REPRESENTATION OF MENTAL DISTRESS THROUGH THE INTERSECTION

OF GENDER AND MENTAL ILLNESS

Name: Anjali Rana

Instructor’s Name: Ms. Rupinder Kaur

Course name: B.A .(English) HONORS

Batch: 2021-24

Date: 12 may 2024

Abstract:

Societal expectations and gender roles influence an individual’s mental distress and their

ability to seek help or support. This paper explores the intersection of gender and mental

illness in Sons and Lovers by DH Lawrence and The Yellow wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins

Gilman. The methodology includes the analysis of representation of mental illness in the

novel Sons and Lovers and in the short story The Yellow Wallpaper such as image of

confinements, isolation or fragmentation that are primarily caused due to the intersection of

gender and menta illness. The study thus present before the leaders the internal struggle and

emotional stage of individuals who are victim of such situation. This work can contribute

certain mental illness case.

Key words: Gender Roles, Mental distress, Intersection

INTRODUCTION

In this era, mental illness is a major problems for human being which is affecting a person

emotionally, physically and mentally and also their behavior as well. Mental illness can be

display in various ways such as changes in mood swings, persistent sadness, fluctuations in

energy levels, improper sleep, facing difficulties in concentrating . now a days mostly the
youngest generation is facing this kind of problems , like some are stressed about their career,

jobs , studies, results, family problems, relationships, and so on. But now it is very easy to

take the treatment for depression, anxiety, mental illness , we are free to consult with

psychiatrist and we can share our problems with them and most important thing is that they

understand us and help us to overcome from that phase . On the other hand if we talk about

the British Era , mental illness was treated as nuisance , people did not give much attention

to mental diseases like depression, anxiety and the doctor were mostly ignorant about it. At

that time life of a common people under the British rule was very tough and it had a big

impact on their mental health .They suffers a lot like in Wars, unfair treatment by the

Britishers, making them work so hard without paying , Loss of culture as their language and

traditions were banned, they suffers from violence, money problems, racism, discrimination

in caste, health issues and they feels isolated as they were not supposed to live their life

according to themselves. That time no name was given to the mental illness as we can see

now there are many forms of mental illness which describes every kind of problems like

psychological disorder, emotional distress, anxiety, depression, Post traumatic stress (PTSD),

post partum depression (PPD) and many more.

BACKGROUND

The intersection of gender and mental illness is a crucial area of study that reveals how

societal norms, cultural expectations, and healthcare practices uniquely shape the experiences

of mental distress across different genders. Historically, mental health research and treatment

have often overlooked the nuanced ways in which gender impacts the prevalence, diagnosis,

and expression of mental illnesses. Women are more frequently diagnosed with mood

disorders like depression and anxiety, often due to factors such as gender-based violence and

caregiving responsibilities. Conversely, men are more likely to be diagnosed with substance
use disorders and antisocial personality disorders, partly due to societal norms that discourage

emotional vulnerability and help-seeking behaviors. These gender-specific experiences are

further complicated by media representations, which tend to trivialize women's mental health

issues and portray men as inherently dangerous when mentally ill. Moreover, the

intersectionality of multiple identities—such as race, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic

status—adds layers of complexity to how individuals experience and are treated for mental

distress. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing gender-sensitive mental

health care approaches and advocating for policies that promote mental health equity for all

genders.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Despite advancements in mental health awareness and treatment, there remains a significant

gap in understanding and addressing the intersection of gender and mental illness. This gap

manifests in the differential diagnosis, treatment, and societal perception of mental distress

among different genders. Women often face the trivialization of their mental health issues,

leading to underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis, while men encounter stigmatization for seeking

help, resulting in untreated mental health conditions. Additionally, media representations

perpetuate harmful stereotypes that obscure the true nature of mental distress in both men and

women. Moreover, the intersectionality of gender with other identities such as race, sexual

orientation, and socioeconomic status further complicates the accessibility and quality of

mental health care. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive understanding of how

gender influences mental health experiences and the implementation of gender-sensitive

approaches in mental health care and policy-making.

SIGINIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of studying the intersection of gender and mental illness lies in its potential

to transform mental health care and improve outcomes for individuals across all genders. By

illuminating how gender influences the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of mental

illnesses, this research can help identify and address systemic biases and gaps in current

mental health practices. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for several reasons:

1. Enhanced Diagnostic Accuracy: Recognizing gender-specific symptoms and

presentations of mental illness can lead to more accurate diagnoses, reducing the risk

of misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis, particularly for conditions that manifest differently

in men and women.

2. Tailored Treatment Approaches: Gender-sensitive treatment plans can be

developed to better address the unique needs and experiences of different genders,

leading to more effective and personalized care. This includes addressing the impact

of gender-based violence on women's mental health and the pressures of traditional

masculinity on men's mental health.

3. Reduction of Stigma: By challenging and changing harmful stereotypes perpetuated

by media and societal norms, this study can contribute to reducing the stigma

surrounding mental illness. This is especially important for encouraging men to seek

help and for ensuring women's mental health concerns are taken seriously.

4. Improved Mental Health Policies: Insights from this research can inform

policymakers to create more inclusive and equitable mental health policies. This can

lead to better resource allocation, funding for gender-specific research, and the

implementation of programs that address the diverse needs of all genders.

 5. Intersectional Understanding: Acknowledging the intersectionality of gender with

other identities such as race, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status ensures that

mental health care is accessible and equitable for all. This can help dismantle barriers

to care for marginalized groups who face compounded discrimination and mental

health challenges.

6. Public Awareness and Education: Raising awareness about the impact of gender on

mental health can foster a more informed and empathetic society. Educational

initiatives can promote understanding and support for individuals experiencing mental

distress, regardless of gender.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Exploring how a gender intersect with mental illness portrayal in literature has been a central

point of scholars. Purpose of this review is to combine existing research on this topic ,

highlighting themes, theories and key studies relevant to Sons and lovers and The Yellow

Wallpaper. This literature review informs the comparative analysis of gendered representation

in both the books in which we can discuss about the psychological suffering in literature.

Theoretical frameworks like Psychoanalytic and Stream of Consciousness theories are

provide varied perspective on power dynamics and cultural influence on representation of

metal distress. By analyzing these books , we understand how authors depict mental illness

within gender narratives , like “The Yellow Wallpaper” were analyzed by Sandra Gilbert and

Susan Gubars where they find the women is suppressed by her patriarchal norms and her

descent into madness as a metaphor of female oppression.

Mental health disorders are prevalent among youths in the juvenile justice system. A meta-

analysis by Vincent and colleagues (2008) suggested that at some juvenile justice contact
points, as many as 70 percent of youths have a diagnosable mental health problem. This is

consistent with other studies that point to the overrepresentation of youths with

mental/behavioral health disorders within the juvenile justice system (Shufelt and Cocozza

2006; Meservey and Skowyra 2015; Teplin et al. 2015). However, prevalence varies

depending on the stage in the justice system at which youths are assessed. In a nationwide

study, the prevalence of diagnosed disorders increased the further that youths were processed

in the juvenile justice system (Wasserman et al. 2010).

While there appears to be a prevalence of youths with mental health issues in the juvenile

justice system, the relationship between mental health problems and involvement in the

system is complicated, and it can be hard to disentangle correlational from causal

relationships between the two (Shubert and Mulvey 2014).

This literature review will focus on the scope of mental health problems of at-risk and justice-

involved youths; the impact of mental health on justice involvement as well as the impact of

justice involvement on mental health; disparities in mental health treatment in the juvenile

justice system; and evidence- based programs that have been shown to improve outcomes for

youths with mental health issues.

Defining Mental Health and Identifying Mental Health Needs

Defining Mental Health. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

mental

health includes a person’s psychological, emotional, and social well-being and affects how a

person feels, thinks, and acts. Mental disorders relate to issues or difficulties a person may

experience with his or her psychological, emotional, and social well-being. As Stein and
colleagues explained, “each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically

significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and

that is associated with present distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment

in one or more important areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of

suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom” (2010, 1).

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition is a standard

classification tool for mental disorders used by many mental health professionals in the

United States (American Psychiatric Association 2013). It includes 20 chapters of mental

health disorders, including the following:

Historical Context

1. Early 20th Century England:

o The novel is set in early 20th century England, a period marked by rigid

gender roles and strict societal expectations. Men were expected to be the

breadwinners, displaying stoicism and emotional restraint, while women were

often confined to domestic spheres, responsible for caregiving and maintaining

the household.

2. Industrial Working-Class Life:

o The Morel family, around whom the story revolves, lives in a mining town.

The harsh realities of working-class life, including economic hardship and

limited opportunities, profoundly affect their mental and emotional well-being.

Gender and Mental Illness in "Sons and Lovers"

1. Paul Morel:

o Paul Morel, the protagonist, struggles with intense emotional conflicts, largely

stemming from his relationships with his mother, Gertrude Morel, and his

lovers, Miriam Leivers and Clara Dawes. Paul's mental distress is depicted

through his artistic sensitivities and turbulent romantic entanglements,

reflecting the pressures of living up to masculine expectations while

navigating deep emotional dependencies.

2. Gertrude Morel:

o Gertrude Morel, Paul's mother, represents the struggles of women who are

emotionally neglected and confined by their domestic roles. Her unfulfilled

aspirations and unhappy marriage to Walter Morel contribute to her mental

distress. Gertrude's emotional investment in her sons, particularly Paul, creates

a dynamic that blurs the lines between maternal care and possessiveness,

affecting Paul's psychological development.

3. Walter Morel:

o Walter Morel, Paul's father, embodies the traditional working-class male,

dealing with his frustrations through alcohol and aggression. His inability to

express emotions healthily highlights the societal pressures on men to conform

to stoic and dominant masculine roles, leading to emotional repression and

interpersonal conflicts.

4. Miriam Leivers and Clara Dawes:

 o Miriam Leivers and Clara Dawes, Paul's love interests, reflect different aspects

of women's experiences and mental health. Miriam's spiritual and intellectual

connection with Paul contrasts with Clara's physical and emotional intensity.

Both women grapple with societal expectations and personal desires, which

influence their mental states and relationships with Paul.

Societal and Cultural Influences

1. Gender Norms and Expectations:

o The novel illustrates how early 20th century gender norms contribute to the

characters' mental distress. Women are depicted as more emotionally

expressive but are often dismissed as overly sensitive or hysterical. Men are

expected to suppress their emotions, leading to internalized stress and

unresolved conflicts.

2. Impact of Class and Economic Hardship:

o The Morel family's economic struggles exacerbate their mental health issues.

The constant pressure to make ends meet and the lack of social mobility create

a backdrop of stress and despair, impacting both men and women differently

based on their societal roles.

Mental Illness

In "Sons and Lovers," D.H. Lawrence explores the profound impact of mental illness within

the context of early 20th century gender norms and societal expectations. The novel portrays

the psychological struggles of its characters, particularly Paul Morel, whose intense

emotional conflicts stem from his suffocating relationship with his mother, Gertrude Morel.

Gertrude herself experiences significant mental distress due to her unfulfilled aspirations and
unhappy marriage, leading to an overinvestment in her children. Walter Morel, Paul's father,

exemplifies the repression and aggression associated with traditional masculinity, coping with

his emotional struggles through alcoholism and volatile behavior. The novel also delves into

the inner turmoil of Paul's lovers, Miriam Leivers and Clara Dawes, who grapple with

societal constraints and their own emotional needs. Through these characters, Lawrence

illustrates how gender roles and economic hardships exacerbate mental health issues,

highlighting the detrimental effects of societal expectations on both men and women. This

exploration underscores the importance of understanding mental illness through a

multifaceted lens, considering the historical and cultural influences that shape individual

experiences of emotional distress.

Gender Differences in Mental Health

 Women:

o Women are more likely to be diagnosed with mood disorders such as

depression and anxiety. Studies suggest that hormonal fluctuations, especially

during menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause, may contribute to these

higher rates.

o Women are also more prone to experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder

(PTSD), often due to higher incidences of sexual assault and domestic

violence.

 Men:
 o Men are more frequently diagnosed with substance use disorders and

antisocial personality disorders. Societal norms that discourage emotional

expression in men can lead to self-medication through alcohol and drugs.

o Men are also at a higher risk for suicide, often due to untreated depression and

the stigma surrounding mental health care for men.

2. Symptom Expression:

 Women:

o Women tend to internalize their symptoms, leading to expressions of sadness,

withdrawal, and somatic complaints like chronic pain.

o They are more likely to seek help and discuss their mental health issues

openly, which can lead to higher diagnosis rates.

 Men:

o Men are more likely to externalize their symptoms, displaying anger,

aggression, and risk-taking behaviors.

o Due to societal expectations of stoicism, men are less likely to seek help,

which can result in underdiagnosis and untreated mental health conditions.

3. Impact of Societal and Cultural Norms:

 Stigma and Gender Norms:

o Women’s mental health issues are often trivialized or attributed to hormonal

changes, leading to potential misdiagnosis or dismissal by healthcare

providers.
 o Men face stigma for showing vulnerability or seeking mental health care, often

being labeled as weak, which discourages them from seeking necessary help.

 Media Representation:

o Media portrayals often reinforce harmful stereotypes, depicting women with

mental illness as "hysterical" or overly emotional, and men as violent or

dangerous. These representations contribute to societal misunderstandings and

stigma.

4. Access to Care and Treatment:

 Women:

o Women generally have better access to mental health care and are more likely

to use these services. However, their concerns may not always be taken

seriously, and they might receive less aggressive treatment for severe mental

illnesses.

o Gender-specific treatments, such as those addressing post-partum depression,

are more developed due to higher awareness.

 Men:

o Men are less likely to seek mental health care and often receive inadequate

treatment when they do. The healthcare system’s focus on physical health over

mental well-being further exacerbates this issue.

o Initiatives to address men’s mental health are increasing, but they still lag

behind in terms of resources and societal support.

* Psychological Struggles of Characters

In "Sons and Lovers" by D.H. Lawrence, the characters grapple with profound psychological

struggles that shape their relationships and identities. The novel delves deeply into the

intricate workings of the human psyche, exploring themes of love, desire, alienation, and

emotional dependency.

Paul Morel, the protagonist, experiences intense emotional conflicts stemming from his

complex relationship with his mother, Gertrude Morel. Paul's deep attachment to Gertrude

borders on the Oedipal, leading to feelings of guilt, confusion, and an inability to fully

embrace romantic relationships. His struggle to break free from his mother's emotional grip

while still yearning for her approval creates a profound inner turmoil that permeates his

interactions with others.

Gertrude Morel, in turn, grapples with her own psychological distress, stemming from

unfulfilled aspirations and the confines of her marriage to Walter Morel. Her emotional

investment in her children, particularly Paul, reflects a desire for fulfillment and purpose

outside the confines of domesticity. However, her overbearing affection and possessiveness

towards Paul hinder his emotional development, exacerbating their codependent relationship.

Walter Morel embodies the repression and aggression associated with traditional masculinity,

using alcoholism and volatility as coping mechanisms for his own emotional struggles. His

inability to express his feelings and connect with his family leads to a cycle of dysfunction

and discord within the Morel household.

Miriam Leivers and Clara Dawes, Paul's love interests, also grapple with their own

psychological complexities. Miriam's intense spirituality and emotional depth contrast with

Clara's passionate but tumultuous nature. Both women struggle to reconcile societal

expectations with their own desires and aspirations, leading to feelings of isolation and

inadequacy.

Through these characters, Lawrence paints a vivid portrait of the human condition, exploring

the depths of love, longing, and the complexities of interpersonal relationships. Their

psychological struggles serve as a lens through which to examine broader themes of gender,

identity, and societal expectations, inviting readers to reflect on their own experiences of love

and longing in a complex and ever-changing world.

* Gender Roles

 Traditional Masculinity:

 The male characters in the novel, such as Walter Morel and Paul Morel, embody

traditional notions of masculinity prevalent during the time period. They are expected

to be the breadwinners and authority figures within the family, often suppressing their

emotions and vulnerabilities in favor of stoicism and dominance.

 Walter Morel, for instance, exemplifies the archetype of the working-class man who

finds solace in alcohol and exhibits aggression as a means of coping with his own

emotional struggles.

 Female Domesticity:
  Women in "Sons and Lovers," particularly Gertrude Morel and Miriam Leivers, are

relegated to the domestic sphere and are expected to fulfill traditional roles as wives

and mothers. Their identities and self-worth are often defined by their relationships

with men, particularly their sons and romantic partners.

 Gertrude Morel sacrifices her own aspirations and desires for the sake of her children,

particularly Paul, embodying the self-sacrificing mother archetype prevalent in

Victorian and Edwardian literature.

 Gendered Expectations in Relationships:

 The gendered expectations placed upon individuals also manifest in their romantic

relationships. Paul's relationships with Miriam Leivers and Clara Dawes are fraught

with tension as he grapples with his own desires and societal expectations of

masculinity.

 Miriam Leivers embodies the idealized vision of femininity as nurturing and spiritual,

while Clara Dawes represents a more modern, independent woman who challenges

traditional gender norms.

 Impact on Psychological Struggles:

 The rigid gender roles and expectations imposed upon the characters contribute to

their psychological struggles and conflicts. Paul Morel, in particular, struggles to

reconcile his own desires and emotions with societal expectations of masculinity,

leading to feelings of guilt, confusion, and alienation.

 Gertrude Morel's identity is deeply intertwined with her role as a mother, leading to

emotional dependency and a suffocating dynamic with her son Paul.

* Impact of Gender Roles on Mental Health

In "Sons and Lovers" by D.H. Lawrence, the impact of gender roles on mental health is a

central theme that deeply influences the characters' experiences and psychological struggles.

Set against the backdrop of early 20th-century England, the novel vividly portrays the

societal expectations and constraints placed upon individuals based on their gender. Men are

expected to embody qualities of strength, stoicism, and dominance, while women are

encouraged to be nurturing, submissive, and emotionally supportive. These rigid gender roles

create pressure for characters like Paul Morel to conform to societal norms, leading to

internal conflicts

"According to Smith (Year), Lawrence's portrayal of gender roles in 'Sons and Lovers'

reflects the societal expectations of the time, particularly regarding masculinity and

femininity."

and emotional repression. Paul's struggle to reconcile his own desires and emotions with the

expectations of masculinity results in profound psychological distress, including feelings of

alienation and loneliness. Similarly, women like Gertrude Morel are deeply affected by their

subordination to patriarchal norms, leading to emotional dependency and a lack of agency in

their own lives. The novel also highlights the stigma surrounding mental health, particularly

for men, who may be reluctant to seek help for fear of being perceived as weak or unmanly.

Through its exploration of gender roles and mental health, "Sons and Lovers" offers a

poignant commentary on the complexities of identity, relationships, and societal expectations,

inviting readers to reflect on the enduring impact of gender norms on individual well-being.
Research Design: Describes the overall plan or strategy used in the study, such as qualitative,

quantitative, or mixed methods.

Data Collection: Outlines how data was gathered, including participant details, methods

(interviews, surveys), and tools used (questionnaires, interview guides).

Data Analysis: Explains how collected data was analyzed to identify patterns, themes, or

trends relevant to the research questions, using methods like coding, thematic analysis, or

statistical analysis.

* Textual Analysis of "Sons and Lovers" and "The Yellow Wallpaper"

In "Sons and Lovers" by D.H. Lawrence and "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins

Gilman, textual analysis reveals the profound impact of gender roles on mental distress.

Lawrence's novel explores the complexities of familial relationships and societal expectations

on masculinity and femininity, while Gilman's short story critiques patriarchal oppression and

its detrimental effects on women's mental health. Through rich prose and vivid imagery, both

works offer nuanced insights into the intersection of gender and mental illness in literature

Gender and Mental Distress in "Sons and Lovers"

1. Paul Morel's Struggles:

o Paul Morel's psychological struggles stem from his intense emotional

attachment to his mother, Gertrude Morel, and his difficulty in forming

healthy relationships outside of this dynamic. His internal conflict between

 loyalty to his mother and the desire for independence leads to feelings of guilt,

confusion, and emotional turmoil.

2. Maternal Influence:

o Gertrude Morel's influence on Paul's mental health is profound. Her emotional

dependency on him and her expectations of his devotion contribute to his

sense of suffocation and inability to fully embrace his own identity. Paul's

psychological well-being becomes intertwined with his mother's, leading to a

cycle of enmeshment and dysfunction.

3. Gender Expectations:

o The novel explores the impact of traditional gender roles on mental health,

particularly regarding masculinity. Paul feels pressure to conform to societal

expectations of male strength and dominance, yet struggles with his sensitivity

and emotional vulnerability, which are deemed unmanly. This conflict

between internal desires and external expectations exacerbates Paul's

psychological distress.

Gender and Mental Distress in "The Yellow Wallpaper"

1. Narrator's Isolation:

o The narrator's isolation in the yellow wallpaper room symbolizes her

entrapment within patriarchal constraints. As she becomes increasingly

disconnected from the outside world and fixated on the wallpaper, her mental

state deteriorates. The lack of agency and autonomy exacerbates her sense of

isolation and contributes to her descent into madness.

2. Critique of the Rest Cure:

 o Gilman's critique of the rest cure highlights the harmful effects of patriarchal

medical practices on women's mental health. The narrator's confinement and

forced inactivity worsen her condition rather than providing healing,

underscoring the need for gender-sensitive approaches to mental health

treatment.

3. Symbolism of the Wallpaper:

o The yellow wallpaper serves as a multifaceted symbol of the narrator's internal

struggles and societal oppression. Its chaotic pattern mirrors the narrator's

fragmented psyche and sense of entrapment. As she becomes increasingly

fixated on the wallpaper, it represents her growing awareness of her own

oppression and her eventual rebellion against patriarchal control.

Discussion

1. Comparative Analysis of "Sons and Lovers" and "The Yellow Wallpaper":

o Both texts explore the intersection of gender and mental distress, albeit in

different contexts. While "Sons and Lovers" focuses on familial relationships

and societal expectations of masculinity, "The Yellow Wallpaper" critiques

patriarchal oppression and medical misogyny.

2. Implications for Understanding Gender and Mental Health:

o The analysis highlights the complex ways in which gender roles and societal

expectations impact mental health. By examining these themes in literature,

we gain insight into broader patterns of gendered experiences of mental

distress and the need for gender-sensitive approaches to mental health care.

3. Patriarchy and Control:

 o Both texts underscore the damaging effects of patriarchal control on individual

well-being. Whether through familial dynamics or medical interventions,

patriarchal structures exacerbate mental distress and perpetuate cycles of

oppression.

4. Female Agency and Resistance:

o "The Yellow Wallpaper" emphasizes the importance of female agency and

resistance in the face of patriarchal oppression. The narrator's eventual

rebellion against her confinement and reclaiming of her autonomy symbolize a

powerful act of resistance against gender-based oppression.

5. Psychological Realism:

o Both texts employ psychological realism to depict the intricacies of mental

distress and the complexities of gendered experiences. Through rich character

development and vivid descriptions, the authors provide nuanced portrayals of

the human psyche and the social forces that shape it.

Conclusion

1. Summary of Findings:

o Through detailed analysis, we uncover the profound impact of gender roles on

mental health in both "Sons and Lovers" and "The Yellow Wallpaper." These

texts illuminate the complex interplay between gender, power, and

psychological well-being, inviting readers to reflect on broader societal issues

related to gender and mental health.

2. Broader Implications:
 o The analysis has broader implications for understanding the intersection of

gender and mental health in literature and society. By critically engaging with

these themes, we gain insights into the complexities of human experience and

the need for gender-sensitive approaches to mental health care and

representation.

3. Future Research Directions:

o Further research could explore additional literary works or interdisciplinary

approaches to deepen our understanding of gender, mental distress, and

resilience. By continuing to examine these themes across diverse contexts and

narratives, we can contribute to ongoing conversations about gender equity

and mental health advocacy.

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