ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The thanks of the publishers are due to The British Standards Institution for
permission to reprint certain sections from BS308: Engineering Drawing
Practice, and BS3692: ISO Metric Precision Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts.

Acknowledgement is also made to the following firm s who supplied drawings

of some of the items included in this book:
H arland & W olff Ltd J . & W. Kirkham Ltd

John Hastie & Co Ltd Howden Group Ltd

Vickers Ltd—Michell Bearings The Welin Davit & Eng. Co Ltd

J. & E. Hall Products Doxford & Sunderland Ltd

VosperThornycroftLtd Richard Klinger Ltd

G. A. Platon Ltd Taylor Pallister & Co Ltd

PREFACE
This book on Engineering Drawing w as compiled with two objects in view— to
assist students studying for the Engineering Drawing Examination, set by the
Department of Trade for a Second Class Certificate of Competency, and also
to be of benefit to those studying for the Engineering Knowledge paper in Part
B of the examination, as many of the examples used as drawing exercises
appear in the syllabus in the latter examination.

In the drawing examination, the requirements of the DoT are somewhat

different from most other examining bodies, and differ somewhat from
standard drawing office practice. In order to ascertain the engineering
knowledge of a candidate, a general assembly drawing is required, the details
of which are given in the form of dimensioned pictorial views of the individual
components, comprising some piece of marine engineering machinery. His
skill as a draughtsman is judged from the attempt he makes at the drawing. It
is expected that the particular piece of machinery could be manufactured from
the drawing, and this necessitates inserting dim ensions on a general
assembly drawing, a practice not common elsewhere. A s a result of this,
many dim ensions will have to be inserted on the actual components, ignoring
the general rule of using projection lines to keep dim ensions off components.
To use projection lines for all dim ensions on a general assembly drawing
would make the drawing somewhat obscure.

Apart from this deviation the rules and conventions used in B S 308:1964,
with amendments published in 1969, have been adhered to, and some of the
more important of these have been quoted in the text.

The examinations set by the Department of Trade are in SI units, and as far as
Engineering Drawing is concerned, the use of SI units, means that all
dimensions will be stated in millimetres, a practice used throughout in this
book.

With each pictorial representation, suggestions are given as to how to set

about the orthographic projections required, with a suggested order with
which to proceed. In addition, from the Engineering Knowledge point of view,
in those examples where it is considered necessary, some explanation is
given on the functioning of that particular piece of machinery. Candidates
presenting themselves for the examination for a Second Class Certificate will
have had some engineering experience, and a basic engineering training is
assumed.

The question set in the Engineering Drawing examination is usually of such a

nature as to suit either steam or motor candidates, from a point of view of
assembling the components in order to attempt the general assembly
drawing required. Each of the principal components on the question paper is
labelled with a suitable material, and a list of these should be made in tabular
form to complete the drawing. The scale to which the drawing is to be made is
given in the question.

Drawing Instruments Required

The following drawing instruments will be required:
One pair of com passes with extension to draw circles up to about 300mm
diameter.
One pair spring bow compasses.
One pairdividers.
2 set squares 45° and 60°. For projection purposes these should be fairly
large.
Protractor.
Scale in metric units.
2 drawing pencils, H and 2H.
Rubber and eraser shield.
Fine ball point pen.
Drawing board and T square. These are supplied in the Examination, but for
practice in drawing a student will require these.
Drawing clips (drawing pins should not be used).

Good draughtsmanship can only be achieved by practice, and students,

especially those who have not done any drawing before, are advised to
attempt some exercises at sea, even though they intend following a course of
study ashore, in preparation for the examination. The examples on pages 20-
32 are of a preliminary nature, and if these are attempted in the order
presented in the book, a student should then be able to progress to some of the
remainder of the examples which are of examination standard.

It is advisable at the outset to simulate examination conditions as far as

possible, and in this respect some sheets of A 2 drawing paper (594mm x
420mm) should be taken on the voyage, in order that the drawings may be
attempted on the size of paper supplied in the examination. (See note on page
6 regarding recommended scales.) Six hours are allowed for the Engineering
Drawing Examination, and students should bear this in mind when
attempting those examples of examination standard. It is advisable to stop
drawing 15 or 2 0 minutes before the end and insert dimensions, as without
these a drawing would probably lose a considerable number of marks.
H.G.B.
Southampton,June 1977
Chapter One
HINTS ON PRODUCING A DRAWING IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Engineering Drawing is a convenient means of conveying to others the ideas Lines should be sharp and dense, and those specified as thick should be from
of a designer or draughtsman, in order that a component may be two to three times the thickness of lines specified as thin. An important point
manufactured, or an assembly illustrated. Like all means of communication, to remember when drawing lines initially—do not lean heavily on the
certain rules and conventions are used, and these should be adhered to by the pencil—the weight of the pencil is sufficient, as it is much easier and quicker
draughtsman, and understood by the person using the drawing. to go over the correct line than it is to rub out a line put in heavily.

Type of Line Example Application

Continuous (Thick) Visible outlines

Dimension lines
Projection or extension lines
Continuous (Thin)
Hatch ing or sectioni ng
.Leader lines for notes
.Hidden details
Short Dashes (Thin)
{.Portions to be removed
[Centre lines
Long Chain (Thin) < Path lines for indicating movement
LPitch circles
Long Chain (Thick) Cutting or viewrng planes

{
Irregular boundary lines
Continuous Wavy (Thin) Short break lines
Ruled line and short zig-zags -V----- V^ -V- Long break lines

Types of Lines
As the line forms the most important part of an engineering drawing, the
above types of line should be memorised and used where appropriate.
 PROJECTION relative positions of the different views, and to illustrate this a comparison of
Two systems of projection known as First Angle and Third Angle are in use in both systems is shown on page 155. The A ir Inlet Valve (page 94) shown in
this country, and both are acceptable in the examination, so students who First Angle Projection on page 147 is drawn in Third Angle Projection on page
have studied engineering drawing before should use the system with which 156.
they are most familiar. The projection used should always be stated on the
drawing. To avoid confusing one system with the other, however, First Angle First Angle Projection
will be used in this book. Should however the question specify the drawing to In First Angle projection, each view shows what would be seen by looking on
be made in Third Angle Projection the student should know the correct the far side of an adjacent view.

I
I
I
"" ■
x i-im r .... h I-------- 1---- -
--------------------------+ - - 4 -

_L
I FIG. 11
I
I
I i

FRONT ELEVATION END ELEVATION

FIG. Ill

FIG. IV

4
A component is shown in isometric projection in figure I, and for this to be the section would bring 45° section lining parallel or nearly parallel to one of
drawn in First Angle projection three views would be necessary. The front the sides, another angle may be chosen. In all views showing sections of the
elevation in direction of arrow A would appear as in figure II, whilst the end same part, the section lining should be similar in direction and spacing. The
view looking in direction of arrow B, would be as illustrated in figure III, drawn section lining of adjacent parts should be in different directions or of a
in line with the front elevation. The plan view, which is the view as seen when different pitch. Where the insertion of dimensions etc. on a sectional area is
looking in direction of the arrow C, would appear as in figure IV drawn directly unavoidable, section lines should be interrupted.
beneath the front elevation. The short dashes in the front elevation and end
elevation, represent the hidden detail of the slots and holes. HALF SECTIONS
Objects which are symmetrical about a centre line may be drawn having one
SECTIONAL VIEWS half an outside view, and the other half in section. Hidden detail behind the
In general assembly drawings especially, there is normally too much hidden cutting plane should generally be omitted, and should it be necessary to
detail to represent by dotted lines, and for clarity sectional views are used. represent parts located in front of the cutting plane, these parts are
These are views representing that part of a component which remains, after a represented by short thin chain lines. Exceptions to the general rule for
portion is assumed to have been cut away and removed. The exposed cut indicating sections should be made where the cutting plane passes longi­
surface should then be indicated by section lining (hatching). Section lining tudinally through webs or ribs, shafts, bolts, nuts, rods, rivets, keys and pins.
should be made with thin parallel lines usually drawn at an angle of 45°, and These should be drawn in outside view, and not in section.
suitably spaced in relation to the area to be covered. If the shape or position of

FIG. V

RIB, SHAFT AND CRANK PIN

NOT SHOWN IN SECTION

I I
5
Fig. V shows a section through a crank, with the larger boss keyed to a shaft, lined, and the leader line drawn from the end of the underlining to where the
and a crank pin fitted in a tapered hole in the smaller boss. note applies. The latest edition of BS 308 recommends that instructions
should not be underlined, but the drawings in this book were produced before
PROJECTION, DIMENSION LINES AND LEADERS this recommendation was published. Long leader lines should be avoided,
Projection lines are thin full lines, projected from points, lines, or surfaces to even if it means repeating the dimension or note.

FIG. VI

enable the dimensions to be placed outside the outline where possible. Where SCALES
projection lines are extensions of lines of the outline, they should start just In metric drawings, scale multipliers and dividers of 2, 5 and* 10 are
clear of the outline and extend a little beyond the dimension line. Dimension recommended, and the scale used should be stated on the drawing.
lines should be thin full lines, and where possible placed outside the outline of Representative fractions are written 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10 etc., and this
the object. Arrowheads should be about 3mm long, the point touching the could come under the title at the bottom right hand corner of the drawing. The
projection or other limiting line. Dimensions should be inserted normal to the solutions to the examples in this book do not state the scale used, as with the
dimension line. comparatively small page size, the above recommendations with regard to
Figure VI shows the use of projection and dimension lines. Leader lines, used scales would not permit utilising the page size to the full. This problem,
to indicate where dimensions or notes are intended to apply, should be thin however, will not arise when using standard A2 drawing sheets measuring
full lines terminating in arrow heads. Instructions or notes should be under- 594mm x 420mm.
 ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR GENERAL ENGINEERING TERMS

Term Abbreviation Term Abbreviation

Across flats A /F Number NO.
Assembly ASSY Pattern number PATT NO.
Centres CRS Pitch circle diameter PCD
Centre line «fe Pneumatic PNEU
Chamfered CHAM Radius (preceding a dimension) R*
Cheese head CH HD Required REQD
Countersunk CSK Right hand RH
Countersunk head CSK HD Round head RD HD
Counterbore C'BORE Screwed SCR
Cylinder or cylindrical CYL Sheet SH
Diameter (in a note) DIA Sketch SK
Diameter (preceding a dimension) 0 Specification SPEC
Drawing DRG Spherical diameter (preceding a dimension) SPHERE 0
Figure FIG. Spherical radius (preceding a dimension) SPHERE R
Hexagon HEX Spotface S'FACE
Hexagon head HEX HD Square(inanote) SQ
Hydraulic HYD Square (preceding a dimension) □
Insulated or insulation INSUL Standard STD
Left hand LH Undercut U'CUT
Long LG Volume VOL
Material MATL Weight WT.
Minimum MIN Taper, on diameter or width
* CAPITAL LETTER ONLY

If the abbreviation forms another word i.e. fig. for figure, a full stop is placed
after the abbreviation, otherwise a full stop is not required.
Chapter Tw o
REPRESENTATION OF COMMON ENGINEERING DRAWING TERMS

In this chapter, conventional methods of illustrating some of the more could be taken as:—width across flats equals 1.5 times the diameter of the
common items encountered \n Engineering Drawing will be shown. bolt, which would give a width across the corners equal to about 1.7 times the
diameter. The thickness of the nut is approximately 0.8 times the diameter of
One of the most common items on an assembly drawing is a hexagon nut, and the bolt, and the thickness of the bolt head about 0.7 times the diameter.
students at the beginning find difficulty in illustrating this. In the Whitworth Metric nuts have a 30 ° chamfer on both faces.
series of hexagonal nuts, there was a simple formula for approximating the
width across the flats, and width across the corners of the hexagon, in terms Example
of the diameter of the bolt, but on studying the table of metric hexagons on
Draw three views of an M 2 0 bolt and nut, the bolt being 100 long and screwed
page 167, it is obvious that no easily remembered formula can be devised. In
for 30.
the drawing examination tables are not supplied, so the student will have to
approximate for hexagon sizes, if these are not given. A fair approximation
 Conventional Representation of Common Features
TITLE SUBJECT CONVENTION TITLE SUBJECT CONVENTION

EXTERNAL
SCREW THREADS iili Mil STRAIGHT
KNURLING
(DETAIL)

INTERNAL 'r r r r m 'i'

SCREW THREADS DIAMOND

(DETAIL) YZZZ KNURLING

SCREW THREADS SQUARE ON

(ASSEMBLY) SHAFT Ml

COMPRESSION HOLES ON
CIRCULAR
SPRINGS
PITCH

- (fo - + + - - 1-+-+
HOLES ON -<j>- 4- -i- -4-
TENSION
LINEAR -i- -i-
SPRINGS
PITCH ^ ^ ^ -i-
—I— i— i— i— i-

9
BEARINGS
a
- -

WORMWHEEL
(DETAIL)

fi1
K[JJ
SPLINED
SHAFTS

SERRATED

V ■E
SHAFTS WORM
(DETAIL)

ROUND (SOLID)

BREAK
LINES
WORM AND
ROUND (TUBULAR) WORMWHEEL
(ASSEMBLY)

RECTANGULAR
1
SPUR GEAR BEVEL GEAR
(DETAIL) (DETAIL)

ALTERNATIVE

SPUR GEARS BEVEL GEARS

(ASSEMBLY) 1 (ASSEMBLY)

11
The Ellipse
Occasionally a drawing appears in the Second Class Certificate examination
where the construction of an ellipse is necessary. There are various methods
of drawing an ellipse approximately, and one of these methods is given below.

Example
The longitudinal axis of a cylindrical bar of 30 diameter is at 30° to the
horizontal. Draw a section of the bar made by a horizontal plane.

The required section is an ellipse, and its construction is as follows. Draw the
bar in elevation inclined at 30° to the horizontal, and let AB be the plane of the
section. Project from A and B to the plan view underneath, and this will be the
major axis of the ellipse. The minor axis will be 30, the diameter of the bar.
Draw two concentric circles of diameters equal to the major and minor axes
respectively, and divide these circles into say 12 equal part§, by radial lines

drawn from the centre. This step is carried out with a 60° set square. Where
these radial lines meet the circumferences of the two circles, draw vertical
lines from the outer circle, and horizontal lines from the inner circle, and the
point where these lines intersect will be a point on the ellipse. Draw a fair
curve through these points.
The Involute
An involute could be defined as the locus of a point on the end of a piece of
string, as it is held taut and unwound from a cylinder. Amongst its more
common applications in engineering are the curved flanks of the teeth in spur

gearing, and the profile of the casing of a centrifugal pump.

To Construct An Involute
Draw in the generating or base circle, and divide this into, say, 12 equal parts
by using a 60° set square. Mark these radial lines 1, 2, 3 etc., and draw
tangents to these. (Note that a tangent to a circle at a given point is at 90° to
the radius at that point). Calculate the circumference of the circle, and divide

this by 12. On tangent No. 1, mark off a point 1 /1 2 of the circumference from
the point of tangency, on tangent No. 2, mark off a similar point 2 /1 2 of the
circumference, and continuing in this manner a point will be obtained on each
tangent. These points will be on the required involute.
 Construction of a Helix

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
CONSTRUCT A LEFT HANDED HELICAL SPRING 76 OUTSIDE DIA. CONSTRUCT A RIGHT HANDED SQUARE THREAD
32 LEAD. COILS 16 SQUARE 76 OUTSIDE DIA. 32 LEAD

Construct concentric circles of 76 dia and 44 dia to represent the outside and similar manner each point on the outer circle to its corresponding vertical line.
root diameters respectively, and divide these into 12 equal parts, and number These points will be on the required curve, and another curve drawn parallel
them. Project to the right for, say, the square thread, and to the left for'the to this at a distance of 16, will represent the other edge of the helix. In a
spring. Mark off the lead of 32 in each case, dividing this also into 12 equal similar manner, the points on the inner circle are projected to their respective
parts, and draw vertical lines at each division. These should also be numbered vertical lines in both elevations, to give the helices of the root dia of the screw,

14 as in the illustration. Project point 1 from the outer circle to vertical line 1 in
the elevation for both screw and spring, point 2 to vertical line 2, and in a
and the internal diameter of the spring.
Curves of Interpenetration

INTERSECTION OF TWO CYLINDERS

AXES PERPENDICULAR
INTERSECTION OF TWO CYLINDERS
AXES AT 4 5 °
Projected Curves at top and bottom ends of
Connecting Rod

At the bottom end of the connecting rod a curve will be seen, where the flat elevation the point where this radius cuts the flat, and this will mark the top of
palm of the rod meets the f illet radius, and its construction is as follows. Draw the curve. Construct a number of radii 01, 02 etc., and in the plan view draw
in the elevation, end view and plan of the rod as shown. In this example, the arcs with these radii. At the points where the arcs cut the flat, project up to the
width across the flat is slightly more than the diameter of the rod, so that in elevation, each point to its own radius, as shown, and a series of points will be
the end view a small portion of a radius will be seen, marrying the cylindrical obtained. These points will lie on the required curve. The curve on the top end
part of the rod with the flat part. This radius will be equal to the fillet radius, is obtained in a similar way, but in this case the width across the flats is equal
and its centre will be on the same horizontal centre line. Project across to the to the diameter of the rod.
Spur Gearing
Occasionally a drawing appears where spur gearing has to be represented, gearing, instead of the term diametral pitch used in the Imperial system. The
and students should be familiar with the nomenclature, basic proportions, module, which is the reciprocal of the diametral pitch, is defined as
and an approximate method of drawing the teeth. The most common form for PITCH DIAMETER £
the tooth flank is the involute, and when it is made in this form the gears are NUMBER OF TEETH N
known as involute gears. The angle of the pressure line (usually 141/2° or 20°) and therefore is expressed in mm. If information is not given to the contrary
determines the particular involute of the flank. the addendum for 20° pressure angle involute teeth can be taken as being
The illustrations below explain the nomenclature used in involute gearing. In equal to the module, whilst the dedendum, which includes the clearance, is
addition to the definitions on the sketches, the term module is used in metric about 1.16 x module.

CENTRELINE
FACE WIDTH
OF GEARS
CHORDAL
THICKNESS
TOOTH FILLET

MATING GEAR TEETH. THE TOOTH

PROFILES ARE INVOLUTE IN FORM
AND ROLL ON EACH OTHER NOMENCLATURE USED IN GEARING

17
 Approximate Method of Illustrating Involute Gearing
As the actual tooth profile illustrated on a drawing is of no importance in the There are a number of ways of approximating a tooth profile, and the method
cutting of the teeth, draughtsmen use an approximate circular arc method to illustrated below gives a fair tooth form for a wheel with a large number of
illustrate the teeth. Working drawings of spur gearing do not generally include teeth. If the number of teeth is 20 or fewer, the radius used for scribing the
an illustration of the tooth profile, as the gear data given is sufficient for the arcs should be increased, or the appearance of excessive undercutting will be
machinist to cut the teeth, but occasionally students are required to show the given. As will be seen from the diagram the teeth widths are marked off on the
approximate profile of a few teeth, usually to a larger scale than the main pitch circle, and the base circle on which the centres of the arcs are located is
drawing. found by drawing a tangent to the pressure line, which passes through the
pitch point. A small radius is used to marry the tooth flank with the root circle.

ACCEPTED METHOD OF ILLUSTRATING 20° PRESSURE

ANGLE INVOLUTE TEETH. THE INVOLUTES ARE
APPROXIMATED WITH ARCS OF CIRCLES, THE CENTRES OF
WHICH ARE ON THE BASE dRCLE

18
Chapter Three
EXAMPLES IN FIRST ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION FROM PICTORIAL REPRESENTATIONS

Title Page Title Page

Air Inlet Valve 94, 147, 156 Main GearWheel 100, 150
Automatic Valve 52, 126 Mechanical Lubricator 108, 154
BallastChest 42, 121 Michell Thrust Block 98, 149
Bilge Suction Strainer 24, 112 Oil Strainer 36, 118
Burner Carrier 56, 128, 58, 129
Parallel Slide Stop Valve 38, 119
Centrifugal Brake 62, 131 Pedestal Bearing 78, 139
Connecting Rod and Bearings 60, 130 Piston (4 Stroke) 70, 135
Compressor Piston and Suction Valve 104, 152 Piston (Upper and Rod) 72, 136
Control Valve 30, 115 Piston Type Stop Va Ive 40, 120
Crane Hook 28, 114
Crosshead and Guide Shoe 44, 122 Quick Closing Valve 64, 132
Cylinder Relief Valve 26, 113 Reducing Valve 68, 134
Feed Check Valve 46, 123 Rudder Carrier Bearing 66, 133
Flow Regulator 88, 144
Sealed Ball Joint 32, 116
Fuel Valve 90, 145
Starting Air Valve 54, 127
Fuel Control Lever 22, 111
Starting Air Pilot Valve 50, 125
Full Bore Safety Valve 86, 143
Sterntubeand Tailshaft 96, 148
Gauge Glass (PlateType) 106, 153
Gear Pump 48, 124 Telemotor Receiver 74, 137
Tunnel Bearing 92, 146
High Lift Safety Valve 84, 142 Turbine Flexible Coupling 80, 140, 82, 141
Hydraulic Steering Gear 102, 151
Universal Coupling 34, 117
Machining Fixture 20, 110
Machined Block 20, 110 Valve Actuator 76, 138
Machining Fixture
DRAW

(i) Front elevation in direction of arrow.

(ii) End elevation.
(Hi) Plan view.

Three views of the machining fixture shown on the opposite page are
required, and on the normal size paper there should be no difficulty in fitting
these in to a scale of 1:1. Commencing with the front elevation, as the length
is 180 and the height 120, a rectangle is drawn to these dimensions, and a
line 20 up from the bottom will represent the thickness of the base. Project
these lines across to the end view on the right, and draw in the L shape form
100 wide, both legs being 20 thick. The plan view, directly below the front
elevation, will be a rectangle 180 x 100, with a line 20 down from the top to
represent the thickness of the vertical leg. Proceed now to draw in the slots in
the vertical leg in the front elevation, and also those on the base, which will be
seen in the plan view. The ends of these slots are semi-circular of radius 8,
and these end radii should be drawn before the straight lines representing the
sides, as a neater blending of curve and straight line will be achieved if done in
this order. The M12 holes will appear in the plan view as circles, a 12 dia.
broken circle representing the outside dia. of the thread, whilst a full circle is
drawn on the same centre to represent the root dia. Hidden detail is
illustrated in each view by short dash lines, and the drawing is finished by
inserting dimensions, after the style of the finished drawing on page 110..

Also illustrated on the opposite page is a machined block, three similar views
of which are required, and these should be attempted in a similar manner. In
the front elevation in this case, commence by drawing a vertical centre line
which will help locate the slot and the vee in the centre of the block, and then
draw a rectangle 120 long by 80 high, after which the slot, projections on
each side, and vee can be drawn in from the dimensions given. Project these
across to the end view, which will be 120 long. The plan view, directly under
the front elevation, will be a square of 120 side, with suitable lines projected
from the elevation to represent the slot and the projections on the sides of the
block. As before, the hidden detail in each view is represented by short dash
lines, and the drawing should be sufficiently dimensioned so that the
component could be produced.

The solution to this example also appears on page 110

MACHINING FIXTURE
MACHINED BLOCK

21
Fuel Control Lever
DRAW

(i) Front elevation in section through axis o f control shaft showing parts assembled.
(ii) End elevation.

A simple assembly drawing could now be attempted, and the Fuel Control
Lever shown pictorially on the opposite page is included for that purpose. No
difficulty will be experienced here in locating the parts, as it is obvious where
each fits, and this drawing will show some of the components which are not
shown in section.
Having decided upon a suitable scale, draw in a horizontal centre line for the
fuel control shaft, and another 160 above this to indicate the centre line of the
spherical stud, and produce these to the end elevation. Next draw a vertical
centre line in the end elevation. In end elevation both bosses appear as
circles, and these could be drawn in, and joined up tangentically. A circle 24
dia. in end view on the same centre as the large boss represents the end of the
shaft and a web 10 thick equidistance each side of the centre line is then
drawn in joining the two bosses. Project the boss circles over to the front
elevation, and draw these in at their correct thicknesses. The 10 thick web is
cast between the bosses, and this is now drawn in the sectional elevation. A
12 dia. clear hole for the stud is drawn on the centre line of the top boss, whilst
a 24 hole is shown in the large boss enlarged to 36 dia. at the end of the boss
to represent the fuel shaft. Draw in the key in end elevation, and project
across to the front elevation to locate it in this view. The lever is 12 thick, and
this is shown in section in the front elevation. Finally draw in the spherical
stud and washer from the dimensions given, adding a standard M 1 2 nut. Add
section lining at 45° in the sectional elevation to indicate the cutting plane.

It should be notecfthat the following items on this drawing were not shown in
section: shaft, key, spherical stud, washer and nut. As this is a preliminary
drawing no material list has been added, but should the student wish to
include this, the shaft would be of mild steel, the lever cast iron, the spherical
stud of mild steel and the key of key steel.
The dimensioned drawing in orthographic projection appears on page 111
 SCREWED Ml?

SPHERE <b18

CRS
160
FUEL CONTROI I Furo
 Bilge Suction Strainer
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation through pillars showing a ll parts assembled.

(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Plan view.

INCLUDE ON DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

All marine engineers at an early stage in their sea-going career will have had
an opportunity to examine the Bilge Suction Strainer illustrated pictorially on
the opposite page. A high vacuum on the bilge pump suction but little or no
water through the pump, usually indicates that the strainer in the strum box is
choked, and it falls to him to clear the rags, waste, apple cores etc. etc. which
have found their way into the bilges, and eventually into the strainer.

Having chosen a suitable scale, commence the sectional elevation by drawing

in a vertical line to represent the face of the outlet flange. The left hand wall of
the box is then drawn in 100 from this face. The overall length of the box is
266 + 2 x 14 = 294, so another line could be drawn in at this distance to
represent the right hand wall. Before drawing in the horizontal line to
represent the bottom of the box, work out the overall height from the bottom to
top of M24 set screw as follows 14 + 175 + 68 + 37 = 294 to top of strong back.
Allow say another 60 for the head of the set screw and a few threads for
tightening purposes. The thickness of the walls is given as 14, so the inside of
the casting could now be drawn in. The top flange, 25 deep and 25 from the
walls is now drawn, and the lugs to take the M 20 holes for the pillars. The
centres of the pillars are found by subtracting 50 (2 x radius of the lugs) from
overall length of strong back=410-50=360. The pillars shown full, cover (in
section), strong back in section and M 24 set screw shown full, could now be
drawn in. The inlet branch, the centre line of which is 200 from the left hand
wall of the box, and 55 down from bottom could now be drawn in. The outlet
branch in this view could be drawn in chain dotted, as the section plane is
behind the centre line of this branch.

The plan view will show the strong back and M 20 set screw, cover with its
O A st,ffen'n9 webs, and also the outlet branch, the centre line of which is 33
below the horizontal centre line of the cover.
For completed drawing refer to page 112
 INLET FACE 55 FROM WALL
INTERNAL DIMENSIONS OF BOX
266 X 188 X 175 DEEP

BILGE SUCTION
STRAINER
IS}
CJl
Cylinder Relief Valve
DRAW

(i) Elev at ion in section showing valve assembled.

(ii) End elevation (outside view).
(iii) Plan view (outside view).

INCLUDE A LIST OF MATERIALS ON THE DRAWING.

The pictorial drawing on the opposite page represents the components which
comprise a Cylinder Relief Valve. Whilst this type of valve does not illustrate
modern marine engineering practice, from a preliminary drawing point of
view it is worth including.

Havingdecided upon a suitable scale for the size of paper, draw in two vertical
centre lines for the sectional front elevation and plan, and also for the end
elevation. These are used as datum lines for dimensions in a horizontal
direction, and the base of the valve could now be drawn in, taking into account
the overall height, and this line used as a datum line for vertical dimensions.
At 162 up from the base line in both elevations, draw in the spherical radius of
42. On the sectional view where the thickness of the material will be seen,
draw in another radius of 32 to represent the inside of the casing. The radii are
now joined to the base by vertical lines, and radii at the bottom. Note that it is
easier to blend a straight line with a radius, than a radius with a line. The base
flange 114 square and 16 thick is now drawn in, and the 2 BSP tapped hole
shown in the sectional view. Note that a 2 BSP thread measures about 57 dia.
This is a relic of the past in dealing with pipe threads, where V4in. was added to
the tap size to give the actual diameter. The seat can now be added to the
sectional elevation, and the 76 dia. flange which projects below the base
shown in end elevation. The valve, which is not sectioned, is now added
together with 2 coils of the spring in section, one at each end of its 146 free
length. Finish off the topof the bodyto38dia. and a suitable radius, the height
from the base being 225. The spring cap in section, and the adjusting screw
and lock nut shown full, could now be drawn in, and the elevations finished by
showing the escape ports.

The plan view consists of a 114 square to represent the bottom flange, with 4 -
14 dia. holes on a 114 PCD. No radius is given for the corners on the square,
but as this is not important it is left to the discretion of the student. A circle 84
dia. represents the outside of the body, and a dotted circle 64 dia. the inside of
the body, whilst two dotted lines 44 apart represent the ports. Finish off the
plan view with a hexagon 30 A /F to represent the lock nut, concentric circles
(the inner circle broken), and a square of 10 to illustrate the end of the 20 dia.
adjusting screw.
 038

MITRE 1-5 '3 )4 5°

LENGTH COMPRESSED 127

MEAN DIA 32
DIA OF WIRE 8
CYLINDER RELIEF VALVE

ro
Crane Hook
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation through the axis of the sw ivel block, show ing a ll parts assembled.
(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Sectional plan view through axis of sw ivel block.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Little assistance should be needed with the assembly of the Crane Hook from the elevation immediately above it. The portion of the side plate seen in
shown pictorially on the opposite page, as it is a fairly common piece of section in this view is found from the end view, by scaling off the distance
equipment on board ship. from the vertical centre line, to where the horizontal centre line through the
swivel block intersects the sides of the triangular side plate. The bottom two
The side plates are held together by three 44 dia. studs, one of which is 44 dia, studs will also be seen in this view.
shown. The swivel block fits into two bushes, which are secured to the side
plates by three M 10 set screws in their flanges. The hook is free to revolve in a
4 0 dia. bush fitted in the swivel block, and a thrust washer is fitted between an
M30 nut on the screwed end of the hook, and the top of the bush.

Leaving sufficient room for the sectional elevation, commence this exercise
by drawing in the triangular-shaped side plate in end view, and mark off the
centres for the three securing studs, together with the centre of the swivel
block. The circular flange of the swivel block bush, three M 10 set screws
securing this bush, and four slotted nuts could also be drawn in.

For the depth of the side plates in the sectional elevation, project from the end
view and draw these in 12 thick and 94 apart inside. Draw in the vertical
centre line on this view, and again project across for the centres of the 44 dia.
stud (only the top stud will be seen). The horizontal centre line of the swivel
block is also obtained by projecting from the end elevation. Build up the swivel
block around the centre line showing part of it in section, in order that the
vertical bush may be shown. The hook could now be drawn in, noting that
there is a clearance of 2 between the 60 dia. collar and the bottom of the
swivel block. Finish off this view by adding the slotted nuts in section, the
thrust washer and an M 10 set screw in each bush flange.

The plan view taken through the horizontal centre line of the swivel block is
nowadded, and the widths of the items in this view are obtained by projecting
 hO
CO
260 OVERALL
Control Valve
DRAW

(i) L ongitudinal section through assembled valve w ith fulcrum pin vertically above right hand branch.
(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Plan view.

INCLUDE A LIST OF MATERIALS FOR A VALVE TO BE USED FOR LOW

PRESSURE STEAM.

The control valve illustrated opposite could be used for a variety of duties
where a simple automatic control is required. The operating lever would be
connected at its free end to some type of actuator taking a pneumatic signal,
and operating the valve accordingly. This valve could be used in the steam
inlet to the heater of an air conditioning unit, the air pressure to the actuator
being controlled by a thermostat in the room. It should be noted that as the
valve opens downwards, loss of operating air pressure will allow the valve to
close, giving it a fail safe shut characteristic.

For the sectional view required, draw in the horizontal and vertical centre
lines, and produce to the end view and plan view respectively. From the
dimensions given, draw in the valve body in section, omitting the horizontal
division separating the inlet and outlet branches, until the valve seat is drawn
in. As the valve seat locates on this division, it can now be drawn in at 6 thick
below the seat. The valve spindle could now be drawn in, with the valve mitre
locating on the seat mitre. Finish off the sectional elevation by drawing in the
gland, fulcrum nut, and operating lever.

If the hexagons on the valve seat and gland nut are shown across the flats in
the front elevation, they will, of course, be seen across the corners in the end
view, and the widths across the corners can be found when the hexagons are
drawn in plan view.
054

CONTROL VALVE 31
 Sealed Ball Joint
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation through the assembly.

(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Plan view.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The sealed ball joint shown pictorially on the opposite page could be used in
conjunction with a float, as a gas tight mechanism for a tank contents gauge.
The body of the fitting is screwed 13A BSP to suit a tapped boss on the tank,
and making a gas tight joint on the 56 dia. spigot, whilst that part of the lever
in the tank is sealed from the atmosphere by a neoprene diaphragm,
sandwiched between hemispheres on both the male and female parts of the
lever.

Commence the sectional elevation by building the body of the fitting around
its horizontal centre line. When the 2 thick diaphragm has been located
between both parts of the body, the centre of oscillation of the mechanism can
be marked, as this coincides with the centre of the diaphragm. On this centre,
draw in the hemispheres on both levers, noting that 1 is machined off the flat
faces of both hemispheres to accommodate the diaphragm. Finish off the
levers from the details given, and add an M 10 nut and lock nut to the inner
lever, for the purpose of tightening the flat faces of the hemispheres against
thediaphragm.

Six stiffeners 20 wide are provided on the left hand part of the body, to take the
tapped holes for six countersunk screws holding both parts together, and
these stiffeners will be shown radially in the end view. Their location from
the in the plan view can be obtained by picking up the various edges by
dividers from the vertical centre line in the end elevation.

32
For the completed drawing refer to page 116
6 HOLES
TAPPED M6
100 PCD
 NEOPRENE DIAPHRAGM
120 DIA X 2 THICK
6 HOLES 6 DIA ON 100 PCD
CENTRE HOLE 11 DIA

6 HOLES 6 DIA C'SK AT 90°

TO 12 DIA 100 PCD

SEALED BALL JOINT

Universal Coupling
DRAW

(i) Elevation of assembled coupling, one h a lf in section, other h a lf an outside view.

(ii) End view, one h a lf in section through swivel pins, other h a lf an outside view.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS

The universal coupling illustrated opposite is of a rather more sophisticated

design than the common type found on valve extended spindles, and could be
used on a motor launch or a lifeboat propeller shaft, where the shaft was
raked relative to the centre line of the engine in order to keep the propeller
submerged.

The pictorial view does not indicate the number of each component required
for the complete coupling, and the student from his engineering knowledge
would have to know that two forked ends are required, the forks being similar
to those on the centre forked link. Two coupling bodies would also be required
to take the eight bushes for the eight pins: A Stauffer grease lubricator is fitted
from end of one forked end to the centre of coupling

Before deciding the scale, work out the overall length as follows. Distance
from end of one forked end to the centre of coupling
225
= 198+ — =310.5
2
therefore the total length over the forked ends will be double this.

Draw the horizontal centre line, and then draw in the centre forked link
making, say, the top half a sectional view. On the same vertical centre lines
through the holes for the pins, locate the pin holes of the two forked ends, and
draw these in from the details on the pictorial view. One pin, with its nut
shown full, and bush shown in section, in each fork end should be drawn in on
the sectional part of the view, and around these two bushes locate the two
split coupling bodies 114 wide. On the bottom half of the elevation, show the
16 dia. holes, eight bolts securing each half of the housing. A lubricator on
each pin would complete this view.
The end view with, say, the left hand side a section through the pins will show
the coupling body or housing in more detail, with the horizontal and vertical
pitches of the 16 dia. bolt holes. In this view one pin on the link would be seen
full and two half pins in the forked ends.
0 320

M 36 FOR
16 THK NUT
---------- UNIVERSAL COUPLING
---------------------- 35
 Oil Fuel Strainer
DRAW
(i) Sectional elevation through inlet and outlet branches showing all parts assembled,
(iij End elevation.
(iii) Plan view.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Marine Engineers should need little introduction to the Oil Fuel Strainer penetration is given on page 15, but if time does not allow for this
shown pictorially on the opposite page. On a steam ship, the strainer is construction, the extreme point on the curve in each case can be found by
usually fitted before the oil fuel unit, to protect the pump from large foreign projecting up from the plan view and a smooth curve drawn in.
matter which may have found its way into the settling tank, whilst another
filter, generally of the knife edge type, is fitted after the heater. The strainer
would be in duplicate, in order that one unit could be cleaned without shutting
down the pump.

In the sectional elevation, draw vertical centre lines for both filter elements at
180 centres, and horizontal centre lines for the outlet and inlet branches at
204 centres, and produce the horizontal centre lines to the end view.
Sufficient dimensions are given for the body of the strainer to be drawn
around these. No dimension is given for the overall height of the strainer, but
the bottom edge of the mounting feet would be slightly below the inlet flange.
The division, separating the inlet side from the outlet side, has two bosses 162
dia. x 132 bore x 30 deep, into which fit the lower ends of the strainer
elements. The upper flanges on these elements fit into the recessed holes in
the top of the strainer, together with the spigots machined on the bottom of
the top cover. Before drawing in the strongbacks in the sectional elevation,
locate the pillars in the end elevation. These pillars to take the strongbacks are
screwed into lugs cast on the top flange of the strainer body. From the end
elevation project to the sectional view to obtain the height of the strongbacks,
and show an M20 set screw in each, bearing on a 50 dia. x 5 deep boss cast on
the cover.

The plan view is projected from the sectional elevation above it, and widths in
this view picked up by dividers from the end view.
Q r * In the sectional elevation two curves are shown, where the inlet and outlet
0 0 branches meet the body of the strainer. The construction for these curves of
 M 20 FOR SET SCREW

MOUNTING FEET
EACH SIDE 4 HOLES
OIL FUEL STRAINER
20 DIA S'FACE BOSS 5 HIGH
37
 Parallel Slide Stop Valve
DRAW
(i) Elevation in section through branches, showing valve assembled.
(ii) End Elevation.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Although the valve illustrated on the opposite page is a relatively small flats in sectional elevation, the widths across the corners in the end view can
example of this type of valve, it is fairly common on board ship in bores up to be found by:—
300dia., and can be used on high pressure steam. When placed in a pipe line, ........ Width A /F
the valve provides unrestricted passage through the valve equal to the bore of Width across corners=
cos 30°
the pipe. Pressure drop is minimised, and the valve will pass a quantity of
steam, or fluid, equal to the full carrying capacity of the pipe. Its chief This method is suggested as plan views of these items are not required, and,
drawback is maintenance in situ, but this is overcome by renewing the valve therefore, the widths cannot be projected, unless, of course, hexagons are
lids and seats. The seats have lugs cast on their bore (not shown on drawing), drawn off the drawing, and the required widths measured. For suggestions on
to accommodate a seat withdrawal tool. drawing a hexagonal nut see page 8.

Build-up the valve body in both views around vertical and horizontal centre
lines, and draw in the valve seats in the sectional elevation. The valve spindle
has a 50 dia. boss forged on its lower end, through which passes the female
valve disc, and into this valve disc fits the male disc, both being pressed to
their seats by a spring. It should be noted that the tension in the spring has
nothing to do with keeping the valve tight when shut—it is fitted merely to
keep the valve from collapsing.

The cap for the chest can now be drawn in both views, and the square
threaded nut located by its 32 dia. collar at the bottom of the M36 hole for the
stuffing box. This hole is 19 deep, so that with the stuffing box in place there is
a clearance of 2 between bottom of stuffing box and collar on nut. Finish off
the sectional elevation by drawing in gland and gland nut and finally the hand­
wheel, which fits on the 12 square and secured by an M 10 nut and washer. In
the sectional elevation, the square threaded spindle nut could be broken in a
similar fashion to the illustration in the pictorial view, in order to show the
internal detail, and at the same time leave the square and M 10 screwed
portion as a full view.
38 If the hexagons on the cap, stuffing box and gland nut are viewed across the For the completed drawing reter to page 119
 PARALLEL SLIDE STOP VALVE

c o
CD
Piston Type Stop Valve
DRAW
(i) Front elevation in section through branches show ing valve assembled.
(ii) End elevation.
(i/i) Sectional plan view through the ports in the lantern.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The stop valve shown pictorially on the opposite page is typical of a type used The sectional plan view is required through the lantern ports, and, of course,
for both high and low pressures. It has the advantage of easy maintenance, in this could not be attempted until the lantern is located in the sectional
that the renewal of both compressed asbestos fibre rings is all that is required elevation. Some imagination is needed here, in order to visualise what
in this respect. remains when the valve is cut through this plane. The solution on page 120
includes this view, together with an outside plan view, which might be
required instead of the sectional plan.
Having decided upon a suitable scale, draw horizontal and vertical centre
lines for the three views required, and endeavour to bring along the front
elevation and end elevation simultaneously. In end elevation draw concentric
circles to represent the 2 BSP thread. (The outer broken circle will be
approximately 57 dia. for this thread). On the same centre draw a circle of
82.5 dia. for the spigot. Next draw in a light circle of 90 dia., and around this
construct a hexagon using the 60° set square. Project across to the sectional
elevation to locate the heights of the hexagonal flanges, which are 25 thick.
The tapped holes in these inlet and outlet branches could also be drawn in by
projecting from the circles in end view. Continue to build up the body of the
valve in section from the dimensions given. The bottom packing ring, lantern
bush and top packing ring are now drawn in, and the cover located on top of
the upper packing ring. The width of the flange and cover will be the diagonal
of a square of 112 side, and thus could be found by a simple calculation using
the Theorem of Pythagoras, or by drawing a square and measuring the
diagonal. With the cover in position, the top of the piston should be drawn in
flush with the bottom ofthe45dia. recess in cover, and then the bottom of the
piston drawn in at its correct length. This, of course, will show the valve in its
closed position. Finish off the sectional elevation by adding spindle, split nut,
cover studs and nuts, and handwheel. The cover, nuts, spindle and
handwheel will also be seen in end elevation as well as the bosses, cast on
the body bf the valve to take the cover studs. Note the diagonal stiffeners 38
wide x 16 deep on cover.
 <t>165

SCREWED
M 24

HEXAGONAL
FLANGES
90 A/F
TAPPED 2 B.S.P

STOP VALVE
(PISTON T Y P E )
Ballast Chest for Oil or W ater
DRAW
(i) Front elevation in section through branches and valve showing a ll parts assembled.
(ii) Plan view with either dome or blank removed.
(iii) End Elevation.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The various components comprising a ballast chest for oil or water are
illustrated on the opposite page. The centre branch, in which a screw down
valve is fitted, can be common to either the right or left hand branch,
depending on which leg the dome is fitted, the dome and the blank being
interchangeable.

Commence the front elevation by drawing vertical centre lines for the valve
and the two branches, and produce these into the plan view underneath.
Draw also a vertical centre line for the end elevation. Set compasses to a
radius of 96, and in plan view draw two semi-circles to represent the ends of
the chest. This radius could then be used in front elevation, and end view, to
mark the ends and width of the chest respectively. The base of the chest could
now be drawn in front and end elevations, and used as a datum line for vertical
dimensions. Continue with front elevation in section, and draw in the chest
from the dimensions given, adding the blank and dome, also in section. Locate
the valve in the seat, and draw in the square threaded spindle, these last two
items being drawn full. The valve cover and gland are now added to this
view, which is finished off with the operating handle. A round-headed screw
and washer not shown, could be added to secure the handle. The various
heights required in the end elevation are marked off by projecting across from
the front elevation, and this view finished off.

In the plan view show the boss with an M 24 tapped hole, when, say the blank
is removed, this boss being joined to the body by a web 19 thick. The flanges
comprising the base will, of course, appear as circles in this view, and where
they intersect they should be married together with a small radius.
 ^ — | m

M 24 CVJ
l l ! ^ i * CP
— f J?7 v ^ JV a

BALLAST VALVE CHEST

FOR
OIL OR WATER

CO
Crosshead and Guide Shoe
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation of the assembled crosshead and guide shoe, the section plane being taken through the centre of the piston rod, w ith guide
shoe on the left.
(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Plan view with piston rod removed.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Present day trends appear to favour the medium speed trunk type engine as a of the crosshead, the latter is now located and drawn in section. The bottom
main propulsion unit in a motor ship, but there are still many of the slow speed spherical washer, piston rod nut, and locking set bolt finish off the piston rod
direct drive engines in service, using a crosshead and guide shoe similar to attachment to the crosshead. Sufficient data is given to locate the guide shoe
that illustrated pictorially on the opposite page. Since the first motor ship was on the crosshead, and this is now added in section. It should be remembered
built, this type of machinery had few rivals in the Diesel field, and it remains to here that webs are not shown in section.
be seen whether the medium speed gear drive arrangement will supersede
slow speed engines. The end elevation for part (ii) of the question is simply a view looking on the
ahead face of the guide shoe, whilst the plan view required for part (iii) should
The design illustrated represents the practice of a particular engine builder, not prove difficult, as top views are given of both crosshead and guide shoe.
and one of its main features is the fitting of two spherical washers, one above
and one belowthe crosshead. The piston rod cap nut is tightened hard against
the end of the piston rod stud, leaving a clearance of 0.1 mm on the faces of the
spherical washers, to allow for any slight misalignment. The guide shoe is
secured to the crosshead by four M36 set bolts in 38 dia. holes, and relative
movement is prevented by a stop 95 wide x 40 thick, bolted to the guide shoe
and bearing on the top face of the crosshead.

Lubrication of the ahead and astern faces of the guide is effected by oil holes,
drilled in the crosshead and guide shoe as shown, the oil entering from the top
end bearing. When the crosshead and guide shoe are bolted together, the
vertical oil hole in the crosshead comes in line with a vertical hole in the guide
shoe, which, in turn, meets a horizontal hole, supplying oil to the ahead face of
the guide. At the ends of the oil gutterways in the ahead face, holes are drilled
to the astern face for its lubrication. The spherical washers are also lubricated
from the oil hole in the crosshead, clearly shown in the pictorial view.

For view(i), draw in the vertical centre line of the piston rod, and around this
show part of the piston rod, and the piston rod stud. The top spherical washer
could now be drawn in, and as this locates on its flat side in a recess in the top
 iy A-

CROSS HEAD

GUIDE SHOE

4 *
CJ1
 Feed Check Valve
DRAW
(i) Sectional elevation of assembled valve w ith inlet branch on the right, the section plane being taken through centre of valve.
(ii) End elevation.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

In the Feed Check valve illustrated opposite, the piston formation of the valve The various heights in the end view are obtained by projecting from the
eliminates hammering and pulsating, common to ordinary valves. The valve sectional elevation, and in this view two rocker levers will be seen end on, and
only opens an amount sufficient to pass the quantity discharged. The rocking 57 apart, with the operating spindle nut sandwiched between them.
lever gear for remote operation eliminates the low mechanical efficiency of
the spur gear arrangement.

In the sectional elevation, draw in the vertical centre line of the valve and the
vertical centre line of the operating spindle 254 apart. Horizontal ctentre lines
for the inlet and outlet branches are now drawn in 200 apart, and the valve
body is built up around these from the dimensions given. Locate the valve seat
in the screwed part of the body, and then the valve in the seat. Before drawing
in the valve spindle, the cover and the operating spindle should be shown.
Next locate the operating nut, which is tapped 36 dia. x 4 LH. This could be
drawn at the bottom of the screwed portion of the operating spindle, which
will correspond to the open position for the valve spindle. A rocker lever is
now drawn in, one end locating on the operating spindle nut, and the other
end on a collar on a 74 dia. cylindrical nut screwed on the valve spindle. This
nut is capable of being adjusted on the valve spindle, and when in the correct
position it is locked by a M30'lock nut. It can be seen from the pictorial view
that the cover of the valve has guides cast on it, and these are bored 74 dia. to
suit the valve spindle nut, which slides up and down in these guides. The valve
spindle can now be drawn in to correspond with the valve in the open position.
It will be seen that there is a neck bush in the bottom of the stuffing box so that
when excessive wear occurs, this bush, rather than the whole cover, is
renewed. The plane of the required section in part (i) of the question cuts
through the 25 thick web on the cover, and a similar web on the body On the completed drawing on page 123, a plan view of the valve is also
supporting the boss for the operating spindle, but being webs these are not included, but in view of the time allowed for the question, this view would not
46 shown in section. be required
152 102

FEED CHECK VALVE

Gear Pump
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation through longitudinal axis of driving shaft showing pump assembled.
(ii) End view, one half an outside view looking on gland w ith coupling removed, the other h a lf a section through pump casing, looking on the ends o f
the pinions.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Gear pumps generally come under the heading of constant displacement

pumps, and as such do not require priming. The increasing, decreasing
volume of the suction and discharge sides of the pump is provided by the
action of the gears coming out of mesh, and meshing. It is important,
therefore, that the direction of rotation of the pump is correct in relation to the
suction and discharge ports. Gear pumps are best suited for duties on the
more viscous fluids, and for that reason they are very common as lubricating
oil pumps.

Commence the sectional elevation by drawing in the horizontal centre line of

the driving shaft, and produce to the end view. Note that this shaft is 37 dia. in
way of the pinion, and 36 dia. for the remainder of its length. The driving
pinion is located 3 0 from the right hand end of the shaft, and the centre line of
the driven pinion drawn in at 84 above the centre line of the driver. The
pinions, in this view and also in the end view, are illustrated in the manner
shown by the convention on page 11, and students are also advised to refer to
page 17, where the terms used in involute gearing are explained. Sufficient
detail is given in the pictorial view for the pump body, end cover, gland and
coupling to be drawn, and further detail of the ports is given in a local section,
so that these can be shown in the end view. Note that there is a clearance of
0.1 between the outside diameter of the gears and pump casing, but this, of
course, is too small to show on the drawing.
INVOLUTE GEARING DATA
PRESSURE ANGLE 20°
No. OF TEETH 14
BLANK DIA 96
MODULE = ADDENDUM = 6

KEYWAY FOR
12 X 8 KEY

GEAR PUMP
Starting Air Pilot Valve
DRAW

(i) Front elevation in section showing valve assembled.

(ii) End view.
(iii) Plan view, one h a lf to be in section through atmospheric port, other h a lf a section through port to automatic valve.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The pilot valve illustrated pictorially on the opposite page is operated by the through this hole. One method of constructing an ellipse is given on page 12.
engine starting lever, and functions to relieve the air pressure on top of the
piston in the automatic valve (see page 126). When the starting lever is moved The plan view will show on the left of the centre line, a section through the 1Va
from the 'Stop' to 'Start' position, the spindle of the pilot valve is moved up and BSP port, and on the right, a section through the 1 BSP port. In this view also,
the 20 dia. cylindrical portion of the valve plugs the 20 dia. hole in the body, the 19 dia. port at an angle of 15° to the horizontal will be seen as an ellipse.
thus shutting off the air from the reservoir, and permitting the line to the Finish off by showing that part of the fixing flange which is visible, together
automatic valve to vent to atmosphere. In this position the automatic valve is with the 12 dia. clear holes for bolting down.
open to the starting valves. When the starting lever is moved further to the
Fuel' position, the pilot valve spindle drops, thus shutting off the atmospheric
port, and allowing the line to the automatic valve to pressurise and hence shut
the automatic valve.

The assembly of this valve is comparatively easy as there are only two
components to locate, and even if a student had not seen one previously,
common sense would indicate that the 45° mitre on the valve locates on a
similar mitre forming the valve seat machined in the valve body. The % BSP
plug obviously fits in a similar hole tapped in the top of the valve body.

Commence the sectional elevation by drawing in the vertical centre line, and
build up the valve body around this from the dimensions given, then, as
explained above, locate the valve spindle and plug. These two items will not be
shown in section.

In the end view, the bosses for the inlet and atmospheric connections will
appear as circles of 45 dia. and 64 dia. respectively, with tapped holes in each
boss indicated by the conventional method. In this view the 19 dia. hole at the
bottom of the atmospheric port will appear as an ellipse, the minor axis of
which is found by projecting from the sectional elevation, whilst the major
axis will be 19, and it should be noted that part of the spindle will be seen
 STARTING AIR PILOT
VALVE

CJI
Autom atic Valve
DRAW

(i) Elevation in section with a ll parts assembled.

(ii) A plan view, the bottom ha If to be a section through engine port.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

From studying the pictorial view of this drawing, it will be seen that the valve
body is a rectangular block 335 square by 403 long, with a central bore of
various diameters, and three ports drilled into this bore, two on one face and
one on the opposite face. This block should be drawn at the outset, in section
as the question requires. The liner or bush, to take the piston on the top valve,
could now be drawn, and the top cover located on this by its spigot. It will be
noticed that the spigot on the top cover is 1 mm longer than its recess in the
flange of the liner, so that the joint is made by the spigot, leaving the cover
1 mm clear of the valve block. The valve cage could now be located, the bottom
diameter of 152 fitting into the recess in the bottom of the valve block. This
recess being 12 deep, will allow the valve cage to be 8 proud of the bottom of
the block, and as the recess in the bottom cover is 7 deep, the joint will be
made in the recess, leaving the bottom cover 1 clear of the valve block. The top
valve is next located on its seat, which is machined round the top of the valve
cage, and the bottom valve drawn in directly underneath this, both valves
being held together by the spindle and a M39 nut, locked by a split pin. The
spring is located on top of the piston and in the 110 dia. recess in top cover.

The plan view could then be drawn in, and in the bottom half which is to be a
section through the left hand, or engine port, the valve cage is shown in
section, with its ports 20 wide. These ports are now projected up to the
elevation, and made 70 high in way of engine port, and 80 high in way of the
atmospheric port.

As this valve is only used when manoeuvring the engine, there will be long
periods when it is not in use. In order that the valve may be occasionally
turned in its seat, a hexagon is provided at the lower end of the spindle, whilst
a special tool is located under this hexagon to exercise the valve in a
longitudinal direction.
O PERATION OF A U T O M A TIC VALVE
(referring to page 126)

Operation of the engine starting lever moves a double seated pilot valve and
cuts off the air supply to upper space of the automatic valve above the piston,
and vents it to atmosphere. As the piston area is greater than the upper valve
area, the air pressure from the reservoir pushes the valve assembly up
against its spring, opening the top valve, and shutting the bottom valve. From
the automatic valve, starting air now flows through the starting line to the
spaces under the pistons of the starting air valves on the cylinders. Air also
passes to the starting air distributor, forcing the distributor pistons on to the
cams, and so, as the cams permit, allow pilot air to pass to the spaces above
the pistons of the starting valves. The starting valves open in sequence,
permitting the engine to turn in the desired direction.

When the engine starting lever is moved to the fuel position, the pilot valve is
opened, allowing air to be admitted to the top of the automatic valve piston,
thereby closing it, and opening the starting line to atmosphere through the
lower valve.
 TAPPED 1 BSP
2 0 DEEP
403

I N LET & OUTLET FLANGES

8 X 20D IA STUDS ON 160 PCD
SPIGOT GROOVE 100 IN S ID E D I A X 5 X 5
RELEASE 2 X 2 4 DIA STUDS 120 PCD

AUTOMATIC VALVE

c n
c o
Starting Air Valve
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation through inlet branch showing a ll parts assembled.

(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Sectional plan through vent in valve body.

ADD A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The various components comprising a starting valve are shown pictorially

on the opposite page. From his experience of this type or a similar type, the
student would be required to know how the valve is assembled. Starting air is
admitted to the valve through the inlet branch, and into a space between the
35 dia. piston machined on the spindle, and the valve. As piston and valve are
of the same diameter, there is no tendency for the air to open the valve. At the
correct time in relation to the position of the engine crank, air from the
starting air distributor enters the 3/s BSP connection in the valve cover. This air
acts on the 75 dia. piston which is fixed to the spindle, and forces the valve
open against the compression of a spring fitted below the piston. When the
distributor has turned through the required angle, air is cut off from the space
above the 75 dia. piston, and the spring pressure closes the valve.
Draw in vertical and horizontal centre lines for the three views required, the
horizontal centre line for the elevations being drawn through the inlet branch.
In order to find the total width of the body, the equilateral triangle
representing the body flange, and the inlet branch should be drawn in plan
view. Project up from this view to locate the body in elevation. Continue with
sectional elevation by adding the valve seat. This item is screwed 58 dia. x 2.5
at one end, to fit into a similar tapped hole in the body. The valve spindle can
now be located on the seat, and drawn in together with the 75 dia. piston,
sandwiched between the 27 dia. collar and an M 20 nut. Show valve spindle
and nut full, and piston in section. Continue with this view, adding cover,
guide bush and nut, and the spring which is located in the groove in the bottom
of 75 dia. piston.

Provision is made in the valve body for a liner in which the 75 dia. piston fits,
and there is also a liner for the 35 dia. piston, secured by a M 6 grub screw
drilled half in the liner, and half in the valve body. In the end view the heights
are projected across from the sectional elevation, whilst diameters and
widths generally for this view are taken from the other two views.

In the plan view required, the 80 dia. part of the body will be seen in section,
with a 25 wide port cut in it. The section plane will also cut the spindle which is
15dia.at this point.
 STARTING AIR VALVE

c n
CJI
Burner Carrier
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation showing burner carrier assembled.

(ii) Sectional end elevation through fuel inlet cock.
(iii) Plan view.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS

Since harbour authorities generally throughout the world tightened their

regulations with respect to air pollution, the burner for which the carrier
illustrated on the opposite page was designed, has gone out of favour. Steam
assisted atomisation of the fuel requires a more sophisticated burner and
carrier, but for many years the type illustrated was very common on board
ship.

The burner, of circular cross section, fits into the elongated hole in the carrier,
and the M20 jack screw is tightened to make an oil tight joint between a port
in the burner and the conical end of the nipple, which is screwed into the oil
inlet manifold. This manifold is secured to the burner body by an M 12 stud and
a set screw, the thimble end of which protrudes into the elongated hole, to
locate with a hole in the burner. This arrangement, together with a 12 wide
slot in the carrier, to engage with a key on the burner, ensures that the burner
is inserted in the correct position, and that the inlet port in the burner body
locates on the conical end of the fuel nipple, before the jack screw is
tightened. As a precaution against withdrawing the burner when the fuel cock
is in the 'On' position, the handwheel on the jack screw is covered by the
operating handle of the cock.

Draw in the horizontal centre line for the sectional elevation, and produce to
the end view. Draw in the body of the burner, noting that the entry end is
elongated by 16, and the furnace end has a bore of 40. The flange securing the
carrier to the furnace front is 132 dia., and one of the three 13 dia. holes could
be shown on the vertical centre line. Mark off the holes for securing the fuel
inlet manifold, and the clear hole for the nipple. Locate the manifold in section
and add the nippte, also in section. The 12 dia. stud and thimble ended set
screw are shown full.
The sectional end view through the inlet cock will show the bracket cast on
the top of the carrier, to take the operating spindle of the cock. On the vertical
centre line of the cock, which is 65 from the centre line of the inlet nipple,
draw in the tapered plug cock in the open position. As no instruction is given
as to whether the cock should be open or closed, the plan view is probably
easier if the cock is drawn in the open position. In this view the gland, neck
ring and nipple will appear in section, but the cock and jack screw will be
shown full. Finish off this view by drawing in the handwheel in section, and
the cock operating handle covering this item.

In the plan view, draw in the cover on the cock operating handle, and the
portion of the handwheel which can be seen. Part of the gland will be seen,
together with the gland nuts, the nut securing the cock handle to the spindle,
and the nut securing the handwheel on the jack screw.
 BURNER CARRIER

CJI
— i
Burner Carrier
DRAW

(i) Front elevation showing carrier assembled. This view is to be partly in section through fuel handle locking trigger.
(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Plan view.

INCLUDE ON DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The main features to be observed in the burner carrier illustrated opposite are When the profile of the end view has been drawn in project across for the
the locking device for the fuel handle, which prevents fuel being turned on centres of the three hexagons seen in this view, and finish off by showing the
until a burner is in its working position, together with a safeguard against fuel inlet coupling, the top guide plate and the fixing lug, with an M 12 tapped
withdrawal of a burner whilst the fuel is on. hole. Two more M12 holes would be required in the back of the carrier for
fixing purposes, but these have been omitted for clarity.
A key or lug is welded on the burner, and this locates between the two 15 dia.
collars on the spring loaded locking trigger. As the burner is tightened against A plan view projected from the front elevation would finish the drawing, and
the fuel inlet nipple, the trigger is moved to the left, thereby disengaging the in this view it would be in order to omit the two handles.
10 dia. pin from a hole in the fuel handle, and allowing the latter to be turned
to the 'On' position. To prevent withdrawal of the burner whilst fuel is on, a On the completed drawing on page 129, an elevation looking on the operating
cam is formed on the fuel handle which prevents the jack screw handle from end is shown, but in consideration of the time allotted for the question this
locating on the square portion of the jacking screw to unscrew it. Only when would not be required. This view should be studied however, as it may be
the fuel handle is in the 'Off' position, is there sufficient clearance between asked for in place of one of the other views.
fuel handle and jacking screw handle to allow the latter to engage on the
square. The fuel shut off cock is of the parallel plug type, with sleeve packing.

Commence the front elevation by drawing horizontal centre lines for the fuel
cock, locking trigger and jacking screw, and around these draw in the profile
of the carrier from the details given. When drawing in the locking trigger
details, assume a burner to be in working position in the carrier, so that the
right hand end of the trigger will be flush with the right hand side of the
carrier. These details will of course be shown full, as the required section is
through the trigger. The section plane could finish slightly above this detail,
and the top portion of the carrier shown full,-with details of the fuel nipple,
(hidden by guide plates), and jacking screw, shown by broken lines. Both the
fuel handle and jacking screw handle could now be drawn in, and the view
finished off by showing the two guideplates, the various plugs, and the fuel
inlet coupling at 57 from the vertical centre line.
 TAPPED 3 BSP
FOR PLUG

SPHERE 0 3 0

PARTICULARS OF SPRING
FREE LENGTH 76
MEAN DIA 13
DIA OF WIRE 1-5
No. OF FREE COILS 21

OIL FUEL BURNER CARRIER

59
Connecting Rod and Bearings
DRAW

(i) Front elevation, one h alf in section through axis of bottom end bearing, and one top end bearing in section through axis of crosshead pin, showing a ll
parts assembled.
(ii) End view showing bottom end bearing, h a lf in section through bottom end bolt, and top end bearing, h alf in section through top end bolt.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The pictorial view of a large connecting rod with its top and bottom end
bearings is given on the opposite page. The design of this assembly differs
slightly in detail from one engine builder to another, but basically there is not a
great deal of difference. It will be seen that the connecting rod is 250 dia., and
at the top and bottom ends of the rod there are flats 250 thick machined on ii.
Where these flats meet the fillet radius of the palm at the bottom, and the
forked end at the top, curves will be seen, and the projection of these is an
important feature of the drawing. For the construction of these curves refer to
page 16,

The longitudinal centre lines for both views should be drawn first, then the
centre lines of the top and bottom end bearings. The rod should be broken, so
that a reasonably large scale can be used to show bearing details distinctly.
Sufficient detail is given in the pictorial view, for the bottom end bearing to be
formed on the end of the palm, noting that there is a spigot of 120 dia. by 25
deep in the top half, which fits in the central oil hole in the connecting rod.
Only one top end bearing is to be shown in section, and in this view show a
similar spigot 80 dia. by 20 deep in the bottom half of the top end bearing,
which fits into a recess machined in the forked end. These spigots reduce the
shearing stress in the top and bottom end bolts. Show the whitemetal shells
dovetailed into the cast steel bushes.

In the end view, one bottom end bdlt and one top end bolt will be seen in the
half sections required, and the locking arrangement for the nuts on these
bolts will also be shown. Notice that liners of a total thickness of 6 are fitted in
the bottom end bearing, and similar liners of thickness 4 are fitted in the top
end bearings.
 CONNECTING ROD
AND BEARINGS

O i
Gravity Davit Centrifugal Brake
DRAW THE FOLLOWING VIEWS:—

(i) Sectional elevation showing all parts assembled.

(ii) End view with the handwheel and end cover removed.

APPEND A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Gravity davits irrespective of the means of hoisting the lifeboat must be fitted
with a hand brake for deliberate regulation, and a centrifugal brake for the
automatic control of the lowering speed between the limits of 18m and 30m
per minute. Because it is out of sight and used so infrequently, engineers tend
to forget its existence, and in many cases the centrifugal brake does not
receive the attention it requires for the safety of the occupants of the lifeboat.
Details of such a centrifugal brake are given in the pictorial view.

From the overall diameter of 584 decide on a suitable scale, and draw in
horizontal centre lines for both views. Build up the elevation around this
centre line by drawing in the 86 dia. shaft and hub, showing two of the 20 dia.
pegs, one at the top and the other at the bottom. It is quite in order to turn the
brake shoes half a pitch in this view, in order to show more clearly the springs
and anchor pins which otherwise would be hidden by the pegs. The centre
line of the springs can be calculated from the dimensions given, and these,
together with two shoes, can be drawn in. The brake drum end plate and hand
wheel will finish this view.

The shape of the brake drum in end view is obvious from the pictorial view,
and the circles representing the various diameters could now be drawn in.
Note that the twelve stiffening ribs are not parallel to the axis, so that more
than the semi-circles of their cross-section will be seen in this view. Next
draw in the PCD of the guide pegs, and draw these in with the brake shoes in
between them. A clearance of 1.5 is given between each shoe. The hub boss,
springs, and square on end of shaft to take crank, would finish this view.
 12-13 DIA HOLES
552 PCD SPOTFACED

32 SQ

CENTRIFUGAL BRAKE

o
CO
Quick Closing Sluice Valve
DRAW THE FOLLOWING VIEWS

(i) Front elevationinsectionshowing valve assembled\ and linkgear upright.

(ii) End view insection. The linkgear inboth the above views need notbe shown insection.
(iii) Plan view withhandwheel removed.

APPEND A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Most marine engineers will be familiar with the operation of the quick
closing sluice valve, shown in the pictorial view opposite. The link gear is
clearly visible, whilst the internal details are similar to an ordinary sluice
valve, with the addition of a heavy spring to collapse the links in an
emergency, and hence close the valve.

With the link gear in the upright position, the valve can be operated as an
ordinary sluice valve, but should the valve be required to be shut quickly, a
sharp pull on a wire rope, led to a position remote from the valve, will collapse
the links and achieve this. The valve end of the wire rope is spliced to the
bridle, fitted at the junction of the links.

Draw vertical centre lines for both elevations, and a common horizontal
centre line through the bore of the valve. Using these as datum lines, build up
the valve body, valve wedge and spring, all in section. It is advisable to draw
valve in the shut position. The spindle and the top cover are now drawn in, and
with the hinge pinson the cover as a datum line the link gear is then drawn in.
Note the stops on the cover to allow the bottom links to locate slightly past the
vertical, in orderthat a slight knock does not collapse the links. A tabernacle is
also cast on the top cover, to take the boss of the bridle, when the valve is
being used as an ordinary sluice valve.

The plan view with the handwheel removed is finally drawn, most of the
dimensionsfor this view being taken by compasses from the other two views.
A view showing the trip gear in the collapsed position is included in the
solution, as this may be asked for in the examination.
 SLUICE VALVE

0 5
on
 Rudder Carrier Bearing
DRAW

(i) Elevation, one h a lf in section through a lubricator hole, other h a lf an outside view.
(ii) Plan view.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

A rudder carrier or thrust bearing is shown pictorially on the opposite page. Finish off the plan view, by showing the fitted bolts holding together both
This bearing is out of sight on many ships and so is inclined to be overlooked cones and the gland ring. Two long 30 dia. studs going through bosses of 37
by junior engineers. radius cast on the base flange, and also in the hollow part below the fixed
cone, prevent this cone from spreading.
Basically it consists of a moving cast iron cone keyed to the rudder stock, and a
fixed cast iron cone bolted firmly to the deck, usually in the steering flat. Cones
and gland ring are made in halves so that they can be fitted over the stock
when in place, and are held together by fitted bolts. Four grease lubricators
are fitted to lubricate the bearing faces, and gutterways in the top cone,
ensure lubrication across the whole bearing surface. The thrust on the upper
cone is transferred to the tiller by a distance piece sandwiched between
these. An alternative method, is to fit a split collar in a recess round the stock,
flush with the top of the upper cone.

Draw the vertical centre line of the stock and produce to the plan view
underneath. A 204 dia. circle in the plan view, and two vertical lines in the
elevation represent the stock. Locate the bottom cone or base around this in
elevation, from the sizes given. By bringing the two views along together, it
will be found that a good deal of time can be saved by using a compass setting
in both views. Although the lugs for the fitted bolts in the moving cone, are not
in line with the lubricator holes through which the half section is required, it
will be in order to show them on the same cutting plane in the elevation, the
correct relative position being seen in the plan view. Next draw in the top cone
with its key in both views, and the gland ring could then be fitted around this.
The stuffing box is 30 wide and 63 deep, which allows for two turns of 30 dia.
soft packing to retain the grease in the bearing. The oil gutterways 1.5 deep in
way of the lubricator hole, and the 6 dia. hole for lubricating the cylindrical The solution to this question, together with a list o f materials used, appears on
66 part of the bearing should be shown in the sectional elevation. page 133
 6 HOLES 24 DIA
600 PCD 20 DIA FITTED BOLTS
5 4 0 CENTRES

CD
Reducing Valve
DRAW

(i) Elevation in section through centre o f valve showing a ll parts assembled, and with inlet branch on the left.
(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Plan view, one h a lf in section ju st below boss on top cover, other h a lf an outside view.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

High pressure steam enters at the top left hand connection, is throttled on this view by showing the two 22 dia. pillars, spring holders and spring, and the
its passage through the valve, and leaves at a lower pressure through the right spring adjusting set screw in the bottom flange.
hand branch. At the bottom of the casing there is a rubber diaphragm,
sandwiched between two discs secured to the valve spindle, and the steam The end view projected from the front elevation, will show the overall width of
pressure acting on this, forces it down against the compression of a spring. the body as 214, and details of the four webs cast on the valve body, will also
The effective areas of the diaphragm and valve are such, that the pressure be seen in this view. The plan view will show one half of top cover with three
tending to open the valve is balanced by the downward force on the securing nuts, whilst the other half will show the 90 bore portion of the body
diaphragm. Additional pressure tending to close the valve, is obtained from in section, and half of the 70dia. top flange of the valve.
the reduced steam pressure acting on top of the valve, and this is balanced by
the upward force of the spring. The spring may be adjusted to give varying
reduced steam pressures, and pressure in excess of the spring setting will
tend to close the valve, causing further throttling. Water from the
condensation of the steam in the lower part of the casing, protects the rubber
diaphragm from the direct heat of the steam. A pressure gauge connection is
provided on the reduced side of the valve, ajid a relief valve is also fitted on this
line to protect it, should the reducing valve fail to function.

In the pictorial view of the valve on the opposite page, the various components
have been illustrated in their correct relative positions, so that no difficulty
should be experienced in locating these in the orthographic projection. In the
required sectional elevation, build up the valve body around a vertical and
horizontal centre line through the branches from the dimensions given. The
valve and valve seat are shown to a bigger scale in the pictorial view, and from
the details given these items are^now located. The spindle can now be drawn
in, the dome on the top end of which is 1.5 clear of the end of the valve. Locate
the 8 thick diaphragm on the bottom face of the body, and the various
items on the screwed portion of the spindle above and below the diaphragm,
could now be shown. Locate the bottom cover over the diaphragm and draw
this in, together with two 12 dia. bolts securing it to the valve body. Finish off
 M8
SET SCREW

7 FREE COILS
032 12 SQ. WIRE
0 64

S °T
M16 SET SCREW
AND LOCKNUT
REDUCING VALVE

05
CO
Four Stroke Piston & Rod
DRAW THE FOLLOWING VIEWS

(i) E/evation in section showing a ll parts assembled.

(ii) End elevation, one h a lf in section through a piston rod stud showing securing arrangement other h a lf an outside view.
(iii) Plan view in section, the section plane to be taken between conical and cylindrical parts o f piston.

INCLUDE IN YOUR DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS FOR THE MAIN COMPONENTS.

The pictorial view shows details of a piston, and piston cooling arrangement The sectional plan view will show mainly the position and shape of the ten
for a four stroke direct drive Diesel engine. Although this type of engine is bosses, for the 48 dia. studs securing the rod. The six 16 dia. studs securing
seldom used now for main propulsion, if one considers a piston to be the piston cooling assembly should also be shown in this view.
essentially a piston ring carrier, piston design does not alter a great deal from
one type of engine to another.

From the piston dimensions given, decide upon a suitable scale for the size of
paper. The length of the piston rod may be ignored for this purpose, as it is
usual in drawing long components of uniform section to break them, in order
to avoid a long narrow drawing.

Draw first the vertical centre lines for both elevations, and a light line to
represent the bottom of the piston in each view. The top of the piston can now
be represented by a light horizontal line in each view, before drawing in the
crown radii, when the diameters are marked off. Note that the piston is partly
cylindrical, and partly conical, this being to allow for extra expansion at the
combustion chamber end. It will be seen that two section planes are used in
the pictorial view, one view giving details of one of the ten bosses for the
piston rod studs, the other a view between these bosses. The sectional
elevation required for view (i) could be taken between the bosses, and the
details of the piston drawn in from the information given. The rod could now
be drawn in, the 560 dia. flange on the rod locating in the 560 dia. recess in
the piston. The cooling arrangement, piston rod nut, and locking plate would
finish this view.

Complete view (ii) referring to stud details etc.* and use a tee square to project
across for piston grooves, and other heights similar in view (i). The piston rod
may be broken off in this view, as sufficient detail will be given in view(i) for its
manufacture.
3-12 DIA HOLES FOR
SET SCREWS
HEADS DRILLED FOR
1-5 DIA LOCKING WIRE

4 STROKE
PISTON AND ROD
Upper Piston and Rod
DRAW

(i) Elevation in section through piston cooling inlet and return ports in rod, showing all parts assembled.
(ii) Plan view with skirt cover removed.

INCLUDE A LIST OF MATERIALS ON THE DRAWING.

In a two cycle engine where the exhaust ports in the liner are uncovered by the In the plan view with the cover removed, show the twelve studs for securing
piston, it is usual to fit a cast iron skirt for this purpose. This skirt, in the case of the skirt, equidistant between twelve radial webs. Two of these webs will be
the piston illustrated opposite, is secured to the rod by twelve M 20 studs, seen in the sectional elevation, and their location in this view is found by
whilst the piston head is secured to the rod by eight M33 studs, screwed into projecting up from the plan view.
86 dia. bosses cast in the head. With this construction, piston cooling oil is
able to flow between the bosses. Rubber rings are fitted in recesses 40 bore x
6 wide around the 33 dia. studs, to seal the space in the skirt from oil leakage.
Two rubber rings are also fitted around the top flange of the rod, to retain the
piston cooling oil in the piston. The whole assembly is secured to the
transverse by two 50 dia. studs, screwed into the end of the rod, and the skirt
cover is sandwiched between the transverse and a spigot recess in the end of
the rod. This spigot has a dia. of 310 whilst the hole in the cover is 320.

Around the vertical centre line, produced to the plan view, draw in the piston
rod in section, showing both piston cooling ports. Locate the skirt on the 470
dia. spigot on the rod, and draw this in, showing two M 20 studs securing the
skirt to the rod. The 12 thick webs cast in the upper portion of the skirt can be
left until they are shown in plan view, when they will be projected to the
elevation. The piston head is now drawn in by locating the bosses on the face
of the flange on the piston rod. It will be noticed that, when the piston head is
located as described, there is a clearance of 3 between the skirt and the
piston head (112-109). Two M33 studs could now be shown, with a distance
piece on each under the nut. Finish off the piston head by indicating the piston
ring grooves, the cast iron bearing ring, and the three grooves for relieving
thermal stresses. At the top end of the skirt, the cover could now be drawn in,
together with the two M50 studs for securing the piston to the transverse
beam.
 AND ROD

c o
Telemotor Receiver
DRAW

(i) Front elevation o f the assembled telemotor.

(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Plan view in section through centre o f rams.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The two receiver cylinders are bolted together by two 120 square flanges, and
between these flanges is sandwiched a crosshead, which by means of a 20
dia. pin, transmits the lateral motion of the cylinders to a 40 dia. rod,
connected by links to the variable delivery pump. From the outer end of each
ram, a short pipe is led to its circuit valve, and beyond the circuit valve the pipe
continues to the top, or bottom, of the transmitter cylinder. The receiver rams
are screwed at their outer ends, and fixed to brackets bolted to a common
bedplate, and remain stationary, whilst the cylinder body as a whole is free to
move along the rams. Any such movement on either side of mid position is
made against the compression of two springs, which bring the receiver, and
with it the transmitter, back to mid position when the wheel is let go. The 20
dia. pin referred to above can be located in either of two positions. When
inserted in the cross-head, the 40 dia. operating rod is moved by the hydraulic
system, and when inserted in a screwed sleeve (not shown), the rod is moved
by the hand gear. This gear (also omitted) consists of two bevel pinions, one of
which is tapped to take the screwed sleeve, and is bolted to a base cast on the
left hand bracket, and operated by a handwheel locally, or by an extended
spindle arrangement, to a steering wheel aft.

For the front elevation (drawn in mid position) locate the crosshead block
between the two 120 square flanges, and draw in the cylinders from details
given in the pictorial view. To locate the brackets, one guide rod 1276 long will
next be drawn in centrally, and allowing for a nut on each end of this, both ram
brackets can now be drawn in. Another nut on the inner face secures the
guide rod. A s pointed out above, the left hand bracket has a base cast on it to
take the emergency gear, and this is fully illustrated in the pictorial view. Both
rams can now be drawn in, as a shoulder on each bears on the inside face of
its bracket, and the screwed end takes an M48 nut. Part of the gland nuts on
each end will also be seen in this view, but most of these will be hidden by a
spring compression sleeve over the guide rod. One of the springs which is
seen in this view is illustrated in the conventional manner which is shown on
page 9. To locate the operating rod, it should be noted that the free end of this
rod is flush with the outer face of the bracket.

For the sectional plan view required for part (iii), project down to obtain the
relative position of each item. The cylinders and crosshead will be seen in
section in this view, but the rams could be shown full. Four stops, 52 dia. x 24
bore, are fitted on the guide rods and secured by Allen screws.

The end elevation will show mainly the profile of the ram bracket which
supports the emergency steering gear, and this can be drawn in from the
dimensions given in the pictorial view. Although no details are given of the
radius joining the guide rod boss and the emergency gear base, this can be
drawn in to please the eye.
SLOTS FOR
C SPANNER

75
 Valve Actuator
DRAW

(i) Elevation in section through the assembled actuator, the section plane being taken through the air inlet connection.
(ii) End elevation.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The valve actuator shown pictorially opposite, is a device for positioning a the bottom spring locator. Tension in the spring is adjusted by this sleeve,
valve plug in relation to its seat, hence regulating the flow in the line to which which has spanner flats machined on its bottom end for this purpose.
it is fitted. The valve is not included in this exercise, but it would be secured to
the actuator at the boss on the bottom of the yoke, and its spindle would be
screwed into the tapped hole in the end of the actuator spindle.

Referring to the assembled drawing on page 138, air pressure on top of the
diaphragm forces the piston down, and with it the spindle, which is rigidly
attached to the piston. This downward movement is made against the
compression of a spring, which returns the piston, on a reduction of air
pressure. The spindle therefore takes up a position in direct relationship to the
control air pressure.

Should the air pressure fail, or for any other reason the actuator become
inoperative, the piston can be forced down by a screwed spindle which is
turned by a handwheel. It should be noticed that the end of the screwed
spindle does not bear directly on the piston, but on a thrust washer, which
locates on a thrust race. This assembly is fitted in a housing which is screwed
on to the end of the actuator spindle, and locked by a grub screw.

The pictorial view gives some indication of how the piston is secured to the
spindle. A washer 25 dia. by 3 thick is fitted over the spindle end, and
bears on a shoulder on the spindle. The top spring locator, with a recess for an
'O'ring, is next put into position,, and finally the piston and diaphragm which
rests on the spring locator, is secured by a 42 dia. nut, which is tightened on to
the diaphragm. The thrust race housing referred to above bears on this nut.

"7O k °ttom ^ e cylindrical portion of the housing has a central hole tapped
/ 0 M27 x 3, to accommodate a screwed sleeve, the upper end of which bears on
VALVE ACTUATOR
Generator Pedestal Bearing
DRAW

(i) Front elevation in section through longitudinal centre line showing bearing assembled.
(ii) Endview, one h a lf to be a section through top brass stop, the other h a lf an outside view.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The bearings for large generators are not carried on the end plates but on on the centre line, so these will be shown in this view. In the top brass, there
pedestals, which together with the field magnet frame, are bolted to a are two slots 19 wide for the oil rings, and the sides of these slots are
common bedplate. Such a pedestal bearing is illustrated pictorially on the whitemetal lined to a depth of 1.5 leaving 16 to accommodate the oil rings.
opposite page. Complete this view by drawing in the cap and oil hole cover from the details
given, and the 5/s BSP drain plug in the bottom of the reservoir could also be
The casting is hollow, with a horizontal web 12 thick, which forms the bottom shown.
of the oil reservoir below the bearing. The bottom half of the bush rests on
three fitting strips, and the upper part of the casting is extended beyond the As the pictorial view shows sections in two planes, the half sectional end
fitting strips to form pockets. The bush is entirely within the casting, and oil view required in part (ii) of the question together with the half outside view,
from the ends of the bearing runs through three 6 dia. holes in each end, into can now be attempted. A local section of the oil hole in the cap is given, so this
the pockets, returning to the oil reservoir through slots 38 wide. Two oil rings can be shown in the sectional view. The hinge block, and hinge pins for the oil
resting on the shaft, hang in the spaces between the fitting strips, and 19 hole cover will be seen in the outside view. When drawing the whitemetal
wide slots are cast in the top brass to accommodate these rings. Lightening lining in both brasses in the sectional end view, note that the whitemetal is
holes 180 x 100 in the lower part of the casting, give access to the oil drain cut away in each brass, for part of its length, to a width of 20. This allows the
plug, which is screwed into the horizontal web. The cap, which also has three oil easier access to all parts of the bearing.
fitting strips for the top brass, is secured to the pedestal by four M 20 studs,
and relative movement between the cap and the pedestal is prevented by two
12 dia. fitted dowels. A 14 dia. hole in the centre of the cap, takes a 12 dia.
stop, screwed into the top brass, and this prevents rotation with the shaft. An
oil hole 140x64 is cast in the cap, and this is fitted with a hinged cover, details
of which are shown in the pictorial view.

Around a vertical centre line, draw in the sectional elevation of the pedestal
required for part (i) of the question. The pictorial view shows half of this
required section, and as the other half is similar, no difficulty should be
experienced. The top face of the pedestal 380 above the base, is the centre
line of the bush, and both halves of this could now be shown in section. Note
the whitemetal lining in both brasses, with a 6 wide groove, and three 6
dia. drain holes towards each end. One of these drain holes at each end will be
 380

GENERATOR PEDESTAL BEARING

1— i
CD
Turbine Flexible or Double Claw Coupling
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation showing all parts assembled.

(ii) End view looking on sleeve joint.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

When the turbine rotor heats up from the cold condition, it will expand end of rotor and pinion shafts, in their correct relative position of 219 apart.
laterally, and were there no sliding coupling between the rotor and pinion, Build up the coupling from this by drawing on claws, nuts and keys. Note that
undue stresses would be put on the teeth of both pinion and main wheel, as there is a dirference of 3 in the length of the taper on the spindle, and on the
these teeth are of the double helical type, allowing for no relative longitudinal claw—this is for drawing-up purposes. The distance piece, the centre of
movement. Whilst every effort is made to have rotor and pinion in perfect which is midway between ends of shafts, can now be drawn, and then the
alignment, slight discrepancies can be taken up in the flexible coupling. With sleeves which are bolted to this by the fitted bolts. Two of these bolts could be
modern hobbing machines, operating in air conditioned shops to maintain a shown in this view. Continue this view by drawing in the thrust rings with
constant temperature, it is possible to achieve great accuracy in cutting the their locking screws, and the nut-locking screws. Although the teeth on the
teeth on both pinion and wheel, but it is inevitable that slight discrepancies claw are in line, it is permissible to move, say a bottom tooth through half a
may occur in the helix angle, and the flexible coupling will accommodate pitch, in order to show the sleeve teeth full in the bottom half of the drawing.
these, avoiding over stressing the teeth. Finish this view by drawing in the oil holes and grooves in the claw
teeth—note these grooves are in the claw teeth only.
The coupling is comprised of a claw fitted on the pinion shaft, and a similar
claw fitted on the rotor shaft, both connected by sleeves having inwardly In the end view, the profile of the teeth in the claw and sleeve are shown. As
projecting claws and a distance piece, the torque being taken by a total of 24 there are 12 teeth, a 30°-60° set square is used to mark the centre lines of the
fitted bolts 30 dia. The outer faces of the male claws have a part spherical claw teeth, and these are now drawn in 54 wide. The sides of the teeth are
surface, on to which the inner surface of the sleeve bears, with a clearance of drawn parallel to the centre lines of each tooth. It can be seen from the
0.25. Two thrust rings are fitted inside the sleeves, and these limit the fore pictorial view that there is a clearance of 2.5 between root of claw teeth and
and aft travel to a total of 10. the tip of sleeve teeth.

Oil is supplied to the coupling from the forced lubrication system of the
turbine, as can be seen from the pictorial view. Excess oil from the adjacent
bearing is caught in a ring machined round the claw, and through holes drilled
at 30° midway between each claw tooth, the oil passes through the coupling
to the space between the teeth. From here it flows in a groove to the ahead
and astern face of each tooth, and across the tooth faces by means of two
grooves 4 wide x 1.5 deep, at right angles to each other.
 4 - M 6 HOLES TAPPED HALF IN 2 -1 3 HOLES ON 310 PC D. IN NUTS
THRUST RING HALF IN SLEEVE FOR SPANNER. M12 LOCKING
FOR COUNTERSUNK LOCKING SCREW IN EACH H O L g l^
SCREW.
0 676

M16 CHEESE HEADED SCREWS

NOTE: NUTS FLUSH WITH ENDS OF ROTOR

AND PINION. END OF PINION 219 AFT
OF END OF ROTOR

TURBINE
FLEXIBLE COUPLING
 Turbine Flexible Coupling
DRAW

(i) Front elevation of the assembled coupling in a longitudinal direction, the top half to be in section through the axis,
(ii) End elevation looking on the face Of the flange of the male muff, showing the approximate profile of a few teeth.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The flexible coupling illustrated opposite is a more modern version of the type bore of 375 dia. will be seen. The teeth on the muff, and the internal teeth on
on pages 80-81. A s will be seen, the teeth are of involute form and of fine the sleeve will be seen in this view, and for their approximate profile
pitch. Both the turbine rotor and the pinion have flanges of 275 diameter reference should be made to page 18.
formed on their ends, to which the male claws are bolted by 12 fitted bolts 25
dia. As both these claws are identical, only one is shown. The sleeves or muffs
fit over these claws, and have internal teeth engaging with teeth cut on the
claws. Note that there is a male and a female sleeve, so that a spigot joint is
obtained where both sleeves join, and the torque is taken here by 16 fitted
bolts 18 dia. Fore and aft movement is limited by a circlip, located in a groove
near the ends of the teeth in each sleeve. Lubrication of the teeth is effected
by 2 dia. holes drilled between each tooth in the claw.

As no dimension is given for the distance between the flange on the rotor and
the flange on the pinion, the coupling will have to be built up from either the
rotor or pinion end. Draw the horizontal centre line and the flange coupling of
the rotor, say, as far to the left of the paper as possible, the top half in section.
Next locate the flange in one claw in the recess of 256 dia. and show one 25
dia. fitted bolt. If the items are taken in the order shown in the pictorial view,
the female sleeve is next drawn in over the claw, and to locate this in the
correct fore and aft direction, the circlip could be shown bearing on the end
of the claw teeth. Continue with the male sleeve, which fits into the 488 dia.
recess in the centre flange coupling, and show one 18 dia. fitted bolt. To locate
the pinion claw inside its sleeve, the inner ends of the teeth of claw and sleeve
will be flush, as the position of the circlip at this end will allow the required
axial movement. One 25 dia. fitted bolt will be shown securing the claw to the
pinion flange, which is similar to the flange on the rotor.

q r \ The end view, looking on the face of the flange of the male sleeve, will show
theflangeof 488 dia. drilled for 16f itted bolts of 18 dia. on a 446 PCD, and the
GEAR DATA
TEETH : INVOLUTE 20° PRESSURE ANGLE

83
High Lift Safety Valve
DRAW

(i) Front elevation w ith waste steam branch behind. One h a lf o f this elevation to be a section through the vertical centre line, the other h a lf an
outside view.
(ii) End view.

ON THE SECTIONAL ELEVATION INDICATE THE LIFT OF THE VALVE, AND ALSO INCLUDE A LIST OF MATERIALS.

A High Lift safety valve of the type illustrated pictorially on the opposite page is Commence the front elevation by drawing two vertical centre lines at 203
a common question in the drawing examination for a Second Class Certificate. centres. Make say the left hand side the sectional view, and draw in valve
chest from dimensions given. The seat, secured by six M 12 set screws could
Referring to the completed drawing on page 142 the valve operates as now be located, and valve lid also drawn in. Continue the sectional part of the
follows. The valve lid is subjected to boiler pressure, which tends to open it elevation by drawing in spindle, piston, floating ring and diaphragm, from the
against the compression of a heavy spring, the tension on which can be dimensions given. Next could be drawn the spring cases, the left hand case in
adjusted by a nut, screwed into a bush in the top cover. When boiler pressure section the other drawn as an outside view. The top cover with its bush
exceeds spring pressure, the valve opens and waste steam escapes to secured by two M6 grub screws is now added, together with the compression
atmosphere. In addition, this waste pressure acts on the under side of a nut, compression ring and top cap. With the compression nut in position, the
piston, fitted on the valve spindle and working in a floating ring, which is held top spring cap can be located, and then the spring. Finish off by drawing in the
against a slotted diaphragm, also by the waste steam pressure. This cotter, and the slot in the spindle to accommodate this, easing gear bearings
additional load acting against the spring pressure, will allow the valve to lift and shaft, with an operating lever keyed to one end of the shaft.
further. The radii on both seat and lid create a nozzle effect, when the valve
opens. The end view will show more detail of the waste steam branch, the
dimensions for which are given on the pictorial view. An important item in
When the spring tension has been adjusted to the correct blow off pressure, a this branch is the 3A BSP drain hole, sometimes overlooked by-students
split ring is fitted between a collar on the bompressicfn nut, and the top of the
screwed bush in top cover. As the depth of this ring will determine the amount
of compression which can be put on the spring, it is important that it is not
readily removed, and for that reason a cap is fitted over the top of the spindle.
A cotter through the cap and spindle takes a padlock, and care should be taken
to ensure that there is sufficient clearance in cotter slot in spindle, to allow
valve to lift.

The easing gear consists of a shaft in two bearings cast on the cover. Forks are
forged on the shaft, to engage with a collar on top cap, and on turning the shaft
by a lever, the cap is forced up against the spring pressure, reducing the load
on the top of the valve lid, and allowing the valve to open fully.
 HIGH LIFT SAFETY VALVE
CO
CJI
Full Bore Safety Valve
DRAW

(i) Elev ation in section showing valve assembled.

(ii) Plan view.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

For boiler pressures in excess of 40 bar, the full bore valve shown opposite is pictorial view. The neck bush is added to the top cover in way of the spindle,
fairly common. To understand how the valve functions, reference should be and top nut, spring, and spring housing now drawn in. Finish off the easing
made to the assembled drawing on page 143. Steam at boiler pressure enters gear by adding the trigger, easing gear shaft, and two M 20 nuts on the bearing
the 76 dia. left hand branch, and acts on the bottom of the valve, tending to keep. The bottom cover completes this view. The valve and spindle should not
hold it shut. Another branch 19 dia. is cast on the top cover, and this takes be shown in section, except for a portion of the valve locally, in order to show
steam from the outlet of a pilot valve, also mounted on the boiler. When the the stellite deposit. There is a similar deposit on the valve seat.
blow off pressure is reached, this pilot valve lifts, and allows steam to enter
the space above the 108 dia. piston. As this piston is larger in dia. than the The plan view is fairly straight forward, as no hidden detail need be included.
valve, the load forcing valve down, will be greater than the load tending to The widths in plan view are projections from the elevation, and the various
keep it shut, hence the valve opens, and allows waste steam to escape to diameters seen in this view can also be obtained from the elevation. Five M 20
atmosphere, through the 152 dia. right hand branch. The amount of valve lift, studs secure the top cover, and when these have been drawn in plan view, the
is controlled by the length of the conical projection cast on the bottom cover. one seen in the sectional elevation can be obtained by projecting from the
The comparatively light spring, fitted above the top cover, is merely to assist plan view to the elevation.
the valve closing with a snap action. The easing gear consists of a shaft, fitted
in two bearings cast on the top cover, with a trigger forged on the shaft, and
engaging with the end of valve spindle. When the shaft is turned in the proper
direction, this trigger forces the valve spindle down, and hence lifts the valve
off its seat.

To draw the two views required, commence by drawing the vertical centre line
of the sectional elevation, and producing this to the plan view below. The
horizontal centre line in elevation, will of course be through the inlet and
waste steam branches. Round these centre lines, build up the body of the
valve from the dimensions given. The top cover is then located by its spigot,
and one easing gear bearing added from the details given. Next draw in the
valve seat, the cylinder to take the piston, and then the valve and spindle. It
will be seen that the piston is made in two, the bottom half being a force fit on
the spindle, whilst the top piston screws down on this. A locking pin could be
shown in the top piston, and a piston ring on each piston, as indicated on the
 155 CRS
2 HOLES FOR
4 -M 1 6 | j 4CRf| 20 DIA STUDS 102 CRS -j— f
aa jk n * t "T s / _________ _ _ ________

FULL BORE SAFETY VALVE

oo
Flow Regulator
DRAW

(i) Front elevation in section through in le t and outlet branches, showing regulator assembled.
(ii) Plan view, one h a lf an outside vieW w ith top cover and valves removed, the other h alf a section through centre line of branches, w ith valves removed.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR A REGULATOR USED FOR SEA WATER.

The flow regulator shown pictorially opposite is automatic in operation, and is their locking rings indicated. The spring holder, spring, and butterfly valve
designed to give constant flow conditions on the downstream side of the fitted in the orifice ring, completes this view.
regulator. One marine application of such a regulator would be in the feed line
of an evaporator. A local sectional plan view of the inlet branch is given, so that its shape can be
indicated in the plan view required for part (ii) of the question. The butterfly,
A variable orifice is fitted in the inlet branch, and a Va BSP tapping is taken spindle, and gland are also shown pictorially, and these items can now be
from a point before this orifice, and led to the space above a pressure sensitive drawn in the sectional plan. A handwheel is normally fitted on the end of the
diaphragm. If the inlet pressure be P^, and the pressure after the orifice be P2, butterfly spindle, together with an index plate, but these have been omitted
the nett pressure acting down on the diaphragm will be P1-P 2# and this from a poi nt of view of ti me.
pressure determines the position of the valves relative to their ports. Should
the outlet pressure decrease (indicating an increased flow), P1-P , increases,
and the valves are moved towards the closed position, so that the original flow
rate is restored. The downward forces acting on the diaphragm are balanced
by a spring, fitted under the valve stem in the bottom cover.

Even though students may not be familiar with this type of regulator, its
assembly should not prove difficult, as the various items are, to a large extent,
shown in their correct relative positions in the pictorial views. Draw in the
horizontal and vertical centre lines for the front elevation, and build up the
regulator body with its top and bottom covers around these. Only the top cover
is shown in the pictorial view, but the bottom cover is identical, and the Va BSP
port in the side, which is not required in the bottom cover, would be plugged.
The valves could be shown in their position for maximum flow, which means
that the stop, driven into the Va BSP plug in the top cover, would be in contact
with the end of the valve stem. The stem, and both valve plugs could now be
drawn in, together with the piston, the diaphragm and the retaining plate. The
flange of the diaphragm is sandwiched between the top cover flange and the
body, and an 'O' ring, fitted in the groove in the top flange of the body, could be
shown. The valve ports, screwed externally 2 BSP are next drawn in, and
 BOSS DRILLED 6 DIA
TAPPED Va BSP 16 DEEP
t 58 FROM FACE OF
COVER FLANGE

8 HOLES 146 PCD

FOR M10 TAP BOLTS

INLET AND OUTLET

FLAN G ES 165 DIA
4 HOLES 1.6 DIA
130 PCD

BOTTOM COVER SIM ILAR

TO TOP COVER.
PLUGS F IT T E D IN BOTH
1/4 BSP HOLES

THROUGH INLET BRANCH

FLOW REGULATOR

0 0
CO
 Fuel Valve
DRAWING No. 1

DRAW

(i) Valve body in section, with fuel inlet connection at the back, the plane of the section to be taken through the vertical centre line.
(ii) Plan view of valve body projected from (i).

DRAWING No. 2

DRAW

Sectional elevation of valve, showing all parts assembled. The view should be taken through the vertical centre line, with fuel inlet connection at the back.
Indicate the lift of the valve.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS

Should this question appear in the Drawing examination, the views required The valve lift is adjusted by a sleeve screwed % BSP, which passes through
would probably be the assembled view asked for in Drawing No. 2, with the spring compression plug having an external thread 1V2 BSP, whilst a 6 dia.
principal dimensions inserted, together with a plan view. For students who rod screwed into the spring holder acts as a lift indicator.
are not familiar with the assembly of a fuel valve, however, dimensions have
been omitted from the assembled view on page 145, from a point of view of The faces of the spindle sleeve and nozzle holder are lapped to a mirror finish,
clarity. and the valve spindle is lapped into the sleeve, so, consequently, if a new valve
spindle is required, the sleeve must also be renewed. Despite the fine
Fuel at high pressure enters the body of the valve through the 1 BSP tolerances, however, some leakage will occur, and to deal with this a 6 dia.
connection, shown clearly in the pictorial view opposite. Through a 6 dia. port port is drilled in the body. This port, at 25° to the «fe, is drilled into the bevel at
drilled at 4!/2° to the vertical, the fuel reaches the valve spindle sleeve, and the bottom of a % BSP hole which is parallel to the «fe. A whitemetal ring,
through a 4 dia. port drilled in this component, enters the nozzle holder. The sandwiched between a bevel on the end of the nozzle cap and a similar bevel
nozzle, which is shrunk into the holder, is relieved on its upper flange to allow turned on the valve body, prevents fuel which may have leaked past the thread
the high pressure fuel to enter the bore of the spindle sleeve, and thus force on the cap, from escaping.
open the valve against the compression of a spring. Note that the effective
area on which the high pressure fuel acts to open the valve, is the difference in
area between the 14 dia. spindle, and the 6 dia. flat face of the valve. The valve
shown is designed to open at a pressure of 215 bar, and atomisation of the
fuel is effected by three 0.9 dia. holes.

A port, similar to the inlet port, is drilled in the valve body for bleeding
q purposes. At the upper end of this port a ball valve 8 dia. is fitted, and to bleed
sJ U the fuel valve this valve is opened, and fuel issues from the leak-off port.
 FUEL VALVE

c o
Tunnel Bearing
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation through axis o f shaft, showing bearing assembled on shaft.
(ii) End elevation looking on aft end o f bearing.
(iii) Half section looking aft, the section plane for the bottom h a lf to be taken through centre of pads, and the section plane for the top h a lf to be taken
througn the centre line ot the top casing.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The bearing illustrated on the opposite page is a fairly common type in both Both top and bottom halves of the bearing are sufficiently illustrated in the
naval and merchant ships, and with the exception of the aftermost bearing, pictorial view, for the sectional elevation to be drawn in, with the thrower ring
which has pads on both top and bottom halves, it is used on the intermediate clamped on the shaft. Two of the pad stop screws can also be shown in the
shafting between the thrust block and the stern tube. The number required of elevation, and one in the sectional end view, with a clearance of 4 between
course, would depend on the length of shafting. stop screw and pad flange. The end view could be brought along with the other
views, as time can be saved by using the same compass setting in all views,
before it is altered.
The bottom half of the shaft is supported by three pads, making a total
included angle of 168°, so that the upper face of the top pad, on either side, is
6° below the horizontal joint. Four cheese headed stop screw$ screwed into
webs in the top cover, project down into this space and are fitted so as to allow
the pads slight movement to take up their own position on the shaft. In the
bearing illustrated, this clearance is given as 4 for the three pads.
Lubrication is effected by a thrower ring clamped to the shaft, and running in
an oil sump cast in the bottom half. An oil scraper rests on the top of the
thrower ring, and deflects the oil picked up on to the top of the shaft, and
hence into a groove 28 wide x 2 0 deep behind the pads. Slots in the pads allow
the oil access to the bearing surface. Any oil which travels along the shaft
towards the ends of the bearing, is prevented from escaping by a deflector, not
shown, fitted into a boss on each end. Doors are provided at each end for
cleaning purposes, and in addition a Vi BSP drain plug is fitted. A cooling coil is
often fitted in the bearing sump, but this has been omitted.

Commence by drawing a common horizontal centre line for the three views,
and arrange the views with the sectional elevation in the centre, and an end
view on each side of it. The half section of the bottom half looking aft is quite
clear from the pictorial view, as the section given here is taken through the
centre of the pads. A local section of the top half in way of one centre joint bolt
 M10 STUDS
AND WING NUTS
PADS FLANGED SECURING
8 THICK

DOOR

SECTION P&S. t

DIA OF SHAFT 380

WITH STOP SCREWS IN
POSITION PADS TO HAVE
A TOTAL CLEARANCE
OF 4 0

TUNNEL BEARING
93
Air Inlet Valve
DRAW

(i) Front elevation o f the assembled valve in section w ith in le t branch on the left. The section plane should be taken through the centre o f the valve and
through the right hand holding down stud hole.
(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Plan view.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The air inlet valve shown pictorially on the opposite page is from a four cycle
pressure charged direct drive main engine, a type of engine no longer being
built. It should be remembered however, that the questions set in the DoT
Engineering Drawing examination do not necessarily conform to the most ud
to date marine engineering practice, and from a drawing point of view this
example is worth attempting.

The valve and valve body should not be difficult to assemble; the 60 dia. valve
stem fits in the 65 dia. central hole in the valve body, and the mitre on the
valve head locates in a similar mitre on the seat which is shown enlarged in a
local section. The valve guide takes the form of a piston fitted with three rings,
which works in a cylinder 110 dia. cast on the top of the body. A recess is
turned in the valve stem near the end, and a split collar 75 dia. x 19 deep is
fitted in this recess, and bears on a shoulder inside the piston. The outside dia.
of the piston is increased from 110 dia. to 130 dia., and the shoulder thus
formed bears on a split spherical ring. This ring in turn is located in the spring
keep plate, which bears on the ends of both springs. Two springs are used,
one wound to a right hand helix, and the other to a left hand helix. Opposite
hand springs are used, so that in the event of a spring breaking, the broken
spring cannot interfere with the intact spring. The piston rings which prevent
air leakage are not detailed in the pictorial view, but these could be shown in
the grooves in the piston. For lubrication of the piston eight holes 2 dia. are
drilled at an angle at the bottom of a 5 x 5 groove turned in the top face of the
housing and four drai n holes 4 dia. are drilled at the bottom of the cylinder.
 3 HOLES FOR 70 DIA STUDS SPRING

/o
\I 04 - O
T O iD
1 CM
' $130

GROOVES
FOR PISTON
FIRINGS

SPRING MEAN WIRE No OF FREE REMARKS

DIA DIA COILS LENGTH
INNER 200 10 7 325 R H HELIX
OUTER 260 15 5-5 325 LH HELIX

AIR INLET VALVE

CO
CXI
Sterntube and Tailshaft
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation through axis o f shaft, showing all parts assembled.
(ii) Detailed views of oil gland to a larger scale.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

For many years it was standard practice to fit water lubricated, lignum vitae- compression to the rubber member when fitting. When thegland is in position
lined bushes in the stern tubes of ocean-going ships, and although there are on the shaft, the 30 dia. joint studs are inserted, and the compression bolts
many ships still afloat with this arrangement, new tonnage generally has withdrawn.
some form of oil lubricated sterntube. The arrangement shown pictorially on
the opposite page illustrates a typical oil-filled sterntube. The views required for this exercise should not cause any difficulty, as all the
important dimensions are given, or can be found. Notice that for drawing-up
It will be seen that there are two bushes in the tube, a long bush at the aft end, purposes, the propeller boss is 24 longer than the taper on the tailshaft. The
and a shorter neck bush towards the forward end. These bushes are generally correct fore and aft location of the tailshaft in the stern tube is found by
made of cast iron, and lined with whitemetal which is keyed both longi­ subtracting the oil gland compression of 6 from its free length of 186, and this
tudinally and circumferentially. The gland at the forward end is similarly lined will be the distance between forward end of propeller boss and aft face of
with whitemetal, and all the liners have oil grooves cut parallel to the axis of wearing ring.
the tailshaft. Lubrication is generally by gravity from an oil tank in the engine
room, and situated above the load line so as to ensure oil entering the
sterntube under all conditions of draught. Special oil for this duty is supplied
by all the leading oil companies.

A special feature of this type of sterntube is the oil gland at the aft end, which
is sandwiched between the forward face of the propeller boss and a cast iron
wearing ring, secured to the flange of the aft bush by countersunk screws. It
should be noted that this gland is not attached in any way to the propeller,
shaft or sterntube so that it is free to revolve, remain stationary or to creep.
The inner diameters of the gland rings are turned slightly larger than the
diameter of the shaft, so that there is a small oil film between rings and shaft,
on which the gland floats. An oil-resisting rubber member between both rings
gives flexibility to the gland, and keeps the rubbing faces close together. Two
drivers located in suitable slots in their opposite gland ring ensure that no
torsional strain comes on the rubber member. This gland can be removed or
fitted without disturbing propeller or coupling bolts. The slots shown around
the outer circumference of both halves are for temporary bolts, which give
COUPLING 760 DIA RECESS
ON FACE 4 3 0 DIA X 2 DEEP

LENGTH OF PROPELLER BOSS 786

COMPRESSION OF OIL GLAND

STERNTUBE AND TAILSHAFT

Michel I Thrust Block
DRAW

(i) Front elevation in a longitudinal direction, one h a lf in section through vertical centre line, the other h a lf an outside view.
(ii) End view, one half in section thrctugh a journal, the other h a lf a view looking on the face of one set of thrust pads.

NOTE: LINERS OF TOTAL THICKNESS 11 TO BE FITTED ON THE BACK OF EACH SHOE, TO GIVE A FORE AND AFT CLEARANCE OF 1.0

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Before commencing to draw, the pictorial view should be studied carefully, so Commence the elevation by drawing in the thrust shaft, and make, say, the
that a clear picture is obtained of the assembly of the thrust block. The thrust right hand side the sectional view. Produce the horizontal centre line to the
shaft is given as 408 dia., on which is forged a collar of 854 dia. and 127 thick, end view, and draw in three pads in this view—two below and one above the
with a fillet radius of 12. Against both the forward and aft faces of this collar, horizontal centre line. As in the elevation, make the right hand side the
whitemetal-lined thrust pads are fitted to take the thrust in the ahead and sectional view. Project the bottom pad across to the elevation, and draw this
astern directions. These pads are fitted in a 138 wide groove in a shoe, with a pad at 64 thick just clear of the collar. The shoe can now be located in the
clearance of 3 radially, and as the sector angle of the shoe is given as sectional elevation, and drawn in, with liners to a total thickness of 11 behind
270°, and the included angle over the pad stops 45°, there must be six pads on it. The right hand journal can now be indicated in section, and the bottom half
each side of the collar. These would be arranged four below the horizontal of the block finished off in both views from the dimensions given. Next draw in
centre line, and one port and starboard above the centre line. A journal the top of the casing, cover, and pad stop in the end view, and project across to
bearing, whitemetal lined, is provided at each end of the thrust block. the elevation for the respective heights. Finish off the elevation by showing
half of the oil scraper located on the top of the thrust collar, and deflected into
From the Engineering Knowledge point of view, certain items are included on the reservoir cast in the pad stop.
the completed drawing, but as a drawing exercise to be completed in six
hours, these need not be shown. Amongst these items is a cooling coil, the
couplings for which are fitted in the circular door in the oil sump. Oil deflectors
are fitted beyond the ends of the journals, to return to the sump any oil tending
to escape along the shaft. An oil level gauge is also fitted on the side of the oil
sump.

The journals are lubricated by means of an oil scraper, which deflects oil
picked up by the thrust collar into a reservoir cast in the pad stop. From here
the oil flows through a 25 dia. hole into the top bush of the journal. A film of oil
is also maintained between the faces of the pads and the thrust collar, as the
pads are free to tilt slightly, allowing a wedge-shaped film of oil to form
between the collar and the face of the pad.
 SECTOR ANGLE OF 2 -2 4 DIA FITTED
BOLTS 376 CRS

OIL HOLE

50 DIA HOLE
FOR AIR VENT

PAD END FACES

37V2° INCLUDED
ANGLE
PAD STOPS 4 5°
INCLUDED ANGLE THRUST BLOCK
Turbine Main Gear W heel
DRAW

(i) Elevation Jn section through axis of shaft showing wheel assembled.

(ii) End elevation one h a lf in section thrpugh and o th e rh alfa n outside view.
(iii) Draw the approximate profile o f a few teeth to a larger scale than the main drawing.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Main gear wheels on modern turbines are either welded or built up, these The circles forming the end view are drawn in, as far as possible
designs having superseded the cast wheel, with shrunk on rim. The wheel simultaneously with the elevation, as time can be saved by using the same
illustrated pictorially on the opposite page is of the built up type, and would be compass setting. In the sectional half of the end view, the lightening holes in
used in a double reduction train. the cone will be seen as half ellipses, as the section plane cuts these through
the centre. The drawing of the hexagon nuts in the end view is time
The assembled wheel comprises a hub, a rim on which the double helical consuming, so it would be sufficient to show a few of these, indicating the
teeth are cut, two 42 thick side plates and a forged truncated cone, bolted others by their centre lines as shown in the convention on page 9. For the
internally by its flanges to the side plates. A thrust collar would also be forged method of showing the approximate profile of an involute tooth refer to page
on the aft end of the hub but this is not shown. 18, and the completed drawing is on page 150.

Having decided upon a suitable scale, draw in the horizontal centre line for the
sectional elevation, and produce to the end view. Draw in the hub from the
details given, and locate both side plates by the spigots on the hub. Notice that
the outer periphery of the aft plate is machined to take the 78 deep flange,
forged on the rim, and the inner diameter machined to take the cone flange,
whilst on the forward plate, the cone flange fits into a machined recess at the
outer diameter. This may not be obvious from the pictorial view, as the cone
has purposely been illustrated in the opposite way to which it fits into the
wheel, but students should be prepared for this kind of deviation. The cone is
now drawn in, sandwiched between the side plates, and located in the
recesses in the side plates, as explained abovV There are six 500 dia.
lightening holes in the cone, and as two are cut by the section plane, these can
be shown in the section. Two of the other four lightening holes will also be
seen, and these will be seen as ellipses, the construction for which can be
found on page 12. Next draw in the rim in section from the dimensions given,
and show teeth top and bottom, not in section. The height of the teeth can be
calculated ffom the details of the teeth. Finish off the sectional elevation, by
showing the fitted bolts holding the assembly together.
 OVERALL
0 3698

TURBINE
MAIN GEAR WHEEL

o
Hydraulic Steering Gear
DRAW

(i) Front elevation o f the gear assembled, one h a lf in section through centre of ram. (Assume tille r removed.)
(ii) Plan view, one h a lf in section through centre of ram.

ALLOW 16mm FOR RUDDER WEAR DOWN, AND INDICATE THIS ON THE DRAWING. INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Details are given of two rams, a trunnion and tiller, for a four ram hydraulic Finish off both views by drawing in the guides, which are secured to the rams
steering gear. Only two rams need to be shown, as the other two are similar. by four 25 dia. fitted bolts, the oil reservoir on the top of the trunnion, the oil
Before commencing to draw the required views, some thought should be holes and grooves, and the syphon tube.
given to the instruction regarding rudder wear down. It will be seen from the
pictorial view that there is 360 between the forks of the ram to accommodate
a trunnion, which is 336 deep at this point. This gives a total clearance of 24,
and if the centre lines of the rams and trunnion coincided, this would mean an
equal clearance of 12 top and bottom. To obtain the 16 required on the bottom
of the trunnion boss however, the centre line of this component will have to be
4 above the centre line of the rams.

Decide on say the right hand side of both views to be in section, and draw in
horizontal centre lines for the rams in both views. A vertical centre line in
elevation is now drawn, and produced to the plan view underneath. From the
dimensions given in the pictorial view, draw in the rams in elevation, the
forked ends of which are held together by four 30 dia. fitted bolts, two of which
will be partly seen in this view. In plan view, the rams could now be drawn in,
together with the tiller, the centre of which is 504 from the centre line of the
rams. The tiller arm slides in a bush 216 long, part of which will be seen in the
section of the plan view. Continue with the elevation by drawing in the
trunnion with its bushes, and as pointed out above the allowance for rudder
wear down will be 16. if the centre line of the trunnion is drawn 4 above the
centre line of the rams. Although allowance is made for a wear down of 16,
this figure would not be required under normal circumstances, as a well
lubricated rudder carrier bearing of the type illustrated on page 133, reduces
rudder wear down to a very small amount.
COVER FOR OIL RESERVOIR

HYDRAULIC STEERING GEAR

103
 Compressor Piston and Suction Valve
DRAW

(i) Sectionalelevation through axisofgudgeon pin showing allparts assembled.

(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Plan view with valve assembly removedone half to be an outside view, one half a section 70 above gudgeon pin centre line.

INDICATE VALVE LIFT, AND INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The piston and suction valve illustrated on opposite page is from a Freon 12 An inverted plan view is included on the completed drawing on page 152, but
compressor, where the suction port is in the liner. On the up stroke ot the from a point of view of time this would not be expected in the examination. It
piston, with suction valve closed, gas enters the piston in the space below the might well be asked for however, instead of one of the other views.
valve, and on the downstroke the suction valve lifts, allowing this gas to enter
the space above the piston, where it is compressed on the upstroke. This
arrangement isolates the suction side of the machine from the crankcase, as
there are two piston rings below the gudgeon pin. The piston is splash
lubricated from the sump.

For students who are not familiar with this suction valve arrangement, the
pictorial views of the valve seat, valve, and guard show their relative positions
on assembly. The collar stud and nut secure the whole assembly to the
piston.

The sectional elevation of the piston should not present any difficulty, as the
pictorial view of this provides ample information. The valve seat of 81 dia. fits
in a recess of the same diameter, in the piston head, and the valve ring of
external dia. 74.5 and bore 52.5, is sandwiched between the seat and the
valve guard. Notice an M6 locking screw for the collar stud, and also that two
holes in the seat are tapped to enable the seat to be withdrawn. The gudgeon
pin is not shown pictorially, but its dimensions are given so that it can be
drawn in, together with its M 10 locking screw. The end of this screw is
tapered, to fit into a tapered hole in the gudgeon pin.

The plan view will show three of the six ribs, cast between the stud boss and
1 0 A t*10wa**°* t^ie P'ston' whilst the sectional plan will show the piston cut away
IU ^ 45° each side of the gudgeon pin centre line.
CENTRE BOSS
40 LONG

COMPRESSOR PISTON AND SUCTION VALVE

Plate Type Gauge Glass
DRAW

(i) Sectional elevation through the centre lines of both glasses, showing gauge assembled. Show steam cock in section, and an outside view of water
and dram cocks.
(ii) End elevation.
(iii) Sectional plan through steam header and steam cock.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

The gauge glass illustrated pictorially on the opposite page is a common type the back plate, and also about four M10 pinching screws. Finish off the
in use on high pressure water tube boilers, and candidates preparing for a sectional view by drawing in the water header, which is secured to the centre
Steam Certificate should not find difficulty in assembling the components. For piece by a split gland nut screwed 1Vi BSP. Locate the water cock on the 38
those who are not familiar with its construction, however, it functions briefly dia. spigot on the header, and draw this next. Note this cock is not required in
as follows:— section, nor is the drain cock, which screws into the bottom of it on a 1 BSP
thread. The cock operating levers would finish this view.
Steam and water are admitted to their respective headers by parallel bore
shut off cocks, of the sleeve packed type, which are mounted on the steam The end view projected from the sectional elevation, and to some extent
drum. From the water header, the water rises through a 20 dia. ball valve to drawn simultaneously with it, could now be finished off, by drawing in the
the space between the glasses, and the level can be easily seen, as there is width of the various components seen in this view from the dimensions given
illumination behind the gauge glass. The louvre plate is fitted to deflect the in the pictorial views of the various components.
light, and hence give the illusion of an illuminated bubble on the surface of the
water. Plugs are provided in both headers for cleaning the glass, and the The sectional plan through the steam header and cock, will show two M16
steam and water ports. It will be seen from the pictorial view of one glass, that studs securing header to cock body, and will also show details of the cock plug,
there is a thin sheet of mica sandwiched between the C.A.F. joint and the packing and sleeve. Note that these items are similar for all three cocks.
glass. This is fitted to protect the glass from the chemicals introduced into the
boiler feed water. On the completed drawing on page 153, a section through the glasses is also
included, but from a point of view of the time allowed for the question this
Commence the sectional elevation, by drawing in the vertical centre line would not be required. It might well be asked for however, instead of the
through top and bottom headers. A horizontal centre line through the steam sectional plan required in part (iii). Note the materials in this gauge glass.
header is now drawn, allowing enough space above this for the upper end of
the 20 dia. tube, together with the 15 deep square on the top cleaning plug.
Draw in the steam header from the dimensions given, and locate this on the
body of the steam cock by its 38 dia. spigot. Draw in the tube in the steam
header, together with its lantern ring, packing ring and gland, keeping the
ports in the tube in line with the ports in the header. The 30 dia. collar on the
tube, fits into the 1 BSP hole in the top of the gauge centre piece, secured by a
gland nut. Locate both glasses on the centre piece, and then draw in gauge
glass body, louvre plate and back plate. Show about tour M 12 nuts securing
 PLATE TYPE
GAUGE GLASS
o
 Mechanical Lubricator
DRAW

(i) Front elevation with a ll parts assembled.

(ii) Sectional end elevation, the section plane being taken through a pump.

INCLUDE ON THE DRAWING A LIST OF MATERIALS.

Engineers whose sea service has been only on turbine ships may not be Proceed to the end view, and draw a pump in section from the details given,
familiar with the mechanical lubricator illustrated on the opposite page, but each component taking the relative position shown. To locate the plunger at
with a few exceptions due to limitations of space, the pictorial view is an the end of its delivery stroke, the thumb nut is drawn and the 15 mean dia.
exploded view so that little difficulty should be experienced in locating the spring drawn at its free length of 15. Note that when the suction valve seat is
various components. screwed into pump body, sufficient thread remains for a Vi BSP cap nut to be
fitted. Finish off this view by drawing in the operating eccentric at the end of
the delivery stroke, and the 16 dia. spindle in section.
The unit illustrated is a two pump model, but the number of pumps would, of
Notice on the pictorial view that there is a 3A BSP hole in the projection cast on
course, depend on the number of points to be lubricated. These pumps are
the front, and part of one side of the container. This is for securing the
operated by eccentrics mounted on a shaft which passes through the
contents sight glass, which could now be drawn in, together with its hexagon
container, and running in bearings screwed into the ends of the container.
bar base, to finish the front elevation.
The worm and wheel drive for this shaft has been omitted. On the suction
stroke of the differential pump plunger, oil is drawn from the container
through the 5 dia. port, the four 3 dia. holes in suction valve seat, and
the ball suction valves to the space below the plunger. On the delivery stroke
of the plunger the oil is forced through the delivery valves and nozzle into the
sight glass, which is filled with water. When the globule of oil is sufficiently
large, it travels up the guide wire, and into the delivery pipe above the 6 dia.
non return ball valve.

Draw in the front elevation of the container and cover, and mark off the
horizontal centre line of the pumps. Project this centre line across to the end
view, and draw in container and cover in section. On the front elevation, draw
in the vertical centre lines of the pumps 48 each side of container centre line.
Each pump is secured to the container by 4 x M6 screws in a 37 square flange.
Finish off the pumps and flushing triggers in front elevation, and draw in the
two sight glasses and holders, which pass through the 14 thick projection in
front of the container. A serrated nut above and below this projection
J O compresses the cork gaskets, keeping the unit oil tight.
 BOTTOM BALL 6 DIA

MECHANICAL LUBRICATOR
CD
CD
 MACHINING FIXTURE

110
120

MACHINED BLOCK
 T60 CRS

FUEL CONTROL LEVER

111
112
 ITEM MATERIAL
BOX C.I.
LID C.I.
STRAINER PLATE STRONG BACK M.S.
10 THICK 8 DIA HOLES PILLARS M.S.
SET SCREW M.S.
STRAINER PLATE M.S.

BILGE SUCTION
STRAINER
4 HOLES 14 DIA
114 PCD

ITEM MATERIAL

VALVE BODY CAST IRON

VALVE AND SEAT MONEL
SPRING CAP MILD STEEL
COMPRESSION SCREW MILD STEEL
SPRING SPRING STEEL

CYLINDER RELIEF VALVE

 ITEM MATERIAL
SIDE PLATES MS
SWIVEL BLOCK FORGED STEEL
HOOK AND PINS FORGED STEEL
BUSHES BRASS
THRUST WASHER BRASS
NUTS MS

SECTION XX
CRANE HOOK
100
 ITEM MATERIAL
VALVE BODY GM
VALVE SPINDLE STAINLESS STEEL
VALVE SEAT MONEL
GLAND GM
FULCRUM NUT GM
OPERATING LEVER MS
FULCRUM PIN MS

CONTROL VALVE

115
 6 HOLES 6 DIA CLEAR
100 PCD CSK AT 90°

ITEM MATERIAL
BASE MALLEABLE IRON
COVER MALLEABLE IRON
STUD BALL M.S.
SLEEVE BALL M.S.
DIAPHRAGM NEOPRENE
C'SK SCREWS M.S.

SEALED BALL JOINT

116
 ITEM MATERIAL
COUPLING BODY CAST STEEL
FORKED ENDS FORGED STEEL
FORKED LINK FORGED STEEL
PINS M.S.
BUSHES BRASS
TIE BOLTS M.S.
 8 HOLES 16 DIA
BOTH ENDS C'BORE
38 DIA X 16 DEEP

254 CRS

UNIVERSAL COUPLING
oo

ITEM MATERIAL
STRAINER BODY G.M.
COVER G.M.
FILTER ELEMENTS M S. FABRICATED
STRONGBACKS FORGED STEEL
PINS AND STUDS M.S.
DRAIN PLUG G.M.

OIL FUEL
STRAINER
0160
M 10

1 ,'S

HEX 60 A/F_ l ^ ^

M5 0 X 2

PARTICULARS OF SPRING
FREE LENGTH 25
MEAN DIA 23
DIA OF WIRE 3
NO. OF FREE COILS 4

ITEM MATERIAL
VALVE CHEST CAST STEEL
VALVES AND SEATS MONEL METAL
VALVE SPINDLE FORGED STEEL
SLEEVE NUT MONEL METAL
CAP FOR CHEST MILD STEEL
STUFFING BOX BRONZE
GLAND BRONZE
GLAND NUT BRONZE
HANDWHEEL MILD STEEL

PARALLEL SLIDE
STOP VALVE
 SCREWED M 10

120
 0165 J

r ’ n
j j

IT E M M A T E R IA L
BO D Y CAST ST E E L
COVER C A ST S T E E L
PISTON M O N E L M ETAL
SP L IT NUT BRONZE
LA N TER N BUSH BRONZE
STU D S M.S.
H A N D W H EEL M A L L E A B L E IRON

STOP VALVE
(PISTON TYPE)
202
 IT E M M A T E R IA L
C H E ST C A S T IRON
COVERS C A S T IRON
H AN DLE M IL D S T E E L
VALVE GUN M E T A L
VALVE SE A T ------------ i i ---------------
SP IN D L E ------------ i i ---------------

GLAND ------------ n ---------------

BR ID G E M IL D S T E E L
P IL L A R S 1------------ i i ---------------
G L A N D STUDS ------------ i i --------------
NUTS ------------ i i ---------------

BALLAST VALVE CHEST

FOR
OIL OR WATER
 15

325

410

SECTION A A

ITEM MATERIAL
CROSS HEAD FORGED STEEL
GUIDE SHOE CAST STEEL
PISTON ROD FORGED STEEL
SET BOLTS MILD STEEL
PISTON ROD NUT MILD^STEEL
SPHERICAL WASHERS MILD STEEL

CROSS HEAD
AND
GUIDE SHOE
 SC R E W E D 36 DIA

IT E M M A T E R IA L
VALVE BO DY CAST ST E E L
COVER C AST S T E E L
VALVE M O N EL METAL
VALVE SEAT M O N EL METAL
VALVE SPIN D LE STAIN LESS S T E E L
OPERATING LEV ER S F O R G ED ST E E L
OPERATING NUTS GUNM ETAL
OPERATING SPIN D LE M.S. B A R
STUDS M.S.

FEED CHECK VALVE

hO
CO
 HALF END VIEW HALF SECTION A A
COUPLING REMOVED
DETAILS OF INVOLUTE GEARING
PRESSURE ANGLE 20°
No. OF TEETH 14
PCD 84 ITEM MATERIAL
ADDENDUM = MODULE = 6 PUMP BODY Cl
DEDENDUM 7-5 END COVER Cl
SHAFT MS
GEARS NICKEL CHROME STEEL
GLAND GM
COUPLING MS
KEYS KEY STEEL
STUDS MS

GEAR PUMP
124
064
 IT E M M A T E R IA L
VALVE BO DY G M
VALVE S T A IN L E S S ST E E L
PLU G BRASS

STARTING AIR PILOT

VALVE
125
ro
a>

PISTON GROOVES
2 WIDE X 2 DEEP
Q EQUALLY SPACED
O PISTON SPRING
Q_
6 FREE COILS 101 MEAN DIA
S 8 DIA W IRE

IT E M MATERIAL
BODY M.S.
COVERS M.S.
BUSHES
VALVE & SEATS G.M.
SPINDLE M.S.
SPRING SPRING STEEL
STUDS M.S.
SQUARE
335

AUTOMATIC VALVE
FOR
STARTING AIR SYSTEM

HALF PLAN THROUGH ENGINE PORT

 ITEM MATERIAL
BODY CAST STEEL
VALVE FORGED STEEL
PISTON GM
BUSHES BRASS
STUDS MS
HALF SECTION ON A A

STARTING AIR
VALVE
 ITEM MATERIAL
BURNER CARRIER CAST IRON
BODY BRONZE
COCK M.S.
NIPPLE M.S.
JACK SCREW M.S.
HANDWHEEL CAST IRON
GLAND G.M.
SET SCREW AND STUDS M.S.

BURNER CARRIER
 135
OIL FUEL BURNER CARRIER
129
CO
o
470 CRS
4, TH.ICK
LINERS
ii
150
I
600

ITEM MATERIAL
CONNECTING FORGED
ROD STEEL
BUSHES CAST STEEL
BOLTS MILD STEEL
LINERS BRASS

CONNECTING ROD AND BEARINGS

0 343

ITEM MATERIAL
BRAKE DRUM CAST IRON
BRAKE SHOES M.S.
BRAKE LINING FERODO
BRAKE HUB AND SHAFT M.S.
SPRINGS SPRING STEEL CADMIUM PLATED

GRAVITY DAVIT
DETAIL OF SPRINGS
ANCHOR PINS AND
MEAN DIA 9 SPLIT PINS BRASS
DIA OF WIRE 18 HANDWHEEL M.S.
FREE LENGTH
No. OF COILS
42
17
END PLATE
KEY
M.S.
KEY STEEL CENTRIFUGAL BRAKE
131
 M12

"~2
0145

8-16 DIA
BOLTS
167 PCD

132
 ITEM MATERIAL
CHEST AND COVER CAST STEEL
SPINDLE R.N.B.
INLET AND OUTLET FLANGES WEDGE AND SEAT RING GUNMETAL
4-16 CLEAR HOLES OFF t CROSSHEAD AND LINKS M.S.
113 PCD PINS M.S.
THRUST WASHER AND BUSHES R.N.B.
INDICATOR NUT GUNMETAL
SPINDLE NUT II
PACKING CONE WOODITE
GLAND M.S.
HANDWHEEL GUNMETAL

QUICK CLOSING SLUICE VALVE

 0540
THRUST TO BE TAKEN
ON DISTANCE PIECE BETWEEN
UPPER CONE AND UNDERSIDE
OF TILLER BOSS

\ \
c I

M 20
ITEM MATERIAL
FITTED BOLTS
MOVING CONE CAST IRON
FIXED CONE CAST IRON
GLAND G.M.
M30 STUDS KEY KEY STEEL
T 1) BOLTS M.S.

RUDDER CARRIER
BEARING

c o
CO
GO

ITEM MATERIAL
VALVE CHEST & COVERS GM
VALVE & SEAT BRONZE
SPINDLE STAINLESS STEEL
PILLARS MS
BRIDGE MS
SPRING SPRING STEEL
BUSHES BRASS
DIAPHRAGM RUBBER

HALF SECTION AA
REDUCING VALVE
Q£l

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MATERIAL

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STEEL

m 35
o
2
1
 SCREWED M50 X 5
730

8 STUDS 33 DIA 400 PCD

2 GROOVES 12X8
FOR RUBBER RINGS
155CONICAL | 155 CYL. I

PISTON RING
GROOVES IN PISTON
AND SKIRT 22 DEEP
BEARING RING GROOVE
17 DEEP
DIA OVER BEARING RING 669-4

12 STUDS 20 DIA

ITEM MATERIAL
PISTON HEAD FORGED STEEL
PISTON SKIRT Cl
PISTON ROD FORGED STEEL
PISTON SKIRT COVER Cl
STUDS MS
DISTANCE PIECES MS
SEALING RINGS NITRILE
BEARING RING Cl

UPPER PISTON
PLAN WITH SKIRT COVER REMOVED
AND ROD
MEAN DIA 50
DIA OF WIRE 10
No. OF FREE COILS 35
FREE LENGTH 536

ITEM MATERIAL
CYLINDERS CAST BRONZE
RAMS MS CHROM. PLATED
PUMP OPERATING ROD MILD STEEL
RAM BRACKETS Cl
CROSSHEAD BRASS
GUIDE RODS MS
GLAND NUTS BRONZE
SPRINGS SPRING STEEL
SPRING SUPPORTS STEEL TUBE

TELEMOTOR
RECEIVER
137
CO
oo

<8130

ITEM MATERIAL
YOKE CAST IRON
CASE MILD STEEL
CASE CAP BRASS
DIAPHRAGM SUPPORT MILD STEEL
HANDWHEEL SPINDLE STAINLESS STEEL
OPERATING SPINDLE STAINLESS STEEL
SPRING ADJUSTER MILD STEEL
HANDWHEEL SPINDLE END STAINLESS STEEL
THRUST RACE HOLDER MILD STEEL
SPRING LOCATORS BRASS
SPRING SPRING STEEL
HANDWHEEL ALUMINIUM
DIAPHRAGM 3 THICK NITRILE/NYLON

VALVE ACTUATOR
5 ^ 3 ---- ----------- X7777

ITEM MATERIAL
PEDESTAL Cl
KEEP
BUSHES
Cl
BRASS WHITE METAL LINED
GENERATOR
STUDS AND STOP PIN
DOWELS
MS
MS PEDESTAL BEARING
139
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16 FITTED BOLTS 18 DIA 41
No. OF TEETH
SCREWED M16 ON 446 PCD PCD 342
ADDENDUM 8-34
DEDENDUM 10 45
MODULE 8-34
PRESSURE ANGLE 20°

VIEW XX
ITEM MATERIAL
COUPLINGS STEEL EN 8
SLEEVES STEEL EN 25
FITTED BOLTS MS

TURBINE
FLEXIBLE COUPLING
141
 ITEM MATERIAL
CHEST CAST STEEL
CASING CAST IRON
COVER CAST IRON
VALVE AND SEAT ALUMINIUM BRONZE
DIAPHRAGM GUN METAL
LOOSE RING GUN METAL
PISTON GUN METAL
SPINDLE E.N.B.
SPRING SPRING STEEL
COVER BUSH BRASS
COMPRESSION RING BRASS
EASING SHAFT MILD STEEL

HIGH LIFT
SAFETY VALVE
142
 M 2 0 STUDS
0324
0140

ITEM MATERIAL
VALVE BODY CAST STEEL
TOP COVER CAST STEEL
BOTTOM COVER CAST STEEL
VALVE SPINDLE STAINLESS STEEL
VALVE SEAT NICKEL STEEL
PISTONS MONEL METAL
PISTON RINGS PHOS. BRONZE
NECK BUSH BRASS
EASING GEAR
BEARINGS CAST IRON
EASING GEAR
SHAFT MILD STEEL

FULL BORE
SAFETY VALVE

-p *
co
-p *
-p *
 TAPPED BSP

TAPPED M12 FOR AIR

\ VALVE SPINDLE

ITEM MATERIAL
FUEL VALVE BODY FORGED STEEL
NOZZLE AND HOLDER NICKEL CHROME STEEL
VALVE SPINDLE AND SLEEVE ii n it
PARTICULARS OF SPRING NOZZLE CAP ii ii ii

No. OF FREE COILS 6 LIFT ADJUSTING ROD MILD STEEL

DIA OF WIRE 10 LIFT INDICATOR >i n

MEAN DIA 28 SPRING HOLDER CASE HARDENED C.S.

FREE LENGTH 106 8 MM BALL ii n ii

LENGTH COMPRESSED 103 PACKING RING WHITEMETAL

FUEL VALVE

-P *
cn
 ITEM MATERIAL
CASING BOTTOM CAST IRON
CASING TOP CAST IRON
JOURNAL PAD G.M. WHITE METAL LINED
TAP BOLTS AND STUDS MILD STEEL
CLEANING DOORS MILD STEEL
OIL SCRAPER GUN METAL
OIL THROWER RING ALUMINIUM ALLOY
STOP SCREWS FOR PADS MILD STEEL
INSPECTION DOOR PERSPEX
TUNNEL BEARING
146
2 BOSSES 40 DIA X 6
HOLES TAPPED M24 ITEM MATERIAL
28 DEEP FOR LIFTING EYEBOLTS VALVE BODY CI
AND SPRING COMPRESSION VALVE SPINDLE HEAT RESISTING STEEL E.N. 55
STRONGBACKS PISTON MS
SPRING KEEP MS
SPLIT COLLAR MS
SPLIT RING MS
PISTON RINGS Cl
SPRINGS SPRING STEEL

SPRING MEAN WIRE No. OF FREE REMARKS

DIA DIA COILS LENGTH
INNER 200 10 7 325 RH HELIX
OUTER 260 15 5-5 325 LH HELIX

AIR INLET VALVE

 4915

0546
0 3 80

ITEM MATERIAL
TAILSHAFT INGOT STEEL
TAILSHAFT NUT MILD STEEL
KEY MILD STEEL
STERNTUBE BODY CAST IRON
FRD. AND AFT BUSHES CAST IRON
LINERS FOR BUSHES WHITE METAL
FRD. PACKING GLAND CAST IRON
GLAND LINER WHITE METAL
AFT OIL GLAND BRASS
SEAL FOR OIL GLAND OIL RESISTING RUBBER
OIL GLAND WEARING RING CAST IRON
COUNTERSUNK SCREWS HT BRONZE

SECTION A 0 A

STERNTUBE AND TAILSHAFT

148
 266 58

_________________________ 1220_________________________
HALF SECTION XX HALF SECTION YY

ITEM MATERIAL
WITH 110 THICK LINERS TOTAL TOP AND BOTTOM CASING C.I.
FORE AND AFT CLEARANCE =10 COVER AND DOOR C.I.
JOURNAL OIL CLEARANCE THRUST SHOES C.I.
0-6 ON DIA THRUST PADS C.I.W.M. LINED
LINERS M.S.
JOURNAL BUSHES C.I. WM. LINED
STOPS C.I.
OIL SCRAPER G.M.
MAIN JOINT BOLTS M.S.

MICHELL THRUST BLOCK

149
 36 H O LES 3487 PCD D ET A ILS O F G E A R IN G
FO R 36 DIA F IT T ED BO LT S No. O F T E E T H 5 6 4
PCD 3682
OUTER DIA 3 6 9 8
RO O T DIA 3 6 6 3
CIRC. PITCH 2 0 -4 9 8
M O D U L E 6-52 8
P R E S S U R E A N G L E 20°
H ELIX A N G L E 30°

>

o - O
0444

CO C\J
00

- -
—
^275 „ 106

END O F BOLT
C A U LK ED O V ER NUT

ITEM M A T ER IA L
W H EEL SH A FT FO RG ED ST E E L
R IM FO R G ED S T E E L 0 -3 % C
SID E PL A T E S MILD ST E E L
CONE F O R G E D ST E E L
BO LTS M ILD S T E E L
TURBINE
MAIN GEAR WHEEL
150
0228

ITEM MATERIAL
RAMS CAST STEEL
TRUNNION CAST STEEL
TILLER FORGED STEEL
BUSHES GUN METAL
BOLTS MILD STEEL
GUIDES MILD STEEL
KEY KEY STEEL

HYDRAULIC STEERING GEAR

151
CJ1
hO

VALVE ASSEMBLY
REMOVED

ITEM MATERIAL
PISTON C.I.
GUDGEON PIN
VALVE SEAT
VALVE GUARD
MS CASE HARDENED
MS
MS
COMPRESSOR
VALVE RING
STUD
CHROME MOLYBDENUM STEEL
MS PISTON AND
VALVE GUARD NUT MS
LOCKING PIN MS
SUCTION VALVE
 ITEM MATERIAL
COCK BODY(3) FORGED STEEL
COCK PLUGS STAINLESS STEEL
GAUGE BODY M.S.
ii CENTRE STAINLESS STEEL
•• BACK PLATE M.S.
M16 STUDS LOUVRE PLATE M.S.
STUDS & NUTS H.T.S.
SET SCREWS H.T.S.
CLEANING PLUGS STAINLESS STEEL
LATERN BUSH STAINLESS STEEL
SPLIT NUT BRASS
SHUT OFF BALL STAINLESS STEEL

SECTIO N THROUGH S T E A M H E A D E R SECTION THROUGH G A U G E G L A S S

PLATE TYPE
GAUGE GLASS
CXI
CO
 CONICAL SPRING

ITEM MATERIAL
PUMP BODY MUNTZ METAL
PUMP PLUNGER M.S. CASE HARDENED S E C T IO N A A
SUCTION AND DELIVERY
CASE HARDENED STEEL
BALL VALVES
SUCTION VALVE HOUSING BRASS
REGULATING. SLEEVE BRASS
NOZZLE BRASS
SIGHT FEED GLASS GLASS OR PLASTIC
GASKETS FOR GLASS CORK
GLOBULE GUIDE WIRE
SIGHT FEED GLASS HOLDER
SPRING STEEL
BRASS BAR
MECHANICAL
FLUSHING TRIGGER
LUBRICATOR
MILD STEEL
SPRINGS SPRING STEEL
CONTAINER AND COVER CAST IRON

154
 FIRST ANGLE
SYMBOL

PIPE BEND IN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION

IN FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION EACH VIEW SHOWS WHAT
WOULD BE SEEN BY LOOKING ON THE FAR SIDE OF AN
 THIRD ANGLE
SYMBOL

PIPE BEND IN THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

IN THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION EACH VIEW SHOWS WHAT
WOULD BE SEEN BY LOOKING ON THE NEAR SIDE OF AN
 PART No. ITEM No. OFF MATERIAL
© VALVE BODY 1 CAST IRON
HEAT RESISTING MEAN WIRE No. FREE
VALVE SPINDLE 1 STEEL EN 55 SPRING DIA DIA COILS LENGTH REMARKS

© PISTON 1 MILD STEEL INNER 200 10 7 325 R H HELIX

© SPRING KEEP 1 ii n OUTER 260 15 5-5 325 L H HELIX

© SPLIT COLLAR 1 ii it

© SPLIT RING 1 n ii

© PISTON RINGS 3 CAST IRON

© © SPRINGS 2 SPRING STEEL

AIR INLET
VALVE

156
 ^ 135 ^ .2 BOSSES 40 DIA x 6 HOLES TAPPED
M24x 28 DEEP FOR LIFTING
EYE BOLTS AND SPRING
COMPRESSION STRONG BACKS

0
0
CM
0500

O
If)
__ I

m b
J40
,
|
0350 ____ |
Chapter Four
STATICS

When investigating problems connected w ith forces, it w ill be found

convenient to represent a force completely by a straight line. For this purpose
the straight line must show:—

(1) The direction of the line of action of the force in relation to some fixed
direction.
(2) The magnitude of the force shown by the length of the line, measured on a
suitable scale.
(3) The sense in which the force acts along the line of action, indicated by an
arrowhead.

When such a straight line is used to represent a force it is known as a vector,

and the geometrical figure constructed from details given in the space
diagram, is known as a vector diagram.

In solving problems, either of two methods can be us#d—a graphical solution,

or a solution by calculation. For the latter method a working knowledge of
trigonometry is essential, and those students who are weak in mathematics
at this stage, will need to use the graphical method. It should be emphasised
that the graphical method is not suggested in preference to the mathematical
treatment, and students are advised to study the mathematics involved,
clearly set out in a companion volume 'Reeds Applied Mechanics for
Engineers'.

In the graphical method, the vector diagram is drawn to scale, and the
unknown quantity measured off the diagram, the magnitude by a scale rule,
and the direction by a protractor. The accuracy of the drawing determines the
accuracy of the answer, so vector diagrams should be drawn to the largest
scale possible.

Parallelogram of forces
If two forces acting on a body can be represented by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram drawn from the point of application, their resultant w ill be the
diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from that point. The resultant of tw o or
more forces is that single force which can replace them and have the same
effect. Another term in use is the Equilibrant, which could be defined as that
force which is equal in magnitude to the resultant, but opposite in sense.
If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, the vector diagram drawift to
scale representing the forces in magnitude and direction, taken in order,
forms a closed triangle.

Example
Two ropes are slung from a beam, and their lower ends are connected by a
shackle from which a load of 500 N hangs. If the ropes make angles of 45 and
70 degrees respectively to the vertical, find the pull in each rope.

Commence by drawing the space diagram to illustrate the connections of the

ropes and the load and insert the letters A, B, C between the forces. To
construct the vector diagram, draw a b vertically downwards to represent the
force AB to some convenient scale. From b draw a line parallel to the force
between spaces B and C, and from a draw a line parallel to the force between
the spaces C and A. This method of lettering the spaces of the space diagram
with capital letters, so that each force can be referred to by the letters of the
two spaces the force separates, and the vector diagram labelled w ith the
corresponding small letter on the ends of the vector in the direction of the
arrow, is known as BOW'S NOTATION. The triangle thus formed is the vector
diagram for the configuration, and the tension in the ropes can be found by
measuring the lengths be and ac to the scale of the diagram.
A simple jib crane supports a mass of 100kg and the lengths of the post, jib
and the tie are 2 ’/ 2m, AVim and 31/2m respectively. Determine the magnitude
of the forces in the jib and tie.

SPACE DIAGRAM
SCALE: 20m m = 1m

Before commencing to draw the vector diagram the mass of 100kg w ill have
to be converted into a force equal to the gravitational pull on the mass.
Mass of load=100kg
Force in rope to overcome gravitational force i.e. the w eight =

100 x 9.81 =981N.

To construct the vector diagram, draw ab vertical to reoresent 981N to scale.

From a draw ac parallel to the force in the space AC, and from b draw be
parallel to the force between B and C. In the triangle so formed, measure ac
and be to determine the forces in the tie and jib respectively.

ANSWER: Pull intie=1374N

Thrust in jib=1770N
 If any number of forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, the vector diagram
drawn to scale representing the forces in magnitude and direction, taken in
order, forms a closed polygon. This theorem is similar to the Triangle of
Forces, except that where the Triangle of Forces refers only to three forces,
the Polygon of Forces refers to any number greater than three.

System of Forces Not in Equilibrium

If a system of forces acting about a point is given, it may not be in a state of
equilibrium. The following example shows how the force necessary to
produce equilibrium can be obtained from the vector diagram.

NORTH

50 N

WEST EAST

40 N
SPACE DIAGRAM

160 SOUTH
The following forces act about a point.
50N due North
60N at 10° North of East
50N South East
40N at 20° West of South

Draw a vector diagram and determine the magnitude and direction of the
equilibrant.
The connecting rod and crank of a reciprocating engine converts the
reciprocating motion of the piston into a rotary motion at the crank shaft.

Considering the forces meeting at the crosshead, the piston rod pushes
vertically downward on the crosshead, the thrust in the connecting rod
appears as an upward resisting force inclined to the vertical, and the guide
exerts a horizontal force to balance the horizontal component of the thrust in
the connecting rod. As the piston effort always acts vertically, and the guide

IHH
150 kN

SPACE DIAGRAM
SCALE : 1 mm = 30 mm
force always horizontally, the vector diagram of the forces at the crosshead is
always a right-angled triangle.

Example
The piston of a reciprocating engine exerts a force of 150 kN on the crosshead
when the crank is 65° past top dead centre. If the stroke of the engine is
900mm, and the length of the connecting rod is 1.6m, find the guide force and
the force in the connecting rod.

VECTOR DIAGRAM
SCALE :1m m = 1 -5 kN
FORCE IN CONNECTING ROD
=*155 kN
FORCE IN GUIDE = 39 kN
 The following example illustrates how velocities can be represented on a Draw in space diagram as shown, and in the vector diagram draw ab parallel
vector diagram. A ship travelling due North at 20 knots runs into a 4 knot to AB to a suitable scale. Draw be parallel to BC and also to scale. The line
current moving South East. By drawing a vector diagram find the resultant closing the triangle gives the resultant velocity in magnitude and direction.
speed and direction of the ship.

VECTOR DIAGRAM
5 mm = 1 KNOT

162 Ans. 17.5 knots at 91/2° East of North.

Shearing Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
In the design of beams, it is often required to know the maximum shearing
force and bending moment on the beam, and also values for these at
different sections along the length of the beam. To obtain these values,
graphs are drawn to represent the shearing force and bending moment
variations over the length of the beam, and these diagrams are known as
Shearing Force and Bending Moment diagrams. In drawing these diagrams,
the graphs may be plotted either above or below the base line, and they should
be drawn to some scale such as 50mm = 1m of beam length, 10mm = 1
kilonewton of shearing force, and 5mm = 1 kilonewton-m etre of bending
moment. These figures of course would be chosen to suit the problem.

Some examples are given on the following pages of shearing force and
bending moment diagrams for beams supported by different methods, and
loaded in various ways, but for a complete treatise on the whole subject of
shearing forces and bending moments, the student is advised to study the
topic from a book on Applied Mechanics.

In the first few examples, the bending moments w ill be calculated for a
number of points along the beam, so that me diagram can be plotted. If the
shapes of the diagrams are observed it w ill soon be realised that they follow
standard patterns, depending upon the type of loading, so that eventually it
w ill only be necessary to find the values of the bending moment at certain
points along the beam, and to join these points by either a straight line or a
curve.

163
 To construct the bending moment diagram, take moments at say every metre
from the free end. Using M to represent the bending moment, M @ 1m = 40
A cantilever 5 metres long carries a concentrated load of 40 kN at the free
kNm. M@ 2m = 4 0 x 2 = 80kNm. M @ 3m = 4 0 x 3 = 1 2 0 kNm. M @ 4m = 4 0 x 4
end. Neglecting the weight of the beam, draw the shearing force and bending
= 160 kNm. M @ 5m = 40 x 5 = 200 kNm. On a base line of equal length to the
moment diagrams.

& .4 0 kN

i 5m

The shearing force diagram is a diagram of up and down forces. Draw the base shearing force diagram, measure down at 1m intervals the bending moments
line to a scale of say 1m beam length = 40mm. Starting at the free end there is calculated above, using a scale of say 4 kNm = 1mm. Join the points obtained
a vertical downward force of 40 kN, therefore draw a line vertically from measuring down from the base line, and it w ill be found that a straight
downwards 20mm long, which is to the scale of 2 kN = 1mm. Moving toward line is obtained, sloping from zero at the free end to maximum value at the
the fixed end, there are no other forces on the beam until we get to the wall, so fixed end.
the graph is a horizontal line. At the wall there is a reaction of 40 kN vertically
upwards, so a vertical line 20mm long at this point closes the diagram.

5m

z SCALES: 4 0 m m = 1 m
SHEARING FORCE DIAGRAM
O 1 mm = 2 kN

164
A cantilever five metres long carries a uniformly distributed load over its The bending moment at the free end is zero. A t 1 metre from the free end
entire length, which together w ith the weight of the beam amounts to 30kN the total load is 30 x 1=30kN, and its centre of gravity is 0.5m from the end.
per metre run. Draw the shearing force and bending moment diagrams. The bending moment at 1m from the right is therefore 30 x 0.5=15kNm. At a

30 kN PER METRE RUN

At the free end the shearing force is zero. A t 1 metre to the left from the free point 2 metres from the right the load up to this point is 30 x 2=60kN, and the
end the load is 30kN, therefore the shearing force at this point is 30kN. At 2 centre of gravity of this load is 1m from the end, hence the bending moment is
metres from the right the load is 60kN (2 x 30), therefore the shearing force is 60 x 1 = 60kNm. A t 3 metres from the free end the load to this point is
60kN. At 3 metres from the right the shearing force is 90kN, at 4 metres the 30x3=90kN ,and itsC.G. is 1.5m from the end, hence the bending moment is
shearing force is 120kN, and at the w all the shearing force is 150kN. A t the 90 x 1.5=135kNm. A t 4 metres the bending moment is 4 x 30 x 2=240kNm,
wall there is an opposite reaction upwards, so that a vertical line drawn up to and finally at the fixed end the bending moment is 5 x 30 x 2.5=375kNm.
the base closes the diagram. Using a scale of 20mm=1 m length of beam, and These bending moments are now plotted at their respective distances, and
1mm=3kN points are obtained for the shearing force at 1 metre intervals, and the points joined by a smooth curve as shown. The scale used in the bending
on joining these the shearing force diagram is obtained. moment diagram is 1 mm=1 OkNm.

NOTE: IT IS USUAL TO DRAW S.F. AND B.M. DIAGRAMS ON A COMMON BASE.

LIMITATION OF SPACE PREVENTS THIS IN THE ABOVE EXAMPLE.
 A beam 10 metres long is simply supported at each end, and carries a
uniformly distributed load including the w eight of the beam of 20kN per metre
length. Draw the shearing force and bending moment diagrams.

Total load on beam=10 x 20=200kN and as it is uniformly distributed each

reaction must carry 100kN. Using a scale of, say, 1mm=5kN, the shearing
force diagram is constructed as shown below.

For the bending moment diagram which w ill be a parabolic curve, if say three
positions are taken along the beam, at mid length, V* length and % length, and
the bending moments calculated for these, a fair curve through these points

SHEARING FORCE DIAGRAM

SCALES: 2 0 mm = 1m
1 mm = 5kN

166
w ill represent the bending moment diagram: Obviously at each end the
bending moment is zero, and is a maximum at the centre.

Bending moment at 2.5m from R2

=(100x2.5)— (2 0 x 2 .5 x 1 .25)=250— 62.5=187.5kNm.

Bending moment at mid length=( 100 x 5)—(20 x 5 x 2.5)=500—250=250kNm.

Bending moment at 7.5m from R2

=( 10Ox 7.5)— (20x 7.5 x 3.75)=750— 562.5=187.5kNm.

Scale of bending momentdiagram 1 mm=1 OkNm.

 To calculate the bending moment at each point of loading, it is only necessary
to consider moments to either the right or the left of the point, so naturally one
A beam of 12 metres long is simply supported at each end and carries
concentrated loads of 25 kN, 30 kN, and 50 kN at 4m,, 6m, and 10m chooses the direction which has fewer forces.
respectively from one end. Draw the shearing force and bending moment Bending moment at 50 kN force (taking moments to the right)
diagrams. = R2 x 2 =65 x 2 =130kNm
To find the reactions R1and R2 moments are taken about either R1orR 2 Bending moment at midlength (taking moments to the right)
Moments about Rv Clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments = (R2x 6)—(50 x 4) = (65 x 6)—(50 x 4) = 190 kNm
(2 5 x4) + (30x6) + (50x 10) = R2x12 Bending moment at 25 kN force (taking moments to the left)
780 = 12R2 = RlX 4 = 4 0 x 4 = 160 kNm
R2 = 65 kN
But Rt+ R2= 25 + 30 + 50 = 105kN The bending moment diagram is constructed as shown using a scale of
Rt = 4 0 kN 1 mm = 5 kNm

The shearing force diagram is constructed as shown using the following

scales 15mm = 1m beam length. 1 mm =4kN

E
N v E c Z
N. Z c
z 0 / BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM
O CO
N. CD 0 X SCALE-'1mm = 5 kN
<
r-T>

167
 A beam 16 metres long is simply supported at 3 metres from each end, and
carries a uniformly distributed load of 12 kN per me.tre run. Draw the shearing
force and bending moment diagrams, and measure off the position where the
bending moment is zero.

Total load=12 x 1 6 = 1 92kN

192
Reaction at each support = = 96 kN

From the right the shearing force diagram starts at zero, and slopes at the rate
of 12kN per metre for 3 metres to the reaction R2.It then rises vertically a

in

168
distance to represent R2= 96kN. From this point there is a downward gradient
of 12 kN per metre for 10 metres, then a vertical rise to represent R, = 96 kN.
Finally to close the diagram there is a downward gradient of 12 kN per metre
for the remaining 3m. Scale of shearing force diagram 10mm = 1m beam
length. 5 kN = 1 mm.

Bending moment at mid length = (96 x 5) — (12 x 8 x 4) = 96 kNm

Bending moment at reactions (in opposite direction to bending moment at mid
length)^ 12 x 3 x 1.5 = 54 kNm
These points are plotted to a scale of 5 kNm = 1 mm and joined up by smooth
parabolic curves.

SCALES: 10 mm = 1 m BEAM LENGTH

BENDING MOMENT IS ZERO AT 4.3m

FROM EACH END
 DIMENSIONS OF ISO METRIC
HEXAGON PRECISION BOLTS SCREWS AND NUTS

Nom Pitch of Diameter of Width Width Depth Radius Height Thickness

Size thread unthreaded across across of under of of nut
shank flats corners washer head head
Coarse Fine max min max min min face max min nom nom

M3 0.50 _ 3.00 2.86 5.50 5.38 6.08 0.1 0.30 0.10 2.00 2.40
M4 0.70 - 4.00 3.82 7.00 6.85 7.74 0.1 0.35 0.20 2.80 3.20
M5 0.80 - 5.00 4.82 8.00 7.85 8.87 0.2 0.35 0.20 3.50 4.00
M6 1.00 - 6.00 5.82 10.00 9.78 11.05 0.3 0.40 0.25 4.00 5.00
M8 1.25 1.00 8.00 7.78 13.00 12.73 14.38 0.4 0.60 0.40 5.50 6.50

M10 1.50 1.25 10.00 9.78 17.00 16.73 18.90 0.4 0.60 0.40 7.00 8.00
M12 1.75 1.25 12.00 11.73 19.00 18.67 21.10 0.4 1.10 0.60 8.00 10.00
*M14 2.00 1.50 14.00 13.73 22.00 21.67 24.49 0.4 1.10 0.60 9.00 11.00
M16 2.00 1.50 16.00 15.73 24.00 23.67 26.75 0.4 1.10 0.60 10.00 13.00
M18 2.50 1.50 18.00 17.73 27.00 26.67 30.14 0.4 1.10 0.60 12.00 15.00

M20 2.50 1.50 20.00 19.67 30.00 29.67 33:53 0.4 1.20 0.80 13.00 16.00
*M22 2.50 1.50 22.00 21.67 32.00 31.61 35.72 0.4 1.20 0.80 14.00 18.00
M24 3.00 2.00 24.00 23.67 36.00 35.38 39.98 0.5 1.20 0.80 15.00 19.00
*M27 3.00 - 27.00 26.67 41.00 40.38 45.63 0.5 1.7 1.0 17.00 22.00

M30 3.50 _ 30.00 29.67 46.00 45.38 51.28 0.5 1.7 1.0 19.00 24.00
*M33 3.50 - 33.00 32.61 50.00 49.38 55.80 0.5 1.7 1.0 21.00 26.00
M36 4.00 - 36.00 35.61 55.00 54.26 61.31 0.5 1.7 1.0 23.00 29.00
*M39 4.00 - 39.00 38.61 60.00 59.26 66.96 0.6 1.7 1.0 25.00 31.00

M42 4.50 - 42.00 41.61 65.00 64.26 72.61 0.6 1.8 1.2 26.00 34.00

*These are non-preferred diameters to be dispensed with wherever possible.

For further detail and large diameters refer to BS 3 6 9 2 -1 9 6 7

169
INDEX

Page Page Page

AbbreviationsforGeneralEngineeringTerms 7 Fuel Control Lever 22,23,111 Parallel Slide Stop Valve 38,39,119
Air Inlet Valve 94,95,147,156 Fuel Valve 90,91,145 Pedestal Bearing 78,79,139
Automatic Valve 52,53,126 Full Bore Safety Valve 86,87,143 Piston (4 stroke) 70,71,135
Piston (Upper and Rod) 72,73,136
BallastChest 42,43,121 PistonType Stop Valve 40,41,120
Bilge Suction Strainer 24,25,112 Gauge Glass (Plate Type) 106,107,153 Projection— First Angle 4,155
Burner Carrier 56-59,128,129 Gear Pump 48,49,124 Projection— Third Angle 155,156

Centrifugal Brake 62,63,131 Quick Closing Valve 64,65,132

Common Features— Representation of 9,10,11 Helix— Construction of 14
Compressor Piston and Suction Valve 104,105,152 Hexagonal Bolts and Nuts— Table of Dimensions 169 Reducing Valve 68, 69, 134
Connecting Rod and Bearings 60,61,130 Hexagonal— Approximate Proportions 8 Rudder Carrier Bearing 66,67,133
Control Valve 30,31,115 High Lift Safety Valve 84,85,142
Crane Hook 28,29,114 Hydraulic Steering Fear 102,103,151 Scales — Recommended 6
Crosshead and Guide Shoe 44,45,122 Sealed Ball Joint 32,33,116
Curves— Connecting Rod Palm 16 Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 163-168
Curves of Interpretation 15 Involute— Construction of 13 Spur Gearing 17, 18
Cylinder Relief Valve 26,27,113 Starting Air Valve 54,55,127
Starting Air Pilot Valve 50,51,125
Drawing Instruments Required 1 Lines — Projection, Dimension and Leaders 6 SternTubeandTailshaft 96,97,148
— Types 3
Ellipse— Construction of 12 Telemotor Receiver 74,75,137
Machined Block 20,21,110 Tunnel Bearing 92,93,146
Feed Check Valve 46,47,123 Machining Fixture 20,21,110 Turbine Flexible Coupling 80-83,140,141
Flow Regulator 88,89,144 MainGearWheel 100,101,150
Forces — Parallelogram of 157 Mechanical Lubricator 108,109,154 Universal Coupling 34,35,117
— Polygon of 160 Michell Thrust Block 98,99,149
— Reciprocating Engine Mechanism 161 Valve Actuator 76,77,138
— Representation by Vectors 157 Velocity Diagrams 162
— Triangle of 158 Oil Strainer 36,37,118 Views — Sectional and Half Sectional 5