AI3021-IT IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM 2024

UNIT-II

ENVIRONMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS

Artificial light systems - Management of crop growth in greenhouses - Simulation

of CO2 consumption in greenhouses - On-line measurement of plant growth in
the greenhouse - Models of plant production and expert systems in horticulture.

2.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SYSTEMS

Artificial lighting

Light can be produced by nature or by humans. "Artificial" light is typically produced by

lighting systems that transform electrical energy into light.

2.1.1 Artificial light systems in agriculture

In agriculture, the use of artificial lighting is used to provide a source of light that is similar to
sun light. There are several types of artificial light sources used in agriculture:

 Fluorescent Lights: These are relatively inexpensive and produce a balanced spectrum
of light that is suitable for many plants. They are often used for starting seedlings.

 High-Intensity Discharge (lcm)) Lights: HID lights such as metal halide and high-
pressure sodium lamps are more powerful than fluorescent lights and are used for larger
plants or to cover a greater area. They are commonly used in commercial operations.

 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs): LEDs are energy efficient and can be tuned to
produce specific wavelengths of light, making them ideal for promoting specific plant
growth stages, such vegetative growth or flowering.

 Incandescent Lights: While not as efficient as types of lighting, incandescent lights

can be used for supplemental lighting, especially for small-scale or hobbyist growers.

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The choice of lighting system depends on factors such as the type of crop, the growth stage of the
plant, energy efficiency requirements, and budget. Proper installation and positioning of the lights
are crucial to ensure uniform light distribution and optimal plant growth.

The challenges facing by traditional outdoor farming are significant. Climate change has
made weather patterns less predictable, leading to more frequent and severe droughts floods,
.and extreme temperatures, all of which can devastate crops. Additionally, the growing global
population puts pressure on farmers to produce more food, often leading to overuse pesticides
and fertilizers, which can harm the environment.
Moreover, advancements in agricultural technology, such as precision agriculture, are helping
to optimize their use of resources, including water, fertilizers, and pesticides reducing waste
and environmental impact. Additionally, the development of' drought-resistant and pest-
resistant crop varieties through biotechnology is helping farmers to produce more food with
fewer inputs. Overall, while the challenges facing farmers are significant, advancements in
science and technology are offering that can help to ensure a more sustainable and secure food
supply for the growing global population.
2.1.2 Controlled Environment Farming
It is also known as controlled agriculture (CEA), and refers to the practice of growing crops
temperature, humidity, light, and C02 levels can factors such a be precisely controlled. This type
of farming allows for year-round cultivation regardless of external weather condition , providing
a stable and controlled environment for plant growth. Controlled environment farming offers
several advantages over traditional outdoor farming, They are
 Year-round production: With controlled environments, farmers can grow crops year-
round, increasing overall production and reducing dependence on seasonal changes.
 Higher yields: By optimizing environmental conditions, controlled environment
farming can reéult in higher yields per square foot compared to traditional farming
methods.

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 Water efficiency: Hydroponic and aeroponic systems used in controlled environment

farming typically use less water than traditional soil-based farming, as is recirculated
and reused within the system
 Reduced pesticide use: With a controlled environment, farmers can better control pests
diseases, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.
 Space efficiency: Vertical farming systems allow for the cultivation of crops in stacked
layers, maximize the use of available space and enabling farming in urban areas or areas
with limited arable land.
By controlling environmental factors; controlled environment farming can produce
crops with consistent quality, flavor, and appearance meeting the demands of
consumers and retailers.
Overall, controlled environment farming represents a promising approach to
sustainable agriculture, offering solutions to challenges, such as climate change, water scarcity,
and food security. As technology continues to advance, controlled environment farming is
likely to play an increasingly important role in global food production.
2.1.3 Artificial light systems in greenhouse agriculture
By using artificial lights in farming farmers are able to grow their crops all year-round
without the threat of extreme weather events, where natural light may be limited or
inconsistent.

Fig2.1: Artificial light systems in greenhouse agriculture

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Key aspects of Artificial Light System

1. Types of Lights: Some of the common types of lights used in greenhouse settings include
fluorescent, HID, and LED lights. LEDs are becoming increasingly popular due to their energy
efficiency, long lifespan, and ability to produce specific light spectra.

2.Light Spectrum: The spectrum of light emitted by the artificial lights can be customized to
meet the specific needs of different crops at various growth stages. For example, blue light
promotes vegetative growth, while red light stimulates flowering and fruiting.

3.Light Intensity: The intensity of light required varies depending on the crop and the growth
stage. Light intensity is typically measured in lux or foot-candles and different crops have
different light intensity requirements.
be a
4. Energy Efficiency: Greenhouse lighting can significant energy expense, so choosing
energy efficient lighting systems and optimizing their use help reduce costs.
5. Control System: Advanced control Systems can be used to automate the operations of
thelights based on factors such as time of day , light intensity and crop requirements.
2.1.4 Need for Artificial Light System in Agriculture
Artificial light systems plays an important role in agriculture for various reasons:

Fig 2.2: Artificial Light System

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1. Extended Growing Seasons: In regions with short daylight hours or harsh weather
conditions, artificial lights allow for the extension of the growing season, enabling farmers to
produce crops.

2. Increased Yields: Supplemental lighting can boost plant growth and increase yields, as
plants receive consistent and adequate light for photosynthesis even when natural light is
insufficient.

3. Crop Quality: Artificial lights can improve the quality of crops by providing specific light
spectra tailored to the needs of different plants, promoting better growth, flavor, color, and
nutrient content.

4. Controlled Environment: In indoor farming and greenhouse settings, artificial lights help
create a controlled environment where factors like light intensity, spectrum, and photo period
can be precisely managed to optimize plant growth.

5.Uniformity: Artificial lights can provide uniform light distribution throughout the growing
area, ensuring that all plants receive the same amount and quality of light, which is particularly
beneficial in large-scale operations.

6.Crop Scheduling: By controlling the photo period with artificial lights, farmers can
manipulate the timing of flowering, fruiting, and other growth stages, allowing for better crop
scheduling and management.

7.Energy Efficiency: While artificial lighting can consume significant energy, advancements
in lighting technology, such as LED lights, have improved energy efficiency, making them
more sustainable and cost effective for agriculture.

2.2 MANAGEMENT OF CROP GROWTH IN GREENHOUSES

Greenhouse

 For modern plant growers, greenhouses are a boon. With the help of greenhouses, it is
possible for them to grow crops throughout the year and have better environmental control.

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With the help of a greenhouse environment and growth management setup of high quality,
you can run a greenhouse efficiently.

 There are many factors that a plant grower must monitor while growing plants in a
greenhouse. So, a control station equipped with advanced software and ERP systems
makes it easy for a grower to manage everything from the irrigation system to nutrients and
chemicals, from ventilation to relative humidity.

The following are the advantages of using the greenhouse for growing crops under controlled

environment:

 Throughout the year four to five crops can be grown in a greenhouse due to availability
of required plant environmental conditions.

 The productivity of the crop is increased considerably.

 Superior quality produce can be obtained as they are grown under suitably controlled
environment.

 Gadgets for efficient use of various inputs like water, fertilizers, seeds and plant
protection chemicals can be well maintained in a green house.

 Effective control of pests and diseases is possible as the growing area is enclosed.

 Percentage of germination of seeds is high in greenhouses.

 Export quality produce of international standards can be produced in a greenhouse.

 Greenhouses are suitable for automation of irrigation, application of other inputs and
environmental controls by using computers and artificial intelligence techniques.

 Self-employment for educated youth on farm can be increased.

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2.2.1 Factors of crop growth Management in greenhouses

a) Heat
It is important for plant growers to control heat to achieve the perfect air temperatures inside
the greenhouse for different plants. While some plants can undergo heat stress or diseases when
the temperature is too high, others need you to replicate the environment of hot summer months
so that they can flourish.

b) Humidity

The effect of humidity in the air is profound for successful plant growth. The moisture can be
related to air temperature, rainfall, and drought situations. Greenhouses become warm and
moist as the plants inside process CO2 and expel oxygen. So, it is essential to control the
environment to get the best plant yield.

c) Ventilation

Ventilation is essential for mitigating humidity in the air, regulating temperature, and providing
fresh carbon dioxide supply. Hence plants need to be in an airy environment. However, the
right wind is also needed for proper growth. The airflow inside greenhouses can be controlled
with fans and vents.

d) Light

Solar radiation or the light of the sun is beyond the control of growers while working in open
fields. But inside greenhouses, the level of light can be regulated. Some plants grow better in
the shade while others need more light. You need light filters, blackout curtains, etc. for the
best light diet for plants.

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e) Carbon Dioxide

Another essential environmental factor that can have an important effect on the growth of
plants is CO2. plants, as you know, absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. This gas also
increases the productivity of the crops. Increasing the CO2 level in the greenhouse can
positively impact the photosynthesis of plants.

f) Crop Rotation and Succession Planting

To maximize space and optimize yields. Greenhouse growers often practice crop rotation and
succession planting. This involves planting different crops in the same space at different times
to minimize nutrient depletion and pest build up.

g) Pruning and Training

Proper Pruning and Training of plants help optimize light penetration and airflow within
greenhouse, which can improve overall plant health and yield.

2.3 SIMULATION OF CO2 CONSUMPTION IN GREEN HOUSE

Simulation of C02 consumption in greenhouses involves estimating the amount of carbon

dioxide (C02) that plants will utilize for photosynthesis based on factors such as crop type
growth stage, light intensity, and greenhouse conditions. The goal is to ensure that plants
receive adequate C02 for optimal growth while avoiding excess levels that can be harmful.

Simulating CO2 consumption in greenhouses involves understanding the factors that

influence CO2 levels and how plants utilize CO2 for photosynthesis.

Here's a basic overview of how CO2 consumption can be simulated in a greenhouse:

 CO2 Sources: Identify the sources of CO2 in the greenhouse, which can include
combustion from heaters, CO2 released from soil, and external sources such as CO 2
tanks or generators.

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 CO2 Concentration: Measure the initial CO2 concentration in the greenhouse

atmosphere. This can led decisions be done using CO2 sensors placed at different
locations within the greenhouse.

 CO2 Diffusion: Understand how CO2 diffuses within Greenh the greenhouse and how
air circulation affects its ugh the useouse distribution. Factors such as ventilation, plant
density, and greenhouse layout can impact CO2 levels.
 Plant Uptake: Consider the rate at which plants consume C02 through photosynthesis.
This rate depends on factors such as plant species, growth stage, light intensity, and
temperature.
 CO2 Monitoring and Control: Use sensors to continuously monitor C02 levels in the
greenhouse. Based on the measured levels and the desired CO2 concentration for
optimal plant growth, a control system can adjust the C02 supply from external sources
or adjust ventilation to maintain the desired CO2 levels

Three different methods can be used to simulate C02 in greenhouses are,

I.Photosynthetic Rate Models

II.Plant Growth Models

III.Environmental Control Systems

I.Photosynthetic Rate Models

These models estimate the rate of photosynthesis based on factors such as light intensity,
temperature, and CO2 concentration. By simulating photosynthetic rates, it is possible to
estimate the amount of CO2 that plants will consume.

Photosynthesis is a complex process influenced by various factors such as light intensity,

temperature, CO2 concentration, and plant species. Several models have been developed to
describe the photosynthetic rate under different conditions. Here are some commonly used
models:

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 Light Response Curve: This model describes the relationship between

photosynthetic rate and light intensity. It typically follows a sigmoidal curve, where
the rate of photosynthesis increases with increasing light intensity until a saturation
point is reached.
 Farquhar, von Caemmerer, and Berry (FvCB) Model: This biochemical model
describes photosynthesis in terms of biochemical reactions occurring in the
chloroplasts. It considers factors such as CO2 concentration, light intensity, and
temperature to predict photosynthetic rate.
 C3 and C4 Photosynthesis Models: These models are specific to the' type of
photosynthesis used by plants. C3 plants, such as wheat and rice, use the C3
photosynthetic pathway, while C4 plants, such as corn and sugarcane, use the C4
pathway. The models describe the different ways these plants fix carbon dioxide and
the factors affecting their photosynthetic rates.
 Photosynthesis-Photon Flux Density (PPFD) Model: This model describes the
relationship between photosynthetic rate and photon flux density, which is a measure
of the amount of light available for photosynthesis.

II . Plant Growth Models

Some plant growth models incorporate CO2 consumption as part of their calculations. These
models simulate plant growth based on inputs such as light, temperature, and CO 2
concentration to predict crop yield and development.

Here are some common types of plant growth models:

Empirical Growth Models: These models are be on empirical relationships between plant
growth environmental factors such as temperature, light water, and nutrients. They are often
simple and easy to apply.

Mechanistic Growth Models: These models are based on the underlying physiological
processes of plant growth, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake. They are

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more complex than emprical models but provide a more detailed understanding of plant growth
processes.

Process-Based Models: These models simulate plant growth by integrating various

physiological processes and environmental factors. They are often used to study the effects of
climate change, nutrient availability, and other factors on plant growth.

Crop Growth Models: These models are specific to certain crop species and simulate the
growth and development of crops from planting to harvest. They can be used to optimize crop
management practices and predict yields under different scenarios.

Canopy Growth Models: These models simulate the growth of plant canopies, taking into
account factors such as light interception, photosynthesis, and carbon Location within the
canopy. They are often used to study the effects of planting density, pruning, and other canopy
management practices on crop yield and quality.

Root Growth Models: These models simulate the f. growth of plant roots and their interaction
with the soil environment. They can be used to study the effects of soil compaction, water
availability, and nutrient distribution on root growth and plant performance.

III. Environmental Control Systems

Many modern greenhouses are equipped with environmental control systems that
monitor and adjust CO2 levels based on plant needs. These systems can simulate C02
consumption b) regulating CO2 injection or ventilation to maintain optimal levels.

Environmental control systems in greenhouses are used to monitor and regulate various
environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light; and CO2 levels to create optimal
conditions for plant growth. These systems help to mimic or enhance natural growing
conditions, allowing growers to extend growing seasons, increase yields, and Improve crop
quality.Key components of environmental control systems in greenhouses include:

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 Climate Control: This includes heating, cooling, and ventilation systems to maintain
optimal temperate levels of plant growth. Automated systems can adjust these
parameters based on preset conditions or real time data.
 Humidity control: Proper humidity levels are critical for plant health. Humidification
and dehumidification systems are used to maintain optimal humidity levels in the
greenhouse.
 Lighting: Supplemental lighting systems, such as LEDs, can be used to provide
additional light to plants, especially during periods of low natural light, to promote
growth and development.
 CO2 Enrichment: C02 enrichment systems are used to supplement CO2 levels in the
greenhouse, especially in tightly sealed environments, to enhance photosynthesis and
plant growth.
 Irrigation Systems: Automated irrigation systems ensure plants receive adequate
water, with some systems incorporating sensors to measure soil moisture levels and
adjust watering accordingly.
 Nutrient Delivery Systems: Hydroponic or fertigation systems deliver nutrients
directly to plant roots, ensuring optimal nutrient uptake and minimizing waste.
 Environmental Monitoring: Sensors and monitors are used to track environmental
conditions such as temperature, humidity, light levels, and CO2 concentration. This
data is used to make real-time adjustments to the environmental control systems.

2.4 ON-LINE MEASUREMENT OF PLANT GROWTH IN THE GREENHOUSE

On-line measurement of plant growth in the greenhouse refers to the continuous or real-time
monitoring of various parameters related to plant growth and development. These
measurements provide valuable data for assessing plant health, optimizing growing condition
and improving crop management practices. Here are some common methods used for on-line
measurement of plant growth in the greenhouse:

1. Non-destructive Imaging Techniques

2. Leaf Area Index (LAI) sensors

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3. Chlorophyll Fluorescence

4. Plant Height Sensors

5. Gas Exchange Measurements

6. Temperature and Humidity Sensors

7. Nutrient Sensors

2.4.1 Non-destructive Imaging Techniques : Non-destructive imaging techniques are

valuable tools for monitoring plant growth and health in greenhouse settings without
causing harm to the plants. These techniques utilize various imaging technologies to
capture images of plants and analyze them to extract information about plant
characteristics.

Some common non-destructive imaging techniques used in green house agriculture are:

 Visible Light Imaging: Visible light cameras are used to capture images of plants,
which can be analysed to access plant growth, morphology and health. Image analysis
software can measure parameters such as plant height, leaf area and canopy cover.
 Infrared Imaging: Infrared Cameras can detect differences in plant temperature, which
can be indicative of stress or disease. Infrared imaging can also be used to access plant
water status by measuring leaf temperature.
 Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging: Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging measures the
light emitted by chlorophyll molecules during photosynthesis. This technique can
provide information on photosynthetic efficiency and plant stress.
 Hyperspectral Imaging: Hyperspectral cameras capture images at multiple
wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum. This allows for the identification of
specific plant characteristics, such as nutrient content, disease symptoms, or water
stress.

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Fig: Schematic diagram of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system.

 3D Imaging: 3D imaging techniques such as laser scanning or structured light imaging

can create three dimensional model of plants. These models can be used to measure
plant volume, biomass and architecture.
 Digital Image Analysis: Image Analysis software can process images to extract
quantitative data about plant characteristics. This includes measurements of plant size,
shape colour, and texture which can be used to access plant health and growth.
2.4.2 Leaf Area Index (LAI) sensors

Leaf Area Index (LAI) sensors are used to measure the leaf area index of crops in
greenhouse settings. LAI is a measure of the total leaf area per unit ground area and is an
important parameter for understanding plant growth, light intercept and productivity. LAI
sensors provide a non-destructive estimate LAI, which can help growers optimize management
practices.
LAI sensors typically work by measuring the amount of light intercepted by the canopy of
plants. The sensors are mounted above the plants and emit light pulses, which are then detected
by sensors below the canopy. By comparing the amount of light emitted with the amount of
light detected, the LAI sensor can estimate the leaf area index of the crop

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Data acquisition module

Image Extraction Module

Image processing and calculation method of

Image Classification
Module LAI

LAI calculation module

Fig: Validation of leaf area index measurement system

LAI sensors offer several advantages for greenhouse growers, including:

 Non-destructive Measurement: LAI sensors can measure leaf area index without
damaging the plants, allowing for repeated measurements over time.
 Real-time Monitoring: LAI sensors provide real• time data on plant growth and
canopy development allowing growers to make timely decisions about crop
management.
 Optimization of Light Distribution: By monitoring LAI, growers can optimize the
distribution of artificial light in the greenhouse to ensure uniform light exposure for all
plants.
 Improved Crop Management: LAI data can help growers optimize irrigation,
fertilization, and other management practices to maximize crop yield and quality.

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2.4.3 Chlorophyll Fluorescence

Fluorescence sensors can be used to measure chlorophyll fluorescence, which provides

information on photosynthetic activity and plant health. Changes in fluorescence can indicate
stress or nutrient deficiencies.

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements can provide valuable information about various

aspects plant physiology, including:

 Photosynthetic Efficiency: Chlorophyll fluorescence can be used to assess the

efficiency of photosystemll (PSII), which is responsible for the initial photochemical
reactions of photosynthesis. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters can
indicate stress or damage to PSII.
 Stress Detection: Stress factors such as nutrient deficiencies, drought, salinity, and
disease can affect chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Monitoring these parameters
can help detect stress early and inform management practices to mitigate its effects.

 Nutrient Status: Chlorophyll fluorescence can be used to assess the nutrient status of
plants, as nutrient deficiencies can impact photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll
fluorescence parameters.

 Pest and Disease Detection: Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters can

indicate the presence of pests or diseases, allowing for early detection and targeted
management strategies.

2.4.4 Plant Height Sensors

Ultrasonic or laser sensors can be used to measure plant height, providing information on
growth rates and development stages.

Plant height sensors are devices used to measure the vertical distance from the base of a plant to
its highest point, typically the tip of the tallest leaf or stem. These sensors valuable tools for

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monitoring plant growth and development in greenhouse settings, allowing growers to track
growth rates assess plant health, and optimize management practices.

Plant height sensor can be based on various technologies including ultrasonic, laser or infrared
sensors. These sensors are often molded above the plants and emit a beam of light or sound that
is reflected back to the sensor.

Applications of plant height sensors in greenhouse agriculture include:

 Growth Monitoring: Plant height sensors provide a, real-time data on plant growth,
allowing growers to track growth rates and identify growth patterns over time.

 Crop Management: By monitoring plant height, growers can assess the effectiveness
of management practices such as irrigation, fertilization, and lighting, and make
adjustments as needed to optimize plant growth and yield.

 Spacing and Pruning: Plant height sensors can help growers maintain optimal spacing
between plants and determine when pruning or training is necessary to promote healthy
growth.

 Harvest Timing: Monitoring plant height can help growers determine the optimal time
to harvest crops, ensuring that they are harvested at peak quality and yield.

2.4.5 Gas Exchange Measurements

Gas Exchange analyzer can measure CO2 uptake and O2 release, providing information on
photosynthetic activity and respiration rates. Gas exchange measurements in greenhouse
agriculture refer to the monitoring and analysis of gases involved in plant respiraion and
photosynthesis such as carbon di oxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2).

Some common gas exchange measurements in greenhouse agriculture include:

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 Carbon di Oxide(O2)Exchange: Monitoring CO2 levels can provide insights into

photosynthetic activity and plant health. Low CO2 levels can limit photosynthesis, while
high levels can indicate poor ventilation or excessive respiration.

Fig 2.4 : Gas exchange measurement system

 Oxygen (O2)Exchange: Monitoring O2 levels can provide information about plant

respiration rates and overall metabolic activity. Changes in 02 levels can also
indicate issues with root health or soil aeration.
 Water vapor Exchange: Monitoring water vapor levels can provide insights into
plant transpiration rates and water use efficiency. High water vapor levels can
indicate excessive transpiration or poor humidity.
 Gas Composition: Analyzing the composition of gases in the greenhouse
atmosphere can help identify sources of contamination or pollution that may affect
plant growth.

Gas exchange measurements are typically performed using gas analyzers These measurements
or sensors that can be detect used to and assess quantify the impact specific of environmental
factors such as light, temperature, humidity, and C02 levels on plant growth and productivity.

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By monitoring gas exchange, growers can optimize growing conditions, improve crop
management practices, and maximize crop yield and quality in greenhouse agriculture.

2.4.6 Temperature and Humidity Sensors

 Monitoring temperature and humidity in the greenhouse can help to assess the impact of
environmental conditions on plant growth.

 Temperature and humidity sensors are essential tools in greenhouse agriculture for
monitoring and controlling environmental conditions to create optimal growing conditions
for plants. These sensors help growers ensure that temperature and humidity levels are
within the ideal range for the plant growth and the development.

 Temperature sensors are used to measure the air temperature in the green house.

 Humidity sensors measure the amount of moisture in the air known as relative humidity.
Maintaining proper humidity levels are important for plant health.

2.4.6 Nutrient Sensors

Nutrient Sensors can be used to monitor nutrient levels in the growing medium or in the plant
tissue providing information on nutrient uptake and plant nutrition status.

Nutrient sensors are devices used to monitor the concentration of nutrients in the growing
medium or nutrient solution in greenhouse settings. These sensors provide valuable
information about nutrient levels, allowing growers to optimize nutrient management practices
and ensure that plants receive the nutrients they need for healthy growth.

Some common types of nutrient sensors used in greenhouse agriculture include:

 Electrical Conductivity Sensors: EC sensors measure the conductivity of the nutrient

solution, which is directly related to the concentration of dissolved salts in the solution.

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 pH Sensors: pH sensors measures the acidity or alkalinity of the nutrient solution. pH

level can affect nutrients availablity to the plants. So monitoring pH is important for
maintaining optimal nutrient uptake.
 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Sensors: DO sensors measures the amount of oxygen
dissolved in the nutrient solution. Adequate oxygen levels are important for root health
and nutrient uptake, so monitoring DO can help to prevent issues such as root rot.
2.5 HORTICULTURE
Horticulture is the art and science of the development, sustainable production, marketing, and
use of high-value, intensively cultivated food and ornamental plants. The word is derived from
the Latin words ‘hortus’ (garden plant) and ‘cultura’ (tilling the soil). Horticulture includes
ornamental and food plants that are grown with intensive and individualized care, and often in a
small space rather than in an expansive field.
There are several branches of horiculture, each focusing on plant cultivation
1. Pomology
2. Olericulture
3. Floriculture
Pomology: IT is the branch of horticulture that focuses on the cultivation of fruit bearing trees
and shrubs, including apples, oranges, peaches, and berries.
Olericulture: It is the branch of horticulture that deals with the cultivation of vegetables,
including leafy greens, root vegetables, and legumes.
Floriculture: It is the branch of horticulture focuses on the cultivation of flowers and
ornamental plants, including cut flowers, potted plants landscaping plants.

2.5.1 Comparison for the branches of horiculture on plant cultivation (Various aspects of
plant cultivation)
Pomology Olericulture Floriculture
1.Variety development: 1.Variety development: 1. Cut Flower
Production:
 Pomologists work to  Olericulture work to
develop new fruit develop new vegetable  Floriculturists grow flow
varieties with desirable varieties with desirable trait specifically for use in floral

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traits such as Improved such as improved yield, arrangements bouquets.

yield, flavor, size, and flavor, size, and resistance
 This involves selecting and
resistance to pests and to pests and diseases.
growing flowers with
diseases.
 This involves traditional desirable traits such as
 This involves traditional breeding methods as well color, fragrance and vase
breeding methods as as modern biotechnological
life.
well as modern approaches.
biotechnological
approaches.

1. Propagation: 2.Propagation 2.Potted Plant Production:

 Pomologists stud:y and  Olericulturists study and  Floriculturists grow

develop techniques for develop techniques for ornamental plants in pots
propagating fruit trees, propagating vegetables, or containers for use
include methods such as including methods such as indoor or outdoor
grafting, budding, and seed production, transplant decorations. This includes
tissue culture. production, and vegetative plants such as orchids,
propagation. poinsettias, and
succulents.
2. Cultivation 3.Cultivation practices 3.Landscape Design:
practices
 Olericulturists research and  Floriculturists design and
 Pomologists research recommend best practices create ornamental gardens,
recommend best for planting, spacing, parks, and landscapes
practices for planting, pruning, fertilization, using flowering plants and
pruning, fertilization, irrigation, and other aspects ornamental trees and
irrigation, and other of vegetable cultivation to shrubs This includes
aspects of fruit optimize yield and quality. selecting plants for their
cultivation to optimize aesthetic appeal, seasonal
yield and quality. interest, and suitability to
the site.

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4.Pest and Disease 4.Pest and Disease 3. Floral Design

Management : Management :  Floriculturists use flowers
and foliage to create floral
 Pomologists study the  Olericulturists study the
arrangements for various
pests and diseases that pests and diseases that
occasions such as
affect fruit trees and affect vegetables and
weddings, funerals, and
develop strategies for develop strategies for
holidays. This requires
prevention and control, prevention and control,
artistic skill and
including the use of including the use of
knowledge of floral
integrated pest integrated pest management
materials and techniques.
management (IPM) (IPM) practices.
practices.

5.Post Harvest Handling: 5.Post Harvest Handling: 4. Propagation:

 Pomologists study for  Olericulturists study

 Floriculturists study and
harvesting, storing, and methods for harvesting,
develop techniques for
processing fruit to storing, and processing
propagating flowering and
maintain quality and vegetables to maintain
ornamentation plants,
extend shelf life. quality and extend shelf
including methods such as
life.
seed propagation,cutting,
propagation, and tissue
culture.

6.Market Analysis: 6.Market Analysis: 5. Pest and Disease

Management:
 Pomologists study  Olericulturists study market
market trends and trends and consumer
 Floriculturists study the
consumer preferences to preferences to help growers
pests and diseases that
help growers make make informed decisions
affect flowering and
informed decisions about which vegetable
ornamental plants and
about which fruit varieties to produce and
develop strategies for
varieties to produce and how to market them
prevention and control,
how to market them

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effectively. effectively. including the use of

integrated pest
management (IPM)
practices.

2.5.2 Models of plant production and expert systems in horiculture

In horticulture, models of plant production and expert systems are valuable tools for optimizing
crop production and practices. These models use mathematical algorithms and expert knowledge
to simulate plant growth, predict crop yields, and provide recommendations for crop
management.

Some common models and expert systems used in horticulture include:

I. Crop Growth Model

II. Nutrient Management Models

III. Pest and Disease Models

IV.Climate Control Model

V.Expert System

I.Crop Growth Model

These model simulate the growth and development of crops based on factors such as,
temperature, light,water and nutrient availability

Key components of crop growth model

 Weather Data: Crop growth models use weather data such as temperature,
precipitation, humidity, and solar radiation to simulate the effect of climate on crop
growth. Weather data can be obtained from weather stations or climate models.

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 Soil Data: Soil data such as soil type, texture, fertility and moisture content are used
to simulate the effect of soil conditions on crop growth. Soil data can be obtained
from soil surveys or laboratory analyses
 Crop Parameters: Crop growth models information about the specific crop being
modeled, including genetic characteristics, growth stages, and physiological
parameters such as respiration, and transpiration rates.
II.Nutrient Management Models

These models help growers optimize nutrient management practices by predicting nutrient
requirements based on crop type, growth stage, and environmental conditions. Nutrient
management models can help reduce fertilizer use and minimize nutrient leaching.

Nutrient management models are tools used in agriculture to optimize the application of
nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other essential elements to crops. These
models help farmers and agronomists make informed decisions about fertilizer application
rates, timing and placement to maximize crop yields while minimizing environmental impact.

Key components of Nutrient Management Models

 Soil Testing: Soil test are used to determine the nutrient content and pH of the soil.
This information is used as input data for the nutrient management model.
 Crop Requirements: Nutrient management models use information about the nutrient
requirements of the crop being grown, including the nutrient uptake at different growth
stage and the optimal nutrient levels for maximum yield.
 Fertilizer Characteristics: Nutrient management models take into account the nutrient
content and availability of different fertilizers, as well as their cost and application
methods.
 Environmental Factors: Nutrient management models consider environmental factors
such as soil moisture, temperature, and microbial activity, Which can affect nutrient
availability and uptake by plants.

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III.Pest and Disease Models

These models predict the risk of pest and disease outbreaks based on environmental
conditions and crop management practices. Pest and disease models can help growers
implement timely and targeted control measures to minimize crop damage.
Pest and disease models are tools used in agriculture to predict the occurrence and
spread of pests and diseases in crops. These models help farmers and agronomists make
informed decisions about pest and disease management strategies, including the timing and
application of control measures.
Key components of Nutrient Management Models

 Environmental Conditions: Pest and disease models use environmental data such as
temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind speed to simulate the conditions that are
conducive to pest and disease development.
 Crop Growth Stage: Pest and disease models consider the growth stage of the crop, as
the susceptibility to pests and diseases varies at different stages of growth.
 Pathogen and Pest Biology: Pest and disease incorporate information about the biology
and life cycle of the pathogens and pests, including factors such as incubation period,
reproductive rate dispersal mechanisms.
 Prediction Outputs: Pest and disease models generate outputs such as risk maps, pest
and disease severity forecasts, and optimal timing for control measures, which can help
farmers plan their pest and disease management strategies.
IV. Climate Control Model

These models optimize greenhouse climate control systems by predicting indoor climate
conditions based on external weather data, greenhouse design, and crop requirements.

Key components of Climate Control Model

 Environmental Factors: Climate control models consider factors such as temperature,

humidity, light intensity, and carbon dioxide (C02) concentration which are critical for
plant growth and development.

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 Crop Requirements: Climate control models take into account the specific
requirements of the crop being grown, including its temperature and humidity
preferences, light requirements, and response to C02 levels.
 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems: Climate control
models simulate the performance of HVAC systems, including heaters, fans, and
evaporative coolers, to maintain the desired environmental conditions inside the
controlled environment.
 Lighting Systems: Climate control models may also consider artificial lighting
systems, such as high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps or light-emitting diodes (LEDs),
which are used to supplement natural light and promote plant growth.

V.Expert Systems
Expert systems integrate expert knowledge with computer algorithms with computer
algorithms to provide recommendations for crop management. This system can help growers
make informed decision about irrigation, fertilization, pest control and other management
practices.
Expert systems are computer-based systems that emulate the decision-making ability
of a human expert in a specific domain. In agriculture, expert systems are used to provide
farmers, agronomists, and other stakeholders with advice and recommendations on various
aspects of farming, such as crop management, pest control, and irrigation scheduling.

Key components of Expert System include:

Knowledge Base: The knowledge base of an expert system contains information and rules
about a specificc domain, such as crop management. This is typically derived from experts in
the field and is by the system to make decisions and provide.

The knowledge base of a knowledge-based expert system in horticulture typically

contains information about:

 Plant biology and physiology

 Crop cultivation practices
 Soil science

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 Pest and disease management

 Environmental factors affecting plant growth

PART-A(TWO MARKS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS)

1.Is Artificial light good for plants?

Plants from naturally low light habitates , such as ferns and many of the smaller tropical
foliage houseplants that in nature inhabit shady forest floors can kept healthy long- term under
simple artificial lighting.

2.Which light helps plants grow faster?

Blue is the most important light for plant growth. It is easy for chlorophyll to absorb and
convert into energy Red is the second most important wave length , red light is incredibly
potent for plants when combined with blue light.

3.What is the role of lights in plants?

Light is the one of the most important factors for growing houseplants. All plants require light
for photosynthesis, the process within a plant that converts light, oxygen and water into
carbohydrates (energy). Plants require this energy in order to grow, bloom and produce seed.

4.Do plants need sunlight or artificial light?

Sunlight is crucial for plants as it provides energy foe growth. While sunlight contains a
full spectrum of colours most artificial lights typically emit only yellow or green light.
However, modern full-spectrum grow lights are designed to mimic sunlight’s spectrum.

5.What is the need of light in agriculture?

Light is an essential factor in maintain plants. The reate of growth and length of a time a
plant receives active is dependent on the amount of light it receives. Light energy is used in
photosynthesis, the plants most basic metabolic process.

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6.What is the definition of crop growth?

Growth is defined as an irreversible increase in size and volume of plant accompanied by

increase in dry weight. It refers to the quality changes in plant parts.

7.What are the five disadvantages of greenhouse?

 Can be expensive to build

 Can be expensive to build
 Requires constant monitoring, maintanace and care.
 Could increase electrical and water bills.
 May detract from aesthetic appeal of a garden.

8.What are the major diseases of greenhouse crops?

Powdery,fungal leaf spots , and Rhizoctonia aerial or web light. Growers also encounter
unusual problems such as the parasitic seed plant dodder. The development of plant diseases in
the greenhouse is influenced by many factors.

9.What plants grow best in greenhouses?

Lettuce,spinach,kale and mustard greens will all thrive in agreenhouse. You can grow
other cool weather crops there too, like carrots, beets, peas and broccoli. For a long term
addition, consider asparagus. These plants can provide you a continual crop for up to two
decades.

10.What are the innovative lights in agriculture?

Light emitting diodes have become a popular choice for agriculture lighting due to their
energy efficiency and customizable spectral output. By tailoring light wavelength to specific
stages of plant development farmers can regulate processes such as germination photosynthesis
and flowering.

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11.What are the main objectives of crop protection management?

Crop protection helps to keep plant healthy and maintain sustainable yields. The choice
of plant protection strategy depends on the type of culture grown and the threat. It can be
diseases, insects or weeds.

12.What is crop protection and management?

Crop protection management involves implementing stratergies to minimize crop damages

from pests, diseases and environmental stresses ensuring optimal yield and quality. It includes
practices related to weed management , pest prevention, and controlling other plant diseases.
The choice of plant protection stratergy depends on the type of crops grown and the specific
threats such as diseases, insects or weeds.

13.What is the purpose of a sensing device in a greenhouse?

By providing real-time information on conditions like temperature, humidity, and CO 2

levels, green house sensors can prompt adjustments to HVAC and other control equipment.
This helps maintain the optimal growing conditions required for plant growth.

14.What are expert systems in horticulture?

Expet System are capable of integrating the perspectives of individual desciplines such
as plant pathology, entomology, horticulture and agriculture meteorology into a frame work the
best address the type of ad hoc decision making required for modern farmers.

15.What are the artificial light technology for agriculture production?

In agriculture the use of artificial lighting seeks to provide a source of light that is
similar to sun light . With the innovation of technology , LED lights have been the ideal
solution for horticulture lighting, especially those ones with customized built spectra.

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PART-B(POSSIBLE QUESTIONS)

1. Explain how the Artificial Lights System helps in farming

2. Explain the various factors of crop growth Management in greenhouses

3. Discuss the various non-destructive imaging techniques used in green house

agriculture

4. Explain the three different methods can be used to simulate C02 in greenhouses

5. List the Comparison for the branches of horticulture on plant cultivation (Various aspects of
plant cultivation)
PART-C(POSSIBLE QUESTIONS)

1.How can remote monitoring and management systems enable farmers to oversee agricultural
operations from anywhere, using mobile devices or web-based platforms to access real-time
data, adjust settings, and receive alerts or notifications regarding critical events or deviations
from desired environmental conditions?

2.How can greenhouse managers optimize environmental conditions, such as temperature,

humidity, light intensity, and CO₂ levels, to promote optimal crop growth and development,
and what technologies and control systems are available to maintain stable and uniform
microclimate within the greenhouse environment throughout the growing season?

3.What are the key parameters that environmental control systems monitor in agricultural
settings, such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light levels, and air quality, and how do
advanced sensors and monitoring devices enable real-time data collection and analysis to
provide actionable insights for farmers?

4.How do environmental control systems facilitate precision irrigation and water management
by monitoring soil moisture levels, predicting crop water requirements, and automating
irrigation systems to deliver the right amount of water to plants at the right time, thereby
conserving water resources and optimizing crop yields?

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