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TYPES OF BOND FAILURE IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

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Structural analysis (https://www.civil-engg-world.com/category/structural-analysis/)

Types of Bond Failure in Reinforced When should Forms and Shores be

Removed Beneath Concrete?
Concrete Beams (https://www.civil-engg-
 4 years ago rajib (https://www.civil-engg-world.com/author/rajib/) world.com/2022/04/08/when-should-forms-
and-shores-be-removed-beneath-
concrete/concrete/)

To behave as reinforced concrete member, the strain of steel should be same as Cracking Pattern in Black Cotton Soil
that of concrete; if there have any slip, the composite action of concrete and steel (https://www.civil-engg-
will not valid. Reinforcing bars in concrete beams are subjected to two types of world.com/2022/04/05/cracking-pattern-in-
failure under bond stress. These are black-cotton-soil/foundation-settlement/)

Deleterious Substances Exist in Concrete

• Direct pullout Aggregate (https://www.civil-engg-
world.com/2022/04/01/deleterious-
• Splitting substances-exist-in-concrete-
Direct pullout failure: aggregate/concrete/)

Difference in Settlement Behavior of

Building Foundation Between Saturated
This type of failure is observed to those beams where reinforcing bars have ample Cohesive and Cohesionless Soil
confinement in surrounding concrete. The ideal situations for this are: (https://www.civil-engg-
world.com/difference-between-saturated-
Relatively small diameter of bars
cohesive-and-cohesionless-soil-in-
Sufficient confinement by Large concrete cover foundation-settlement)

Concrete Microcracking Basics

• Large concrete cover
(https://www.civil-engg-
Confined bars in surrounding concrete, when subjected to tensile force, adhesive bond in addition
world.com/2013/04/Concrete-
to friction between two materials become mobilized. When both resistance are overcome,
Microcracking-Basics)
surrounding concrete is crushed eventually ahead of deformations on the bar surface and this local
crushing results pullout of bars.

Surrounding concrete, except that has been crushed ahead of ribs just adjacent to interface of bars, Recent Comments
remains intact. In case of deformed bars, mechanical interlock with surrounding concrete provided
by deformations is more important than adhesive force and friction.

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1/23/24, 11:46 AM Types of Bond Failure in Reinforced Concrete Beams - Civil Engineering World

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OQIL6AlbHpw/WYG_rNEq7zI/AAAAAAAAJp4/nXgNxYLhB00XodFWK1JFNKtIBsEi0GO7wCLcBGAs/s1600/Splitting%2Bof%2Bconcrete%2Bcan%2Boc
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properties/expansive-soil/)
Fig-1 Splitting of concrete can occur in two directions
Foundation settlement (https://www.civil-
engg-world.com/category/foundation-
settlement/)

Pile foundation (https://www.civil-engg-

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vHvOYjbHst0/WYNP4De2VUI/AAAAAAAAJqQ/PS0fnBENkG8oyKS8f8PH4vhJYntJCj63wCLcBGAs/s1600/Concrete%2Bcracking%2Bin%2Bvertical%2B
Soil improvement (https://www.civil-engg-
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Fig-2 Concrete cracking in vertical plane
Soil properties (https://www.civil-engg-
in horizontally along the plane of reinforcin
world.com/category/soil-properties/)

Structural analysis (https://www.civil-engg-

Splitting failure: world.com/category/structural-analysis/)

Uncategorized (https://www.civil-engg-
In this type of failure, concrete is split along particular length of bars. We know world.com/category/uncategorized/)
when a beam or any flexure member deflects, a wedging action is generated due
to deformation of bars, which produce lateral tension on concrete. This failure is
observed when bar spacing, concrete cover or confinement is not sufficient. Archives
Splitting type failure of concrete beam is relatively common than bond failure due to splitting. Due
April 2022 (https://www.civil-engg-
to wedging action, ribs on bars bear against surrounding concrete. Splitting occur in two directions;
world.com/2022/04/)
as shown in Fig-1. It may generate in vertical plane or can be generated horizontally along the plane
of reinforcing bars (Fig-2). Horizontal splitting is observed frequently to start at a diagonal crack. February 2021 (https://www.civil-engg-
Dowel action often increase tendency of splitting which we will discuss later. world.com/2021/02/)

February 2020 (https://www.civil-engg-

world.com/2020/02/)
Thus shear failure (diagonal cracking) and bond failures are found interrelated but
January 2020 (https://www.civil-engg-
this relation is very complex to explain.
world.com/2020/01/)
Let’s discuss about dowel action; when a beam is subjected to load, induced
shear force is resisted by many actions within a reinforced concrete beam. A very
small amount of shear is resisted by dowel action; this is the resistance that 
offered by longitudinal reinforcement, as shown in Fig-3. But these reinforcing

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1/23/24, 11:46 AM Types of Bond Failure in Reinforced Concrete Beams - Civil Engineering World

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E3crQaHxQe8/WYXjWzRuyNI/AAAAAAAAJqo/CEyRmdDeo3kdLnsoy5tLGxAg6GSuNFpmACLcBGAs/s1600/Dowel%2Bforce%252C%2BVd%2Bat%2Bd
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Expansive soil (https://www.civil-engg-

Fig: Dowel force, Vd at diagonally cracked

world.com/category/soil-
beam without web reinforcement

properties/expansive-soil/)

bars (acting dowel force, Vd) are supported on concrete cover below to resist Foundation settlement (https://www.civil-
engg-world.com/category/foundation-
vertical displacement. They exert a bearing pressure which produces a vertical
settlement/)
tension on this concrete (Fig-3).This tensile stresses results diagonal cracks to
split concrete along tension steel reinforcement. This ultimately decrease dowel Pile foundation (https://www.civil-engg-
force and consequently widen diagonal crack. world.com/category/pile-foundation/)

When pullout resistance, as a combination of adhesion, friction, mechanical interlock, is overcome Raft foundation (https://www.civil-engg-
complete failure of bond occurs. Sliding of reinforcing bar relative to surrounding concrete result world.com/category/concrete/raft-
foundation/)
immediate failure of beam. In case of splitting, complete bond failure occurs, when splitting of
concrete propagates and spread up to end of bar that is not anchored. Ready-mix concrete (https://www.civil-
engg-world.com/category/concrete/ready-
Bond forces are not uniform along the length of span of beam. This is due to presence of diagonal
mix-concrete/)
and flexural cracks over the length of beam. Thus we can easily realize that local failure adjacent to
cracks may be happened as bond stress at particular location may be more than bond strength even Shallow foundation (https://www.civil-
under applied load far below failure load. engg-world.com/category/footing/)

Local failure of this type produces little local slip which results widening of the cracks and Soil improvement (https://www.civil-engg-
world.com/category/soil-improvement/)
deflections is increased. This remains harmless until failure propagates throughout the entire length
of bar and result is total slip. Soil properties (https://www.civil-engg-
world.com/category/soil-properties/)
When anchorage at the end beam is reliable, and bond failure is extended to entire length but not
endanger anchorages, the beam will not collapse. Structural analysis (https://www.civil-engg-
world.com/category/structural-analysis/)
As end anchorage, hooks can be used; the more common option is extending longitudinal bars at a
distance that is sufficient to develop bond strength of straight bars from point of desired stress. The Uncategorized (https://www.civil-engg-
limiting bond strength has been developed from extensive testing on beam specimens. Current world.com/category/uncategorized/)

design provisions are based on this testing. Present practice in beam design requires both pullout
and splitting analysis of failure.
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