~ttanductfan 40. mechaticonies and | i volution,Scope,. Measurement Systems, en bein nya ems, & close loop systems, Sequential contyollers, oa Ree eet ene ithe s.Mechatwonics 8 LUNTT 23 i ca _____Sensorss_ ‘and Transdu cers \Tntwe: te sensors and +50 = yidhebo ___ Displacement © position senson, pavrlmity sensors — eee ee Ly ©. ul Maoseriotasee Ee —2 isle 4 elo —_Teerse and Pressaxcsenanes Levtlead tha + -sensore, Magnetk sensors.(Reed Sw! itch) pH sensov, 0 al rlesendat ry Sensors selection’ of sensors, Signal — conditHon}, ng ~devices Sey Dawe ls ee eee UNTT 3 = EM echoncea Actuati9g Oyeiem sae. i ____ Mechanical systems, Types of? om oHon, Rinematics _Khaine Came Gene Tanies . Qatchet are Ousl, elt and chain dzives, Bearings , mechanical _aspectoP —___ motor selection. ep ee te —___AchiaHon systems, Pacumat: and Hydsaulie n A ols_, Disecti ~___leontwl Values, Paessuxe contr| valves seu—__Tostuction set, Pawgramming of tprecess ox usiag as ee ee eee ee ONTT 5 @- nT ibemenal. me lay sc 3, Data handling, A Li pita ites . PLC, Appin: Robotics 2 Tatreduction Types eee octrl, Ropet deive systems Robot ‘end. eff ecto: __ Selection parameters of a Robot, Apply. seesi o HH Blocka Diagram of Mechatwonics. _ [Digital c ~ N Conroy -- \ = _\system c ; — —_Compuber «Ele nic . Pr _Hecharberics Systen Mechaniat ete 7 ——-€ad. mechanics He / See PlecFonicay : system ae i" eee _DePPination ae CG ere sation SP phecbanieal — —~engingesing, with electsonics a snd_intelig eat computer —contisl-ta.the desig_and manufachining of eee i oe -precesses.. i tPlechan cal System Ep | Paes “|sensorrs n put] signal engipe * Sol eholids, * Swiltches | Mpid/ guage! diseate| CRF JnterPace © |Dc oS + Fotembigmet er le THesmocduple Do scyete ChT | © Fries} * Steppets moto} + Photdelertyde ¢Thesmpostnspy | P| Ardolihe Allo]o € + ea 0 fnotony + Ofgitet PAdcelewomneder | | Jaleie| in g Hv desctulic & Recoldel 4 mem j +o Poeu thee cs | 44 | yy _ El » | | | | 4 o 1 ea é f | | i | ‘ = ry | ie ee cla . E . 1 | c. Graphical Displa o/P dignal bonditionin: Digital [co ) aredhiter’ i Fi 7 3 Fa | Ee iE ‘ os rego Le | TaterPace | elogtt CIT] + Pouew Inst | p Dla cq *D/A] |e Ppwes Transistors 7! —]e Mica} onvsolfer [+ Ce | ig sAmply le Pguds Op-dmp algortsh ps | q | PLC] «Communications | ' | ' |JU at Rey sleteendate Lal “Meckedaonics-Systen Tp densoxs- & Achwatows fe (open nal_conditisaing = __ 3)! Digital! contsp|_oxchitecturce ~ Output signal condittonin SST i 3 | vs + Sensors and actuators mostly coy roe under _ mechanical ay chem The Actuator produced {-_—jmollnn or _cause same cicht oo. The Senso | foutaputs: The wortous achiaters: used tn — ________mechatomnics systems are pneumatic and hy devattlie achic elect sinechninical , el ectsic motor: ad _piroele ac tua tows Ike, vaninua typed of aenaors used? Po temechliamih ids say aki!nn gbreuittnearm/ ao! ahtonal _loccele ration, Poxced , torque , Plow, deme. lig ‘ i Sind ih d_indesfacing —___| ‘The ije-devices meceived ie signa om the umechatrwonics system via inten facing device and cet | that _maniut lates ‘dhe «ta na in a Ao Tha! perepaie TH for thie weet fake of pace ings] Then i nt ro The ents tO % ond Soning ond pavressing. ! .J . ‘ a The various P slana onditton ing devee ~y | a Ex. Logic CRT, UC, PLC Programmable’ logic control ers), Contwol_algowithems « é bipia | \, a° * ree The o/P signals from the system are not jh the sy stern by which ePPtclency of tre E ; . Pe io cyte 7Te Applicadions = a 'DOHome Appliances ot _|@ Medicol_ Fields" = PREC _ @ ManuFacturing Psmcess eee eee ei 7 ~ @ In Automobiles: (Airbag sy shen, Proximity system ae C An Endustrial Robots. ______ sar uf ace : ; Hi Control System i A control system that can be used te,————_— ss Contxal some variable +3. particitax value. — = "ex Central heating system. shee bwhere temp pscontwel to pesttaslor value! ilk, wie B a oe eg: ing machine! cease oe Ls when a diastare set to ddshite: and Hen tal Ines tt r _pestten skein ess es a i pi : £2. a i |e Control wohether and events occuves o% not: al eg. Safety lock on amachine whem it can# Feedback System Oo ; Body re I +e. I control 1 1 z 2 Tempevatere ayeh | Feedback of data dbout | actual tempevoture . | sr aphich tett ib what the ter is then compare: this date waits widat the Lemp: should ai elt 4 we slat ieee wes PONCE, —_____in x tp obtain required temp these Is the exa. of feedback cantool + in| Signals awe Peed nhac Petm the output Abie ha Oo= Regarved Temp. Fusnance & its contseol [ | eed about actuay Feedback of data — temperature. |——— sh ft onstage n of centrally — TT detoiled ! theuse its Por the human stand near the Pumance_o7 switch: Wott thermometer _ land switched -Purnance on and oF Fc ‘accomding. —_[in the thermameter read ng. ! + i conte Wed: us} ing hunsanas a 4 eee ee es Oth Gi fesssyle dete cee fe because the | signals axe feed back Pans seaeemeceean oxcd exe — to modified the t)p. aa ‘The more usual Peed bach Sau ystenn “|e otagl thesmostat ow _contaplien! which automate | switch the fusnance omov of @_accomdiingte the pee EEE —SiPPenence beth set terap and SaaS cree eens iA Spe all Closed. Lop wot, : -O Open:lopp dystero_8- (Tostex). Visa dhyrs Elect Electric] O!F Power Five Ternp- [TP Gotvolles | PH Decision Ir ‘person | qo swiththatthe ij p to the switch ts the difference betn achial"temp_add mequitted tenop. Considex Pig @ ibis an eg-of open loop contwo| system je. domastic to. ter. ‘Cantrol }s _by setting Hmex which determine the length of a ~ Steg - oud z P. UH wis determined ly preset time. There is no Peedheick we b i +o 4 sequiwed broune ss.oi gaa Co e: Hand. | switchs Elects] & ~~ Jecision i.e. pexson| acHoated power Fe switch | | > |Feedback of emp Measu zing coe. device —__it asic Elements of Closed Laop 2ystem Eee Eee ® Corapasi wison element.) 2 Se eee cunsfibeetegutzeld oot ae fare ce value. ok the variable condition which is +e 07 - , = — Feedback =f emp pT Pleasuving a wite38] 08|2024 | SH Sequential Controllers —{ Connecton is Connect ieee feet ra elements Paocess outputs — Lf Pomp Fl Water level ———Progsart | Cortyol feet a aecke J machine | drum _Temperatiwe _ b> Dsum speed Door closed The ie ein ential contre! ‘eonteo! is such thot actHons is used When awe stactly order In Hme ow event driven sequence such contsel could be obtained by eclectic CRT With set of stlays om switches Which ave wired Ap in such a way that to give required sequence - ' i As Shoo in Fig: consider domastre Washing machine. a no- of opewations have +o be carated outin the comsect sequences: These may Mmvolved pre wash cycle when the dese clothes in the idwum-dve gaven a wash in cold water Followed iby main wash cycle when they! awe washed Mn thot worker then wReepebe Wher-Hrelr sinscycle lwith “cold water anoyofttime followed by spining to “remove water Prom the clothes. Gach of these ope involves ano. of steps.a ————— The system that used for the washing a: machine contasller was a mechanical system which involve wa set of can operated switches fe. mechanical switches. st Micropsrocessox based contwo| system _ £9: Block: diagvam: of wind energy conversion system. “tind ¢ 1 : [ pis Hien [Hfeenesinr ana | — Speed 5 Contso! signa) speed Mewprocessoy Soe f dizsectio: In this system the UP access Hhe i|[P such as wind speed» divection , tuxbine speed and load wequisements > amount of energy vtg & frqn, Lolettt with delivesed to load» The pup sence signal jo the tusbine to establised proper divectton ‘control , to set the breaks tn high wind PH sense othe signal to a generator do change pre o| Puts 9A generator has sepavete Plelds Eb may tum of F unen exitical loads in Hmes of light loads and it ymay be tum en opHmal loads tn slsonge winds. “Th may adjust the power conditioney to change uthe load vtg £ Preqn.fe Zaye es2os4 | UNIT NO. 02 ae ensov ~~ Proximity sensovs ave the sensors thet detect | _— ord a movement and presence of an object withou J Tmaking Physical contact with the obj ect and convert FT Proximity sensor “without feuching it “As the sensor ave nen contoch “98 D50% they d not cause any damage fe objects: a _ These ave many types of Proximity stnsows- but two mosh Commonly Used pooximity sensors ase , Sea “D Capacitive Proximity 3 ensor Working ef peinciple of capacitive proximity sensor is based on parallel plate capacitor: Pavallelplat —T et eS : ; | mediurn| b~——_——] oS ° | le 2 i } ~ S| 1 sr in tt —A meta) plate typically has an equal amount of T positively and negatively charged pasticles which means that i+ ts electrically neutwal: JEP we connect powes source of battery to ‘capacitor through the conducting wire: — When this elecsons weach the wight side plate oP capactioy the dielectsic materia) will) stsonglt oppose the movement of electyon from wight sideelate +o the left side plate- IAS @ wesult the no. of electwons that is the -Ve charge cones on the waght plate oP capacitor will Tbe highes than +Ne charge canner: — Bue to this the wight side plate oP capacttow becomes ~vely charged- —At the same Hme electyons on the left side experience a stwong attractive, force From ave tesminal of battesy: —Aas a wesult this electrons leaves left aide of the plate due to this no of protons on the left bide plate becomes more. thevefore leP} side becomes tvely charged: — This is how the charging of capacitor Fahes place, — The wight side plate has —w net -ve charge and left side plate has net tve chawge this eveats an electric Field With an attvactive force beth them which mele the — of the capactter- the craven a Ane fee 7 + oz chavgeor at RR : fe |e lSa| L — c+ eR c= dielechie Pre ld These ave two types of capacitive Pooximity 6ensor- D Dielectsic: type capacitive Proximity. 6ensow D Conduchve type capaciHve. proximity sensow= | Soy eB) 2024 “The dielectsic pe capacitive, “proximity can detect an any target that haves 2) “idielectoic consta | yoo Sea ” ‘tehich operates Ai Re an act as dielectnc: no tawget i ss present the capacitance: bet plates is vew less - Wes HIS plates are liked to assulatey cr T & detector CRT. t As the tasget which has diele- cast move’ than aiw comes neaw to! the sensoe the. capacitance “bth the plates tncveases which ineweases the ampl of assulation - when target object moves away feom the © sensow _ oscillation amplitude | dewveases. S | Aand when i+ falls below the yhresheld value “the sensow vehiss fts Initial stage - Dielectvic type capacitive proximity sensors. will sence both metalic and non~ metalic Jobjects- Par i ; 3) Conductive type capacitive poorimity sensor, ER) | ee | one plate of | [| plate | capacitor fs ‘ I onside: the Bensor 2 Z Lseri plaive tiee uarazimiiy, “SSR PS ner 13 only one Capacitor plate Inside the Sensor. the target itself hecemes the other plate ee Tpawalel plare capacitor: The plates of the pavallel pla Should be conducting 20 this tape of se NS0%S ave used if the target is an elec taical ly conduchHing material - The ais gap betr sensor # target ac Qiclectsic. The plate Inside the sensor connected to aesulator CRT: As the conducttve target appsoches the sensow the dist: betn 2 plates decveases due to Which Capacitameincweases- Results increase tm of assulatfon amplitude. One's the assu Htation axceedes pxedesmined value- olP ZIgnal Loom sensov 15 generated which indicates that the tasget has seached neas the sensor . “es EA ed fe capacitor $5 asd D Inductive Type Proximity sensory Inductive type proximity sensoy ave Used to “detect metal taxgets. Tt has four matn. components. @ Coil eusuhs cot) genevates necessosy electyo-~ -magnetic Rield- A cp shaped magnetic cove holds the cetl- This cor 15 necessory ce to concentrate the coils mag. Rield on the Poont avea of the Sensor, ‘@Assulator —&- Which Jenesates the assulations. @ TVeisgey CRT 8 Senee the change in amplitude * the assulaHons & gives signal to theo? CRT:|@ oe cer: i ° Weeking i ni a Tt operates on Farvaday's Jaw of electoomagnetic Induction: When an electsically conducted object i placed in a time vassying Mog nehc Preld an electste cussent called as eddy cussent will be generated in the object According to lenz's tow eddy cussrent exeates a mag field ina conducting plate lwhich oppose the mag: Field created by the cei | jeWooking | The proximity Sensox is Installed in she areq Twhere we need to sense the presence of electsically conducHtve tasget- When the sensing coih tn assulation ¢KT IS Teupplied with alternating cuvrent o changing Imag: #feld 15 cveated avrrvound che Coll when the fasget entess His elec.rag: PHeld- some Of the elec.mag: enesgy 5 t+ransfe ored te the object: aceosding to Farraday'3 law of EL |an eleé: casrent called eddy qussend wilh be generated tn the tavget. w- T+ apposes the mag Field created MH. i 1 As the eddy Gisrent mag - Field eppeses the mog-Pield of the coil, iImensity of mag: Freld OF the cols weduces. 7° As the tasget comes very close te the sensor the eddy cuwrent Incceases: which decreasing the amplitude of mag fleld- when ampl goes belre evedetermined level the trigger CAT gives the e/p that sensow switches Fsom Ms normal cond? . 7 AS the tasged moves away fsom Ssensor-the ampel of elec: mog- Pleld increases & the trigger vewitches the e/P state of the sensor bach fo Ms nowmal cond):“Ulhsasonic wave “genewated | w << greater than 20 RH2: because oP its 3 sheong ood we _diwectivity | low am enesgy consumpHon and 7 _ilwelative ng prpogwat on distance tH its used Jo Non-contact wanging. Ultwasonic di oe Transmitter ae aol esall (Time starts) RS Obstacle . Utasonic Receives kK -€Pinve-ends)—— 7 tA ehaal —) jstance. The principle of ultsasonie sensox is to Hransmit ultwasonic waves in specific disection through an ultsasonic transmitter. Atdstasts Hoading as the same Hme at twansmission. oT When ultrasonic waves psopegate inaty and head nit at obstacle they will immediately setirn and weceived by ultsasonic vecelver and stop Hming limmediatly- By cetleulating tsevel Hme and speed of wave the distance can be calutlated - | The ultwasonte sensow uses the painciple of luttwasonte eco wanging te detect the distance bet” sensor and the target.* measuring the Wave propogalion Hime de oad spel te get the wave Propegaton distance. _ Assuming. He as the is the distance bet 1 measured objechand sensor. tas . tetime measured. ion uN = Nelocthy ef Ultrasonic pzpogaton- Then, i ps 2 i i ! s= Nt # Advantages” . § " —=Diffesent side ands hape object detections metallic and non-mettalic object detection, Not affected by dush o molshive envi~onment- # Disadvantages — Cannct wosk In vaccume. — Affected by sound abysoxbant matesal. — Affected by tempesatuve Mere than joc, FE. Applicatons “ ‘ =D Automatic parking distance control ef automobiles. dD Obstacle ‘avoidance soboh —®D Level measurement}. =) Object detechion.— =a de Term erate Sensov te Bimetallic Stxips__ ‘tt is used +o anvewt temperature. change reer displacement- Etndeiee oo Fete Bimetallic stoips ave “used_ as “thermal euiteh contwlling the tempewahire ow heat ta a manufactusing precessing os system. ‘ ae =a | Higher coefficient oF © peter rercre eter tenses Era a nan mal-expeinsion oe Pa ——— eta — Metal 2 zs : | d 7 lower coepicient of thermal ey expansion Nowna)_temp >. “7h w : © i Temp: setting Knob ye Temp g_kno Eleverted Femp- He a ~ oe stzip - bimetallic ‘Elecrcal J oanection XYY XY VY XM | = | | © It contains a boo die. mete) steips jotned stegether having dipfesent co-ePficient of thesma) expansion On hectting the steips bend tnto the el orsved states wih the metal with highll coePPactent of expansion von the outside of the isve. It causes strips +o bend upword 3h making contact so cuss that cuswent Fean Fidw, os and generated an Then the eleclsic_ cht complete alarm: Eh this way bimetalife otvfps help te + protect desived appl? Paom heating above the preset value of temperahire - : © Advantages =) Power source not-wequired. =» Easy to use and eheap. —D Can be Used upto GookC.’ @ Disadvantages =D Limfted applications: —D Not suitable Sy low temp. —Dless accuvate. © Applications — Used in thesmostat. — 2D Used jn Five alarm. =D vsed as thesmal crt breaker. i Ay a oe “eesee © RTD (Resistance Tempesature Detector) E = The resistance tempescrtuve detects works on the _ Principle of positive temperature co-efficient of vesistivity fey as temperatuse Incveases ,vesistance also incweases- LaWhen metal wise is heated , the.ves) stance increases |s0,a tempevatuse can be measured using. sesistance of ‘wise ' i — RTD Incowperates puxe metal at similar do electwical itwansduces_convests changes in the temp evatuxe to tg. signals by. measurement of resistance. : The metals thatare best suited for RTD sensors areplatinum, copper , nickel+ having uniform ithin +o swe a given range of creme only feu Veep Connection __ Mheatstene bridge. srucennes __Mbeatstone_bwid The above Pig: Shaws the constsuction of PTD, ihhas a wegistes element connected fo.a wheatstone bridge: —The element and the connection leads ave insulated & peotected by asheeth. Smal) amount OP cessent i is cecontinucusly passing though the coils As temp. changes) TRhe wesistance of coll changes which is detected by “wheatstene bridge: TD RTD wosks on principle that the wesistance of metal Vayues with ehangein temp: accosding to velation as pr= eof +o (T= Te)] pr = Resistance at tempt Resistance at temp: o°C- Ro = (X = Temp: coePPicient: iT = Temp: ta °C. : x “Te = Enitial temp: ‘— On healing up metals the Tesiotance incveases and follows a linear arelaHon ships it at i nickel ‘a : 7 COPPEe ie 4 + : Planum - yess Gis poe 8 I! Temp: Cec)Applications of RTD roe Used in aiw conditioning! — PlasHe processing: _ etsochemical pwecessing [oe eee 2 = In micwwelectonics — Exhaust gas tempesatuve measusement- # Light Sensor © Photodiode & A photodiode is a-type of phole detector capable of converting Night enesgy initv electsical energy —T is sometime vefPered as photodetector, photos censor op lightsensor- \ —The symbo) of photodiode is bh =The photodiode is semiconductoy diode accept that they may be either exposed or package witha window ov optical Piltey to allow light to reach the sensitive Past of the denice: —A phottdiode js design to opewate in yevewsebias as shown in Pig: wy y ahr = : ; Rage 2 EE Sy Depletion region When these 5 no light small wevesse seuyation crrrent is Plowing due to thesmally genexated minority cassiers. this Gusvent tn the civauiit is known as davk Guysent. [When light enesgy supplied do the Photodiode ».the valence_electzon_in the depletion zegion givain the ener) '& come out Prom the atom. Hence yew electson hole ipaixs cveated tn depletion wegion. the mechanical Lgenesation of new electvon hole paiss by using light lenesgy 15 Knownas phowelectnc efPeck and the A + ! 7 _enevated cavsiess thes< commen constitute a a aussent ina creat i is known a5 at iphoto cussent. uae The averent + Plowing Hhoough photodiode 1 is ls divectly = E [psopestional +o +h to the intensity of Light: | See a at acces ae ———_—_____—__ — a ent | eiesieee — e Applications & -~In CD player — Ina smokedetector | — in optical communication: © Photo “Transistor & T= Photo transistes 15 a 3 tesminal semiconductor device which convests the incident light inte photo qussent: =A light i5 Incident on a base tesminal & jh is: ‘connected into uussent which Flows though emitter ‘and collects: —The urssent produced by the ie 13 low soit ‘isentto the transistor and amplifier. | +h L emer] nt : N r Pripe base - Sean eegrCaeeCCI Sg ec ele eee [ Ceollectow) i When compase to 1 nowmal 4vansformer & prea ne pase and collector avea is lawge- TL The base is tncwease fo incvease the amount of inves | igenesated because move the light falls mowe cuexent ts genevated- an _ we genes NCC Ww © BL Ae i E Nout = = — From the above CRT we Can know that the hase 1S not connected foany extema) bias & only the light is inciden+ on the base tesminal- ~— Cohectow tesminal is connected to +ve side of extemal supply and o/ P15 taken from collector to emitter — When ne light is incident on the base texminal only dome leakage cussent Plow dnd is called as dask Gusrent: — When light is incident on lense at the collector base, Junclon, the base cusvent is genevated which is Prrpostional to intensity of the incident ight: © Chavactewshcs of photo-tsansister. rey i Nec © Applications : — Usedin counting system. = Deediin optical tape weader. — Used to detect the ebject. p— Usedin printers. 4 | - :tr ha | Molen Sensors. (Tach Og enevartor | eras alse called as Vawiable weluctance LinducHve € sensors used to measure aotational speed ov ~Tachogenesatox wosks on principle of variable weluctance. = TH consist of an assembly of two toothed coil & magnete cisenit+ as shown in Pig- —Teethed pill is mounted on shaft ov = element ef which angulay moon is to he measused~ : —MagneHe ert consistof coi| wound on a peomanent magnet pole as the wheel wotates the ais gap between the Wheel teeth & magnette cove changes which wesults th cyclic changein Flux lincked Gith the coil - (-Altesnating emf genesated is He majov of angular imotion, a pulse g shaping signal conditionews is used to ‘deans Porm the o/P tte the no- of pulses which can be ‘counted by countess. jc dince, the no of teeth is known: the speed of lpotaton can be detesmi ned by measuring the Prig frequence of pulses with electsonic counter. LP no of teeth 15 'T'R rotational s ‘olin =em land no- oF pulses pew Sec. 15 ‘PI then, oe E HN ns == eps P. 2 A= 3PM -~ a T%60 E# Force and Pressuse Sensor tk; Styaloguage (lead cet) as fxce sensox} =When the cylinder ts subjected +o a force it + te_change indimention. on this cylindex if the styain oLLnel io lao stein g gauges cise he strech oy compress. |. 4 iameter this t hange of diamention of stsain guages causes if esistance to change: Thi change in stance caleulated with the help of with tone bridg ~The malo pa ch oP Eh = Gin guaye jsas soon in fig. + Lead | =A cylindex made up of ible _materde) on which =e ee La stat —Nrerticaly and 05.8 By man ically. and suuncled_avizon aly —~ i 2 | | 4 ato ronvent change in sresistance te weltage es shaon in fig- a | RAY” eg Case 4 2 then Hh no load (foxce) on th cylind Ul the fous guages will have the sane mesistance Hence the o/P vig mill be Zea Vout-= 0. ‘Cckadstone bridge 15 balance). — Case 2 & cen the cyt Noo the force to he measured is applied — dex due do this strain guage is undexge ig lusibh compre 44100 hence sesistance wilt affected [The useer wh ctstone batdge gos unbalance @ 0) P coil ‘not _be + mmo+ Nout # ©» the chang es to ofp vig duc tothe app Ded Poxece calibrated » | J T + = Nehicle b idg Aor xe ¢ Applications: = Lu ©. Piezoelectric Sensow = l - ~___ Compressed Quast 7X4 (| Under application oF aoe y a 2 Elect = PP ration os ecical _-___ Psesstise ty Sn i Quel eg a |= Pie zoele clic sensoxt. SE cece yaaa tba ect melatonin pees | jsiai but es: every the matenial change and sedi - ere Ore the Pace of the matesial become aa tye a € Land othex -velly chasge. Va net ane — paporticnal tn fhe around se! aby wh ae tha been At play + theiw Pre we can to i q = ko. t where is constant. A oN ae NE, Nore —# Level and Flaw Sense 2 4b Osifice Flas senso : Pressure \ ee | of Ss ee aS | = ce t oe liquid Plow is genesahy measured by bemoulli principle of Piuid Plow dha ug hy a constriction. Is he quantity of the Fiuid Plow } computed by using— a deuce The Pisid Plow volume id — Ps : : ag sssware di PPerence-— Herbal the two ends of consiwiction . “The alhove ig. shows chemetic of ovifice [denice +Et has_a disc witha hole ot it center —fite u sence acalealabed ues the fesse — oS