ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

12(09), 56-67

Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com

Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/19428
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/19428

RESEARCH ARTICLE
INVENTORY OF PHYTOSANITARY CONSTRAINTS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS ENCOUNTERED
IN PAPAYA CULTIVATION IN THE NIAYES AREA (SENEGAL)

Awa Marie Coll Cissé1,3, Papa Madiallacké Diedhiou2, Cheikh Dieye4 and Ibrahima Diedhiou3
1. Iba Der Thiam University (UIDT) BP: A967, Doctoral School Sustainable Development and Society (ED2DS)
Thies, Senegal.
2. Gaston Berger University (UGB) BP 234, UFR of Agronomic Sciences, Aquaculture and Food Technologies
(UFR S2ATA) Ngallele Road Saint-Louis, Senegal.
3. National Higher School of Agriculture (ENSA) BP 296 Km 7, Khombole Road Thies, Senegal.
4. Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (UCAD), Department of Plant Biology, BP 5005 Dakar Fann, Senegal.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Fruit growing faces several obstacles. Phytosanitary constraints are at
Received: 05 July 2024 the top of the list. Papaya growing in the Niayes area is no exception to
Final Accepted: 09 August 2024 the rule. This study aims to draw up an inventory of the phytosanitary
Published: September 2024 constraints affecting papaya and the products used for chemical control
of this crop in the Niayes area. Fifty (50) farms were visited, and a list
Key words:-
Carica Papaya, Niayes, Phytosanitary was drawn up of the pests encountered, namely insects, arachnids,
Constraints, Pesticides, Active nematodes, diseases, and the active ingredients most commonly used.
Ingredient, Carbofuran The survey showed that mealybugs were the most common insect pests
and that red spider mites were the most common arachnid pests. Fungal
and viral diseases were predominant, with trunk/collar rot and papaya
ringspot virus. Thirty (30) active ingredients were listed for
phytosanitary treatments. A total of forty-seven (47) synthetic
pesticides were found. Of these, only fifteen (15) appeared on the list of
products approved by the Sahelian Pesticides Committee. Carbofuran,
which is a prohibited active ingredient, was used by 28% of the
growers we met. Mancozeb, Thiofanate methyl, and Zineb, which are
among the most widely used fungicides, have been banned in
Europe.To our knowledge, this is the first article to deal with the issue
in Senegal.

Copyright, IJAR, 2024,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
Senegal is divided into several agroecological zones. One of these is the Niayes zone, which is of major importance
as a niche for the country's horticultural production. This makes it important both economically and in terms of food
security. Agriculture has always been a pillar of local development. Urban agriculture is an alternative to the poor
performance of rural production systems and responds by improving food security for city dwellers. The Niayes area
accounts for almost 80% of national horticultural production (Fall and Fall, 2001; Cissé andal., 2003; Ngom andal.,
2012).

Among the many species grown here is papaya, one of the main tropical fruits. It is being studied more and more
because of its growing interest, the small size of its genome, which was sequenced recently, its relatively short life

Corresponding Author:-Awa Marie Coll Cissé 56

Address:-Iba Der Thiam University (UIDT) BP: A967, Doctoral School Sustainable
Development and Society (ED2DS) Thies, Senegal.
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cycle compared with other tropical fruits, and its nutritional value (Yu andal., 2009; Krishnan andal., 2012; Ming
andal., 2012; Jiménez andal. 2014). Papaya has culinary, medical, and industrial uses (Pantoja andal., 2002; Ming
andal., 2012; Palei and Rout, 2018).

It is a fast-growing crop, but it is not immune to the various constraints that plague the agricultural sector.
Phytosanitary constraints are among the most important, in addition to water management, high investment costs,
seed quality, and soil type. These include the various biotic problems encountered by growers, such as insects,
mites, nematodes, and fungal, viral, or bacterial diseases. Diseases remain a significant limiting factor to papaya
productivity and marketing (Hine andal., 1965; Ventura andal., 2004).

Various control methods are used to limit losses, based on synthetic pesticides or biopesticides. The use of these
products requires several precautions to be taken, which are not always respected by growers. As a result, there is a
risk of pollution or contamination. Their impact on the environment and the quality of harvested produce is often
underestimated. Given the diversity of both the constraints and the chemicals used, it is necessary to list them.

This study aims to draw up an inventory of the phytosanitary constraints linked to papaya production in the Niayes
area and to identify the different active ingredients used during phytosanitary treatments.

Materials and Methods:-

Study site:
The surveys were carried out on papaya-producing farms located in the Niayes area, which comprises four (4)
administrative regions of Senegal (Dakar, Thies, Louga, and Saint-Louis) and forms the main coast ( Fall andal.
,2001; Ngom andal., 2012).

The farms visited are located in the communes of Fandene, Darou Khoudoss, Keur Moussa, Tivaouane Peulh Niaga,
Bambilor, Notto Gouy Diama, Notto Diobass, Diender Guedj (Fig 1).

Fig1:-Location of sampling sites.

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Canvassing and survey:

The snowball method was used for this study. Fifty (50) orchards were visited. The data were obtained after
observations and analysis of the results of the surveys, which focused mainly on insects, arachnids, fungal, viral, and
bacterial diseases, nematodes, and the plant protection products used.

During the interviews, the interviewees were shown photos to make it easier to answer their questions.

Data analysis:
The data were recorded using an Excel spreadsheet.

Results:-
Symptomology:
The symptoms observed during the survey are recorded below (Table 1).

Table 1:- Symptoms observed in the orchards visited.

Description Illustration Pest / Disease
Nodules on the roots Nematodes

Black soot covering the fruit and Fumaginia / mealybugs

accompanied by the presence of a
slightly sticky substance

Deformation of leaf blades Tarsonema

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Drying out of leaves, which also lose Red spider mite

their green colour

Lower trunk rot and weakening Trunk / collar rot

leading to plant fall (Pythiumsp.;Phytophthorasp.)

Slightly depressive blackish spots on Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.)

fruit

Plants that lose most of their foliage Bacteriosis

and die back

Ring-shaped spots on fruit Papaya Ringspot Virus

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No symptoms Fruit fly

In addition to the pests and diseases listed in this table, other pests and diseases were reported by growers. These
include downy mildew, powdery mildew, whitefly, termites and caterpillars.

Appearance of bio-aggressors depending on the farms visited :

In the fifty (50) farms visited, the insect species encountered were: whitefly, fruit fly, termites, caterpillars and
mealybugs. The latter are the most common. Mealybugs were found on twenty-four (24) of the farms visited,
whiteflies were found on twenty (20) of the farms.Fruit flies, termites, and caterpillars were found on twelve (12) of
the farms for the first two and one (1) farm for caterpillars.

As far as arachnids are concerned, the tarsonema and the red spider were found in the orchards. The red spider was
found on thirty-six (36) farms. Tarsonema was less common, with twelve (12) farms affected.

Nematodes were found on thirty-five (35) farms.

Figure 2Shows the number of farms where each bio-aggressor was encountered.
40
36
35
35

30
Mealybugs
24 Caterpillars
Number of farms

25
Tarsonema
20
20 Termites
White fly
15 Fruit fly
12 12 12
Red spiders
10
Nematodes
5
1
0
Pests

Fig 2:- Appearance of pests on different farms.

Appearance of diseases on the farms visited:

On the fifty (50) farms visited, the diseases encountered were fungal, bacterial or viral.They were: downy mildew,
trunk/collar rot, anthracnose, fumaginia, powdery mildew, papaya bacterial blight, and papaya ringspot virus. Fungal
and viral diseases were the most common, with trunk and collar rot and papaya ringspot virus found on forty (40)
and twenty-nine (29) farms respectively. Figure 3 shows the number of farms for each disease.

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45

40
40

35

30 29
Ringspot
Number of farms

24 Bacterial blight
25
Collar and trunk rot
Fumaginia
20
Oidium

15 Downy mildew
Anthracnose
10
6
5
5 3
2

0
Diseases

Fig 3:- Appearance of diseases on different farms.

Trunk/collar rot is cited by growers as the most common disease encountered during cultivation, followed by papaya
ringspot virus.

Phytosanitary treatment:
A very wide range of pesticides is used by growers. A list of forty-seven (47) chemical products has been drawn up.
Of these, only fifteen (15) appear on the list of pesticides approved by the Sahelian Committee of Pesticides (SCP).
Table 1 lists the chemicals encountered based on their trade names. MOCAP is the most widely used product.

Table 1:- Synthetic pesticides used on the farms visited.

Trade names Firm holding the authorization Number of farms
1. ABALONE Arista Lifescience 2
2. ABAMECTINE* 1
3. ABEMEC* 2
4. ACARIUS Savana 4
5. ALLIETTE* 1
6. ARMADA* 1
7. ARSENAL* 11
8. BENJI Savana 1
9. BOMEC Solevo Suisse SA 5
10. BULDOZERE* 1
11. CALLIFAN Arista Lifescience 2
12. CLORSBAN Agropharm 4
13. CONFIDOR* 4
14. DECIS Bayer West Central Africa SA 2

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15. DICOFOL* 8
16. DIMETHOATE* 7
17. DIMETO Agropharm 1
18. DOUBLE ATTACK* 1
19. DRAGON* 1
20. ENDOSULFAN* 1
21. FONGIMAX* 7
22. FURADAN* 14
23. IDEFIX Savana 3
24. IMAMEX* 5
25. K OPTIMAL Solevo Suisse SA 12
26. LANNATE* 2
27. MANCOZEBE* 8
28. MANGA +* 3
29. METHOX* 4
30. MOCAP* 19
31. NEMA B2 Savana 2
32. NEMATOX* 4
33. PACHA Savana 2
34. PIRIMOR* 1
35. PROMOCARB* 4
36. PYRICAL Arista Lifescience 2
37. SOUFRE* 6
38. SOUFRE 800* 1
39. SOUFRE MICRONISE* 2
40. SULFUS 80* 3
41. SUPER ABAM Agropharm 1
42. SUPER DRAGON* 1
43. SUPER MANCO* 1
44. TERPRID* 1
45. THIOMEX* 9
46. VELUM Bayer West Central Africa SA 3
47. VYDATE* 2
N.B.: in black: pesticides registered by the Sahelian Pesticides Committee; *: pesticides not registered by the
Sahelian Committee of Pesticides(CSP, 2023).

Thirty (30) active ingredients and combinations of active ingredients were listed. Table 2 lists the various active
ingredients and combinations of active ingredients encountered.

Table 2:- Active ingredients and combinations of active ingredients found on papaya farms.
1. Abamectin 17
2. Acetamiprid 1
3. Acetamiprid + lambda-cyhalothrin 14
4. Acetamiprid, bifenthrin 2
5. Carbofuran* 14
6. Chlorothalonil + pyrimenthanil 1
7. Chlorpyrifos ethyl 6
8. Cypermethrin 1
9. Deltaméthrin 2
10. Dicofol 8
11. Dimethoate 8
12. Emamectine benzoate 6
13. Ethoprophos 19
14. Fluopyram 3

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15. Fosetyl al 1
16. Copper hydroxide 3
17. Imidacloprid 4
18. Mancozeb* 12
19. Methomyl 6
20. Oxamyl 6
21. Profenofos 11
22. Profenofos + cypermethrin 1
23. Propamocarb 4
24. Pyrimicarb 1
25. Sulfur 12
26. Thiamethoxam + lambda cyhalothrin 1
27. Thiofanate methyl 9
28. Trifloxystrobin + triadimefon 1
29. Zineb*, copper oxychloride, thiofanate methyl* 7
30. Endosulfan 1
N.B.: in black: authorized active ingredients; *: prohibited active ingredients.

Several prohibited active ingredients were found in the fields, including Carbofuran, which is found in FURADAN
and is still used by fourteen (14) of the growers, i.e. 28% of the sample, and Mancozeb, Thiofanate methyl, and
Zineb, which are banned in the European Union.

By pesticide group, we found: nineteen (19) insecticides, nine (9) fungicides, six (6) acaricides, five (5) nematicides,
and one (1) bactericide. Some active ingredients combine several functions (Fig 4).
20 19

18

16

14

12 Insecticide
Number

Acaricide
10 9 Nematicide
8 Bactericide
6 Fungicide
6 5

2 1

0
Groups

Fig 4:- Distribution of pesticides by group.

Ethoprophos is the most commonly used active ingredient for nematicides, while Mancozeb, Sulfur, and Thiofanate
methyl are the most commonly used active ingredients for fungicides. For insecticides and acaricides, Abamectin is
the most common active ingredient. For bactericides, Copper hydroxide is the most commonly used active
ingredient.

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Few growers use biopesticides, of which there are six (6) out of fifty (50). Those found in the field are neem cake,
neem oil, black soap, soap combined with oil, MYCO'SOL, and MYCICLEAN, which are based on
microorganisms.

It was difficult to obtain answers on doses. A systematic treatment was noted on the majority of farms, with a
frequency varying from one week to ten (10) days. This is an insecticide- and fungicide-based treatment.
Nematicides and other fungicides against soil-borne diseases are applied at the time of planting.

The management of waste from phytosanitary products also poses a problem. Empty or opened/pirated bottles and
sachets are piled up on some of the farms visited (Fig 5).

Fig 5 :- Waste from plant protection products.

Growing constraints:
The main constraints cited by growers are water control, diseases, particularly fungal diseases, red spider mites,
especially in dry periods or when there is a lack of water, the high cost of investment, and the need for maintenance
compared with other tree species, the quality of the seeds used by nurserymen and the type of soil. Phytosanitary
constraints, in this case, diseases, were the most important. They were mentioned by twenty-five (25) growers, i.e.
50%. Figure 6 shows the various constraints linked to papaya growing according to the growers surveyed.

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30

25
25

20 Water
Number of farms

Diseases
15 Soil
15
Red spiders
Maintenance
10
10 Investment
7 Seeds
6
5
5 4

0
Constraints

Fig 6:- Main constraints during cultivation.

Discussion:-
The results of the survey show that phytosanitary constraints predominate among those hindering papaya cultivation.
This confirms the work of Porter andal., 2014 and Office of the Gene Technology Regulator, 2008,which highlights
the fragility of the Carica papaya species due to the size of its genome and the low genetic diversity of the Carica
genus.

The presence of nematodes is especially noted on soils dominated by sand. This justifies the heavy use of MOCAP
compared with other products, as soils in the Niayes are predominantly sandy. Red spider mites, on the other hand,
are found mainly during a dry phase linked to the time of year when the harmattan blows or to a lack of irrigation.
The red spider is singled out as the mite most to be feared, because of its extensive and rapid damage, as mentioned
in the work of Guéroutback in 1969. The author mentions the climatic conditions which remain favorable to the
development of insects, mites, and nematodes in tropical zones throughout the year. It is worth highlighting the
resistance phenomena noted in the red spider despite the treatments carried out. This explains the use of neem oil
combined with black soap mentioned by one of the growers. The use of sulfur is also found on farms, as stated in the
work of Guérout, 1969, for the control of mites. The outbreak of red spider mites can also be explained by the
elimination of beneficial insects during repeated spraying with insecticides. Among them is Stethorus sp. a species
of the Coccinellidae family, observed in Ivory Coast, as mentioned in the work of Touréand al.,2020.Insects are
highly prevalent but do not have time to cause significant damage due to the frequent insecticide treatments in
orchards. This is confirmed by the wide variety of active ingredients used against insects on the farms surveyed.

Papaya Ringspot Virus is difficult for growers to identify and is confused with symptoms caused by nematode
attacks. Moreover, as it does not necessarily affect the quantities harvested, it does not attract the attention o f
growers. When plants are regularly watered and fertilized, they manage to produce despite the presence of the
disease (Hine andal., 1965). Nevertheless, the aesthetic appearance of the fruit is marred.

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Anthracnose is not cited as one of the most common diseases by growers, which can be explained by the fact that it
is more visible in the post-harvest period (Rahman andal., 2008).Growers selling on the field are therefore not
greatly affected by its impact on the harvest, as they do not have to preserve the fruit.

Trunk and/or collar rot occurs mainly in clay soils, which retain more water, and in low-lying areas. Damage due to
rot is most severe in the Mboro area. This is due to the steep slopes in the orchards. Plants located in low-lying areas
are most often devastated. The soil is poorly drained. This confirms the work of Zhu andal., 2004 and
Venturaandal., 2004. The predominance of rot confirms that of fungal diseases in papaya (Biratu, 2022).

The very wide range of active ingredients and the application of systematic treatments confirm the Niayes area's
reputation for abusive pesticide use (Ngom andal., 2012; Ngom andal., 2013). Dimethoate, used to control insects, is
one of the active ingredients responsible for major contamination of agricultural produce, according to the work of
Ngom and al., 2012. The risks of polluting the environment, harvested produce, and the water table are real and are
evidenced by the use of prohibited active ingredients on some farms and the poor management of waste from plant
protection products. Carbofuran is still used. Mancozeb, Thiofanate methyl, and Zineb, which are among the most
widely used fungicides, are banned in Europe (INRS, 2023). Added to this, the high prevalence of pesticides not
approved by the Sahelian Committee of Pesticides (SCP) raises the question of the pesticide market’s control in
Niayes. None of the growers we met used biopesticides exclusively, which confirms the work of Boinahadji and
Kébé, 2018.

Setting up an irrigation system is cited as one of the reasons for the high level of investment required to grow
papaya. Water remains one of the main limiting factors, as confirmed by the high proportion of wells and boreholes,
on the one hand, because papaya growing requires a lot of water and on the other because of the quest for a degree
of autonomy about the water supply system, which is not always functional and whose rates drain producers'
resources.

The constraints linked to seeds can be explained by the fact that growers buy young plants from nurserymen. They
therefore do not know the exact origin of the seed and whether the seedlings purchased are really of the variety
advertised.

Conclusion:-
This study aimed to draw up an inventory of the phytosanitary constraints encountered in papaya orchards in the
Niayes area and to list the various active ingredients used during phytosanitary treatments. It also revealed the
various factors limiting papaya cultivation. Phytosanitary constraints are the most frequently cited; with stem and
collar rot being the most common disease. The use of prohibited or unregistered products should be highlighted,
with Carbofuran, Mancozeb, Tiofanate methyl, and Zineb.

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