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1 Vibration Engineering Lec1

Vibration concept

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16 views8 pages

1 Vibration Engineering Lec1

Vibration concept

Uploaded by

Reymart Lunario
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Concept Of Vibration

All bodies having mass and elasticity are capable of vibration. When external force is applied
on the body, the internal forces are set up in the body which tend to bring the body in the original
position. The internal forces which are set up are the elastic forces which tend to bring the body in
the equilibrium position. Consider an example of swinging of pendulum. At extreme position whole
of the kinetic energy of the ball is converted into elastic energy which tends to bring the ball in the
equilibrium/mean position. At mean position whole of the elastic energy is converted into kinetic
energy and body continues to move in opposite direction because of it. Now the whole of kinetic
energy is converted into elastic energy and this elastic energy again brings the ball to the equilibrium
position. In this way, vibratory motion is repeated indefinitely and exchange of energy takes place.
This motion which repeats itself after certain interval of time is called vibration.

Definition of Vibration
 Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time.

 A vibratory system, in general, includes a means for storing potential energy (spring or
elasticity), a means for storing kinetic energy (mass or inertia), and a means by which energy is
gradually lost (damper).
Main Causes Of Vibration
The main causes of vibration are:
1. Unbalanced centrifugal force in the system due to faulty design and poor manufacturing.
2. Elastic nature of system.
3. External excitation applied on the system
4. Winds may cause vibration of system such as electricity lines, telephone lines etc

Disadvantages Of Effects Of Vibration

Disadvantages harmful effects vibration:


1. Vibration causes excessive and unpleasant stresses in the rotating system.
2. Vibration causes rapid wear and tear of machine parts such as gears and bearings.
3. Vibration causes loosening of parts from the machine.
4. Due to vibrations locomotive can leave the track causing accident or heavy loss.
5. Earthquakes are the cause of vibration because of which buildings and other
structures (like bridges) may collapse.
6. Proper readings of instruments cannot be taken because of heavy vibrations.
7. Resonance may take place if the frequency of excitation matches with the natural
frequency of system causing large amplitudes of vibration thereby resulting in
failure of systems e.g. — Bridges

How can you eliminate/reduce unnecessary vibrations?

Unwanted vibrations can be reduced by:


1. Removing external excitation if possible.
2. Using shock absorbers.
3. Dynamic absorbers.
4. Proper balancing of rotating parts.
5. Removing manufacturing defects and material inhomogenities.
6. Resting the system on proper vibration isolators.

What are the advantages of vibration?

Advantages of vibration
1. Musical Instruments like guitar.
2. In study of earthquake for geological reasons.
3. Vibration is useful for vibration testing equipments.
4.. Propagation of sound is due to vibrations.
5. Vibratory conveyors are based on concept of vibration.
6. Pendulum clocks are based on the principle of vibration.

What is the importance of vibration study?

Importance of vibration study. The importance of vibration study is to reduce or eliminate


vibration effects over mechanical components by designing them suitably. Proper design and
manufacture of parts will reduce. unbalance in engines which causes excessive and unpleasant stress
in rotating system because of vibration, roper design of machine parts will reduce and tear due to
vibration and loosening parts. The proper designing and material distribution prevent the
locomotive m leaving the track due to excessive vibration which may result in accident or heavy loss.
Proper designing of structure buildings can prevent the condition of resonance which causes
dangerously large oscillations which may result in failure of that part.
Importance of studying Vibration
All systems that have mass and any type of flexible components are vibrating system.
Examples are many:

 We hear because our eardrums vibrate


 Human speech requires the oscillatory motion of larynges
 In machines, vibration can loosen fasteners such as nuts.
 In balance in machine can cause problem to the machine itself or surrounding machines or
environment.
 Periodic forces bring dynamic responses that can cause fatigue in materials
 The phenomenon known as Resonance leads to excessive deflections and failure.
 The vibration and noise generated by engines causes annoyance to people and sometimes,
damage to property
Brief history
 People became interested in vibration when they created the first musical instruments ( as
long as 4000 B.C.).
 Pythagoras ( 582 – 507 B.C) is considered the first person to investigate musical sounds.
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is considered to be the founder of modern experimental science,
he conduct experiments on the simple pendulum, describing the dependence of the frequency
of vibration and the length.
 Robert Hooke (1635–1703) also conducted experiments to find a relation between the pitch
and frequency of vibration of a string.
 Joseph Sauveur (1653–1716) coined the word “acoustics” for the science of sound.

 Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) his law of motion is routinely used to derive the equations of
motion of a vibrating body.
 Brook Taylor (1685–1731), obtained the natural frequency of vibration observed by Galilei and
Mersenne.
 Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), Jean D’Alembert (1717–1783), and Leonard Euler (1707–
1783)., introduced partial derivatives in the equations of motion.
 J. B. J. Fourier (1768–1830) contributed on the development of the theory of vibrations and
led to the possibility of expressing any arbitrary function using the principle of superposition.
 Joseph Lagrange (1736–1813) presented the analytical solution of the vibrating string.
 Charles Coulomb did both theoretical and experimental studies in 1784 on the torsional
oscillations of a metal cylinder suspended by a wire. He also contributed in the modeling of dry
friction.
 E. F. F. Chladni (1756–1824) developed the method of placing sand on a vibrating plate to find
its mode shapes.
 Simeon Poisson (1781–1840) study vibration of a rectangular flexible membrane.
 Lord Baron Rayleigh (1842 – 1919) Among the many contributions, he develop the method of
finding the fundamental frequency of vibration of a conservative system by making use of the
principle of conservation of energy

What are the various parts of a vibrating system?

Various parts of the mechanical system (vibratory system) are : —

(A) Spring
(B) Damper
(C) Mass
Modeling systems

 All mechanical and structural systems can be modeled as mass-spring damper systems
Degrees of freedom

The minimum number of independent coordinates required to determine completely the


positions of all parts of a system at any instant of time
Single DoF systems:

Two DoF System

Three DoF systems:


Classification of Vibration

 Free Vibration: When a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own. No
external force acts on the system. The system oscillates at its natural frequency. Example: a
pendulum.

 Forced Vibration: When a system is subjected to an external force (often, a repeating type of
force). The oscillation that arises in machines such as diesel engines is an example of forced
vibration.
Types of response

 Undamped and damped Vibration

 Linear of nonlinear Vibration

 Deterministic and Random Vibration

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