J. Bio. & Env. Sci.

2017

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)

ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 133-139, 2017
http://www.innspub.net

RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS

Ethno-veterinary medicinal plants of Chail valley

Sabtain Adil1, Adnan2, Murad Ali*1, Mohammad Ajmal1, Naveed Ahmad1,

Fawad Khan1

Department of Botany, Govt: P.G. Jahanzeb College Saidu Sharif, Swat, Pakistan
1

Deparment of plant science Qauaid Azam university, Isalamabad, Pakistan

2

Article published on January 26, 2017

Key words: Ethno, Veterinary, Chail valley, Pakistan

Abstract
Ethno veterinary study on plants of Chail valley was conducted during 2013-2014.55 plants species belonging to
46 families were studied i.e. 4 species in Asteraceae, 3 in Euphorbiaceous and 3 in Lamiaceae. Rest of the
families contain two or single species. Among the recorded plants fifty one species are Dicots and four are
monocots. In all these plants species about 40 are herbs, 9 are shrubs and 6 are Trees. Some species are
commercially collected in the Chail valley like Dioscorea deltoidea, Skimmia laureola, Saussurea atkinsonii,
Paeonia emodi, Podophyllum emodi, Rheum emodi and Thymus linearis. All these medicinal plants are
extensively used. Most people of the area depend on live stocks. Because of poverty, exploitation of wild life,
erosion deforestation, and unauthorized collection, most of the plant species are threatened slowly and
gradually. Valuable medicinal plants and locally knowledge is disappearing. In Chail valley most of the women
and children are involved in the collection of different medicinal plants for selling and local uses.
*Corresponding Author: Murad Ali  [email protected]

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Introduction The present work is carried out to document the

Chail valley lies between 72º-4/" East longitude and 34º- indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants of
9/in "North latitude. The valley is situated in the East of veterinary use, along with local names, botanical
Madyan Swat at a distance of 8 km. Elevation of the names, respective family, parts used and method of
valley varies from 6000 to 7000 feet. Chail valley shares recipe preparation.
its hilly borders with Mankial and Gornay in North.
Dubeer and Lelawnai in East, Main dam and Pia in Materials and methods
Geo-ethnographical overview of the study area
South. Total area covered by the Valley is about 24149
The study of ethno veterinary medicinal plants was
acres, out of which 20830 acre is cultivable and 3319 is
conducted in April 2013 to march 2014 in the Chail
uncultivable. Forest area of the valley is divided into 48
valley located in district swat of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
compartments. The valley has been divided into four
province Pakistan, near the border of Afghanistan and
small villages i.e. Bishgram, Dabargay, Shanko and Chail
lies between 72-36 longitude and 35-09N latitude.
Villages. Total population of the valley is 13761 (District
Topographically the study area is mountainous and
census report 1998).
lush green with the elevation starting from 1830 m
Plants are the primary producers of the ecosystem and above from sea level up to 4270m. The total area of
the basic unit of life. Plants not only provide food, fibers Chail valley are about 24,148 acres and are including
and shelters, but also provide a wide source of medicine mountains, glaciers, meadows, forests and plains.
throughout the world. According to WHO (1978) report Geoclimatically the study area falls in within moist

70% of the world population use medicinal plants for temperate zone where climate is controlled by various

curing diseases through their traditional practitioners. factors. The winter season is much sever and snowfall

From the time, immemorial humankind use plants for occur during the December and February and

medicinal purposes and this indigenous knowledge of minimum recorded temperature is -2- 04c. Before

plant use is transferred from generation to generation starting the research work, information were collected

through their ancestors. Humankind, not only use plants from the local people of the area of various regions

medicinally for itself, but also for their livestock. It has including Shanko, Bishigram, Dabargay and Chail.

been estimated that over 35,000 plants species are used

Field interviews and data analysis
for medicinal purposes throughout the world.
During plants collection which are uses as ethno
(Ramakrishnan et al. 1998).
veterinary, different information were collected from
Mishra et al (1994) studied the plants utilized for local people about ethnovetrinory plants and animal
ethno - veterinary purposes as house hold medicines diseases which are common in the said area. For
and those used, to increase the strength, vigor and interview those people were selected who have
milking capacity of the animals. From the time knowledge, ideas and information about
immemorial human beings use plants medicinally to ethnovetrinory plants and animals diseases. Mostly
cure diseases and relive pain and heals of body. Early aged males and females were interviewed and then
Arians, Babylonians, Ancient Hebrews, Greeks and the interviewed people were divided in to two ages
Chinese extensively used medicinal plants. Latter group i.e 40-55 age and 56-65 age respectively. The
civilizations also acknowledge the potential of herbs questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first
as far back as 500-400 BC (Hill 1951). According to part of the questionnaire include information about
WHO (1978) folk tradition of medicinal plants is very name, locality, age, education and occupation of the
valuable resource in their own right. A survey informer, while the second part was specified for the
conducted by WHO, That traditional healers treat plant’s botanical name, local name, family name, part
85% patients in Mayanmar, 80% in India and 92% in used, purposes of use and local methods of recipes
England, 60% in Indonesia and 75% in Nepal. preparation.

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Ethnovetrinory plants were collected in different Most of the reported plants were herbs, shrubs and
tours. Firstly the collected plants were identified from few were trees.
published literature and expert taxonomists. Then the
identified plants were dried and pressed by mostly The studied plants were classified into different

shade drying method. (Nasir and Ali, 1970-1995). The groups on the bases of their ethno veterinary uses.
dried, identified and pressed plants were tape on Some members are used only for one type of disease
herbarium sheet and submitted to the herbarium of while others are used for various illnesses. The detail
Govt. P.G. Jahanzeb College Saidu Sharif Swat for uses of plants along with their respective families are
further study. given below in the Table 1. Therapeutic classes of
various ethno veterinary plant species along with
Results
percentages are shown in Table 2 and market survey
Local people of Chail valley utilize about 55 species
and its trade value has been shown in Table 3.
belonging to 46 families for curing various diseases.

Table 1. Detail uses of plants along with their respective families.

SL Specie Name Family Habit Part used Local name Aliment treated
1 Andrachnecordifolia (Done) Muell. Euphorbiaceae Herb Leaves and GulPinsa Dried leaves are mixed with corn flour and feed to cattle’s
Fruits as vermifuge.
2 Aesculusindica (Wall) HK.F. Hippocastanaceae Tree Fruits Jawaz Fruit is given to horses for colic.Also used in chest
diseases of horses, donkeys and mules.
3 Ajugabracteosa Wall-ex Benth. Lamiaceae Herb whole plant Boti Juice of leaves and shoots is given to animals in
Hemorrhagic diseases andsepticemia (Gotta).
4 Arisaema jacquemontii Schott. Araceae Herb Rhizome Marjarai Small amount of rhizome is given to buffaloes and cows
in bolus form for acute respiratory tract infection and
cough.
5 Artimisia brevifolia Wall. Asteraceae Herb Leaves and Tarkha Dried young shoot and leaves are enclosed in the
Floral parts bolusand feed to promote digestion.Also used to kill
worms.
6 Asparagus adscendensRoxb. Asparagaceae Shrub Root Tindoray Young stems are used as fodder for, promoting lactation
in animals like buffaloes, goats and sheep.
7 Allium sativum L. Alliaceae Herb Bulb Ooga Ground bulbs are mixed with flour, (locally called pirra)
and given to buffaloes and cows to increase digestion and
for anoxia treatment. In poultry it is mixed with Red
chilies and used fornewcastellsdisease(toghakey).
8 Bunium persicum Boiss Fedtsch. Appiaceae Herb Fruit Zankai Fruit of the plant is used as febrifuge in Cattles.
9 Berberius lyceum Royle. Berberidaceae Shrub Root Bark Koray Bark of the plant is given orally to livestock for improving
feeding and general health maintenance.
10 Bistortaamplexicaulis D. Don. Polygonaceae Herb Root Tarwapana / Rootsaregiven in bolus form for curing paralysis in cattle.
Anjabar
11 Bergenia ciliata Sternb. Saxifragaceae Herb Root Badmia Locally dried rootsare crushed and mixed with flour,
boiled in water and given to cows, goats and sheep for
diarrhea.
12 Brassica campestris L. Brassicaceae Herb Oil Sharsham The oil is used as carminative, stomachache and laxative.
13 Chenopodium murale L. Chenopodiaceae Herb Shoot and Root Benkai Root in powdered form is mixed with flour and used as
anthelmintic for live stocks.
14 Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae Herb Root Han Fresh or dried young roots are given to cows, goatsand
buffaloes against fever.
15 Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Ex Lambert) Pinaceae Tree upto Oil Diyar The oil of the plant is mixed with yogurt and used for
G. Don. 30m tall flatulence and other stomach disorders.
16 Daphne mucranata Schreb. Thymelaceae Shrub Fruits, leaves Laighonai Leaves in the powdered form are given to live stocks as
anthelmintic.
17 Delphinium denodatum Wall ex Ranunculaceae Herb Rhizome Jadwar Dried rhizome is mixed with flour and used as cooling
Hook. F. Thoms. agent.
18 Dodoneaviscosa (L) Jacq. Sapindaceae Shrub Seed and leaves Ghuraskay Dried or fresh plant is given to cattle as anthelmintic.
19 Diospyros lotus L. Ebenaceae Tree Dried ripe fruit ToorAmlook Locally use in diarrhea.
20 Fumariaindica (Pugsley). Fumeriaceae Herb Whole Plant Papra Decoction is given to livestock for curingfever.
21 Geranium wallichianum D.Done. Geraniaceae Herb Rhizome Srazela The powdered rhizome is mixed with milk and give to
buffaloes to promote lactation.
22 Gentiana kurro Royle. Gentianaceae Smallherb Stem and Roots Gentian Used for fattening of cattle.
23 Hypericum perforatum L. Hypericaeae Herb Root Shin Chai Dried root are given orally in bolus to enhancing wound
healing in livestock.
24 Hyoscymus niger L. Solanaceae Herb Leaves Bargak The decoction of leaves is kept for a night and then used
for wound healing in horses and donkeys.
25 Justicia adhathoda L. Acanthaceae Shrub Leaves Baikar Plant are naturally hot and given to cattle to increase the
body temperature after giving birth to calf.
26 Lepidium sativum L. Brassicaceae Herb Fruit Halam The Seeds are given orally to livestock to treat flatulence.
It is also used as purgative.
27 Lathyrus aphaca L. Fabaceae Herb Roots Korkamanai The ground dried root is given orally for any infection of
the body. It is administrated as appetizer inbolusform.It
also causes Latinism in cattle.
28 Melia azedarach L. Meliaceae Medium Fruit TooraBakani The powdered fruits are mixed with flour, and used for
size nra sore throat in cattle and for the softness of the udder. The
cultivated extraction of leaves is used against laces (Spagay).
tree

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SL Specie Name Family Habit Part used Local name Aliment treated
29 Mallotus philippensis L. Euphorbiaceae Shrub Fruit Kambila The powdered dried fruit is mixed with flour or in oil
cakes for diarrhea. It also used as vermifuge.
30 Mentha longifolia L. Lamiaceae Herb Leaves Enaley The powdered dried leaves are used for cattle to decrease
internal inflammation. In bolos form it is used to
relief flatulence in cattle.
31 Origanum vulgare L. Labiateae Herb Leaves Shamakey Dried leaves are used to increase lactation in livestock.
32 Primula denticulata Smith. Primlaceae Perennial Rhizomesand Mameera Use in ophthalmic diseases of livestock. The extraction of
Herb Leaves leaves is directly used for eyes.
33 Paeonia emodi Wall-ex H.k.f. Paeoniaceae Herb Rhizome Mamekh Rhizome is used to increase milk. The dry rhizome of the
plant is crushed and mixed with wheat flour and used as
general body tonic for cows, goats and sheep.
34 Polygonatum verticelatum L. Liliaceae Herb Rhizome Noor-e-alam The decoction of rhizome is used for expulsion of
placenta in buffaloes. Crushed rhizome is given to cattle
to increase milk production.
35 Punica grantum L. Punicaceae Shrub Fruit Nangoray Dried per carp of fruit is given in bolus for the removal of
intestinal helminthes.
36 Pyrus pashia L. Rosaceae Herb Rhizome Mamekh Fruit in fresh form is given for inflame mammary glands
in buffaloes and cattle.
37 Ranunculus aquatilis L. Ranunculaceae An aquatic Whole plants Jaghagha A decoction of the plant is used for asthma and periodic
Herb fever and as a purgative for goats.
38 Quercus dilatata Lindle-ex-Royle. Fagaceae Tree Fruit Toorbanj Dried fruit of plant is given orally in bolus form for
urinary problem in cattle.
39 Ranunculus muricatus L. Ranunculaceae Herb Whole plant Ziargulay A decoction of plant is used for goats as purgative.
40 Rumex dentatus L. Polygonaceae Herb Leaves Shalkhay Fresh ground leaves are mixed with wheat and used for
the treatment of constipation in cattle.
41 Rheum emodi Wall-ex. Meissner. Polygonaceae Herb Root Chutial The root of plant is crushed, mixed with wheat flour and
then boiled, and given to cows, goats, sheep and donkeys
as purgative agent.
42 Rubus fruticosus H.k.f. Rosaceae A climbing Fruit, Leaved Karwara They are used as diuretic and carminative for goats.
Prostrate and Shoots
Herb
43 Salvia moorcroftiana Wall-ex- Lamiaceae Herb Leaves khardug Fresh leave are given orally for treatment of fever and
Benth. also for the expulsion of placenta after labor.
44 Skimmia laureola Sieb, (D.C) Sieb. Rutaceae Herb Leaves NazarPana Dried leaves are used to remove liver fluke and intestinal
& Zucc-ex Wall. worms and stomach pain.
45 Stellaria media L. Cyr. Caryophyllaceae Herb Whole Plant Oolalai The plant mixed with fodder crops and consider as
appetizer agent.
46 Swertia alata Royle. Ex D.Don. Gentianaceae Herb Whole Plant ChiratBotay The powdered plant is mixed with flour and desi ghee and
given to horses and donkeys as a body tonic.
47 Saussurea costus (Fark) Lipsch. Asteraceae Herb Root and Sharshamai Roots are mixed in flour and used for milk production
Leaves and given as general body tonic.
48 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague. Apiaceae Herb Fruit Sperkai The dried seeds are given orally in bolus form for the
treatment of colic and flatulence.
49 Thymus linearis L. Lamiaceae Herb Whole Plant Kaneesh Locally the dried powdered plant is mixed with wheat and
given to cow, goat and sheep to increase milk production.
50 Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Herb Leaves Jal Bang Mix with fodder to increase milk production in cows and
buffaloes.
51 Verbascum thapsus L. Schroplariaceae An Annual Leaves, Flower Kharghwag Used against diarrhea and dysentery in cattle. The seeds
Herb and Seeds. are narcotics and used as fish poison.
52 Withania somnifera (Linn.) Dunel. Solanaceae Shrub Seeds Kotilal The powdered dried fruit are used as healing agent of
wound of mammary glands in cattle.
53 Euphorbia helioscopia L. Euphorbiaceae Annual Leaves Prevatkai Leaves extraction are applied on the infected area for
Weed general body rashes in livestock. The extraction of leaves
is directly used on skin as anti-laces.
54 Zanthoxylum armatum Dc. Rutaceae A medium Bark, Stem, Dambara Mixed with flour and given to cows, buffaloes and goats
Size Spiny Fruits as anathematic, carminative and used for increasing milk.
Shrub andSeeds
55 Periploca aphylla L. Asclepiadaceae Shrub Stem Bararra Locally the latex is used as antibiotic for curing dermatitis
in live stocks.

Table 2. Therapeutic classes of plant species.

Therapeutic Class No Percentage %
Carminative 2 3.6 %
Anthelmintic 6 10.9 %
Tonic 3 5.4 %
Flatulence 2 3.6 %
Purgative 4 7.2 %
Laxative 1 1.8 %
Appetizer 2 3.6 %
Diuretic 1 1.8 %

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Table 3. Market survey of medicinal plants in Chail valley.

Local name Market

SL Botanical name Part use Buyer
(Market name) price
1 Skimmia laureola Sieb. Nameer or NazarPana Rs. 10-/kg Leaves of bark Shopkeeper
(D.C) sieb. &Zucc-e Wall.
2 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Kanis Rs. 5-7/kg Rhizome Shopkeeper & local dealers
3 Podophyllum emodi Kakora or Bank Rs. 30- Driedrhizome & Shopkeeper
Kukurri 40/kg Roots
4 Viola serpense Banafsha Rs. 230- Leaves & Hakims.
50/kg flowers
5 Paeonia emodi Mamekh& Ward Rs. 6-8/kg Seeds & Roots Hakims, local dealers
6 Bergenia ciliata Zakhm-e-hg-yat or Rs. 6-8/kg Roots Hakim & shopkeeper
maken path
7 Saussurea lostusatkin Sonic Sharshammi Rs.24-30 Root Shopkeeper

Discussion Daphne mucranata, Dodonea viscosa, Zanthoxylum

Chailvalleylies between 72º-4/" East longitude and armatum, Lepidium sativuml, Ranunculus aquatilis,
34º-9/in "North latitude. Altitude of the valley varies Ranunculus muricatus, Brassica campestris, Lathyrus
from 6000 to7000 feet above sea level. Chail valley aphaca, Stellaria media, Arisa eama jacquemontii,
covers a total of about 24149 acres land area, out of Ephorbia helioscopia, Allium sativum, Berberis
which 20830 acres is cultivable. The soil of the valley lycium, Mentha longifolia and Ajuga bracteosa.
is fertile and therefore, many kinds of crops and fruits
are cultivated in the valley. Data shows that most plants of the valley are used for
Anthelmintic (10.9%) purposes of cattles. Beside this,
In the present work, about 55 medicinally important various plants of the area are used as Purgative (7.2%)
plants belonging to 46 families were studied. These followed by, Tonic (5.4%), Carminative (3.6%),
plants were regarded highly important for
Flatulence (3.6%), Appetizer (3.6%), Diuretic (1.8%),
ethnoveternarypur poses and recommended for
and Laxative (1.8%) purposes. In the herbaceous flora,
various diseases of cattles. Most of these plants were
herbs, shrubs and few were trees. The knowledge of Most of the people of the valley are illiterate and their
local people about the importance of plants and their main profession is farming. Due to high illiteracy rate,
method of uses for various ailments of animals were the local people lack awareness about conservation of
recorded in the form of questionnaire. The availability thee thnoveternary flora. Keeping in mind this problem,
of these plants, their excessive use for personal as well
there is a need of different firms like WWF, IUCN and
as for commercial bases, their eradication and miss
EPS to work on the limited resources of the valley and to
uses were also recorded.
ensure the local community on the importance of the

Common trees growing in chail valley includes flora. Currently no proper management system for

Diospyrus lotus (Tor Amlok), Juglans rejia (Ghuz), conservation exists in the valley except up to some level.

Morus alba (Toot), Pyrus communis (Nashpati), So there is a need to attract national and international

Prunus armeniaca (Khubanai), Cedrus deodara firms which are working for the improvement and

(Deodar), Picea smithiana (Mangazai), Pinus conservation of natural resources. It is further suggested

wallichiana (Pevoch) and Quercus dilatata (Banj). that the local community should bewared about the
According to questionnaire data, leaf and root importance, pre and post-harvest methods of the flora.
decoction of the above mentioned trees are very Beside this, they should also be taught about the
useful in urinary, gastric, chest and digestive cultivation of these highly valuable ethno veterinary
disorders of cattle’s. Shrubby and herbaceous floras plants on commercial basis, and subsequently their
which are extensively used for ethno veterinary trade and marketing. This will results in the reduction of
purposes in the valley includes Chenopodium murale, pressure on important flora.

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