eee OVERVIEW peoe Inthis chapter we shall learn . and application of computers in design. Design proce’ > Creating manufacturing database > Benefits of CAD > Computer input device and CPU. output device: 44 INTRODUCTION The ninteenth century experien human beings physical power Computers were introduced. ‘Thes ement of man’s mental Gpabilties, Computers are now ing fields, an Possible to undertake a major | Senna g project wi Gipablities of computers have been rapidly improved i ed in terms of their memory capacity an ing speed which Means more CO! mn be tackled with ease and more importantly, this has b ecome possible fons canbe performed in a given time. More to developnie and Tntegrated-Chips (IC), We are FTield of microelectronic Witnessing w phenomena of ever increasing chip dei nsity. Figure 1.1 shows the increase in Packing density in IC design. Very large scale integration (VLSI) has made cost of computer hardware to drop drastically is now within the financial reach of most industrial houses that wish to take advantage i ‘is capabilites. Als, due t» VSL and ULSL computer hardware is getting smaller in size. ge ofthese developments in-commulerslene -ompute design and computer manufacturing is rapidly gaining acceptance jndustries. They have a revolution which considerably enhanced industrial nother revolu when In the 20th century there mputers offered an g widely used in all t. ‘tly rs ~ Fundamentals of ‘Computer Aided Design Aone — , oe ait ae ivi itive rol ility to productivity. Now the computers play an imperi Seis eae e Roriiters have become a powerful tool for rapid an ion of graphic pictures. Computer aided engineering design and computerar_ are the advancement of CAD. These are fast evolving concepts that ma ters and CAD in other field of engineering like process planning, Production, qu computers and CAl : 4 and maintenance etc. (end maintenance etc. e in product g pid and eae 16 x 10° 1x 10° 64x 10° 4x 10° 256 No. of transistors per chip 16 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Years 42 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) DEFINED CAD can be defined as use of computers to aid the d Siethods are now being routinely need Gee aircraft, ships, Spacecrafts, buildings, texti i Quildings, textile other products. Tt includes 3D solid modell tools such as FEM and FEA, optimization ‘computer aid i aided design ation of computers ek ent, to machin ight through ti 88 plannin, and manuf; fa D/CAM actua ines called Computer-Aided ‘ s « Design (CAD) and Computer treams were ori, inally dev e ori elo) independent! ly over are now being inte, ‘ated into CAD/ CAM systems. and manufact & process can be controree ee = Introduction toCaD 2 DESIGN PROCESS we a oes. ee 1D design. Every product ‘0 be manufactured goes [a i) Manufacturing process. Fin the design is prepared by the desi of machinining, tooling ete. ion is sent to the machine 1 Product Conceptualisation Initially, the concept of design of Product st: coneptualisation does not have a: ofthe engineers that help them in arts emerging, when the need is felt. Design laid down procedures, Itis th formulating concept of a ne 132 Design Modelling and Simulation Ih order to give final form to the concept of design, rou; moluctis drawn. This helps in giving a form to the Known as ‘Design modelling and simul IDEAS, Pro/Engineer, Catia simulation. fe knowledge and experience Ww product and its design. igh sketches or layout of the concept by engineers. This process is lation’. These days advance CAD softwares such as and Solid Works are available for product modelling and ign modelling and simulation are also called ays, due to non avaliability of engineers with vast nie and Expert systems are being developed which can help in Both product conceptualisation and desi “Mithesis process” of design. Nowad: experience, Artificial Intelligei synthesis process. 133 Design Analysis ane design once formulated, needs to be analysed for stress distribution using various | themes such as theory of failure, bending stresses and torsion theory ete. It is important to | it maximum stress induced should be less than ultimate stress of the material, so | hn Product does not fail during its intended life, Design analysis can be simplified by ‘omputers, d Me Element Method (FEM) is an advanced numerical analysis technique that is becoming Various types analysis like stress analysis, thermal analysis, fluid flow sales SHpeettic analysis ete. FEM software Packages like Pro/MACHINICA, TpEaS SIMULATION, Nig ANSYS and NASTRAN are nowadays being used by CAD/CAl for identifying stre: 124 Design Optimisation | - isfyi ific objective - aqghtL&ptimised design can be defined as at ee Seam, satisfying specific objecti | SSRset or constraints imposed by working conditions ors Was to 0) pent gg TOUS parameters: Sats Taclda oa Tact g ta ah | ration. are eight fact ign optimisation increases ion ete. The complexity in design optimisation increase distribution in machine components, building and bridges4 Fundamentals of Computer Aided Design eae er sign optimisation process, the final design of part is still not over and the “abe ted to the process planning or manufacturing departments goa The a can be tested by two methods : either by making a prototype of the and shen, testing the prototype, but this is a time consuming process. The other (which is much faster) makes use of concept called virtual manufacturing. In this a solid model of the component is prepared on some software package like IDEAS, Prop Solid Edge and then it is subjected it to various types of testing by making use of module of these packages. pe Design Documentation and Communication After the design evaluation stage, documentation of design is carried out by prep: drawing either manually or using some CAD package. Use of computer for drawings h in systematic storage of drawings and making suitable modifications in drawing as desi CAD packages help in making design process fast, accurate and easy. 1.3.7 Computers Aided Process Planning Process planning is very important task carried out before actual machining of the design Part, In this task, planning of all the machining operations is carried out, In this proces tooling, and fixturisation of all the machines is decided. Proc planning is carried out highly experienced engineers. Nowadays computer aided process planning (CAPP) is becon Popular due to avaliability of various CAPP software packages. Manufacturing : After process planning, machining is carrie machines, numerically controlled machines (NC) (ONC). The following flow charts shows vario computers in design process. eee eS Pre Design Conceptualisation d out on either convention or computer numerically controlled machin 5 phases in design process and application Solid Modelling using Pro/E, SOLIDWORKS Design Analysis FEM based software {BEM technique) _ package e.g. ANSYS, | Optimization —Introduction to CAD jmpoRTAN! ssity of CAD has b i and necessity een recognised mainly due to following — oo’ outers can store and handle large amount of engineering data which used in ies ae of ee Process planning, manufacturing, analysis ete, 9, Com} metrical shapes can be visually inspected and checked (before making actual prototypes) using 3D models. of CAD packages make design modelling and simulation an easy task. ‘AM packages can be employed for design analysis and optimisation before sctually implementing the design. 5, Product design and development cycle can be markedly reduced by using CAD which in turn reduces lead time 6. Effective use of CAD tools improve productivity of the design processes. It enhances the capabilities of design engineer in both quality and quantity. Development of interactive graphics softwares and versatile graphic facilities, make simulation an easy task. 7. Design is an interactive process. complexity of problem. Various CAD and the best one can be implemented & CAD system can be integrated with CAM system. Thus CAD data can be directly transmitted to CNC computers to make part programs for manufacturing the components. Comp" can be g. Use Number of iterations to be performed depend on ternative designs can be easily compared using M5 APPLICATIONS OF CAD Applications of CAD in industry are enumerated below : J: Developing solid models of various components and assemblies using CAD software packages. 2. Modifying and improving models of the 3. Colour selection of solid models. 4. Getting the views of the product or components sections. B. Studing the product for its manufacturing planning, standardization and simplification. 6. Checking interference between mating parts of an assembly. 7, Stress analysis of machine components, buildings and bridges. D8 Study the product for material requirement, costing and value engineering. Bi Preparing detailed component drawings and assembly drawings. “10. Preparing. database for future reference and record. lemented in Beciuse of cach user friendly applications, CAD has been widely implemented Stlomobile, aerospace, shipbuilding, machine tools consumer goods and other engineering components. from different angles and different_ Roce res We a i 4,8 COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING (CAM) With it of computer technology, computers have been implemented in bvery kind of industry including the manufacturing sector. Computer Aide inay be defined as any support that can be provided by product. Computers may play a direct role or indirect The direct role refers to computerised operation and control of a manufacturing pre For example consider a lathe machine being operated by a computer. The computer can ti to control the production equipment while maching a component. | __ Anumber of process parameters may be monitored. With machining specifications , Stored in computer memory, suitable actions may be initiated by the computer for the purpos of regulating the machining operation. _ Er The indirect role of computer in manufacturing refers to : Computer aided process planning 4» Computer aided NC part programming /Computer aided material requirement planning /Computer aided material handling and storage. Computer aided inspection and quality control ete. Fundamentals of Computer Aided Design Sia saa nN seat cesta anufa mputer in manufacturing a gi role in manufacturing a given pri and manufacturing planning 47 COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (ci) Computer integrated manufacturin; System with business functions of an organization. SS a CIM aims at integration of : 1. Manufacturing tools like CAD/CAM, Flexible manufacturi materials requirement planning, grou, g is an extension of CAD/CAM. It integrates _CAD/CAM ‘uring systems, robotics, > group technology, just-in-time concept, production 28, capacity planning, inventory control ete. 7 bai: mm inventory control 2. Oth r functional areas of o1 ‘anisation inc vendors, and personnel management etc. Hence CIM includes all the engineering functions of CAD/CAM functions of the firm. Refer fig. 1.3. A CIM sys ies the operational functions _and information Tight from receiving order, through product de: shipment. CIM Possesses wider meaning than 88 well, which is not covered by CAD/CAM, ding marketing, purchase order control, well as business J v m0 sistan ntrol and high level integrated automation i ‘ls in design and manufacturing departments. The technology applied in CIM makes intensive use of distributive data_processin, techniques, computer networkIntroduction to CAD aes RG Computer Simulation Optimization Solia Analysis Modelling / LP CAD , s Fig. 1.3. Integration of technical and business function in CIM. | —) ° : “4.8 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS: Any computer system consists of three main units. These are as follows : » _&. Input Devices 2. Processing Unit / inf 4. Output devices. ‘ | 2 For interacting with the CAD packages several input devices are used. These facilitate i ea in feeding data or other input to the computer system. Keyboard, mouse, lightpen, Joystick, / Touch screen, Digitizer are some of the input devices commonly used in CAD systems. 'V..__The processing device of a computer is called central processing unit or C.P.U. A CPU.) Hetis also considered as brain of the computer because all the processing of data is carried aut | vor here. The C.P.U. consists of three components or subunits. These are ) ) i) Storage. j | Sid) Arithmatic and loge unit, / . i) Control unit. % { The flow of information in a computer system is as shown in Fig. 1.4. \ > } Q ; 4 ab ~w— , Design = ersten mr endamentals of Computer Aided - CPU Output Control Unit Fig. 14. re The capacity of the storage unit to store data is express®__-q in terms of bits. A a is th unit of binary numbers, which are formed by 0 and 1 only, in variow + -4g combinations. omput can understand the language of binary numbers only. Hence it conve. ~rts all the informatic and data in terms of bits. 0 and 1 represent the status of electronic sigtayinals that are pass to and from computer. > For example, 1101 is a binary number with 4 bits (It should not be confused win, “*h decim number One thousand One Hundred and one). A bit is a very small unit for storage, the are larger units for memory as follows : 1 byte = 8 bits 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes can 1 Megabyte = 1024 kilobytes ie 1 Gigabyte = 1024 megabytes. eI , &F A Computer System has two types of memory : . +4) Main memory or Random Access Memory (RAM) si) Secondary memory or Read only Memory (ROM). When the computer is switched off, RAM losses the data stored in it, ROM is permanent memory and retains data and information stored in it even after the comy uter is Switcher off. This data can be retrieved again and again. tanec A computer system is a combination of hardware and softwai i is 2 are. Hard: the physical unit of computer that cal Sete n be seen by the naked eyes. Software be defined as a link between hardware and user, Software is used to activate ‘d Tondo toe “the desired results. setivate han oe aa the desired results. There are two types of softwares, These are application r software Si e system software is developed by those having a detailed ae ia sytem softoan e of such software is Operating Systems, lik 7 ge of hardware Example : + e,DOS, Window: on which user works is called applications softw; Bis system software which inturn interacts with the The commonly used output devices fo are. Applicat hardware.Introduction to CAD he SANE SN PRC ABOP 8 r ae have descended from type writers. A keyboard sends information, to each time & key is pressed or released, Keyboards available in market may have izes and shapes but most keyboards have following types of keys in common : typewriter keys that are used to type text and other data. i ion keys labelled F1, F2, F3 and so on, also called programmable keys. @ special purpose keys such as Ctrl (Control), Del (Delete), Ins (Insert), Alt (Alternate, , Scroll Lock and Num Lock. Caps Lod i) Cursor movement keys used to move the cursor on the screen. The keys bear directional arrows on them. ‘Numeric keys are used to enter numbers for mathematical calculations. most common keyboard design uses a sheet of elastomeric substance (i.e., an artificial rubber) between keys and a printed circuit board. This rubber sheet has dome shape init directly beneath each key. When the key is pressed, it pushes down the dome which comes in contact with an electronic circuit board below. There is a conductive spot on the inside of each of the dome which completes the circuit on the printed circuit board, signalling to the CPU that the key has been pressed. Computers that are intended for use in hazardous environments use keyboards that are often sealed. Such keyboards use a membrane or a simple capacitive switch. These keyboards have sensitive regions called keypads which when pushed generate signals for CPU. Though these keyboards last longer in hostile environment but the disadvantage is that you cannot type as quickly and accurately when compared to the preceding one. For those who are not good at typing, using a voice recognition system is an easy way- out This system converts spoken words into electrical signals by comparing the electrical pattern produced by the user's voice with a set of pre-recorded patterns. 2. Mouse ~ Itisa pointing device which when moved on a surface, generates digital signals that are sent to CPU. The mouse software uses these signals to move a pointer (cursor) on the screen. Youcan select an object or file on the screen by pressing one of the buttons of the mouse. An optomechanical mouse is most popular these days and is a hand-held device with a rubber ball sticking out of its bottom. Moving the mouse causes the ball to roll. This ball ec tbous contact with x-roller and y-roller. When the rubber ball moves, it in turn of meet rollers and optical encoders close to it generate signals to indicate the amount i in each of the two perpendicular directions. ‘The disadvantage of such a mouse is tends to pick up dust as the ball rolls on a flat surface. This tends to damage the m that converts that ball’s rolling motion into X and Y displacement signals. The “i be opened at the bottom to clean the dust settled inside the mouse. problem has been eliminated in the optical mouse. An LED is located underneath the It moves the cursor on basis of light reflected from a shiny flat surface beneath the @ 8 Digitiser Tablets ‘ tablet is a flat, rectangular input device with a stylus. Each point on the tablet to a point on PC’s screen. The stylus is like a pen having a pressure switch in210 Fundamentals of Computer Aided Design the tip. It may be cordless or connected to tablet with a wire. As you move the stylus with its tip on the tablet, the cursor moves through the corresponding points on the screen. The digitiser tablet uses a technology in which a grid of wires is buried in the surface of the tablet. The tablet’s electronic circuitry sends signals through these wires which are received by the stylus placed over tablet. The signal returned by the stylus to the nee tablet electronic circuitry enables to determine the Tablet point over which stylus tip was positioned. Other Fig. 1.5. Tablets technologies used by digitiser tablet are based on sonic and magneto-secretive effect. The digitiser tablet is primarily used for tracing over the existing drawings. Three dimensional tablets have also been developed to enter 3D coordinat in a computer system. 1 4, Scanners _~ After keyboard, mouse and digitiser tablet, scanner is the most common input devies, Basically, they are classified into two types: (@) Drum scanners (sheet fed scanners) : They can scan only flat sheets of paper of film. (ii) Flat bed scanners : They can scan bulkier objects such as pages of a book. Two technologies commonly adopted for designing scanners are CCD (charge-coupl device) and CIS (contact image sensor). Scanners based on CCD use a moving mirror an Some focusing optics to image the text or drawing of the docu:sent lying on its window ontd a linear array of light sensors called charged coupled device. A bright light inside the seannex illuminates a band on the window that moves along the mirror’s motion, thus permitting th scanner to read the contents of the document placed on the top of the window Contact image sensor is an array of light sensors that can be moved along with the line: light source on the under side of the scanner window and receive the reflected light from th document directly without using focusing optics. But the disadvantage of such scanners that they have lower image quality and resolution as compared to CCD scanners. Some other special purpose input devices popular these days are optical character readers, digital cameras and digital video cameras. j | Output Devices ! The most commonly used output devices in computers are monitor, printer and plotter. 1. Monitor ¢ In almost all computers the information output is obtained primarily by means of video display also called monitor or screen. The monitor consists of the hardware that actually creates the image you see and some electronic circuitry to activate the display. The monitor may be based on various technologies for display of image, for example, cathode ray tul (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD) and plasma display. In CRTs a beam of electrons is made to hit phosphor coated screen. The spot on the screen at which many electrons hit ea microsecond will glow brightly.wee , printer is the most common means of getting an output. Some days are enumerated as follows : ters first to be developed. In these printers, a ribbon soaked with ink is pose front of piece of paper, then hit upon with a hammer bearing shape of some pith mmpact drives ink out of ribbon onto the page. Impact printers are of two eater printers and dot matrix printers. While characters printers use shaped yes juce an entire symbol or character in a single blow, the dot matrix printers form pers 1° ae a time. the tee dt j a printers te i se ints spray a liquid ink onto the page using multiple jets or nozzles aligned in sr pead on a carriage that moves horizontally across the page. Each ink droplet is ‘a value. Then it passes through horizontal and vertical deflecting * oA as it passes through pies which direct the ink drops to the desired spot on the paper. i Laser printers Ties printers have a photosensitive transfer surface built in form of a rigid cylinder of metal with a thin coating of the photoconductor on its outer surface. The photoconductive material acts a5 insulator in dark but as a good electrical conductor in presence of light. The fictive surface which is in a darkened space is charged to high electrostatic sal This charge is selectively drained off by shining hight on to selected regious of the phutoemductive surface. The surface is flooded with toner particles (mixture of tiny coloured vialeral and plastic bond material). The toner particles stick only the portions carrying electrostatic charge. Paper with opposite electric charge is pressed against the toner coated phutosoductive charge. Opposite electrostatic changes attract each other. The paper is then separated from photoconductive surface and most of the toner comes along with the paper byelectrostatic attraction. The toner-laden paper 1s heated to fuse ink particles to the paper. 3. Plotter Plotter is a computer driven output device used to make drawings. It has an automatic arm that holds a pen and can press the pen down against the sheet_of paper or raise it up afTie-same time moving in a prescribed manner. Commonly used plotters are drum plotter, flat bed plotter and inkjet plotter. A drum plotter has a long cylinder with drawing sheet a it, and a pen carriage. Under the computer control, the drum rotates back and ti while the pen carriage moves horizontally along the cylinder axis to generate the pearing. Flat bed plotter uses a horizontal flat surface on which drawing sheet is g eee rare and the flat bed under the computer control move along x and y-axis wee drawing. Inkjet plotter employs ink-jets mounted on the carriage and the , on the drum, Ink of different colours may be used to produce multicoloured . These are more reliable as compared to pen plotters, XAMPLE 1.1. Draw suitable block diagram to illustr ‘ate the various funetional units of “ital computer and discuss their various functions. ans igital computer is a programmable machine’ specially designed for making (Its main components are , CPU ‘ContraiProeessing Unit), memory inp evi = US | | | | | |Speen ecceeamenes Soran en Fundamentals of Computer Aided Design weenie The ical devices and cireuitry of a computer are called hardware, eg: Magneti anical or an optical devices in computer comprise its ha ware Ay instructions to perform a particular task is -—oo ~ A set of programs written for a particular computer is known as et cry software for that computer. The input and yi output devices are known as peripherals. Sometimes the term peripheral also includes memory. Program or subroutines stored in . ROMs PROMs, EPROMs and/or EEPROMs are known as firmware. The commonly Memory available firmware are monitors, microprograms, subroutines for input and [Fig 16 Schematic diagram ofa digital compa output devices. cpu YY The central processing unit (CPU) fetches instructions from the memory and perform Specified tasks. It stores results in the memory or sends results to the output device accordin to the instructions given in the program.The CPU controls and commu: nicates with memor and input/output devices, The CPU of a large computer is implemented on one or more circu boards. ICs are used as its components. The major sections of a CPU are; (a) ALU (arithmetic and logic unit) : The function of an ALU is to perform arithmetic operations Such as addition and subtraction ; and logical perations such as AND, OR EXCLUSIVE E-OR. (6) Timing and control unit : the entire operations of a as brain. It also controls | connected to CPU. It gener: and This unit controls computer. It acts all other devices ate timing signals | necessary for input and output devices, ree PU. {© Accumulator dnd general purpose registers ; (F® WA. Schematic dagram ofa | The accumulator is a register which o hulator ntains one of the operands and stores resul ost arithmetic and logical operations, Memory The memory is torag 4 Brea tien sincviag' a Teen Nice It stores program, data, results etc. There are memories are faster, emaller, pe onlories (b) magnetic memories. Semicond ‘ Bele el Conaute leas power, Semiconductor saenaell used as the main memory ora computer. Magnetic memories are slow but they are chea Tr, Mi than semiconductor memories. Magneti, f ¥ computer for bulk storage of data ang ae are used as the secondary memories Input device ‘ _ The computer receives data and in, ee input data ang structions through input devices, e.g. An input de ‘ignals a Proper binary form suitable for a Nsed as input devices, Computers areIntroduction to CAD 2. control physical quantities like temperature, pressure, speed, Be purpose transducers are used to convert physical quantities into proportional utp io ter sends results to output devices. An output device may store, print, display ghe er cal signal to control/actuate certain equipment. The examples of simple output onset jnters, CRT, LEDs, D/A converter, controller, actuators etc. are pm™ Elaborate the structure of CPU with the help of diagram. genieeS 5 cal processing unit refers to 8 computer's processor. CPU or fen refer to computers a by the type of CPU they sve. A “Pentium 4” system, for uses a pentium 4 micro as its CPU. It is the part of |: anemia ster that performs data aaa a) yi? e Instruction register and decoder example, (Accumulator and temporary register| [+> Datelntas comp! | processing operations and is also a —— called brain of computer. Program counter and status register] |“ Aaaseoe In the microcomputer the CPU is Working register memory asingle very large scale semiconductor integrated circuit (VLSI) chip called Program counter and status regietor| ["— cota microprocessor. In large computer system such as mainframes, or super ALU computer, processing task is handled by multiple processing chips. Control and timing circuits This chip contains : SGU FAs iaiecaal s HERS OF a ae * An instruction register and a [Fig 18, The internal structure of a microprocessor. decoder. * An arithmetic logic unit (ALU). © A number of registers to store and manipulate data. * Control and timing circuits. * Cache memory. The functions of the various units are described below. Iwtruction register and decoder The instruction register holds the instruction read from memory. ‘The decoder sends the ®™prupriate control signals corresponding to the decoded instruction to the ALU. Aithmetic logic unit ot len circuits to perform the basic arithmetic operations (ADD, SUBTRAC? logical LoaD (AND, OR, COMPLEMENT, EXCLUSIVE-OR), register operations (CLEAR, SHIFT, ) MOVE, etc,), memory operations (store, read), program sequencing control operations a conditional jump, jump to subroutine) and input/output operations. In addition, sine’, has two registers known as an accumulator and @ temporary register. It also has us register which typically has bits which are set to 1 to indicate the results of ALU _i ‘The time required to retrieve data from registers and to store results in them is four times faster than that required to retrieve and store data in a RAM. Thus some wo are provided in the CPU to store temporarily intermediate results obtained 4, computation. Besides these, there are two other registers known as PC (Program and SP (Stack pointer). The PC register holds the address of the instruction to be exec next. A stack is a memory in which data is stored and retrieved from a location called top of stack. ' . The number of working registers in the (PU) has to be kept small as they shg addressable. As was pointed out the main memory is much slower than CPU. Thus a ¢, memory is used in the CPU to alleviate the speed mismatch. This cache memory is called cache and is divided into an instruction cache and a data cache. The size of these caches between 16 and 64 kB. The microprocessor is connected to the other units in the system by means of an a bus, a data bus and a control bus. _-EXAMPLE 1.9 What is an operating system ? What are the functions of an operating $ Solutio) ion: An operating system may be defined as a set of system programs that control a1 coordinate the operations of a computer system hiding all an necessary low level details. also allocates resources of a computer system to users efficiently when requested. Some of the major facilities provided by a modern operating system are : @ Easy interaction between humans and computer also known interface. . @ Starting computer operation automatically when power is turned on. Loading and scheduling user’s Programs along with neces * Controlling inputs and output. * Controlling program execution. * Scheduling process. * Managing use of various levels of memory, namely cache, main memory and disk, é * Managing and manipulating files, i., opening, writing, editing and closing na files. * Providing security to users’ jobs and fi * Accounting usage of resources, as human-computs ary compilers. les. when required and ordered to do so by th _JRAMPLE 14 Write a short note on the following input devices : (a) Track Ball (6) OMR (@ OCR (d) MICR. (P Joystick Track Ball: A Track Ball is a pointin devi , levice that pane. down mouse. Track ball iad Peresaa piso the ball must be rolled with fingers or the palm of | Fig. 1.9) Track 7moves in the direction of the roll at a rate corresponding to ea The ball momentum provides a tactile feedback. ee are effective for tracking, following or pointing at moving element. Track otk larity with the advent of laptoap computers, which typically are used on A work surfaces that have no room for a mouse. ont «Optical Mark Reading and Recognition.” In thi i stands for“ é * gnition.” In this method special pre- oo are designed with boxes which can be marked with a dark pencil or ink. Each pointed ted distinctly so that the user clearly understands what response he is marking. pass OO ment is read by a document reader which transcribes the marks into electrical “sh are transmitted to the computer. where OMR sheets are used as follows : « swer papers in examinations in which large number of candidates samples ig Objective tyPe an appeat. (o) Market surveys, population surveys etc., where responses can be restricted to one or more out of a few possibilities. (¢) Order forms containing a small choice of items. (@ Time sheets of factory employees n which start and stop times may be marked. ‘Advantages of using OMR (a) Information is entered 6) This minimizes data entry errors. Disadvantages of using OMR : (a) Need for accurate alignment of printing on forms. (Need for good quality paper, which is expensive. {c) The form cannot be redesigned frequently because any chi of the form, which is expensive. OCR * OCR stands for “Optical Character Recognition”. An optical character reader is a device used toread an image. It converts the ‘image into a set of zeros and ones and at its source and no further manual transcription is required. ange will require reprinting str this in computer's memory as 8 Meek ee Each bit in the representation ree is called a pixel. (ae r, cv i ure Raiisha beiato A Picture element (pixel) fas bit ple ‘zero’ and the{—— }4»_~- P+} fe 1-4 ct as pixels have bit value ‘one’. |}——— Mee trecints (eek ee ee array of pixels into text that the oreo 10 a nagpute? can interpret as letters and ico. | toe ae an translate bitmap intof/——— |, 9 1 | 0 0 0 10 0 R software looks at each L—— Bits after Scanning Ghatacter and tries to match the Pd with its own assumptions [Fig 10, Seanning a text] the letters should look. OCR - 4ic Fundamentals of Computer Aided Design b Soeasw ana NAT aA RARE ROAR 2 ; software has become quite advanced. In fact, computers with fax ftware to convert fees ieee into text that can be edited w: sof MICR stands for “Magnetic ink character recognition”. In this method. ie printed on documents (such as cheques) using a special magnetic ink. A magnetic ink character reader can : recognize such characters. modems ‘ith a word vo » human For example: In a cheque, the cheque number and branch | code are pre-printed at the bottom using magnetic ink. The amount written in the cheque is later entered by a person using a machine which prints the amount wit! . cheque itself con now be read using a spi can recognize magnetic ink characters. the need to manually enter data from and ensures accuracy of data entry. Light Pen Itisa pencil-shaped device, used to from points on the CRT screen. Th the phosphor coating at the instant Sources, such as the background li An activated light pen, pointed at Spot, generates an electrical pulse to be recorded. As with cursor: ecial input unit which This method eliminates cheques. Its saves time select screen Positions by de: ey are sensitive to t tecting the light he short burst of light emitted the electron beam strikes a particular point. Other ight in the room are usually not detected by a light @ spot on the screen, as the electron beam lights up that cause; position of the electron recorded light-pen coordinates can be lect a processing option. the coordinate Use of light Pen has certain limitations: For ex, Sereen, part of the screen image is obscured by the hand and pen. Prolonged use of the pen can cause arm fatigue. Light pens require special implementations for some appli because they cannot detect Positions within black areas. Light pens somethings give readings due to background lighting in a room. ‘ample, when a light pen is pointed Fig. 1.12, Light pen_ . Introduction to CAD 4 consists of a small, vertical lever mounted on a A psd t0 steer the screen cursor around. Most eon positions with actual stick movement, sti to pressure on the stick. The distance that the en vn any direction from its center position cs s to screen-cursor movement in that direction. mounted at the base of the joystick measure the ‘movement, and springs return the stick to the center ee, when it is released. One or more buttons can be to act as input switches to signal certain actions cove a screen position has been selected. \XAMPLE 1.5 Write a short note on the following output devices: (a) Dot Matrix Printer 3. Joystick. (&) Lazer Printer (c) Plotter. Solution : (a) Dot Matrix Printer: Dot matrix printers are commonly used in workplaces where physical impact with the paper is important, such as when the user is printing to carbon copy. A dot matrix printer fetes an image by using a mechanism called a print head, which contains a cluster of short pins arranged in one or more columns. On receiving print instructions form PC, the printer canpush any of the pins out in any ¢ ombination. By pushing out pins in various combinations, the print head can create alphanumeric characters. When pushed out from the cluster, the | protruding pins end’s strike a ribbon, which is held in place between the print head and the paper, When the pins strike the ribbon, they press ink from the ribbon onto the paper. The more pins that a print head contains, the higher the printer’s resolution. The lower- resolution dot matrix printers have only nine pins ; the highest-resolution printers has 24 Pins. The speed of the dot matrix printers 1s measured in characters per second (CPS). The shest dot matrix printers create 50 to 70 characters per second ; the fastest print more than 500 CPS, Because of the low resolution, the quality of printout is poor as compared to inject @FLASER printers, Impact printers are suitable for high speed, low cost, high volume hard pies and printing of text materials like bill of materials. () Lazer Printer andar Printer is one ofthe latest output device: quality of printout is very fine. Functioning Armicroprocessor CP) and memory are built into the printer to interpret the dats that rites from the computer and to control the laser. Just as the electron in a monitor a target any pixel, the laser in a laser printer can aim at any point on a drum, creating eearical charge, Toner, which is composed of tiny particles of ink, sticks to the drum in fences the laser has charged. Then with pressure and heat, the toner is off drum onto the paper. The amount of memory that laser printers contain ii ‘Peed at which documents are printed. a cr hull \ = % eA ‘ Y s, It has high spaced with high resolution _——s.ad Finders of Computer Aided Design Printer nad Tee ah r Printer : It works like a single-colour model, except that the rapist oir GUNA a AVON INSU colouriia Weed for each Pass. The four colours are the ae as in the colour ink jet printers : Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black, (©) Single-Color Laser Printer: Single colour laser printers typically can produce 4 and 16 pages of text a minute. : é Disadvantage associated with this type of printer is, output can be slower. Resolution ' ‘The most common laser printers have resolutions of 300 or 600 dpi, both horizon vertically. Some high-end models have resolutions of 1,200 or 1,800 dpi. The higher resol is most noticeable in graphics reproduction such as photographs and artwork. (c) Plotters A plotter is a special kind of output device. It is like on paper. The plotter is typically used to print 1 drawings created by an architect. Plotter are * Table plotters : Use two robotic felt pens, or pencils. The tw: draw on a stationary piece if we are printing Braphieg, a printer because it produces j large-format images. Such as construct of two types : arms, each of which holds ‘0 arms work together, of paper. * Roller plotter : A variation on one drawing arm but mov. drawing arm moves side t. a set cf coloured ink operating at right angles as th the table plotter is the roller plotter, which uses of es the paper instead of holding it flat and stationary. T © side as the paper is rolled back forth through the roll * Nowadays, mechanical plotters have been displaced by thermal, electrostatic, and i Jet plotters. This devices, which also Produce large-size drawings, are faster ai cheaper to use than their mechanical counterparts. They also can produce full ebls renderings as well as geometric line drawings, making them more useful. EXAMPLE 1.6 Explain the difference between application software and syste Solution: m softwan Application Software System Software z ; ; 4 1. Any computer Program used to create or }1. A com; r . te am that controls the Process data, is called application software, Sree System hardware and interacts with application software. ata 2. The designation includes the operating desktop publishing programs, Presentation ing sy 5 ti sys leet Gees ee system and the network operating ams, 3. Window 2000, Unix, Linux ete. the term BIOS? Explain whether it is