Unit 3 iv) It protects the reinforcement/dispersed phase from

chemical action and keeps them properly oriented under

Q1:-What are conducting polymers? What are the
the action of load
structural requirements for a polymer to be conducting?
Explain intrinsically and extrinsically conducting Q 3:-How nanomaterials are classified? Give
polymers with example Ans:- Conducting polymers: classification with Engineering Materials examples and
Conducting polymers are syntheticon atom main above state the factors responsible for different properties in
500.polymers which show conductivity unlike many nanomaterials than their bulk materials. Ans:-:
synthetic polymers due to high planarity and conjugation Classification of Nanomaterials based on Dimension: The
present in them. The structural requirements for a most typical way of classifying nanomaterials is to
polymer to be conducting are a) having high planarity and identify them according to their dimensions. This
b) presence of conjugation. Intrinsically Conducting classification is based on the number of dimensions,
Polymers (ICP): Some synthetic polymers can conduct which are not confined to the nanoscale range (< 100
electricity on their own because of their structural nm). Nanomaterials can be classified as (1) Zero
features. Such polymers are known as Intrinsically dimensional (0-D): These are the materials having all the
conducting polymer. •These polymers (ICP) are linear, dimensions are measured within the nanoscale i.e. no
have high planarity in structure and possess conjugation dimensions are larger than 100 nm. Eg. Nanoparticles,
(alternate double bond and single bond) in the polymer Quantum dots. (2) One-dimensional (1-D): l) One
chain. When electric field is applied, conjugated dimensional nanomaterials (1D)-These materials having
electrons (delocalised electrons) of the polymer get two of three dimensions are measured within nanoscale.
excited and can be transported through the polymer Le.nodimension are larger than 100 nm. Ex. Nanowire,
through resonance. Increase in conjugation, increases nanorod, nanotube and nanofilms. Fig.cell. Silicon IC
the conductivity to a larger extent. industry depends upon thin films for their operations.
Monolayer is used in fuel li) Two dimensional
Q2:-What are polymer composites? What are the
nanomaterials (2D)- These materials having two of three
constituents of polymer composite? What are the types
dimensions are measured within nanoscale. (2
of polymer matrix ? State important functions of matrix
dimensions outside the nanoscales) Ex. Carbon
phase. Ans:-Polymer composite is the material which is
nanotubes, nanosheets, nanofilms, These are in the form
made up of polymer matrix and reinforcing materials
of layers and can be used as single layer or multilayred.
being put together with a defined interface.Constituents
Fig. iv) Three dimensional nanomaterials (3D) - These
of composites: Two essential constituents of polymer
are the materials having all the three dimensions not
composites are,A) Polymer matrix phase It gives a
measured within the nanoscale j.e.no dimension are
continuous body constituent, surrounding the other
larger than 100 nm. These are also known as bulk
phases and gives a bulk form to the composite.
nanomaterials. Ex. fuierene, bundles of nanowires,
Commercial thermoplastic and thermosetting materials
bundle of nanotubes.
are used as polymer matrix. For e.g. Epoxy resins,
polyamides (nylons) etc. B) Reinforcement/ Dispersed Q4) What are biodegradable polymers ? Give important
phase: They are structural constituents like fibres, sheets, features of biodegradable polymer. How biodegradable
particles which are embedded in matrix phase and polymers classified? Give suitable example for each
provide high strength, rigidity and enhance matrix type. Ans:-Biodegradable polymers: Biodegradable
properties. Polymer matrix: Polymer is commonly used polymers are the polymers which are degraded by
matrix material due to its processibility, light weight and biological means such as microorganisms.• Important
desirable mechanical properties.Polymer matrix features of biodegradable polymer:i) Naturally occuring
materials can be of 2 types: i) Thermoplastics: polymers are biodegradable.ii) Synthetic addition
Thermoplastics are the one which can be made soft on polymers with only carbon atom main chain are not
heating and hard on cooling. Thermoplastic composites biodegrable at molecular weight above 500. iii) If
can be pre-fabricated into semi-finished items and later polymer chain contains atom other than carbon in the
can be converted to final shape. The advantages of backbone, it may biodegrade depending on attached
thermoplastic composites are, they have high toughness, functional groups.iv) Synthetic polycondensation
high impact resistance, good chemical resistance. They polymersbiodegradable to different extent depending on
have high reparability and recyclability. For eg. functional groups involved (ester > ether > amide).v)
Polyolefins, Polyimides, Vinylic polymers, Polyphenyles Amorphous polymers are more suseptible for
etc. are commonly used thermoplastic matrix biodegradation compared to crystalline polymers.vi)
materials.ii) Thermosetting: They have three dimensional Generally lower molecular weight polymers undergo
network like structure. After curing, they get final shape biodegradation easily compared to high molecular
which cannot be changed. On further heating, they weight polymers.vii) Hydrophilic polymers degrade faster
decompose but do not become soft. They are most than hydrophobic.• Classification of biodegradable
suitable for fibres composites and structural engineering polymers: Biodegradable polymers can be divided into 3
applications. Thermosetting polymers used as matrix classes. 1) Natural biopolymers Originating from plant or
material are Epoxy resins, Phenolic resins, Polyesters animal resources,. For e.g. cellulose, starch, protein etc.2)
etc.Functions of matrix phase are : i) It binds the Biosynthetic biopolymers Produced by
dispersed phase/reinforcement together. ii) It helps in fermentation.process by micro organisms. For e.g.
distributing externally applied load reinforcement.to the polyhydroxy alkanotes(Polyhydroxy butyrate,
.iii) It prevents the development of cracks due to its polyhydroxy valerate).3) Synthetic biopolymers -
plasticity and softness. Polymers possessing biodegradableproperties are
produced synthetically. For eg. polycaprolactone, nanomaterials. This gives rise to enhance or modified the
polylactic acid. properties of the bulk materials. For example, metallic
nanoparticles can be used as very active catalysts.
Q5) Give structure, properties and applications of
Chemical sensors from nanoparticles and nanowires
polyphenelyne vinylene (PPV).Explain construction and
enhance the sensitivity and sensor selectivity.b)
working of basic polymer LED based on polyphenelyne
Quantum effect: The nanometre sizes of nanomaterials
vinylene (PPV) Ans:-Structure of polyphenelyne vinylene
also have spatial confinement effect on the materials,
(PPV): Polyphenylene vinylene (PPV) is a conducting
which bring the quantum effects. The energy band
polymer with conjugated system. Highly oriented PPV
structure and charge carrier density in the materials can
films are obtained by soluble polymeric precursor. The
be modified quite differently from their bulk and in turn
structure of PPV chains resembles that of other higher
will modify the electronic and optical properties of the
oriented rigid rod polymers, where, the molecules are
materials. For example, lasers and Light Emitting Diodes
oriented along the the fiber axis (often the stretching
(LED) from both of the quantum dots andquantum wires
directions) Properties:1. PPV is a diamagnetic material.2.
are very promising in the future optoelectronics. High
It has a very low intrinsic electrical conductivity (10-13
density information storage using quantum dot devices is
S/cm). 3. The electrical conductivity increases upon
also a fast developing area. c) Reduced imperfections:
doping with iodine,ferric chloride, alkali metals or acids.
This is also an important factor in determination of the
However, the stability of these doped material is
properties of the nanomaterials. Nanostructures and
relatively low.4. Alkoxy substituted PPV shows ease of
nanomaterials favours a self-purification process in that
oxidation and have much higher conductivities. Large
the impurities and intrinsic material defects move near
side chain substitutions lower the conductivity. 5. PPV is
the surface on thermal annealing which in turn increases
water insoluble, but its precursors can be manipulatedin
the perfection in materials and thus affects the
aqueous solution.6. It gives bright yellow-green
properties of nanomaterials. For example, the chemical
fluorescence on application ofelectric
stability for certain nanomaterials may be enhanced as a
field.Applications:i) PPV is capable of
result the mechanical properties of nanomaterials
electroluminescence. Due to its stability, processibility
become better than the bulk materials.• Important
and electrical as well as optical properties, PPV is used in
applications of nanomaterials:1) Nanophase ceramics are
Organic Light Emitting diode (OLED). Devices based on
more ductile at elevated temperatures as compared to
PPV as emissive layer, emit bright yellow-green
coarse-grained ceramics. e.g. nanophase silicon, which
fluorescent light and derivatives of PPV are used when
differs from normal silicon in physical and electronic
light of different colour is required.ii) PPV is also used in
properties, could be applied to macroscopic
organic solar cells, photovoltaic devices, sensors
semiconductor processes to create new devices.2) Nano
etc.Construction and working of basic polymer LED based
sized metallic powders are used for the production of gas
on polyphenelyne vinylene (PPV):• Construction:
tight materials, dense parts and porous coatings. Cold
Semiconducting polymers, with electron system such as
welding properties combined with the ductility make
PPV exhibit electroluminescence. To generate light with
them suitable for metal-metal bonding especially in the
these materials, a thin film of semiconducting polymer is
electronic industry.the realization of3) Nanostructured
sandwitched between two electrodes. Indium Tin Oxide
metal-oxide thin films are receiving growing attention for
(ITO) is commonly used anode material. It is transparent
gas sensors (NO, CO, CO2, CH4) and aromatic
electrode material which is deposited on glass/plastic
hydrocarbons) with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity.
substrate. Metals like calcium, magnesium, aluminium
Nanostructured metal-oxide (MnO2) finds application for
are used for cathode.• Working: Electrons and holes are
rechargeable batteries for cars or consumer goods.
then injected from the cathode and anode respectively
Nanocrystalline silicon films for highly transparent
into polymer. Driven by the electric field, the charge
contacts in thin film solar cell and nano-structured
carriers move through the polymer over certain distance
titanium oxide porous films for its high transmission and
and recombination takes place.• The recombination of
significant surface area enhancement leading to strong
these charge carriers results in luminescence. The band
absorption in dye sensitized solar cells.
gap (energy difference between valence band and
conduction band) determine the wavelength and the Q7 :-Explain the structure of graphene with the help of
colour of emitted light. a diagram. Give the Important properties and four
applications of graphene Ans:-Structure of graphene :1]
Q6 :-Explain the factors responsible for different
It is a single layer of carbon packed in a hexagonal (honey
properties in nanomaterials than their bulk materials.
comb) lattice with a carbon-carbon distance of 0.142 nm.
Give three important applications of nanomateralAns:-
It is the first truly two-dimensional crystalline material
Nanomaterials: Nanomaterials are defined as a set of
and it is representative of a whole class of 2D materials.
substances where at least one dimension is less than
In graphene every carbon in hexagonal lattice undergoes
approximately 100 nanometers. • Factors responsible for
SP2 hybridization.2] A pencil contains graphite and when
different properties in nanomaterialsthan their bulk
it is moved on a piece of paper, the graphite is cleaved
materials:a) Much greater surface area to volume ratio
into thin layers on the paper and make up the text or
than their conventional forms: The nanomaterials due to
drawing that we are trying to produce, is nothing but
their very small dimension have extremely large surface
graphase.3] A small fraction of these thin layers will
area to volume ratio, resulting in more "surface"
contain only a few layers or even a single layer of
dependent material properties. Especially when the sizes
graphite, i.e. graphene. Thus, the difficulty was not to
of nanomaterials are comparable to length, the entire
fabricate the graphene structures but to isolate
material will be affected by the surface properties of
sufficiently large individual sheets in order to identify and
characterize the graphene and to verify its unique two- potential to be usedas a component of optical chip,
dimensional (2D) properties.Important Properties: 1] It is optical sensors etc
about 200 times stronger than the strongest steel and
Q9) How carbon nanotubes are obtained ? State
light since it is only one atom thick. 2] It efficiently
different.applications of CNT base on al Structural
conducts heat and electricity and is nearlytransparent.3]
properties, b] Electrical/Electronic properties, c]
Graphene shows a large and nonlinear diamagnetism,
Chemical properties.Ans :-Carbon nanotube is formed by
greater than graphite and can be levitated (made to rise
a layer of carbon atoms that are bonded together in a
and float in the air without any physical support) by neo
hexagonal (honeycomb) mesh. This one-atom thick layer
dymium magnets. 4] It is the only form of carbon in which
of carbon is called graphene and it is wrapped in the
every atom is available for chemical reaction from two
shape of a cylinder and bonded together to form carbon
sides (due to 2D structure).Applications:1] Being
nanotube.Applications of carbon nanotubes: al
transparent and flexible conductor, it can be used for
Structural properties: Engineering Materials (a) Textiles-
solar panels, LEDs, touchpanels, smart phones. 2] Its
CNTs can produce waterproof and tear-resistant tabrics.
powder can be used in making polymer composites.3]
CNT based polyethylene can increase the elastic modulus
Capacitors, batteries, 3D printer materials. 4] As
of the polymers by 30% (b) Body armour-CNT fibres are
transistors for integrated
being used as combat jackets to provide protection from
circuits.5] As sensor for gas detection.6] As energy bullets.(0) Concrete-CNTs in concrete increases its tensile
storage material7] As filtration material. strength and halt crack propagation. CNTs may be able to
replace steel in suspension and bridges, making
Q8:-0.25 What are quantum dots? What are the main
flywheels. (d) Sports equipment-golf balls, golf clubs,
properties ofTypesTherequantum dots ? Ans:-Quantum
stronger and lighter tennis rackets, bicycle parts and
dots: Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles
baseball bats. (e) Fire protection-thin layers of bucky
that glow a particular colour after being illuminated by
paper can potentially protect the object from fire. The
light 2) • Properties of quantum dots (semiconductor
dense, compact layer of CNT or carbon fibres in the form
nanoparticles) Quantum dots have properties
of bucky paper canefficiently reflect the heat.b]
intermediate between bulk semiconductors and discrete
Electrical/Electronic properties: CNTs can be fabricated
atoms or moleculefromExaandpropho3) SilsilichiThe
as electrical conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
properties of a quantum dot are determined by
Such applications include: (a) Light bulb filament-CNTs
size,shape, composition and structure.Their
can be used as alternative to tungsten filaments in
optoelectronic properties change as a function of both
incandescent lamps.(b) Magnets-A strong magnetic field
size and shape. Many semiconductor substances can be
can be generated using multi-walled CNTs coated with
used as quantum dots. Nanoparticles of any
magnetite (iron oxide). (c) Solar cells-Germanium CNT
semiconductor substance have the properties of a
diode exploits the photovoltaic effect. In some solar cells,
quantum dot.Commonly used semiconductor materials
nanotubes are used to replace the ITO (Indium Tin-Oxide)
for preparing quantum dots are silicon, cadmium
to allow the light to pass to theactive layers and generate
sulphide, cadmium selenide and indium arsenide. These
photocurrent.cl Chemical properties: CNTs finds
materials behave differently as quantum dots, giving rise
tremendous applications in the chemical field also, few of
to very high tunability and wide variety of
them are as follows:(a) Air pollution filter: CNTs are one
applications.Quantum dots have unique property ie. they
of the best materials for air filters because they possess
exhibit interesting phenomena. Le. size dependent
high adsorption capacity and large specific area. The
emission wavelength narrow emission peak and broad
conductance of CNTs changes when polluted gas comes
excitationrange. The gap between the valence band and
in its contact.
the conduction band, which is present for all
semiconductor materials, causes quantum dots to Q10) give the structure properties and applications of
fluoresce. The main property of quantum dots is they polycarbonate?*(thermoplastic) Ans
show colour glow when illuminated by UV light.Types of
Quantum dotsThere are three main types of Quantum
dots: 1) III-V Semiconductor Quantum dots: They are
made up ofelements from Gr. III of the periodic table of
elements (boron, aluminium, gallium, indium) and from
Gr. V (nitrogen, phosphorous, arsenic, antimony,
bismuth) Example: gallium arsenide (GaAs). It is used as
a light source in optical data processing and used as an
amplification mediumin lasers.2) II VI Semiconductor
Quantum dot: They are made up of elements from Gr. II
L.e. transition metals (Zinc, cadmium) and from group VI
(oxygen, sulphur, selerium, tellurium). Example:
cadmium selenide (CdSe), cadmium telluride (CdTe) and Properties:
Zinc oxide (ZnO). They show outstanding fluorescence
properties and widely used widely used in electronics, #It is crystalline thermoplastic.#It shows very good
photonics, photovoltaics and biomedicine.3) Silicon (Si) mechanical properties like high impact strength,
Quantum dots: They are made up of element silicon, even# at low temperature.#It has low moisture
which is the standard material of semiconductor and chip absorption.#High heat resistance (140°C). #High
industry.Example: Silicon quantum dots have great thermal and oxidation stability in molten state.
#It is transparent and self extinguishing. Ans:-Proximate analysis: Definition: Proximate analysis
of c coal , volatile
Applications: All types of housing or casing for electrical
appliances, home appliances, deals with the determination of percentage moisture
matter, ash and fixed carbon.
Computer peripherals. Automobile head and tail light
casing and lenses. Telephone and cell phone Principle involved in the analysis: Weight of a) %
casings.Unbreakable crockery and glazing glass Moisture (M): Moisture present in coal evaporates at
substitutes.As a bulletproof material, helmets, 110 Pri Loss in weight due to moisture evaporated
covers of vehicle lights Also used for making CD moisture in coal. % Moisture= Weight of coal taken÷Loss
and DVD. in weight x100 b) 2)% Volatile Matter (VM): At 925 ± 20
°C, coal undergo thermal degradation to produce
volatile matter that escapes through vented lid. Loss in
Unit 4 fuel weight due to escape of volatile matter = volatile matter
in coal. Weight of % Volatile matter- Loss in weight due
1:-Explain any five characteristics of Ideal fuel. to removal of VM Weight of coal sample x100 c) % Ash
Ans:-Characteristics of ideal fuel are as follows: 1) High (A): All combustible matter in coal is burnt at 700+50 °C.
calorific value: Calorific value of a fuel is the total Non-combustible matter is left in the form of ash. %
quantity of heat liberated by complete combustion of a Ash- Weight of ash left Weight of coal taken x100
uni mass (or volume) of the fuel. • As the amount of Q 3:- Give the principle involved in fractional
heat liberated and the temperature attained depends distillation petroleum. Explain in brief the process with
upon the calorific value of fuel, a good fuel should diagram. Ans :-Principle of fractional distillation: The
possess high calorific value. 2) Moderate ignition vapours of higher boiling point fractions condense first
temperature: Ignition temperature is the lowest during the stepwise cooling. • Crude oil is a mixture of
temperature to which the fuel must be pre-heated so hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons are converted into
that it catches fire and burns smoothly.• Low ignition their vapours and then allowed to enter into the
temperature fuel can cause fire hazards during storage fractional distillation column where they are separated
and transportation. Whereas high ignition temperat according to their boiling point range by stepwise
fuel, although safe for the storage and transportation, cooling. The gradual cooling of vapours takes place
give difficulty in ignition and burning of the fuel. Hence, along the height of distillation column in such a way that
idel fuel should have moderate ignition temperature.3) vapours of higher boiling points condense first and are
Low moisture content: Moisture content in the fuel collected from the bottom of the column. The vapours
decreases the calorific value of the fuel, as during having lower boiling points are collected at higher levels
combustion, part of heat liberated is utilized in in the column.
evaporation of moisture and formation ofsteam. •
Moisture increases the weight of fuel. Hence it involves Q5:-Explain the production of hydrogen by steam
loss of money for handling, storage and transportation, reforming of coke with reactions and removal of co2
as it is paid for same rate as the fuel. Therefore, a good
Ans:-i) Steam reforming: Coke is obtained by
quality fuel should have low moisture content. 4) Low
carbonisation of coal. Hydrogen can be prepared by
ash content: After combustion, the non-combustible
passing steam over red he coke. C oke +H 2 O 1000^ C
matter remains in the form of ash. More is the non-
Ni CO+H 2 ii) Water gas shift reaction: The gaseous
combustible matter in the fuel, more is ash formed, less
mixture (CO + H_{2}) is mixed with more steam at 370 °C
will be combustible matter, hence less will be calorific
and passed over FeO catalyst to produce additional
value. Thus, ash reduces calorific value.• Ash forms
hydrogen by water gas shift reaction. CO + H_{2}*O *
clinkers, blocking air circulation and hindering complete
370 deg * C * FeO -> C*O_{2} + H_{2}
burning of fuel. This further reduces the heat output of
the fuel. Ash contributes to additional cost for storage, iii) Removal of C*O_{2} : .Mixture of C*O_{2} and H_{2}
handling and disposal. Thus, a good fuel should give low is then compressed and cooled to get liquid C*O_{2}
ash content on combustion. (i.e. it should possess low and H_{2} gas.C*O_{2} can also be removed by
non-combustible matter). 5) Moderate velocity of dissolving in water under pressure or by reacting with
combustion: If the velocity of combustion is low, then K_{2}*C*O_{3}
the required temperature may not be attained quickly,
Q 4:-.Give three advantages and limitations each of
as part of heat liberated may get radiated. If the velocity
power alcohol. Ans:-Advantages of Power Alcohol
of combustion is high, the liberated heat may not be
(any3) 1) Ethanol has higher octane number about 90
utilized properly. Therefore, for a continuous supply of a
as compared to petrol with octane number 60-70.
heat, fuel should have a moderate velocity of
Hence addition of ethanol t petrol will improve octane
combustion. 6) Products of combustion should not be
number giving better antiknocking properties 2) Alcohol
harmful: Fuel, on burning, should not give out
burns clean, hence when blended with petrol, reduces
objectionable, harmful gases like CO, SO2, H2S etc.
the emission of harmful gases.3) Alcohol is capable of
which may be harmful to health or cause atmospheric
absorbing moisture; hence it removes al traces of
pollution. 7) Low cost: Fuel should be readily available at
moisture in the petrol. 4) Deposition of carbon and the
cheap rate. 8) Easy storage and transportation: A good
gummy products on internal parts of engine, is reduced
fuel must be easy to store and transport at low cost.Q
when alcohol is used as a fuel.5) Alcohol reduces
2:-What is proximate analysis of coal? Mention the
chances of overheating of engine thus extending engine
principle Involved in the analysis of each constituent.
life.6) Ethanol is a renewable source of energy. It Ethyl alcohol is mainly manufactured by fermentation of
reduces dependency on foreign countries for molasses by using invertase and zymase enzymes.
petrol.Limitations of 1) Ethanol lowers the calorific Invertase
value of petrol because the calorific value of ethanol
(7000 cal/g) is only two third of that of petrol (CV of
petrol 11500 cal/g). - 2) Alcohol has high surface
tension, hence it is difficult to atomize, particularly at
low temperatures, causes starting trouble. Hence, it is
necessary to make special arrangements inThe
carburettor. Alcohol may get easily oxidized to acetic
acid which may cause corrosion of engine parts. 4) As
ethyl alcohol contains 'O' atoms, air required for Advantages of power alcohol
complete combustion of power alcohol is less than that
2С,Н;ОН + 2С02 Ethyl alcohol
required for petrol. Hence, modification of air inlet or
operation of choke is required. ¡i) Ethyl alcohol has good antiknocking property and its
octane number is 90, while the octane number of petrol
Q6) Give composition, properties and applications of
is about 65. Therefore, addition of ethyl alcohol increases
CNG Ans:-: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Composition:
the octane number of petrol. - It Is cheaper than petrol.
It contains 70-90 % methane, 10-20% ethane, 2-8 %
il) Alcohol has property of absorbing any traces of water
propane and small quantity of other higher
if present in petrol. overheating of engine thus extending
hydrocarbons upto C5. Properties:1 CNG on
engine life. il) Ethyl alcohol contains 'O' atoms, which
combustion, evolves no pollutants like sulphur, nitrogen
helps for complete combustion of power alcohol and the
or carbon particles. 2 Ignition temperature of CNG is
polluting emissions of CO, hydrocarbon, particulates are
higher (about 550 °C) and requires more air for ignition.
reduced largely Disadvantages of power alcohol-
3 CNG undergoes almost complete combustion
depeendency of foregn countries. for petrol. i) Ethyl
producing less amount of carbon monoxide.4 CNG
alcohol has calorific value 7000cal/m much lower than
mixes better with air than liquid fuels." 5. CNG requires
calorific value of petrol 11500cal/gm. Use of power
heavier and voluminous tanks for storage hence not
alcohol reduces power output up to 35%. ii) Ethyl alcohol
suitable for smaller vehicles. Applications:1. CNG is used
has high surface tension and its atomisation, especially at
as automobile fuel. 2. It can be used for production of
lower temperature, is difficult causing starting trouble.ili)
hydrogen and carbon black. 3. It can be used as
Ethyl alcohol may undergo oxidation reaction to form
industrial fuel.
acetic acid, which corrodes engine parts. iN) It cannot
Q7)Write chemical reactions for production of Biodiesel mixed in petrol direetly without denydration.
and give its advantages. Ans Marking scheme- Reaction-
9)GCV has higher value than NCV for the same fuel.
2Marks, advantages- IMark.Reaction- Biodiesel also
Explain.ANS Ans.: Gross calorific value (GCV): Definition:
known as fatty acid methlyl ester (FAME] is typically
Gross/Higher calorific value is the total amount of heat
prepased through a process called transesterification.
liberated when unit mass/volume of the fuel is burnt
completely and the products of combustion are cooled to
roomtemperature (Le. 15°C). Net calorific value (NCV):
Definition: Net or lower calorific value is the net heat
liberated, when unit mass/volume of the fuel is burnt
completely and the products of combustion are allowed
to escape. Explanation: For GCV, • Calorific value is
determined by burning known amount of fuel in an
The reaction involves the conversion of vegetable oils or insulated container (calorimeter) and the products of
animal fats in to their corresponding esters (biodiesel) 4 combustion are not allowed to escape. . Usually fuels
glycerol ADVANTAGES:- i) It has high cetane no. and high contain carbon and hydrogen. Carbon undergoes
calorific value ii) Biodiesel is cheaper It is better lubricity. combustion as, CO₂+ Heat C+02 Similarly, hydrogen also
iii) if) It is environmental friendly iv) It reduces on undergoes combustion to produce steam As the
dependent on diesel on foreign countries saving products of combustion are not allowed to escape, the
currency. Limitation i Biodiesel is more expensive steam is condensed to water at room temperature and
compare to convention Ded in It is a low tempreatuse the latent heat of steam gets included in measured heat,
proporties. iri) performance of codes. Disadvantage resulting in higher value. Condensation
1) It has a higher cloud and pour point than diesel. 3) It is • Calorific value thus measured is called as higher or
not compatible with nubber hoses s gaskets. 3) It is not gross calorificFor NCV, temperature but allowed to
compatible with some metals so plastics. escape in the atmosphere. The water
Q8) What is power alcohol? Give its manufacturing and
any two merits and demerits of power alcohol. Power
alcohol- When ethyl alcohol is used as fuel in internal
combustion engine, it is called as "power alcohol".
Generally ethyl alcohol is used as its 5-25% mixture with
petrol. Manufacturing of ethyl alcohol
Unit5 principle that molecules absorb infrared radiation at
specific frequencies that correspond to the vibrational
Q1) Give principle and instrumentation and applications
energies of the chemical bonds within the molecule.
of UV-visible spectrophotometer. Ans Principle- The
When infrared light is passed through a sample, the
absorbance of monochromatic light from UV-visible
molecules present absorb energy at characteristic
region is proportional to concentration of the solution,for
frequencies, resulting in the absorption of specific
the constant path length
wavelengths of light. By analyzing the absorbed
wavelengths, valuable information about the molecular
structure, functional groups, and chemical bonds can be
obtained. fundamental modes of bending vibrations
include: 1. symmetric and asymmetric stretching:
Scissoring vibrations in I spectroscopy refer to the
Instrumentation-1. Source of radiation- Source of bending motion of atoms, typically hydrogen atoms,
radiation should provide sufficient intensity over the towards and away from a central atom. There are two
wavelength region (300-1000nm). Ex. Tungsten filament main types of scissoring vibrations: Äymmetrie
lamp. 2. Monochromator- Monochromator consists of stretehing-Asymmetrie stretehing Symmetric Scissoring:
entrance slit, grating or prism. A good monochromator Involves the simultaneous inward and outward bending
provides very narrow wavelength. Ex. Glass prism, quartz motion of two identical atoms with respect to a central
prism. 3. Sample holder- There is a special glass tube atom. - Example: Water (H20). Asymmetric Scissoring: -
(cuvette) which does not absorb light from UV-visible Involves the bending motion of two different atoms with
spectrum and the sample solution is kept in it. Ex. Quartz respect to a central. 2. Rocking (p)- Rocking vibrations
glass cuvette. 4. Detector- A detector is a transducer that involve a periodic motion where atoms move back and
converts electromagnetic radiations into an electron flow forth like the motion of a rocking chair. - It occurs in
and the current or voltage produced thereby. The molecules with groups of atoms that are connected by
photocurrent is amplified if necessary. Then there is a flexible bonds. - An example is the rocking motion of
recorder or digital display device. Ex. Photovoltaic cells, methyl (CH3) groups in organic compounds. C in plane
phototubes. 5. UV-Spectrum- Sample to be tasted is rocking 3. Scissoring (v): Scissoring vibrations involve the
dissolved in an inert solvent and filled in sample holder. periodic bending of atoms towards and away from each
The absorbance is noted for the solution at various other in a scissor-like motion. It occurs in molecules with
wavelengths in UV region. The graph is plotted with two hydrogen atoms bonded to a central atom, such as
absorbance versus wavelength. water (H20) - The scissoring mode is characterized by a
bending motion of the hydrogen atoms towards and
Applications- 1) Qualitative analysis of organic away from the oxygen atom in-plane scissoring
compounds .il) Detection of impurities .iii) Quantitative
analysis iv) Chemical kinetics v) Structural information Q4) Chromophore : Chromophore is a functional group
containing multiple bond capable of absorbing radiations
Q2) Give principle of UV Visible spectroscopy. Explain above 200 nm due to r -» * transitions and n -> *
different.types of electronic transitions that occur in an transitions. eg. NOz, N = 0, C = 0, C = N , C = C, C - S etc.
organic moleculeafter absorbing UV radiations. Ans.: e.g. Non-conjugated carbonyl group give a weak
A) Principle of UV-Visible spectroscopy:UV and visible absorption in Auxochrome: Auxochrome is a saturated
electromagnetic radiations are more energetic functional group which does not absorb radiation in UV
Absorption of uv-visible radiations by sample (substance range but when attached to chromophore changes both
to be analysed) bring about electronic excitations. wavelength and intensity of absorption.e.g. OH, - NHz,Cl.
Electronic excitationsare accompanied by vibrational and
rotational changes that results in relatively broad Bathochromic shift• When absorption maxima (\max) of
spectra.Absorption spectra is a graph of absorption i.e. a compound shifts to longer wavelength it is known as
amount of light absorbed versus wavelength of light. (Fig. bathochromic shift or red shift.• This effect is due to the
Q.4.1)Information derived from absorption spectra is presence of an auxochrome or by the Hypsochromic shift
useful in determination of structure of molecule. B) (Blue shift) :When absorption maxima (A max) of a
Absorption of UV Radiation by Organic Molecule leading compound shifts to shorter wavelength, it is known as
todifferent electronic transitions :When energy is hypsochromic shift or blue shift. Hyperchromic shift : •
absorbed by a molecule in uv-visible region, it brings An increase in intensity of absorption maxima is called
changes in electronic energy of molecule because of hyperchromic shift. Introduction of auxochrome usually
transition of valence electrons from lower energy to increases the intensity of absorption. Hypochromic shift
:• Decrease in intensity of absorption maxima is called
higherenergy. 3 types of electrons are involved in
hypochromic shift.*It occur due introduction of groups
organic Molecule - electrons, electrons and n electrons.•
that distorts the original
When energy is absorbed in uv-visible region, possible
electronictransitions are:Out of these, σ→л and л→σ are Q5) instrumentation of IR Spectrophotometer U Source
considered as forbiddentransitions.• The wavelength : For IR radiations, one of the following sources can be
absorbed by molecule depends on energy difference AE used.) Neset filament: Consist of a mixture of rare earth
between orbital originally occupied by electron (bonding oxides such as zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide and erbium
orbital) and the energy of higher energy orbital\ oxide. b) Globar: It is a rod of silicon carbide. d
Incandescent wire: It is a spiral wire of nichrome.
Q3) principle of ir spectroscopy Principle of IR
Spectroscopy:ans - IR spectroscopy is based on the
d) Mercury arc: High pressure mercury arc which consists (a) Adsorption: When surface of a metal is exposed to
of quatz tube containing mercury vapours can be used. 2) oxygen, it gets adsorbed on the surface. Initially, there is
Monochromator:Prisms or gratings are used as no chemical bond between the metal surface and oxygen
monochromators. They are used to select desired but they are held together by secondary forces of
radiation frequencies. Prisms are normally made of metal attraction such as weak van der Waal's forces.
halides like NaCk, KBr. 3) Sample cells and sampling of (b)Chemisorption:After adsorption, actual process of
substances : Infrared spectra can be obtained for solid, corrosion starts. Oxygen is an electronegative element
liquid or gases (neat or in solution form). Material and metals are electropositive in nature. So slowly
containing sample must be transparent to the I radiation, electrons from metal get transferred to oxygen. Due to
so the material made out of certain salts like NaCl KBr, LiF such electron transfer oxygen acquires negative charge
etc. are used. 4) Detectors : In IR spectroscopy, thermal and the metal surface becomes positively charged.
detectors are used. a) Thermocouple: It uses two wires of Hence, there is a chemical bond formation between the
different materials welded together. One of the two metal atom and oxygen.This type of adsorption is called
welded joints is hot junction, becomes hotter because of chemisorption, it continues till unimolecular oxide layer
I radiations than the other joint, cold junction. A small covers the metal surface
electrical potential develops between the joints due to
. (c) Film Formation:When chemisorption complete, a
temperature difference. The resulting current is directly
strong adhering film of metal oxide is formed on the
proportional to the IR radiation falling on detector. b)
surface and the metal is corroded.
Bolometer: Platinum or nickel is used to form bolometer.
It is a type of resistance thermometer used to detect and Q7) .24. Define corrosion. Explain corrosion is exactly
measure weak thermal radiation. Change in resistance is reverse process of extraction of metals from their ore.
observed due to change in temperature. c) Golay Answer: Corrosion is defined as the destruction of metal
detector: It is a sensitive gas thermometer containing through unwanted or unintentional chemical or
electrochemical reaction which occurs between the
surface of metal and the environment. The basic reason
for corrosion of metals is most of the metals (except Pt,
Au, Ag) exist in nature in the form of their ores (combined
form) as oxides, chlorides, silicates, carbonates etc.,
These ores represent thermodynamically more stable
state. Metals are extracted from these ores through a
number of steps by the principles of metallurgy. In all
these steps enormous amount of energy is spent to
Q5) . Explain any five applications of IR spectroscopy. obtain pure metal. Compared to ore, pure metal is in
higher energy state. Metals have the natural tendency to
i) Identification of functional group- Various functional
go back to their combined states that is ores; as a result
groups have characteristic absorption in IR region, when metal is exposed to environmental conditions form
therefore they can be identified in the organic compound stable compounds of metals, known as corrosion.
ii) Strength of bond- Stronger bond absorb IR at greater
Therefore the process of corrosion is reverse of metal
wave number, strength of various bonds in the molecule extraction from their ores.
can be understood. iii) Detection of impurities- IR spectra
of impure sample will show extra absorption bands. By Q8).Identify the given condition under which metal is
comparing with IR spectra of pure compound, presence undergoing corrosion and state type of corrosion based
of impurity can be detected. iv)Hydrogen bonding-IR on it.Ans:-a) Steel pipe connected to copper plumbing
spectroscopy gives information regarding the hydrogen undergo corrosion: Steel pipe connected to copper
bonding Bands due to hydrogen bonding appears at plumbing for the purpose of carrying water leads to the
lower frequency. v)Identification of organic compound- formation of galvanic cell because steel and copper are
Matching the IR spectra of an unknown sample and a different metals are in contact of water which acts as
known compound. It is possible to identify the unknown electrolyte. In this galvanic cell steel acts as anode and
organic compound. iv)Quantitative estimation- copper acts as cathode as steel is higher placed than
Determining concentration of solution in terms of copper in galvanic series. In wet or electrochemical
functional group, on the basis of extent of absorption by. corrosion metal acting as anode undergoes corrosion
therefore in this case steel undergoes corrosion. b) Half
Q6) Define oxidation corrosion. Explain the general
filled steel water tank undergoes corrosion at the
mechanism of oxidation corrosion withdiagram.
waterline boundary: Half filled steel water tank leads to
Oxidation corrosion-When metal comes in the contact the formation of differential aeration cell which is formed
with the dry atmospheric gases such as oxygen due to difference in concentration of oxygen around
andundergoes corrosion is known as oxidation corrosion. same metal. In this case part of steel tank filled with
Mechanism-Formation of oxide film and their growth is a water is in contact of less oxygen and part of steel tank
stepwise process. At the initial stage, oxygen gas is which is empty is in contact of more oxygen. The part
adsorbed on the metal surface. Van der Waal's forces are which is in contact of less oxygen acts as anode and the
responsible for this adsorption. After adsorption, oxygen part which is in contact of more oxygen act as cathode. In
molecules dissociate into atoms or ions. These oxygen wet or electrochemical corrosion the part of the metal
ions combine with metal by electron transfer or electron acting as anode undergoes corrosion therefore half filled
sharing between oxygen and metal atoms. steel water tank undergoes corrosion at the waterline
boundary. c) Iron rod dipped in dil.FeSO4 solution
undergoes corrosion: In case of iron rod dipped in of anode is equal to the increase in size of cathode. That
dil.FeSO4 solution there is a formation of electrochemical means amount of coating metal (anode) passed in to
cell. Particularly here concentration cell is formed. In such electrolyte solution is equal to amount of coating metal
cell part of metal which is dipped in electrolyte here deposited on base metal surface (cathode
dil.FeSO4 acts as anode and undergoes corrosion.
Therefore Iron rod dipped in dil.FeSO4 solution
undergoes corrosion:

Q9) Define overvoltage. State under which conditions it

affect the rate of corrosion.Answer: Overvoltage: The
difference between theoretical potential and the actual
potential at which hydrogen gas is liberated at cathode is
known as over voltage.In acidic medium, electrochemical
corrosion occurs by hydrogen evolution mechanism. The
voltage or potential at which hydrogen gas is liberated at
cathode is known as decomposition potential. This
potential can be theoretically calculated, but
experimentally it is observed that the actual evolution of Q11) ) What is Tinning? Explain the process of Tinning
hydrogen gas at cathode does not occur at this calculated of steel with the help of a flow sheet. Ans: Definition:
voltage but requires higher potential. This additional Tinning: The process of coating iron or steel (base metal)
voltage is called as activation potential. The difference with a thin coat of by hot dipping to prevent base metal
between theoretical potential and the actual potential at corrosion is called tinning. Tin being more cathodic, give
which hydrogen gas is liberated at cathode is known as better corrosion resistance, protecting base metal
over voltage. Higher the over voltage slower and lesser (iron/steel). The process is carried out as follows- a) The
the corrosion. e.g. pure zinc when placed in IN H₂SO, it clean surface of metal article is treated with dil. H₂SO,
undergoes corrosion and hydrogen gas is evolved. Even (pickling) to remove any oxide film, washed with water
zinc has high position in electrochemical series, but and dried. b) It is immersed in a flux (ZnCl2 and NH, CI)
initially the rater of corrosion is very slow. This is because which will facilitate better adhesion of coating. c) The
high overvoltage (0.70v). The rate of corrosion is metal article is then passed through a tank of molten
accelerated by adding drop of copper sulphate as under tinmaintained at about 240 °C. d) Finally it is passed
such conditions overvoltage is 0.33 V and if drop of through a series of rollers kept submerged in the palm oil.
platonic chloride is added corrosion is faster because Rollers remove excess of tin to produce thin, uniform
now the overvoltage is 0.2 V. Thus reduction in coating. Palm oil protects the hot tin coated surface
overvoltage accelerates the rate of corrosion. against oxidation

Q10) Define electroplating. Explain electroplating

process with neat labeled diagram and
applications.What is electroplating? Explain the process
with suitable diagram.Answer:Electroplating or electro
deposition is the process by which the coating metal is
deposited on the surface of base metal by passing a
direct current through the solution of an electrolyte,
containing the soluble salt of coating metal.
Electroplating is the method in which coating metal is
coated on a base metal on the basis of electrolysis ANODIC COATING AND CATHODIC COATING DIFFRENCE
principle. Process: 1) The base metal article to be coated
is cleaned well before electroplating by using alkaline
solution to remove grease and then it is treated with acid
to remove any oxide layer. It is then washed with water.
2. The base metal article to be electroplated is made
cathode and coating metal is made anode of electrolytic
cell.3. There is a nonconductor tank containing the
electrolyte which is the salt of the metal to be coated on
the article. (A salt solution of coating metal). Cathode and
anode are dipped in the electrolyte, containing suitable
conc., of mineral acid. Mineral acid increases the
electrical conductivity and suppress the hydrolysis of
salt.4. A direct (D.C.) current is passed through the
electrolyte. The anode metal gets oxidized and enters in
the electrolytic solution. The metal ions get reduced and
deposited on the cathode that is base metal to give
uniform coating on the surface of base metal article. The
metal ions getting reduced and deposited at cathode are
reformed by anode metal oxidation thus there is no
change in salt conc. of electrolyte.5. The decrease in size
GALVANIZING AND TINNING DIFFRENCE

Q13) What is principle of cathodic protection? Explain it

with any suitable method. Answer: Principle: - In
cathodic protection, the metal to be protected is forced Construction of Boy's Calorimeter: consists of following
to behave like a cathode. Impressed current method: parts: (i) Gas burner: There is a gas bumer in which a
Corrosion occurs in metals depending on environment to known volume of gas is burnt at a known (ii) pressure.
which it is exposed. The corrosion current always flows The gas is burnt at the rate of 3 to 4 liter per minute.
from anodic area to cathodic area of the metal. In this Combustion chamber (chimney): Around the bumer
method, an impressed current is applied in opposite there is a combustion chamber which has copper tubing
direction to nullified the corrosion current and convert coiled inside as well as outside of it. Water enters from
the corroding metal from anode to cathode. In this, the top of the outer coil, moves to bottom of chimney and
metal subjected to corrosion is converted from anode to then goes up through the inner coil to the exit at top.
cathode thus gets protected. The impressed current is Thermometers: There are two thermometers to measure
derived from direct current source like battery and given temperatures of inlet water and outlet (iii) water.
to insoluble anode like graphite, stainless steel, buried in Insulating cover: The assembly is covered with an
soil. The anode is kept in black fill to increases electrical insulator to detach combustion chamber from
contact.Advantages:1) Large structures can be protected atmosphere. There is a hole on top for exhaust gas, water
for long term operation.2) It can be designed for a wide inlet and condensed steam comes out from bottom
range of voltage and current.3) Effective in protecting outlet.
uncoated and poorly coated structure. Limitations: 1.
1
Can cause cathodic interference problem. 2. Require
periodic maintained. 3. Require external power, resulting
in monthly power costs. 4. Over protection can cause
coating damage. Applications: 1) Open water box coolers
2) Water tanks 3) Buried oil and water pipes 4)
Transmission line towers 5) Marine piers 6) Laid up ships
7) Condensers

Bomb Calorimeter

determine GCV of fuel. State the formula with

corrections to calculate GCV and NCV The calorific values
of solid and liquid fuel can be determined by using Bomb
calorimeter. Construction: It consists a strong cylindrical
stainless steel pot with lid. There are two electrodes
fitted through the lid with oxygen inlet valve at the
center, one of these electrodes is provided with a ring to
hold the crucible containing known amount of fuel. There

is thin magnesium wire is connect to the electrode, and

it touches to the known amount of fuel.