Lab Manual Pharmaceutical Technology

Forman Christian College

(A Chartered University)

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY

LAB MANUAL
PHARMACEUTICS VII A
PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY
PHRM 410

INSTRUCTOR
Dr. Omer Salman Qureshi
Email: [email protected]

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Lab Manual Pharmaceutical Technology

Contents
1. Green Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Aqueous Extract of Hedera helix ............................. 3
2. Preparation of Hydrogel......................................................................................................................... 5
3. Preparation of Meloxicam loaded Buccal Films .................................................................................. 6
4. Preparation of Controlled Release Microsphere by Solvent Evaporation Method .......................... 7
5. Preparation of Albumin Microsphere by Thermal Denaturation Method ........................................ 7
6. Microencapsulation of Liquid Drug by Simple Coacervation Technique ......................................... 7
7. Preparation of Solid Dispersion by Melting Method ........................................................................... 7
8. Preparation of Fast Dissolving Tablets by Sublimation Method. ....................................................... 7
9. Preparation of Controlled Release Microsphere by Solvent Evaporation Method .......................... 7
10. Preparation of Controlled Release Gel loaded with Microcapsules ................................................. 7
11. Preparation of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers .................................................................................. 7
12. Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ........................................................................................... 7
13. Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles............................................................................................. 7
14. Preparation of Alginate Beads ............................................................................................................. 7

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1. Green Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Aqueous Extract of

Hedera helix

Hedera helix
 Common ivy or English ivy  a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae
 Native to most of Europe and Asia.
 A wild, clinging evergreen vine, it is a familiar sight in gardens, waste spaces, on house
walls, tree trunks and in wild areas across its native habitat.
 Ivy extracts are part of current cough medicines.
 In the past, the leaves and berries were taken orally as an expectorant to treat cough and
bronchitis.
 In 1597, the British herbalist John Gerard recommended water infused with ivy leaves as
a wash for sore or watering eyes.

Silver Nanoparticles
 Colloidal silver is of particular interest because of distinctive properties
 Conductivity
 Chemical stability
 Catalytic property
 Antibacterial activity
Green Synthesis
 Environment friendly
 No use of toxic chemicals which have harmful effects on the environment
 Requires low energy
 Less time expenditure
 Stable Nanoparticles
In past few years, different plant extracts were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles such as rose,
geranium leaves, hibiscus, cinnamomum, aloe vera, basil, tansy fruit and sweet peppers.

Preparation of Hedera helix Extract

1. Hedera helix leaves were collected and washed throughly with distilled water to remove
the dust particles.
2. Leaves were cut into small pieces and 10 g were boiled in a 500-mL glass beaker along
with 50 mL of sterile distilled water for 20 minutes.
3. Extract was concentrated by evaporation.
4. After boiling, the color of the aqueous solution changed from watery to yellow color.
5. Aqueous extract was separated by filtration with Whatman No. 40 filter paper.
6. Leaf extract was stored at room temperature to be used for biosynthesis of silver
nanoparticles from silver nitrate.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

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1. The source of silver was silver nitrate (1 mM) in distilled water.

2. 1 mL of leaf extract was added into 5 ml of AgNO3 aqueous solution of for reduction.
3. The system was stirred and reduction took place rapidly at room temperature under sun
light and completed in 15 minutes.
4. During the bio reduction, the chemical reaction takes place resulting in color change in the
reactants from pale yellow into dark brown. The appearance of brown color indicates
formation of silver nanoparticles.

Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles

1. UV-Visible Spectroscopy
2. The formation and completion of silver nanoparticles was characterized by UV-visible
spectroscopy using a Double beam spectrophotometer.
3. The bio reduction of silver ions in aqueous solution was monitored by UV-VIS spectra of
the solution between 360 nm to 600 nm

Lab Activity Questions

Write answers of these short questions in your lab manuals.
1. Find a research article of AgNPs developed through Green Synthesis from any other
plant extract. Write its procedure and key findings. Add its reference.
2. Write Mechnism (How the AgNPs are formed?)
3. Draw the figurative scheme of its method of preparation mentioned here.
4. Add/Paste real TEM and SEM Images of AgNPs.
5. What are Metallic NPs and Silver NPs?
6. What kind of other NPs are made from Green NPs? Zinc NPs?
7. What is the purpose/need to develop AgNPs? What are its advantages?
8. What are other methods to AgNPs? (Name methods and mention the details of only one
method as step by step method/procedure).

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Lab Manual Pharmaceutical Technology

2. Preparation of Hydrogel

Ingredients/Chemicals
Polymer (PEG 6000) = 0.25 g
Monomer (Acrylic acid) = 2.5 g
Cross-linker (N,N-Methylene bis acelyamide) = 0.02 g
Initiator = Potassium per sulfate = 0.02 g

Method
1. Dissolve required amount of polymer is a small quantity of distilled water with
continuous stirring.
2. Dissolve initiator (Potassium per sulfate) in monomer (acrylic acid) in a separate beaker.
3. Add the above mixture in the polymer mixture with continuous stirring by magnetic
stirrer.
4. When the solution becomes clear and homogenous, add the cross linker into it while
stirring continuously.
5. Make the final volume up to 10 mL with distilled water.
6. Transfer the resultant mixture into various test tubes and keep in the water bath at 70°C
for 12 hours.
7. Remove the test tubes from water bath and cool for 1 hour.
8. Cut the Hydrogels into 1.5 cm long pieces into the petri dishes and place these in the
oven for drying at 40°C for 5-6 days.

Real Photograph/Image of hydrogels.

1. What are Hydrogels?

2. What is the purpose/need to develop hydrogels? What are its advantages?
3. What are the routes of administration for hydrogels?
4. What is/are the role of each ingredient?
5. Give other examples of each ingredient.
6. What are other methods to prepare hydrogels? (Write at least 2).
7. What kind of drugs can be loaded in hydrogels? (Give examples)
8. What are the methods of loading drugs in hydrogels?
9. Draw the figurative scheme of its method of preparation mentioned here.
10. What are the differences between hydrogels and nanogels?

References

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3. Preparation of Meloxicam loaded Buccal Films

Ingredients/Chemicals
 Meloxicam
 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) E5 as a film forming polymer = (~145 mg)
 Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 as a plasticizer = (~60 mg)
 Tween 80 (Merck) was used as a surfactant,
 Polysucrose as a sweetener
 Orange flavor as a flavoring agent,

Method
1. Fast‐dissolving films will be formed following the solvent evaporation technique.
2. In order to prepare films easily, solutions (w/v) of all the ingredients were prepared.
3. First, accurately weighed amount of MLX was dissolved in methanolic buffer (50 v/v
methanol) to form 1% solution of MLX.
4. Then, 3% solution of HPMC E5, 2% solution of PEG 400, 2% solution of Tween 80, and
1% solution of sweetener were prepared using distilled water as a solvent.
5. A required volume of MLX solution was taken in a 100‐mL beaker and stirred using a
hot plate magnetic stirrer.
6. Then, the solution of PEG 400 was added to this under continuous stirring.
7. Similarly, solution of HPMC E5 was continuously stirred in another beaker.
8. Tween 80 solution was added to it.
9. After the formation of homogeneous mixture, this solution was added to the mixture of
MLX and PEG 400.
10. The stirring was continued until a uniform mixture was obtained.
11. Finally, the solution of sweetener along with few drops of orange flavor was added and
stirred for additional 15 min.
12. The mixture was poured into a glass Petri dish with a surface area of about 24 cm2.
13. In order to control the evaporation of the solvent, an inverted funnel was placed over it
and was kept in a hot air oven for 24 hr at 40°C for the films to be dried.
14. A sharp edge knife was used to peel off the dried films and films were wrapped in an
aluminum foil for further use.

Real Photograph/Image of Buccal Films.

1. What are Buccal Films?

2. How the buccal films are formed?
3. What is the purpose/need to develop Buccal films? What are its advantages?
4. Give other examples of each ingredient.
5. What are other methods to prepare Buccal films? (Step by step method/procedure).
6. What kind of drugs can be loaded in Buccal films? (Give examples)
7. Draw the figurative scheme of its method of preparation mentioned here.

References

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Lab Manual Pharmaceutical Technology

4. Preparation of Controlled Release Microsphere by Solvent Evaporation

Method

5. Preparation of Albumin Microsphere by Thermal Denaturation Method

6. Microencapsulation of Liquid Drug by Simple Coacervation Technique

7. Preparation of Solid Dispersion by Melting Method

8. Preparation of Fast Dissolving Tablets by Sublimation Method.

9. Preparation of Controlled Release Microsphere by Solvent Evaporation

Method

10. Preparation of Controlled Release Gel loaded with Microcapsules

11. Preparation of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

12. Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

13. Preparation of Polymeric Nanoparticles

14. Preparation of Alginate Beads