑠′′ 𝑃
Temperature distribution: 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 + 𝑚𝑐 𝑥
ሶ 𝑝 What do ℎ𝑥 , ℎത 𝑥, ℎ𝐿 , ℎത𝐿 , ℎ𝑥1, ℎത 𝑥1, ℎത 𝑥1−𝑥2 mean? What
P is perimeter of the pipe cross section are their differences?
How to go from 𝑵𝒖 to 𝒉? 𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, …

❖ For flat plate (external and free convection)

ℎ𝑥 ℎത 𝑥 𝑥 Similar to the last slide, what do 𝑁𝑢𝑥, 𝑁𝑢𝑥, 𝑁𝑢𝐿 , 𝑁𝑢𝐿,
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = (local Nu) 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = (average Nu) 𝑁𝑢𝑥1, 𝑁𝑢𝑥1, 𝑁𝑢𝑥1−𝑥2 mean? What are their
𝑘 𝑘
differences?
❖ For cylinder, sphere (external flow), and cylindrical pipe
(internal flow) 𝑁𝑢𝑥
ത
ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = (average Nu) 𝑁𝑢𝑥
𝑘
• Be careful: for internal flow, although we frequently
discussed about how temperature, flow velocity vary
with x, we use D for Re and Nu calculation, which is 𝑥
different from external flow calculations.
How to find 𝑵𝒖? 𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, …
• Firstly, how to determine the status of a flow? Laminar or turbulent flow? For internal flow, entrance region
or fully developed region?

For flat plate Rex,c : Critical

Reynolds number
for internal flow
Rex,c : Critical Reynolds number
for flat plate
For cylinder/sphere
Hydrodynamic entry length Thermal entry length

• For internal flow, use Reynolds number to determine if the flow

• For external flow, use Reynolds number to is laminar or turbulent. (compare with critical Reynolds number)
determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent. • For internal flow, calculate the location of transition point to
(compare with critical Reynolds number) determine if in the entrance region or fully developed region
How to find 𝑵𝒖? 𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, …
• Firstly, how to determine the status of a flow? Laminar or turbulent flow? For internal flow, entrance region
or fully developed region?

RaL,c : Critical Rayleigh

𝑅𝑎𝐿,𝑐 = 109
number for free convection
For ideal gas:

T: use film temperature

Nonideal gas:
Check the table

• The unit of T (film temperature) should be K

• For free convection, use Rayleigh number to for β calculation
determine if the flow is laminar or turbulent.
(compare with critical Rayleigh number)

• Be careful, the free convection is not the same with external flow
• Compared to external flow, free convection is not just placing the plate vertically, but the overall mechanism is
different.
How to find 𝑵𝒖 for external flow on flat plate? 𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, …

External flow on flat plate (laminar flow)

ℎ𝑥
ℎത 𝑥

𝑥
External flow on flat plate (turbulent flow) How to calculate ℎ𝑥 , ℎത𝑥 , ℎ𝐿 , ℎത 𝐿, ℎ𝑥1 , ℎത 𝑥1, ℎത𝑥1−𝑥2?

External flow on flat plate (mixed flow)

𝑻𝒔 +𝑻∞
All properties evaluated at 𝑻𝒇 = 𝟐
How to find 𝑵𝒖 for external flow on cylinder? 𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, …
Be careful, the Re has a slightly
different expression in cylinder
compared to flat plate

❑ Zukauskas correlation: (n=0.37 for PrRe<10; n=0.36 for PrRe>10)

Check m and n in Table 7.4

❑ Empirical correlation: (Pr>0.7)

Check C and m in
Table 7.2

All properties evaluated at 𝑻∞, except for 𝑃𝑟𝑠 , which is

evaluated at 𝑻𝒔
❑ Churchilll correlation: (PrRe>0.2)

𝑻𝒔 +𝑻∞
𝑻𝒔 +𝑻∞ All properties evaluated at 𝑻𝒇 =
All properties evaluated at 𝑻𝒇 = 𝟐
𝟐
How to find 𝑵𝒖 for internal flow? 𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, …
Laminar flow-fully developed region Turbulent flow-fully developed region

Laminar flow-entry region

Graetz Number
How to find 𝑵𝒖 for free convection? 𝑵𝒖 → 𝒉 → 𝒒, 𝑻, …

Empirical Correlation: Other correlations for laminar flow:

Correlations that can be applied for the entire Ra range:

C n

Laminar 0.59 1/4 104 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 109

Turbulent 0.1 1/3 109 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 1013

• We have another correlation for laminar flow in free convection, the similarity solution (check slides for
discussion 9), but usually you don’t need to use it in problems, otherwise specified by the problem.
Things to be careful about when solving convection problems
• Is the problem asking for local properties (ℎ𝑥 , 𝑁𝑢𝑥) or average properties (ℎത 𝑥 , 𝑁𝑢𝑥)? Is the problem asking for
local heat flux (𝑞𝑥 ′′) or total convective heat transfer (𝑞) ?
𝑞 ′′ = ℎ𝑥 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝑞 = ℎത 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ 𝐴𝑠
• For internal flow, is the problem established under constant surface temperature and constant heat flux
situation? Different equations and correlations should be used for different cases.

• Should spatial location x or plate length L be used when calculating Re and Nu, or should the diameter D be
used? For flat plate (both external flow and free convection), use spatial location or length, for
cylinder/sphere and internal flow, use diameter D
• What are the value of the critical Reynolds number and Rayleigh number?
External flow, 𝑅𝑒𝑐 = 5 × 105 , Internal flow, 𝑅𝑒𝑐 = 2300, Free convection, 𝑹𝒂𝒄 = 109
• To determine a flow is laminar or turbulent, which dimensionless number should we use? Reynolds number or
Rayleigh number?
External and internal flow: Reynolds number, Free convection: Rayleigh number
• When applying correlations, should we use the equations for laminar case or turbulent case, for entrance region
or fully developed region (for internal flow problems)?

• When calculating β, what temperature should you use? In what unit?

Film temperature in K
• Is the convection on a plate external flow or free convection?
Check if gravity is involved (free convection), if there is a free stream velocity (external flow)
Radiation
Radiation Intensity

Spectral, hemispherical emissive power

Total, hemispherical emissive power

Example
ME 109 Discussion
Radiation
Radiation

Spectral, hemispherical emissive power

Total, hemispherical emissive power

Radiation

Directional Hemispherical

Spectral Spectral, directional Spectral, hemispherical

Total Total, directional Total, hemispherical

❑ Diffuse surface, 𝛼, 𝜀 independent of direction 𝜃, 𝜙

❑ Gray surface, 𝛼, 𝜀 independent of wavelength 𝜆
❑ Opaque surface, no transmission 𝜏 = 0
Blackbody radiation

Spectral directional intensity

Spectral hemispherical
emissive power

Total hemispherical emissive power

Wien’s displacement law

Band emission
Emission from real surface-Emissivity
Example
Example
Absorptivity

Solar irradiation

• Be careful, we should use source

• When irradiation is diffuse and 𝛼 is independent of 𝜑 temperature to check the F factor table
Kirchhoff’s Law
For any surface:

For diffuse surface:

For gray surface:

Example
Reflectivity

Transmittivity
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