i SALT AWALYS ACID RADICALS 1, Dilite H3S0, goup = COS.8 SO) and NOs 2 Concentrated H)SOx group ~ crn NOs {CHCOO™ and C:07 +3.Special Group = sO2-and POP” 1,Dilute 1,80, Group: | pila HeCs Experiment 1 Observation Taference ‘A. Salt + dilute H3SOs ay A colourless, odourless gas | CO,* (carbonate) may be witll brisk effervescence | present. produced which tums lime water milky. present. | i | paper | K.Cr,0, eres GVA colourless gas with smell | S*(sulphide) may be prevent of rotten, egg is evalved (H,S) whidh turns filter paper dipped in lend acetate solution black, 4 | | 4 L DA reddish brown gas with | NO, (Nivite) y be present. pungent is produced which | tung paper dipped in | FeSO,solution black. | ‘Confirmatory Test Experiment i] Obseryati Inference } For COs" (carbonate) | MgSOx Test Minn» 50, ik precipitate. COs" confirmed. solution, b) Water extract + . Phenolphthalein. Solution turns pink, COx contirmed. a Scanned with CamScannerIphide) Na 2 {Fe(CN)NO} Water extract + Lead acetate so For SO? ¢ ‘Bac; Water extract + BaCl> solution, 2S KMn0 Test T Waieresract 4 few dropsof | ackitiod KM (6) KsC.305 Test |, Waterevtsct | Few dropsof solution. extract + NILOH + ‘Sodium nitroprusside solution, Purple or violet colouration Solution turns black White precipitate is formed which issolublein di HCI. Pink color of KMnQuis discharged. “The solution tums green, |S” is confirmed S* is confirmed S03” is confirmed SO; is confirmed. SOx" is confirmed, Solution turns | Nor is contisned, : | biack 1 extract + dil, HSO,+ KI . \ seluticn + starch solution Deep dlue colouration NO: is confirmed | = J IL Concentrated H,SO, Grou Experiment Inference Preliminary tests Salt + Cone. H;SOs a) A colorless, pungent smelling gas is evolved which gives dense white fumes when a rod dipped in NILOHis brought near the mouth of the test tube, b) Reddish brown vapours are evolved, ¢) Violet vapours are seen. CL may be present Br may be present F may be present. Scanned with CamScanner “aWYN<) Brown vapours are seen on | NOs may be present. heating which intensify on adding copper chips ©) Colourless vaprurs having | CHyCOO™ may be present, the smell of vinegar are evolved 1) On he: ing, colourless gas is | C247 may be present. evolved wi li fh turns lime water Confirmatory Tests For CI (Chloride) {a) Silver nitrate test Water extract (using distilled is formed which | CI" is confirmed. water) + AgNO solution. | issoluble inammonium hydroxide (yChromyt eiride Test {()Salt+ solid K:C0y+ Reddish vapours of Chromyl j eoms.t1sS0.. chloride : (iivPass these vapges through | Solution turn: jlow sonitemea | NaGhi solution. | Gili) Acidify the yellow Yellow precipitate is obtained. | solution with wcetie acid+ Lead | sete For Br” (Bromide) © nitrate test Pale yellow precipitate, which is Wasrestact+AsNO; olution | Partially soluble in Ammonium | Bris confirmed. hydroxide. (b)Organie Layer Test Wacrextoct + Chor CSo+ range colour in the organic layer. | gris confirmed. Cone HNO. Shake vigorously. For Tr” (Todide) {@) Silver nitrate test Waerextaa+ AgNOssolution _| Yellow precipitate, whic’ is Vis confirmed. insoluble in Ammonium iydroxide. (b)Organic Layer Test Waerestact + CClor CS: + 1 Cone HNO, Shake vigorously. Violet colour in the organic layer. | | is contirmed. For NO; (Nitrate) Ring Test Water extract fieshly prepared 3 Scanned with CamScannerFeSO, saliion. ofthe test tube, For CICOO (Acetate) (2) Ester Test Silt + cone. SO; + ethanol and Heat () Fertic Chloride Test Water extact + few dups of ‘tal FoC3 solricn, Divide nto 2pans- (i) To one part add dil. HCL | {i To second part add water and | Reddish brown precpitaie boil jake well and] A dark brown ring 's formed abdonne. ISO, along the sides F extroct+ ammonium, ydroxide, Heat cool and add the junction of two the layers. Fruity smelt Deep red colous Red colouration disappears, White precipitate Pi k colour is decolouriced. CM)COOisconfinned CHsCOO isconfirmed C20; is contirmed. | C02" is confirmed \ ASO i ' : \ MD, | i ML SPECIAL GROUP Experiment Observation Inference i For SO/° (Sulphate) (2) Water extract + BaCl, Mite precipitate is foamed which is | SO2 is confinned, insolubleindil. CI : | (b)Waterexvact + Lead aoaate [White precipitate is cbuinad, SOF” Beonfianad. For POF (Phosphate, Water ext and then snoly bate, (NIL) Mc, et an. HINOs | A canary yello:v precipitate is and heat. Cool the test tube add Ammonium formed. POL” isconfinned, Scanned with CamScanner SWVNBASIC RADICALS ‘They are divided into 7 main groups Group reagent Group number Zero group __ —] [Group 1 HICH Group I dil, HCl + Hp gas. _ Group IIL NH,Cl + NHLOU j ~PNILCE NILOI +I themoxth of the test tube. Reddish brown 40) Orginal solution + NaOH LiNessler's Reagent (Kol gla) ‘A gas with smell of Ammonia | Nil 'iseonfinned. Bringarod dipped indi HCInear_ | Dense white fumes a forme precipitate is formed Nils 'isconfinned. | NUL isconfinned, Group 1 Group reag: Experiment Observation _ Dilute HCL = - Inference For Pb (Lead) (4) Original solution + di HCL | Write precipinate is Pb may be present. | obtained ! (b) Dissolve the precipita | water, Divide into 3 parts: | (i Pat LAllow it tocol, White crystals reappear, Pb is confirmed. i (Pan + KE | Yellow precipitate is formed Pb* is confirmed. | \ sy 1 Scanned with CamScanner“WYN Yellow precipitacis famed Pb is confirmed Gil) Partt+ KyCr0, Group It Group reagent-1!,Sin presenceof ICI Experiment Observ: Inference For Cu” (Copper) @) Original solution or solution of | Block precipitate is formed Cif" may be present. ‘goup | iftestis negative + dil HCL FHS gas. (©) Dissolve the ppt in 50% HNOsDivide it into 2 pants: 1 (0 Part + NHWOH in excess | Blue coloured solution is 1 obtained. eee ee : Chocolate brown precipitate Cutis confirmed. | Potsosium Ferrocyanide), isformed. Gis confirmed. | anit l ann lapesec, | 1 1G) Part + Ammonium ‘Yellow precipitate is As" is confirmed molybdate formed, Gi) Part 1+ NHLOH White precipitate is Asis confirmed & magnesia mixture formed L Group UI ‘Group reagent- NOH in presence of NIL,CI Experiment Observation Inference For Fe™/ Fe” j (2) Original solution or filtrate Reddish brown precipitate is | Fe may be present. Of group I1+ cone.HNO;+boil | obtained ++ solid NH.Clin excess #NH,OH, Dissolve the precipitate indi, Fei | HCI snd divide into? parts; bsconfitmed. | (i) Part 1+ KsFe(CN), Prssin blue colowisobsined | Fe ig confirmed. | J 6 Scanned with CamScannerGi Part + KONS (Potassium thiocyanate) For AP" inexcess+NITOH, Blue lake test Dissolve the precipitate in dilute HCL. Add blue fitmus solution znd then add drop by drop. Original solution + sod NH.CI | Getatinous white precipitate is ammonisim hydroxide solution Blood red colouration formed colourless solution is obtained. Fe™ is confirmed AP* may be present. [A blue floating mass inthe | Al’* is obtained. wsence of excess Nd Chand NilOU Tafercnce 1+ 1 pris of cone. HNO}). dryness + agi water. (c)To the above solution add Amyl alcohol + NILSCN (Ammonium thiocyanate) (The above test may be performed with the original ej seipitae | in aqua regia (3 parts oF 6°96. | ‘Abblack precipitate is formed. A pink coloured solution is obtained. Blue colour in aleobotic layer. Co?* or Ni?" may be present Co?” may be present. Co™ is confirmed. solution) For Niv (Nickel) (a) OS.+ solid NH,CI inexcess + NH,OH+H3S gas (b) Dissolve the precipitate in aqua regia (3 patts of cone HCI # 1 partofeone. HNOS). Heat to dryness + add water. (©) Tote above solution add NHOH + Dimethy! wlyoxime. (The above t med W est may be original ‘A black precipitates formed. ‘A green coloured solution is obtained. Baight or chery red precipitates } obtained. Ni?* may be present. Ni?” is confirmed. Scanned with CamScanner Co” or Ni?” may be present. esolution) For Zn™ (ine) OS. + solid NHLClin excess + NHLOH+ HS gas. Dissolve the precipitate in dil HCl, Divide into 2 parts: (i) Part 1+ NaOH drop wise. Gi)Part + NHOH + Fe(CN)s White precipitates formed. : Zn** may be present. White precipteisformalwhich is | soluble in excess of NaOH, Zn** is confirmed. Bluish white precipitate Zn*" is confirmed. For Mn™ (Manganese) OS. + solid NILClin excess + NILOH' HS gas. Dissolve ihe ppt. in dil. HCI + NaOH, Buff coloured precipitate is Mn?" may be present formed. White precipitate is formed Mn?* is confirmed. which turns grey on standing. Por ta(Harinay | (aOS. + sola NHLCHinescess + NIWOI 1+ (NTLCO; acid and divide the solution into3 pats: Part + Potassium chromate, (b)Flame test Salt+eone, HCI Make a paste and take it on a platinum wire. Dissolve the prociptate in hot acetic Bring trea the flame and observe. } Ba" SPC nay bepresent, ‘Yellow precipitate. Ba" isconfirmed. Apple green flame Ba" is confimed. For Sr(Strontium) (2) OS. + solid NHLClinexcess + NHOH# (NH):CO; acid and divs: pats Part + Potassium chromate. Part + Ammonium sulphate (b)Flame test ‘Salt + cone. HCI Make a paste and take it on a platinum wine! Dissolve the precipitate in ht acetic White precipitate is obtained. Ba", S?*,Ca™ may be present. No precipitate is obtained. a isabsent. ‘White precipitate i obtained. S?*is confirmed. Crimson red lame Seis confined, (TT Scanned with CamScanner[Brn Sparthe fhame anberve, For Ca (Calcium) (ayOS.+ solid NUCH in excess + NILOHE (NELLA Oy Dissolve the precipitate in hot acetic acid and divide the solution into3 ee Part | + Potassium coms. Pat I+ Ammonium subphate Pat Ill + Ammonium oxalate (t)Flame test Sat cone. HCI Make a paste nd take it on a platinum wire, Being tear the flame and observe. Group VI: Group reagent— NAH White precipitates otainad. No preci No precipitate is obtainad White precipitates isin Brick red flame Be".Se",Ce* maybe present. | Ca" isconfirmed. 1,POsin presence of presence of excess NHsCl and NHLOH = Experiment For Mg (Magnesi=™) (OS. «lid NHIC1 i cress + NiLOH (NH3F:POs Scratch theimersids ofthe tea ube witha ¥ 2 Observation Crystalline white pr obtained Inference Mg" eon Scanned with CamScanner