LESSON PLAN

ON
DIABETES MELLITU
 PROFORMA

Name of the faculty : Mrs.Sreelatha

Subject: Nutrition

Unit : IX

Topic: Diabetes Mellitus

Time : 45 mins

Group : Sem II

A.V. aids used: Charts, blackboard, flash cards , hand outs,

Previous knowledge: Students have basic knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus

 GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

After the class students will be able to develop the knowledge about- the complete topic of the diabetes mellitus.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

After the health talk patients will be able to tell about the:

- What it is diabetes mellitus

-Types of diabetes mellitus

-Diagnostic evaluation

-Clinical manifestations

-Management of Diabetes Mellitus

-Home care for Diabetes Mellitus patient

SR. TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT TEACHING- EVALUATION

NO. LEARNING
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIES
1. 2min To define the DEFINITION: Lecture cum Defines diabetes
diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder of discussion mellitus ?
mellitus carbohydrate, protein and fat resulting from insulin
deficiency or abnormality in the use of insulin.
OR
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by
hyperglycemia and results from defective insulin production,
secretion or utilization.

To explain the TYPES OF DM: Lecture cum

types of DM  TYPE-I (IDDM) discussion
 TYPE-II (NIDDM)
 GESTATIONAL DM
 DM DUE TO OTHER REASONS
Explains the
2. 3min To explain the TYPE-I DM: types of diabetes
type-I DM  It occurs due to absolute or complete deficiency of Lecture cum mellitus ?
 insulin. discussion
 There is no endogenous production of insulin, so body
depends on the exogenous supply of insulin, that’s
why it is known as insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus.
 Type-1 is mainly occurs in children's or <30yrs of age,
so it is also known as juvenile diabetes mellitus
 Only 5-10% of all diabetic cases have type-I DM

CAUSES OF TYPE-I DM
 Autoimmune destruction of b-cells of the pancreas
 Carcinoma of pancreas
 Removal of pancreas due to any infection etc.
Explains type-II
DM
3. 3min To explain TYPE-II DM:
type-II DM  In this type there is relative or partial deficiency of Lecture cum
insulin. discussion
 There is endogenous production of insulin but in small
 amount, so body doesn't depend on exogenous supply
of insulin, and is called as non-insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus.
 Type-II DM is mainly occurs in adults or >30yrs of
age, so it is also known as adult onset diabetes
mellitus.
 Approximately 90-95% of all diabetic cases have
type-II DM

CAUSES OF TYPE-II DM:

 Decreased production of insulin
 Resistance of the body against the insulin Explains the risk
 Increased demand of insulin by the body factors of
Diabetes
4. 4min To explain the RISK FACTORS: mellitus ?
risk factors of  Race Lecture cum
DM  Obesity discussion
 History of CVD
 HTN
  Physical inactivity
 Family history
 Polycystic ovary Explains the
 Gestational diabetes signs and
symptoms of
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:- diabetes mellitus
5. 6min To explain the  Polyuria ?
signs and  Polydipsia Lecture cum
symptoms of  Polyphagia discussion
 Weight loss
 Nausea/ vomiting
 Weakness
 Fatigue
 Increase blood sugar level
 Recurrent infection
 Prolonged wound healing
 Explains about
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION: diagnostic
 Fasting plasma glucose level evaluation of
 Oral glucose tolerance test diabetes mellitus
 Urinalysis:-Glycosuria ?
-Ketone bodies
6. 3min To explain the MANAGEMENT OF DM:
diagnostic  DIET Lecture cum
evaluation of  EXERCISE discussion
DM  ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
 INSULIN THERAPY
7. 10min To explain the
management Lecture cum
of DM in 1. DIETARY MANAGEMENT: discussion
detail.  Follow individualized meal plan and snacks as
adviced Explains about
 Balanced diabetic diet-50% CHO, 30% fats and 20% the
other vitamins and minerals management ?
 Diet should be based on patients age, occupation and
 activity
 Patient must have adequate CHO intake to correspond
to the time when insulin is more effective
 Routine blood glucose testing before each meal and
bedtime is necessary during initial control, unstable
patient and during illness
 Do not skip meals
 Measure foods accurately, do not estimate
 Less added fat, fewer fatty foods and low cholesterol
 Meal should include more fibre and starch or fewer
simple and refined sugars
 Avoid concentrated sweets, high in sugars (jellies
jams cakes)
 If taking insulin, eat extra food before periods of
exercise
 Avoid periods of fasting
 Keep weight at normal level as much as possible.
EXERCISE:
 Promotes use of CHO and enhances action of insulin.
  Decrease blood glucose level
 Decrease eed for insulin
 Perform exercise after meal to ensure adequate level
of blood glucose.
 Excessive or unplanned exercise may trigger
hypoglycemia.
 Take insulin or food before active exercise.
 Never do exercise without insulin

HEALTH HABITS:
 Teach patient about foot care
 Teach the patient to manage the minor ailment (cold,
flu etc.) or hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
 Maintain fluid intake
 Increase frequency of blood testing and urine testing
 Help the patient identify the stressful situations in life
style that help in good dietary control
 Encourage for good and proper daily hygiene
 Advice for regular eyes examination Enlist the
  Teach aggressive care for minor cuts or injuries. healthy habits

ADMINISTRATION OF INSULIN OR OTHER

HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS:
 Insulin in current use should be kept at room
temperature and all others in refrigerator
 Avoid injecting cold insulin, leads to tissue reaction
 Roll insulin vial to mix, do not shake and remove air
8. 3min To explain the bubbles from the syringe Lecture cum
about taking  Press (do not rub) the site after injection (rubbing may discussion
of insulin and alter the rate of absorption
other  Avoid smoking for 30min after injection.
medicines  Insulin in current use can be put at room temperature
and all others should be kept in refrigerator
 Avoid injecting cold insulin because it can lead to
tissue reaction
 Roll on the insulin vial, don’t shake.
 Press the site after injection, do not rub.(rubbing may
alter the rate of absorption).
  Avoid smoking for 30 min. after injection.

PREVENTING HYPOGLYCEMIC REACTIONS DUE

TO INSULIN:
 Hypoglycemia may be prevented by maintaining
regular exercise, diet and insulin
 Early symptoms of hypoglycemia should be
recognized and treated
 Carry all times some of simple sugars such as candy,
orange juice etc.
 Extra food should be taken before unusual physical
activity or prolonged exercise
 Between meal and bedtime snacks may be necessary
to maintain a normal blood glucose level
 Maintain personal hygiene and skin care is also most
essential to prevent any cracking etc.

COMPLICATIONS OF DM:
 HYPOGLYCEMIA
  HYPERGLYCEMIA
 DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
 INSULIN SHOCK Lecture cum
discussion

SUMMARY:
2min To summarize Now I summarize the topic diabetes mellitus
the topic  What is diabetes mellitus
 types of diabetes mellitus
 diagnostic evaluation
 clinical manifestations
 management of DM
 home care for DM patients
9.
BIBILOGRAPHY :

 Joshi shubhangini ‘A book of Nutrition and dietetics’’2 nd edition,published by jaypee publishers Pg no: 272-
273

 Brunner and suddarths , “A text book of Medical surgical Nursing” ,9 th edition , lipincot publishers pg no:
741-742

 Black M.Joyee , “A text book of Medical surgical Nursing “Volume -2 , 6th edition, florence publishers pg no:
200-204