Problem
solving
concepts
Variable Naming Rules:
• Variable names can consist of letters, numbers, and
underscores.
• Variable names must start with a letter (a-z, A-Z) or an
underscore (_).
• Variable names are case-sensitive, so my_variable and
My_Variable would be considered different variables.
• Python has some reserved words (keywords) that cannot be
used as variable names because they have special meanings in
the language.
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DATA
TYPES
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DATA
TYPES
In programming, data types
are fundamental categories
that define the type of value a
variable can hold.
They determine how the data
is stored in memory, how it
can be manipulated, and what
operations can be performed
on it.
Different programming
languages provide various data
types to represent different kinds
of values, such as numbers,
characters, and more complex
structures.
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Integer (int)
This data type is used to represent whole
numbers.
Example:
age = 25
num_students = 150
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Floating-Point (float)
This data type is used to represent numbers
with decimal points.
Example:
pi = 3.14159
temperature = 98.6
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Boolean (bool)
Booleans represent either True or False
values, often used in logical operations.
Example:
is_raining = True
has_license = False
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List
A list is an ordered collection of items. Lists
can contain elements of different data types.
Example:
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mixed_list = [10, "apple", 3.14, True]
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Dictionary
Dictionaries store key-value pairs, allowing
you to associate values with unique keys.
Example:
student = {"name": "Bob", "age": 22, "major":
"Computer Science"}
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Set:
Sets are unordered collections of unique
elements.
Example:
unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
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Problem solving
concepts
1. Exchanging the Values of Two Variables:
Introduction:
•Variable swapping is the act of exchanging the values held by two
variables.
•It's a foundational concept in computer science and finds applications
in algorithms like sorting.
a=4 b=6
Result a=6 b=4
Algorithm a b
Step 1: Start 4 6
Step 2: Declare a, b, c
Step 3: Enter two numbers a, b
Step 4: Set c=0 c
Step 5: c=a 0
Step 6: a=b
Step 7: b=c
Step 8: Print a, b
Step 9: Stop
Flowchart
Start
Declare a, b, c
Read a, b
c=a, a=b, b=c
Print a, b S top
a=5
b = 10
print("Before swapping: a =", a, ", b =", b)
# Swapping
temp = a
a=b
b = temp
print("After swapping: a =", a, ", b =", b)
Importance of Variable Swapping:
1.Sorting Algorithms: Variable swapping is a fundamental operation in many
sorting algorithms. For instance, in algorithms like Bubble Sort or Selection Sort,
we swap elements to place them in their correct positions.
2.Memory Efficient Algorithms: Some algorithms require the repositioning of
elements (not necessarily in the context of sorting). Swapping can achieve this
without the need for additional data structures, making the algorithm more memory
efficient.
3.Algorithm Simplification: Swapping can sometimes simplify the logic of an
algorithm or method. By changing the positions of certain elements or values, the
subsequent steps might become more straightforward.
4.Data Manipulation: In data processing tasks, there might be scenarios where the
positions of two data elements need to be exchanged for better organization or
further processing.
5. Permutations & Combinations: In algorithms that generate
permutations or combinations, swapping is used to produce
different arrangements of a set of values.
6. Value Rotation: In some situations, it's necessary to rotate
values between multiple variables. For instance, if you had three
variables a, b, and c, and you wanted the value of a to go to b, the
value of b to go to c, and the value of c to go to a, you'd use a series
of swaps.
7. Improving Readability: Sometimes, reordering variables can
make certain algorithms or operations more intuitive and easier to
understand. Swapping aids in achieving this reordering.
2. Counting:
• It means determining the number of elements
in a collection.
• Essential for tasks like computing sizes or
lengths.
Counting without using len():
We can use a loop to count elements.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5,9,10]
count = 0
for n in numbers:
count += 1
print("Count of numbers:", count)
Counting with Conditions:
Example:
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5,9,10]
# Counting even numbers
even_count = 0
for num in numbers:
if num % 2 == 0:
even_count += 1
print("Count of even numbers:", even_count)
3. Summation of a Set of Numbers:
•Summation is adding together numbers.
•Vital for a myriad of applications: from calculating
scores to financial analysis.
Mathematical Example:
For the set S={1,2,3,4,5}, the sum is obtained by adding
all the numbers together.
Mathematical Calculation:
The sum is 1+2+3+4+5=15.
Summation without using sum():
Example:
total = 0
for num in numbers:
total += num
print("Sum of numbers:", total)
Summation with Conditions:
Example:
# Sum of even numbers
even_sum = 0
for num in numbers:
if num % 2 == 0:
even_sum += num
print("Sum of even numbers:", even_sum)
4. Factorial Computation:
The factorial of a non-negative integer n is the product of all positive
integers less than or equal to n. It is denoted by n!.
Mathematical Example:
5!=5×4×3×2×1=120
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
factorial_result = 1
for i in range(1, number + 1):
factorial_result *= i
print(f"Factorial of {number} is {factorial_result}")
The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting
from 0 by default, and increments by 1 (by default), and stops
before a specified number.
number = int(input("Enter a number: ")) # User inputs a number, let's
say 5
factorial_result = 1 # Initialize a variable to store the factorial result
for i in range(1, number + 1): # Loop from 1 to 5 (inclusive)
factorial_result *= i # Multiply factorial_result by each value of i
print(f"Factorial of {number} is {factorial_result}") # Print the result
Let's calculate the factorial of 5 step by step:
In the first iteration of the loop, i is 1, so factorial_result becomes 1 * 1 = 1.
In the second iteration, i is 2, so factorial_result becomes 1 * 2 = 2.
In the third iteration, i is 3, so factorial_result becomes 2 * 3 = 6.
In the fourth iteration, i is 4, so factorial_result becomes 6 * 4 = 24.
In the fifth and final iteration, i is 5, so factorial_result becomes 24 * 5 =
120.
Factorial of 5 is 120
THANK YOU
